#glass-lined reactors chemical processes

[gfs-tanks]

Glass-Lined Dark Green Anaerobic Digester Tank with EGSB Reactor: A Sustainable Solution for Efficient Biogas Production

At Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd, we are dedicated to pioneering innovative solutions in the field of renewable energy and waste management. Our Glass-Lined Dark Green Anaerobic Digester Tanks, paired with the Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) Reactor, offer a robust and efficient system for converting organic waste into valuable biogas. This combination not only maximizes biogas production but also ensures environmental sustainability.

Understanding Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that transforms organic materials—such as agricultural residues, food waste, and livestock manure—into biogas in the absence of oxygen. This process is facilitated by specialized microorganisms that break down organic matter, producing biogas primarily composed of methane, which can be used for electricity generation, heating, or as a vehicle fuel. The remaining digestate can be utilized as a nutrient-rich fertilizer, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

As a leading storage tank manufacturer in China. At Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd., we excel in providing high-quality bolted steel tanks tailored for the diverse needs of fish farming. Our extensive range of bolted steel tanks includes Glass-Fused-to-Steel (GFS) tanks, fusion bonded epoxy tanks, stainless steel tanks, and galvanized steel tanks, each designed to offer exceptional durability, efficiency, and adaptability for aquaculture applications.

Configuration of Customized Storage Tanks

Storage tanks

Volume

Roofs

Application

Design Requirements

GFS Tanks

SS Tanks

Fusion Bonded Epoxy Tanks

Galvanized Steel Tanks

Welded Steel Tanks

<1000m³

1000-10000m³

10000-20000m³

20000-25000m³

>25000m³

ADR Roof

GFS Roof

Membrane Roof

FRP Roof

Trough Deck Roof

Wastewater Treatment Project

Drinking Water Project

Municipal Sewage Project

Biogas Project

Fire Water Storage Project

Oil Storage Project

Water Supply & Drainage System

Seismic Design

Wind Resistant Design

Lightning Protection Design

Tank Insulation Design

WasteWater Treatment Project Equipment Supply

Pretreatment Equipment

Resource Utilization System

Sludge Treatment System

Other Equipment

Mechanical Bar Screen

Solid-liquid Separator

Submersible Mixer

Gas Holder

Boiler System

Boost Fan

Biogas Generator

Torch System

Dehydration and Desulfurization Tank

PAM Integration Dosing Device

Screw Sludge Dewatering Machine

Slurry Separation Centrifuge

Sewage Pump

Mud Scraper

Submersible Sewage Pump

Three-phases Separator

Key Features of Our Glass-Lined Dark Green Anaerobic Digester Tank with EGSB Reactor

1. Superior Glass-Lining Technology

Our anaerobic digester tanks are lined with high-quality glass enamel, offering exceptional resistance to corrosion and chemical degradation. The glass lining enhances the durability of the tank, ensuring a long operational life and minimizing maintenance costs. The dark green color not only provides an aesthetically pleasing appearance but also helps in temperature regulation, contributing to the efficiency of the digestion process.

2. Integrated EGSB Reactor Design

The EGSB reactor is designed to enhance the anaerobic digestion process by providing a high hydraulic retention time (HRT) while maintaining a compact footprint. This innovative design allows for efficient biogas production, even at high organic loading rates. The expanded granular sludge bed promotes effective contact between the microorganisms and the organic substrate, maximizing biogas yield.

3. High Airtightness

The airtight design of our glass-lined anaerobic digester tank ensures optimal anaerobic conditions, preventing the ingress of oxygen that could disrupt the digestion process. This feature is critical for maintaining the efficiency and stability of biogas production.

4. Efficient Biogas Production

The combination of the glass-lined tank and EGSB reactor allows for rapid degradation of organic materials, resulting in efficient biogas production. This biogas can be further processed to generate renewable energy, contributing to sustainable energy solutions.

Benefits of Glass-Lined Anaerobic Digester Tanks

Corrosion Resistance

The glass lining provides superior corrosion resistance, protecting the tank structure from aggressive materials and ensuring longevity. This is especially important in anaerobic digestion, where the environment can be harsh.

Reduced Maintenance

The smooth surface of glass lining makes cleaning and maintenance easier, helping to maintain hygienic conditions within the tank. This reduces downtime and operational costs, allowing for more efficient waste processing.

Environmental Benefits

Utilizing organic waste for biogas production significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional waste disposal methods. Our glass-lined anaerobic digester tanks contribute to a circular economy by transforming waste into renewable energy, aligning with global sustainability goals.

Comprehensive Services Offered

At Center Enamel, we are committed to providing not just high-quality products, but also comprehensive services tailored to meet the needs of our clients:

Custom Engineering Design: Our experienced engineering team collaborates with you to develop tailored anaerobic digester solutions that meet your specific project requirements.

Professional Installation Services: We provide expert installation services to ensure that your anaerobic digester tank and EGSB reactor are set up correctly, optimizing performance and minimizing disruptions.

Ongoing Support and Maintenance: Our commitment extends beyond installation. We offer ongoing support and maintenance services to ensure the longevity and efficiency of your anaerobic digestion system.

Global Expertise and Reach

With over 30 years of experience, Center Enamel has established a strong global presence, delivering our Glass-Lined Dark Green Anaerobic Digester Tanks with EGSB Reactors to clients worldwide. We are dedicated to helping organizations transition to sustainable energy solutions that are economically viable and environmentally responsible.

Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd’s Glass-Lined Dark Green Anaerobic Digester Tanks with EGSB Reactors offer an ideal solution for organizations looking to harness the power of anaerobic digestion for renewable energy production. Our focus on quality, innovation, and sustainability positions us as a leader in the industry, enabling our clients to effectively manage organic waste while contributing to a cleaner, greener future. Choose Center Enamel for your anaerobic digestion needs and become part of the renewable energy revolution.

[hdpepondliner]

The Benefits of PP Glass Lined Sheets: Enhanced Chemical Resistance and Longevity

Polypropylene (PP) glass lined sheets represent a cutting-edge advancement in material science, combining the strengths of polypropylene and glass fibers to deliver exceptional performance in a wide range of applications. These sheets are engineered to provide superior durability, resistance to environmental factors, and versatility, making them ideal for industries that demand high performance and reliability.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the features, benefits, applications, and PP Glass-Lined Sheet Installation, along with answering some frequently asked questions to provide a thorough understanding of this innovative material.

What Are PP Glass Lined Sheets?

PP glass lined sheets are composite materials made from a combination of polypropylene (PP) and glass fibers. The base material, polypropylene, is a thermoplastic polymer known for its