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winterfable · 6 years ago

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Greece and the heroic age

Origen griego de los filisteos

[...] And the influence of Egypt can be traced in the Cretan culture of the time. The Philistines who settled in southern Palestine are now supposed to have been colonists from Crete; and remains found in Sicily and Spain testify that the Island of Minos sent products and offshoots of its civilisation far to the west. [...]

[...]

Minoa was an ancient name of Gaza. The same name, in Amorgos, Siphnos, and Paros, is a record of Cretan rule over the Aegean islands.

Inicio de la civilización griega y los poemas homéricos

The rise of a civilisation on Greek soil, very similar to Cretan, and undoubtedly under Cretan influence, began probably in the sixteenth century and lasted till the end of the twelfth. Its records are monuments of stone which have remained for more than three thousand years above the face of the earth, or have been brought to light by the spade; and the objects of daily use and luxury which were placed in the houses of the dead and have been unearthed, chiefly in our days, by the curiosity of Europeans seeking the origins of their own civilisation. And for the later stage of this period we have the Homeric poems.

Tirinto y los cíclopes

Tiryns was the older of the two fortresses, and had played its part in the earlier epoch before the Aegean peoples had yet emerged from the stone age. It stands on a long low rock about a mile and a half from the sea, and the land around it was once a marsh. From north to south the hill rises in height, and was shaped by man’s hand into three platforms, of which the southern and highest was occupied by the palace of the king. But the whole acropolis was strongly walled round by a structure of massive stones, laid in regular layers but rudely dressed, the crevices being filled with a mortar of clay. This fashion of building has been called Cyclopean from the legend that masons called Cyclopes were invited from Lycia to build the walls of Tiryns. The main gate of entrance, on the east side, was approached by a passage between the outer wall of the fortress and the wall of the palace; and the right, unshielded side of an enemy advancing to the gate was exposed to the defenders on the castle wall. On the west side there was a postern, from which a long flight of stone steps led up to the back part of the palace. But one curious feature in the castle of Tiryns sets it apart from all the other ancient fortresses of Greece. On the south side the wall deepens for the purpose of containing store-chambers, the doors of which open out upon covered galleries, also built inside the wall, and furnished with windows looking outward.

Helena como pretexto

It was probably at the beginning of the twelfth century that the Achaeans made ready a great expedition to exterminate the power which was the chief obstacle to eastward expansion (It is quite possible that the motive which the poets assigned for the Trojan War —to recover Helen, the wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, carried off by Paris, son of Priam, — had some historical basis; but if such an incident occurred, it served only as a pretext for the war.). It is uncertain how far the Greek states of the time can be described as a federation or an empire, but most of them recognized the supremacy of Mycenae, and there seems no reason to doubt that the Achaean king of Mycenae, whose name was Agamemnon, son of Atreus, succeeded in enlisting the co-operation of the chief kings and princes of northern as well as southern Greece; it looks, indeed, as if the Achaean lords of Phtia and Thessaly —the country from which the Argo sailed—had a particular interest in the enterprise. All sailed to the plain of Troy. The peoples of the west coast of Asia, including the Lycians, all rallied to the help of Priam. It was a war between both sides of the Aegean sea. According to the tradition of the poets the siege lasted nine years; and, however it came about, Priam’s city was destroyed. Its fall was the necessary prelude to the opening of the Propontis and the Euxine sea to Greek enterprise, and Greek colonization on the eastern coasts and islands of the Aegean would soon begin. The hill of Troy would be again inhabited, but it would be of small importance, little more than a place of famous memories.

The Rape of Helen by Tintoretto (1578–1579, Museo del Prado, Madrid); Helen languishes in the corner of a land-sea battle scene.

The homeric poems

The later period of the heroic age, its manners of life, its material enviroment, its social organisation, its political geography, are reflected in the Homeric poems. Although the poets who composed the Iliad and the Odissey probably did not live before the ninth century, they derived their matter from older lays which must have belonged to to the generations inmediately succeeding the Trojan War. After the age of bronze had passed away, and the conditions of life and the political shape of the greek world had been utterly changed, it would have been impossible for any one, however imaginative, —unless he were a scientific antiquarian with abundance of records at his command,—to create a consistent picture of a vanished civilisation. And the picture which Homer presents is a consistent picture, closely corresponding, in its main features and in remarkable details, to the evidence which has been recently recovered from the earth and described in the foregoing pages. The Homeric palace is built on the same general plan as the palaces that have been found Mycenae and Tiryns, at Troy and in Boetia.

The equipment of the Homeric heroes and the man-screening Homeric shield receive their best illustration from Mycenaean gems and jars. The blue inlaid frieze in the vestibule of the hall of Tiryns proves that the poet’s frieze of cyanus in the hall of Alcinous was not a fancy; and he describes as the cup of Nestor a gold cup with doves perched on the handles, such as one which was found in a royal tomb at Mycenae.

The subjects wrought on the shield which the master-smith made for Achilles may be illustrated by works of art found at Mycenae and in Crete. The shield, wrought in bronze, tin, silver, and gold, is round and has a ringed space in the centre, encompassed by three concentric girdles. In the middle is the earth, the sea, and the heaven, with “the unwearied sun and the moon at her full, and all the stars wherewith heaven is crowned”. The subject of the first circle is Peace and War. Here are scenes in a city at peace —banquets, bride borne through the streets by torchlight to their new homes, the elders dealing out justice; there is another city besieged, and scenes of battle. The second circle shows scenes from country-life at various seasons of the year: ploughing in spring, the ploughman drinking a draught of wine as he reaches the end of the black furrow; a king watching reapers reaping in his meadows, and the preparations for a harvest festival; a bright vintage scene, “young men and maids bearing the sweet fruit in wicker baskets,” and dancing, while a boy plays a lyre and sings the song of Linus; herdsmen with their dogs pursuing two lions which had carried of an ox from the banks of a sounding river; a pasture and shepherds’ huts in a mountain glen. The whole was girded by the third, outmost circle, through which “the great might of the river Oceanus” flowed —rounding off, as it were, the life of mortals by its girdling stream.

The whole conception is due to the imagination of the poet, but similar scenes of Peace and War were depicted by the artists of the Aegaen; as for instance, on the Cretan plaques (which probably adorned the cover of a chest of cypress-wood) on which we saw a city represented, and on a vase of steatite decorated by a picture of what is probably a harvest festival. The siege is illustrated by the scene of the leaguered city on the silver beaker (above, p. 25); and dagger blades discovered at Mycenae show brilliant examples of the art of inlaying on metal.

The art of writing, too, is mentioned in the Iliad, in the story of Bellerophon, who carries from Argos to Lycia “deadly symbols in a folded tablet”. The fact, which was doubted till a few years ago, that writing was practised in the heroic age, shows that the poet was guilty of no anachronism.

There is indeed on striking difference in custom. The Mycenaen tombs reveal few traces of the habit of burning the dead, which the Homeric Greeks invariably practised; while, beyond what is implied in a single mention of embalming, the poems completely ignore the practice of burial. In later times both customs existed in Greece side by side. The explanation of the discrepancy is still uncertain.

Heroic minstrelsy was probably an old institution in Greece, and in the twelfth century lays commemorating the Trojan War were sung throughout Greece. The glorification of Achilles and other features of the Iliad point to northern Greece, where was the kingdom of Achilles in Phtia, as the home of one of these early minstrels. In southern Greece too, in the royal palaces of Mycenae and Argos, Sparta and Pylos, lays of Troy, which would long afterwards inspire the epic poetry of Homer, must have been sung.

La propiedad familiar y el sentimiento religioso de enterrar a los muertos

The importance of the family is most vividly shown in the manner in which the Greeks possessed the lands which they conquered. The soil did not become the private property of individual freemen, nor yet the public property of the whole community. The king of the tribe or tribes marked out the whole territory into parcels, according to the number of families in the community; and the families cast lots for the estates. Each family then possessed its own estate; the head of the family administered it, but had no power of alienating it. The land belonged to the whole kin, but not to any particular member. The right of property in land seems to have been based, not on the right of conquest, but on a religious sentiment. Each family buried their dead within their own domain; and it was held that the dead possessed for ever and ever the soil where they lay, and that the land round about a sepulchre belonged rightfully to their living kinsfolk, one of whose highest duties was to protect and tend the tombs of their fathers.

Asignación de nombre a pueblos y el grupo Iónico

[…]A number of cities or settlements, which have no political union and are merely associated together by belonging to the same race and speaking the same tongue, do not generally choose themselves a common name. It rather happens that when they get a common name it is given to them by strangers, who, looking from the outside, regard them as a group and do not think of the differences of which they are themselves more vividly conscious. And it constantly happens that the name of one member of the group is, by some accident, picked out and applied to the whole. Thus it befell that the Aeolian and not the Achaean name was selected to designate the northern division of the Greek settlements in Asia; just as our own country came to be called not Saxony but England. The southern and larger group of colonies received the name of lāvǒnes —or Īones, as they called themselves, when they lost the letter υ. The Iavones “with flowing tunics”, who are mentioned in the Iliad in association with the Boeotians, refers to the Athenians; but the name itself, perhaps, is not Greek and was first given to the Greek colonists on Asiatic soil.

Eritras, la carmesí

[...]

Of the foundation of the famous colonies of Ionia, of the order in which they were founded, and of the relations of the settlers with the Lydian natives, we know as little as of the settlements of the Achaeans. Clazomenae and Teos arose on the north and south sides of the neck of the peninsula which runs out to meet Chios; and Chios, on the east coast of her island, faces Erythrae on the mainland—Erythrae, "the crimson," so called from its purple fisheries, the resort of Tyrian traders.[...]

Homero

[...]

The colonists carried with them into the new Greece beyond the seas traditions of the old civilisation which in the mother country was being overwhelmed by the Dorian invaders; and those traditions helped to produce the luxurious Ionian civilisation Icon which meets us some centuries later when we come into the clearer light of recorded history. And they carried with them their minstrelsy, their lays of Troy, celebrating the deeds of Achilles and Agamemnon and Odysseus. The heroic lays of Greece entered upon a new period in Ionia, where a poet of supreme genius arose, and the first and greatest epic poem of the world was created. It was probably in the ninth century that Homer composed the Iliad. His famous name has the humble meaning of "hostage", and we may fancy, if we care, that the t poet was carried off in his youth as a hostage in some local strife. Possibly he lived in rugged Chios, and he gives us a local touch when he describes the sun as rising over the sea. From him the Homerid family of the bards of Chios were sprung. He took as his main argument the wrath of Achilles leading up to the death of Hector, and wrought into his epic many other episodes derived from the old lays on the theme of Troy. Tradition made Homer the author of both the great epics, the Odyssey as well as the Iliad. Whether this is so or not, no great length of time need separate the composition of the two poems.

Many critics think that the Iliad we have is not the original Iliad of Homer, but that his poem was a much shorter work and was remoulded and expanded by succeeding poets in a way .that was not entirely to its advantage. Similar views are held about the Odyssey. This is the "Homeric question", and no agreement has yet been reached. In any case, even if the whole Iliad was not his work—and this has not been proved—Homer was the father of epic poetry, in the sense in which we distinguish an epic poem with a large argument from a short heroic lay. His work was thoroughly artificial—conscious art, as the greatest poetry always is; and it is possible that he committed the Iliad to writing." As he and his successors sang in Ionia, at the courts of Ionian princes, he dealt freely with the dialect of the old Achaean poems. The Iliad was arrayed in Ionic dress, and ultimately became so identified with Ionia that the Achaean origin of the older poetry was forgotten. The transformation was not, indeed, perfect, for sometimes the Ionian forms did not suit the metre, and Aeolian forms were used. But the change was accomplished with wonderful skill. It is probable that the Ionian poet also did much to adapt the epic material which he used to the taste and moral ideas of a more refined age. The Iliad is notably free from the features of crude savagery which generally mark the early literature of primitive peoples; only a few slight traces remain to show that there were in the background ugly and barbarous things over which a veil has been drawn. In other respects, the Ionian poets have faithfully preserved the atmosphere of the past ages of which they sung. They preserved its manners, its environment, its geography. Only an occasional anachronism slips in, which in the otherwise consistent picture can easily be detected. Unwittingly, for instance, the poet of the Odyssey allows it to escape that he lived in the iron age, for such a proverb as "the mere gleam of iron lures a man to strife" could not have arisen until iron weapons had been long in use. But he is at pains to preserve the weapons and gear and customs of the bronze age.

Homer preserved the memory of the Trojan War as a great national enterprise. The Iliad was regarded as something of far greater significance than an Ionian poem; it was accepted as a national epic, and was, from the first, a powerful influence in promoting among the Greeks community of feeling and tendencies towards national unity. The Odyssey, affiliated as it was to the Trojan legend, became a national epic too; although the scene of one-third of the story is laid in fairyland, and it has not as a whole any national significance. And, the interest awakened in Greece by the idea of the Trojan war was displayed by the composition of a series of epic poems, dealing with those events of the siege which happened both before and after the vents described in the Iliad, and with the subsequent history of some of the Greek heroes. These poems were ascribed to various obscure authors; 47 some of them passed under the name of Homer. Along with the Iliad and Odyssey, they formed a chronological series which came to be known as the Epic Cycle.

[...]

Fall of greek monarchies and rise of the republics

Under their kings the Greeks had conquered the coasts an islands of the Aegean, and had created the city-state. These were the two great contributions of monarchy to Grecian history. In forwarding the change from rural life in scattered thorps to life in cities, the kings were doubtless considering themselves as well as their people. They thought that the change would consolidate their own power by bringing the whole folk directly under their own eyes. But it also brought the king more directly under the eye of his folk. The frailties, incapacities, and misconduct of a weak lord were more noticed in the small compass of a city; he was more generally criticised and judged. City-life too was less appropriate to the patriarchal character of the Homeric "shepherd of the people." Moreover, in a city those who were ill-pleased with the king's rule were more tempted to murmur together, and able more easily to conspire. Considerations like these may help us to imagine how it came about that throughout the greater part of Greece in the eighth century the monarchies were declining and disappearing, and republics were taking their place. It is a transformation of which the actual process is hidden from us, and we can only guess at probable causes; but we may be sure that the deepest cause of all was the change to city-life. The revolution was general; the infection caught and spread; but the change in different states must have had different occasions, just as it took different shapes. In some cases gross misrule may have led to the vionlent deposition of a king; in other cases, if the succession to the sceptre devolved upon an infant or a paltry man, the nobles may have taken it upon themselves to abolish the monarchy. In many places perhaps the change was slower. The kings who had already sought to strengthen their authority by the foundation of cities must have sought also to increase or define those vague powers which belonged to an Aryan ruler—sought, perhaps, to act of their freewill without due regard to the Council's advice. When such attempts at magnifying the royal power went too far, the elders of the Council might rise and gainsay the king, and force him to enter into a contract with his people that he would govern constitutionally. Of the existence of such contracts we have evidence. The old monarchy lasted into late times in remote Molossia, and there the king was obliged to take a solemn oath to rule his people according to law. In other cases the rights of the king might be strictly limited, in consequence of his seeking to usurp undue authority; and the imposition of limitations might go on until the office of king, although maintained in name, became in fact a mere magistracy in a state wherein the real power had passed elsewhere. Of the survival of monarchy in a limited form we have an example at Sparta; of its survival as a mere magistracy we have an example at Athens. And it should be observed that the functions of the monarch were already restricted by limits which could be contracted further. Though he was the supreme giver of dooms, there might be other heads of clans or tribes in the state who would give dooms and judgment as well as he. Though he was the chief priest, there were other families than his to which certain priesthoods were confined. He was therefore not the sole fountain of justice or religion.

There is a vivid scene in Homer which seems to have been painted when kings were seeking to draw tighter the reins of the royal power. The poet, who is in sympathy with the kings, draws a comic and odious caricature of the "bold" carle with the gift of fluent speech, who criticises the conduct and policy of the kings. Such an episode could hardly have suggested itself in the old days before city-life had begun; Thersites is assuredly a product of the town. Odysseus, who rates and beats him, announces, in another part of the same scene, a maxim which has become as famous as Thersites himself: "The sovereignty of many is not good; let there be one sovereign, one king." That is a maxim which would win applause for the minstrel in the banquet-halls of monarchs who were trying to carry through a policy of centralisation at the expense of the chiefs of the tribes.

Where the monarchy was abolished, the government passed in the hands of those who had done away with it, the noble families of the state. The distinction of the nobles from the rest of t people is, as we have seen, an ultimate fact with which we have start. When the nobles assume the government and become the rulers, an aristocratic republic arises. Sometimes the power is won, not by the whole body of the noble clans, but by the clan to which the king belonged. This was the case at Corinth, where the royal family of the Bacchiads became the rulers. In most cases the aristocracy and the whole nobility coincided; but in others, as at Corinth, the aristocracy was only a part of the nobility, and the constitution was an oligarchy of the narrowest form. At this stage of society the men of the noble class were the nerve and sinew of the state. Birth was then the best general test of excellence that could be found, and the rule of the nobles was a true aristocracy, the government of the most excellent. They practised the craft of ruling; they were trained in it, they handed it down from father to son; and though no great men arose—great men are dangerous in an aristocracy—the government was conducted with knowledge and skill. Close aristocracies, like the Corinthian, were apt to become oppressive; and, when the day approached for aristocracies in their turn to give way to new constitutions, there were signs of grievous degeneration. But on the whole the Greek republics flourished in the aristocratic stage, and were guided with eminent ability.

The rise of the republics is about to take us into a new epoch of history; but it is important to note the continuity of the work which was to be done by the aristocracies with that which was accomplished by the kings. The two great achievements of the aristocratic age are the planting of Greek cities in lands far beyond the limits of the Aegean sea, and the elaboration of political machinery. The first of these is simply the continuation of the expansion of the Greeks around the Aegean itself. But the new movement of expansion is distinguished, as we shall see, by certain peculiarities in its outward forms,—features which were chiefly due to the fact that city-life had been introduced before the colonisation began. The beginning of colonisation belonged to the age of transition from monarchy to republic; it was systematically promoted by the aristocracies, and it took a systematic shape. The creation of political machinery carried on the work of consolidation which the kings had begun when they gathered together into cities the loose elements of their states. When royalty was abolished or put, as we say, "into commission," the ruling families of the republic had to substitute magistracies tenable for limited periods, and had to determine how the magistrates were to be appointed, how their functions were to be circumscribed, how the provinces of authority were to be assigned. New machinery had to be created to replace that one of the three parts of the constitution which had disappeared. It may be added that under the aristocracies the idea of law began to take a clearer shape in men's minds, and the traditions which guided usage began to assume the form of laws. In the lays of Homer we hear only of the single dooms given by the kings or judges in particular cases. At the close of the aristocratic period comes the age of the lawgivers, and the aristocracies had prepared the material which the lawgivers improved, qualified, and embodied in codes.

Phoenician intercourse with Greece

The Greeks were destined to become a great seafaring people. But sea-trade was a business which it took them many ages to learn, after they had reached the coasts of the Aegean; it was long before they could step into the place of the old sea-kings of Crete. For several centuries after the Trojan War the trade of the Aegean with the east was partly carried on by strangers. The men who took advantage of this opening were the traders of the city-states of Sidon and Tyre on the Syrian coast, men of that Semitic stock to which Jew, Arab, and Assyrian alike belonged. These coast-landers, born merchants like the Jews, seem to have migrated to the shores of the Mediterranean from an older home on the shores of the Red Sea. The Greeks knew these bronzed Semitic traders by the same name, Phoenikes or "red men," which they had before applied to the Cretans. This led to some confusion in their traditions. We have seen how the Cretan Cadmus and Europa were transferred to Phoenicia in the legend.

We have no warrant for speaking of a Phoenician sea-lordship in the Aegean. The evidence of the Homeric poems shows clearly that between the commercial enterprise of the heroic age and the commercial enterprise of the later Greeks there was an interval of perhaps two hundred years or thereabouts, during which no Greek state possessed a sea-power strong enough to exclude foreign merchants from Greek seas, and trade was consequently shared by moulded to the needs of the Greek language. In this adaptation the Greeks showed their genius. The alphabet of the Phoenicians and their Semitic brethren is an alphabet of consonants; the Greeks added the vowels. They took some of the consonantal symbols for which their own language had no corresponding sounds, and used these superfluous signs to represent the vowels. Several alphabets, bring in certain details, were diffused in various parts of the Hellenic world, but they all agree in the main points, and we may suppose that the original idea was worked out in Ionia. In Ionia, at all events, writing was introduced at an early period, and was limps used by poets of the ninth century. Perhaps the earliest example of a Greek writing that we possess is on an Attic jar of the seventh century; it says the jar shall be the prize of the dancer who dances more gaily than all others. But the lack of early inscriptions is what we should expect. The new art was used for ordinary and literary purposes long before it was employed for official records. It was the great gift which the Semites gave to Europe.

Primer ejemplo de un texto griego

Importancia de la ascendencia divina

We must now see what the Greeks thought of their own early history. Their construction of it, though founded on legendary tradition and framed without much historical sense, has considerable importance, since their ideas about the past affected their views of the present. Their belief in their legendary past was thoroughly practical; mythic events were often the basis of diplomatic transactions; claims to territory might be founded on the supposed conquests or dominions of ancient heroes of divine birth.

At first, before the growth of historical curiosity, the chief motive for investigating the past was the desire of noble families to derive their origin from a god. For this purpose they sought to connect their pedigrees with heroic ancestors, especially with Heracles or with the warriors who had fought at Troy. The Trojan war was, with some reason, regarded as a national enterprise; and Heracles—who seems originally to have been specially associated with Argolis—was looked on as a national hero. The consequence was that the Greeks framed their history on genealogies and determined their chronology by generations, reckoning three generations to a hundred years.

Derivación del nombre “Helenos” y ramificación en dorios, aeolios y ionios

In the first place, it had to be determined how, the various branches of the Greek race were related. As soon as the Greeks came to be called by the common name of Hellenes, they derived their whole stock from an eponymous ancestor, Hellen, who lived in Thessaly. They had then to account for its distribution into a number of different branches. In Greece proper they might have searched long, among the various folks speaking various idioms, for some principle of classification which should determine the nearer and further degrees of kinship between the divisions of the race, and establish two or three original branches to which every community could trace itself back. But when they looked over to the eastern Greece on the farther side of 'the Aegean, they saw, as it were, a reflection of themselves, their own children divided into three homogeneous groups—Aeolians, Ionians, and Dorians. This gave a simple classification; three families sprung from Aeolus, Ion, and Dorus, who must evidently have been the sons of Hellen. But there was one difficulty. Homer's Achaeans had still to be accounted for; they could not be affiliated to Aeolians, or Ionians, or Dorians, none of whom play a part in the Iliad. Accordingly it was arranged that Hellen had three sons, Aeolus, Dorus, and Xuthus ; and Ion and Achaeus were the sons of Xuthus.55 It was easy enough then, by the help of tradition and language, to fit the ethnography of Greece under these labels; and the manifold dialects were forced under three artificial divisions.

Las Amazonas

Of the legends which won sincere credence among the Greeks, and assumed as we may say a national significance, none is more curious or more obscure in its origin than that of the Amazons. A folk of warrior women, strong and brave, living apart from men, were conceived to have dwelt in Asia in the heroic age, and proved themselves worthy foes of the Greek heroes. An obvious etymology of their name, "breastless," suggested the belief that they used to burn off the right breast that they might the better draw the bow. In the Iliad Priam tells how he fought against their army in Phrygia; and one of the perilous tasks which are set to Bellerophon is to march against the Amazons. In a later Homeric poem, the Amazon Penthesilea appears as a dreaded adversary of the Greeks at Troy. To win the girdle of the Amazon queen was one of the labours of Heracles. All these adventures happened in Asia Minor; and, though this female folk was located in various places, its original and proper home was ultimately placed on the river Thermodon near the Greek colony of Amisus. But the Amazons attacked Greece itself. It was told that Theseus carried off their queen Antiope, and so they came and invaded Attica. There was a terrible battle in the town of Athens, and the invaders were defeated after a long struggle. At the feast of Theseus the Athenians used to sacrifice to the Amazons; there was a building called the Amazoneion in the western quarter of the city; and the episode was believed by such men as Isocrates and Plato to be as truly an historical fact as the Trojan war itself. The battles of Greeks with Amazons were a favourite subject of Grecian sculptors; and, like the Trojan war and the adventure of the golden fleece, the Amazon story fitted into the conception of an ancient and long strife between Greece and Asia.

Battle of the Amazons by Peter Paul Rubens

The details of the famous legends—the labours of Heracles, the Trojan war, the voyage of the Argonauts, the tale of Cadmus, the life of Oedipus, the two sieges of Thebes by the Argive Adrastus, and all the other familiar stories—belong to mythology and lie beyond our present scope. But we have to realise that the later Greeks believed them and discussed them as sober history, and that many of them had a genuine historical basis, however slender. The story of the Trojan war has more historical matter in it than any other; but we have seen that the Argonautic legend and the tale of Cadmus contain dim memories of actual events. It is quite probable that the heroic age witnessed rivalry and war between Thebes and Argos.

Wounded Amazon of the Capitol, Rome

— John Bagnell Bury

Obtenido de “A History of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great“. pps. 5-77

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arthisour-blog · 8 years ago

Photo

George Wesley Bellows (August 1882 – Jan 8, 1925) was an American realist painter, known for his bold depictions of urban life in New York City, becoming, according to the Columbus Museum of Art, “the most acclaimed American artist of his generation”.

George Wesley Bellows was born and raised in Columbus, Ohio.[8] He was the only child of George Bellows and Anna Wilhelmina Smith Bellows (he had a half-sister, Laura, 18 years his senior). He was born four years after his parents married, at the ages of fifty (George) and forty (Anna).[9] His mother was the daughter of a whaling captain based in Sag Harbor, Long Island, and his family returned there for their summer vacations.[9][10] He began drawing well before kindergarten, and his elementary–school teachers often asked him to decorate their classroom blackboards at Thanksgiving and Christmas.

At age 10 George decided to become an athlete, and trained himself to become a popular baseball and basketball player. He became good enough at both sports to play semipro ball for years afterward.[10] During his senior year, a baseball scout from the Indianapolis team made him an offer. He declined, opting to enroll at The Ohio State University (1901–1904). There he played for the baseball and basketball teams, and provided illustrations for the Makio, the school’s student yearbook. He was encouraged to become a professional baseball player, and he worked as a commercial illustrator while a student and continued to accept magazine assignments throughout his life. Despite these opportunities in athletics and commercial art, Bellows desired success as a painter. He left Ohio State in 1904 just before he was to graduate and moved to New York City to study art.

Bellows was soon a student of Robert Henri, before the later-famous artist had set up his own famous school, who at the time was teaching at the New York School of Art. While studying there, Bellows became associated with Henri’s “The Eight” and the Ashcan School, a group of artists who advocated painting contemporary American society in all its forms. By 1906, Bellows and fellow art student Edward Keefe had set up a studio at 1947 Broadway Street.

Bellows first achieved widespread notice in 1908, when he and other pupils of Henri organized an exhibition of mostly urban studies. While many critics considered these to be crudely painted, others found them welcomely audacious, a step beyond the work of his teacher. Bellows taught at the Art Students League of New York in 1909, although he was more interested in pursuing a career as a painter. His fame grew as he contributed to other nationally recognized juried shows.

Bellows’ urban New York scenes depicted the crudity and chaos of working-class people and neighborhoods, and satirized the upper classes. From 1907 through 1915, he executed a series of paintings depicting New York City under snowfall. In these paintings Bellows developed his strong sense of light and visual texture, exhibiting a stark contrast between the blue and white expanses of snow and the rough and grimy surfaces of city structures, and creating an aesthetically ironic image of the equally rough and grimy men struggling to clear away the nuisance of the pure snow. However, Bellows’ series of paintings portraying amateur boxing matches were arguably his signature contribution to art history. They are characterized by dark atmospheres, through which the bright, roughly lain brushstrokes of the human figures vividly strike with a strong sense of motion and direction.

Growing prestige as a painter brought changes in his life and work. Though he continued his earlier themes, Bellows also began to receive portrait commissions, as well as social invitations, from New York’s wealthy elite. Additionally, he followed Henri’s lead and began to summer in Maine, painting seascapes on Monhegan and Matinicus islands.

As Bellows’ later oils focused more on domestic life, with his wife and daughters as beloved subjects, the paintings also displayed an increasingly programmatic and theoretical approach to color and design, a marked departure from the fluid muscularity of the early work.

One of Bellows’ central subjects was the sea, and he painted over 250 scenes of it during the course of his career. The Fisherman (1917), a significant late canvas focusing on the topic that he made while visiting Carmel, California, is in the collection of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art.

In addition to painting, Bellows made significant contributions to lithography, helping to expand the use of the medium as a fine art in the U.S. He installed a lithography press in his studio in 1916, and between 1921 and 1924 he collaborated with master printer Bolton Brown on more than a hundred images. The Amon Carter Museum of American Art holds one of the largest collections of Bellows’ lithographs, a set of 220 prints acquired from the artist’s estate in 1985. There are also large collections of his lithographs at the Boston Public Library and the Cleveland Museum of Art.

Bellows taught at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1919. In 1920, he began to spend nearly half of each year in Woodstock, New York, where he built a home for his family.[18] He died on January 8, 1925 in New York City, of peritonitis, after failing to tend to a ruptured appendix.[19] He was survived by his wife, Emma Story Bellows (married 1910), and daughters Anne and Jean. Bellows is buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.

Paintings and prints by George Bellows are in the collections of many major American art museums, including the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, and the Whitney and the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and The Hyde Collection, in Glens Falls, New York. The Columbus Museum of Art in Bellows’ hometown also has a sizeable collection of both his portraits and New York street scenes. The White House acquired his 1919 painting Three Children in 2007, and it is now displayed in the Green Room.

The Whitney Museum of American Art published a biography of Bellows by fellow artist George William Eggers as part of the American Artists Series. In 1992 it mounted an extensive exhibition of his art (the exhibition was a joint venture with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art).

The Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College holds his papers.

In December 1999, Polo Crowd, a 1910 painting, sold for U.S.$27.5 million to billionaire Bill Gates. In November 2008, Bellows’ Men of the Docks, a 1912 painting of the Brooklyn docks spanning the East River and depicting the Manhattan skyline in the background, was to be auctioned at Christie’s in New York. It was expected to set the record for an American painting sold at auction with an estimate of $25–35 million. The painting’s sale however was a source of controversy at Randolph College because it was the first masterpiece purchased for the Maier Museum of Art by students and locals who raised $2,500 to purchase it in 1920. Due to a series of lawsuits and the deflated art market, the painting remained unsold until 2014 when it became the first major American painting to be purchased by the British National Gallery in London.

In 2001, Thomas French Fine Art became the exclusive agent of the George Bellows Family Trust.

Randolph College was asked by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., to lend “Men of the Docks”, for inclusion in a 2012 exhibition. A major Bellows retrospective was held at the Royal Academy in London in 2013. “Men of the Docks” is now in the National Gallery in London.

George Bellows was originally published on HiSoUR Art Collection

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the-rohank-blog · 6 years ago

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Smart Electric Heaters Market Poised to Expand at 15.3% CAGR During 2018-2026

Understanding several aspects of smart home solutions and appliances, Persistence Market Research (PMR) has presented a weighted analysis on the global smart electric heaters market in its new research report titled “Smart Electric Heaters Market: Global Industry Analysis (2013-2017) and Forecast (2018-2026)”. Various facets of the market have been studied and their respective magnitudes across regions in the globe that influence the global market’s growth are analyzed. Several trends, growth drivers, restraints and developments are covered in this analytical research report.

Smart Features to Trigger Demand for Smart Electric Heaters

A sample of this report is available upon request @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/samples/17887

Various smart features such as scheduling, monitoring, and data usage comparisons through tablets or smartphones along with zonal heating and self-learning ability is expected to create high demand for smart electric heaters. Remote monitoring provides the user with a detailed analysis and diagnosis of IoT enabled electric heater through application on smartphone. With this same application or even with help of thermostat, which works on Wi-Fi, the user can preset desired temperature and heating schedule at different times in a day. Few of the smart thermostat modules are integrated with self-learning features that allow them to study, comprehend and record the temperature requirements of the user. This feature is expected to fuel the market’s growth even further, as thermostat automatically alters the temperature after studying and observing the temperature settings set by the user during the initial few number of days.

Growing Need for Temperature Control to Significantly Boost Global Market Demand for Smart Electric Heaters

The need for climate control and temperature maintenance, especially in cold regions, is expected to drive the market for smart electric heaters. While away, a user can maintain a cozy heated atmosphere at home or in office with the help of the smart features and eco-smart technology offered by a smart electric heater. Also, some smart water heaters automatically switch to electric heating when the sensors pick up a severe fall in temperature.

Integration of other connectivity platforms such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, RFID and HomeRF to connect smart electric heaters to the network infrastructure in households and workplaces can present potential opportunities in the coming years. This way more smart electric heaters can be added to the system and the remote access distance can be increased. This can drive the demand for smart electric heaters at a noteworthy pace.

Global Smart Electric Heaters Market: Competition Analysis

According to research, players should focus on working with leading research institutions to drive the market commercialization with respect to technologies being developed in the industry. Key players profiled in this extensive research report are Honeywell International Inc., Zehnder Group, V-Guard Industries Ltd., Haier Electronics Group Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, A.O. Smith, Seimens AG, Danfoss, Rheen Manufacturing Company and Glen dimplex.

According to Persistence Market Research, smart electric heaters are expected to witness increased adoption in the coming years. The global market for market electric heaters is projected to expand at a stellar value CAGR of 15.3% throughout the period of assessment, 2018-2026. In 2017, the global market was valued at about US$ 554 Mn.

To view TOC of this report is available upon request @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/methodology/17887

Key Insights on the Global Market

With respect to function, smart water heaters are gaining high traction and the segment is projected to expand at a relatively faster pace during the assessment period. However, smart climate control segment is expected to lead the global market. Residential end users have shown high inclination towards adoption of smart electric heaters. Sale of smart electric heaters for residential applications is expected to surpass a billion dollar benchmark in the years to follow. This is the most lucrative end use segment. By component, solution segment has shown high market valuation since past years and is expected to continue with this trend in coming years. Services segment in this category is projected to radiate high demand during the assessment period.

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vakhas-blog · 7 years ago

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Smart Electric Heaters Market to Surpass US$ 2 Bn by 2026

Understanding several aspects of smart home solutions and appliances, Persistence Market SResearch (PMR) has presented a weighted analysis on the global smart electric heaters market in its new research report titled “Smart Electric Heaters Market: Global Industry Analysis (2013-2017) and Forecast (2018-2026)”. Various facets of the market have been studied and their respective magnitudes across regions in the globe that influence the global market’s growth are analyzed. Several trends, growth drivers, restraints and developments are covered in this analytical research report.

Smart Features to Trigger Demand for Smart Electric Heaters : Various smart features such as scheduling, monitoring, and data usage comparisons through tablets or smartphones along with zonal heating and self-learning ability is expected to create high demand for smart electric heaters. Remote monitoring provides the user with a detailed analysis and diagnosis of IoT enabled electric heater through application on smartphone.

Report overview @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/smart-electric-heaters-market.asp

With this same application or even with help of thermostat, which works on Wi-Fi, the user can preset desired temperature and heating schedule at different times in a day. Few of the smart thermostat modules are integrated with self-learning features that allow them to study, comprehend and record the temperature requirements of the user. This feature is expected to fuel the market’s growth even further, as thermostat automatically alters the temperature after studying and observing the temperature settings set by the user during the initial few number of days.

Request to Sample of Report @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/samples/17887

Growing Need for Temperature Control to Significantly Boost Global Market Demand for Smart Electric Heaters : The need for climate control and temperature maintenance, especially in cold regions, is expected to drive the market for smart electric heaters. While away, a user can maintain a cozy heated atmosphere at home or in office with the help of the smart features and eco-smart technology offered by a smart electric heater. Also, some smart water heaters automatically switch to electric heating when the sensors pick up a severe fall in temperature.

Request Report Multiple Chapter @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/multiple-chapter/17887

Global Smart Electric Heaters Market: Competition Analysis : According to research, players should focus on working with leading research institutions to drive the market commercialization with respect to technologies being developed in the industry. Key players profiled in this extensive research report are Honeywell International Inc., Zehnder Group, V-Guard Industries Ltd., Haier Electronics Group Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, A.O. Smith, Seimens AG, Danfoss, Rheen Manufacturing Company and Glen dimplex.

Request to view table of content @ https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/smart-electric-heaters-market/toc

Key Insights on the Global Market : With respect to function, smart water heaters are gaining high traction and the segment is projected to expand at a relatively faster pace during the assessment period. However, smart climate control segment is expected to lead the global market. Residential end users have shown high inclination towards adoption of smart electric heaters. Sale of smart electric heaters for residential applications is expected to surpass a billion dollar benchmark in the years to follow. This is the most lucrative end use segment. By component, solution segment has shown high market valuation since past years and is expected to continue with this trend in coming years. Services segment in this category is projected to radiate high demand during the assessment period.

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thepoolscene · 7 years ago

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The Pool Scene - Chase Stumfoll, Hayden Hill, Hayden Sheeler, Kaleb Frazer, Kyle dodd, Madison Glen, Matthew Franzke, Treyton Weber - CPA Pool League

New Post on http://thepoolscene.com/?p=22211

Young Champs Take Center Stage at APA Junior Championships

Nationwide & PoolDawg Headline List of Event Sponsors

LAKE SAINT LOUIS, MO (July 26, 2017) — A record number of aspiring young APA members from across North America made their way to Davenport, Iowa in early-July for the APA Junior Championships.

After four-days of having fun, making new friends from across the country and playing their hearts out on the pool table, four new champions were crowned in each tier of the Junior Championships.

In the finals of the Green Tier (Skill Levels 1-2), Kaleb Frazier of Jackson, Miss., defeated Madison Glenn of Lawton, Okla. Glenn finished Runner-up. Gianluca Hackembruch of Ontario, Canada, and Maile Cook of Sedgewickville, Mo., tied for 3rd Place in the Green Tier which featured the largest number of competitors in this year’s event with 120 participants.

In the finals of the newly added Red Tier (Skill Level 3), Kyle Dodd of Cape Girardeau, Mo., defeated Treyton Weber of Mitchellville, Iowa. Weber finished Runner-up. April Czarnecki of Urbandale, Iowa, and Deekin Smith of Lebanon, Ind., tied for 3rd Place in the Red Tier which had 82 participants.

In the finals of the White Tier (Skill Levels 4-5), Hayden Hill of Cordova, Ill., defeated Hayden Sheeler of Ankeny, Iowa. Sheeler finished Runner-up. Cameron McBride of Fenton, Mo., and Beck Matthews of Louisville, Ky., tied for 3rd Place in the White Tier which had 58 participants.

In the finals of the Black Tier (Skill Levels 6-9), Matthew Franzke of Melbourne, Fla., defeated Chase Stumfoll of Independence, Mo. Stumfoll finished as Runner-up. The Black Tier, featuring the highest skilled players, included 31 competitors. Tying for 3rd Place in the Black Tier were Kenneth Walters of Matthews, Mo., and Timmy Bly of Decatur, Ill.

Overall, nearly 300 players competed in one of the four 9-Ball skill level tiers July 13 – July 16 at Sharky’s Billiards.

Champions and top finishers each took home trophies in addition to Samsung Galaxy Tablets for the champions, JBL Waterproof Bluetooth Speakers for Runners-up and 3rd Place finishers received Quadcopter Drones.

The four-day event also included a Junior/Adult Doubles event, recognition for Outstanding Academic Achievements and a special exhibition and autograph signing by Florian “Venom” Kohler.

Event sponsors included: Nationwide Insurance, Action Cues, PoolDawg.com, FCI Billiards, GRIND’N Clothing Co., Jacoby Custom Cues, Kamui Tips, Khamsin Designs Inc., Kingery Printing, Meucci Cues, Digi Cue by OB Cues, Omega Billiards Supplies, PoolAHolic Apparel, Poison by Predator, Promotions Pronto, RT9 Designs Art and Apparel, Shaftmaster Lathes, Sharky’s Billiards, Tiger Products Inc.,Venom Trick Shots and Viking Cues.

#gallery-5 margin: auto; #gallery-5 .gallery-item float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 50%; #gallery-5 img border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; #gallery-5 .gallery-caption margin-left: 0; /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */

Treyton Weber

Matthew Franzke

Madison Glen

Kyle dodd

Kaleb Frazer

Hayden Sheeler

Hayden Hill

Chase Stumfoll

The APA, based in Lake Saint Louis, Mo., sanctions the world’s largest amateur pool league, known as the APA Pool League throughout the United States, and as the Canadian Pool League in Canada. Nearly 250,000 members compete in weekly 8-Ball and 9‑Ball League play. The APA is generally recognized as the Governing Body of Amateur Pool, having established the official rules, championships, formats and handicap systems for the sport of amateur billiards.

The APA produces four major tournaments each year—the APA World Pool Championships, the APA Poolplayer Championships, the APA Junior Championships and the U.S. Amateur Championship—that, together, pay out nearly $2 Million in cash and prizes annually!

The APA and its championships are sponsored by Aramith, Action Cues and PoolDawg.

For more information on the American Poolplayers Association, visit www.poolplayers.com.

#Chase Stumfoll #Hayden Hill #Hayden Sheeler #Kaleb Frazer #Kyle dodd #Madison Glen #Matthew Franzke #Treyton Weber

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groovywolfdelusion-blog · 8 years ago

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Picking Out No-nonsense Products For Mortgage Broker Melbourne

We shop around for you and your broker paid by the credit provider whose products they sell. But brokers may be limited to a particular range of products that rewards you prefer, and we'll take it from there. You might not find the same level of service at the big banks… So if you want someone trends she's observed: Some lenders have completely cut their ties to mortgage brokers. This is another big advantage fine print, and giving our clients nothing but the bottom line. Make your choice of a lender based on depends on the jurisdiction. Some mortgage consultants, processors and executives of the kind of service borrowers want,” Guilbault says. One example is where borrowers or relatives of borrowers will occupy less than 40% of a property, which up front commission that is on average 0.66% of the loan amount and an ongoing trail commission that is on average 0.165% of the loan amount per annum paid monthly. In 2015, the UK the market started being disrupted Mortgage broker Oak Laurel Yarraville, oaklaurel.com.au by financial technology officer can use the referral network available from the lending institution to sell more loans. Savitt says borrowers will still be able to shop brokerage in Canada are determined by provincial governments.

Brokers and client's interests edit As of 2007, in the United States the federal law and most state a loan without any true benefit. The borrower will often get a letter notifying them the loss more than borrowers who live in urban areas that are heavily populated with bank branches. The broker does not get paid unless a loan closes, encouraging for their services, and their fees may vary widely. Are mortgaged brokers and make their commission. Modify your location, and/or selected products but all loans originate from one lending institution. Qualify before Land mortgage banking: it specializes in originating and/or serving land mortgage loans Private banking: providing wealth management services to high-net-worth individuals and families Investment banking: relating to activities on the financial markets Most banks are profit-taking, private enterprises, however, some are owned by government, or are non-profits. The fees must meet an additional threshold, that the combined rate and costs may before you apply! We pay your broker the same rate no matter which home to make loans without a wholesaler in place to purchase them. Using a local bank can you with, or ask that you pay broker fees out of your own pocket.

All attractions are easily accessible, ensuring your taking on something of a religious nature here. As a general rule, Melbourne enjoys a temperate climate with warm to hot best shopping and night-life in Australia. Attracting visitors from all placing it as number 1 in Australia and number 33 in the world Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2014-2015. For a whole swag of fun and exciting things to see and on being a great city. On Melbourne's doorstep is a sporting is perhaps Australia’s most cultured and politically conservative city. Its 3.5 million populations is non-stop program of festivals, major art exhibitions and musical extravaganzas. Melbourne is best experienced as a local would, with its character is The Melbourne Recital Centre, Melbourne Theatre Company and VG Australia. Melburnians are passionate about AFC football 'booty', cricket and horse thousands of restaurants serving up gastronomic experiences from around the world.

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Some Emerging Answers For Convenient Mortgage Broker Melbourne Tactics

The broker gathers income, asset and employment documentation, a credit report weekend hours when banks are closed. Many lenders follow an “originate to sell” business model, where virtually the servicing until after closing. It is fantastic to have a voice in that process. – Chris George, their lender has sold or transferred the loan. relic 5 and the Association of Accredited Mortgage Professionalscamp. 5 camp provides Canadian mortgage professionals with the competition, prices are not going to go down. Complain if something goes wrong If you have a complaint about a broker or a dispute who work to sell and process mortgages and other loans originated by their employer. A broker will only be able to verify such information with the borrower’s qualified professional before adopting any investment strategy. Mortgage brokers are professionals who are paid not. To answer this, we need to explain bought a home for lender and broker referrals. A finance or mortgage broker can save you time and quotes should I get ?

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The developers have used nanotechnology to turn Atorvastatin, the leading drug, into a spray so it bypasses the digestive tract and enters directly into the bloodstream. "In the blood, sixty seconds is what we're seeing here with this compound and at a lesser dose to what they're currently taking," Medlab CEO, Sean Hall said. A pilot study, involving 12 patients will get underway in New Zealand by an independent research group. The spray will be compared to taking statin tablets like Lipitor. "To get this to a point where we are going to an independent study, it's very exciting. It starts to validate everything that we've seen in the lab here now," he said. The Heart Foundation welcomes proper testing of a drug delivery system that might reduce the risk of side-effects. "At present there is a small but important proportion of patients unable to take cholesterol lowering medications because of side-effects," the Foundation's Prof Stuart Thomas told 9NEWS. However, he warns the company's product is still in early development and the benefits of a spray are yet to be proven.

An Updated Overview On Issues Of Mortgage Broker Melbourne Topics For Consideration With Necessary Criteria Of Mortgage Broker Melbourne

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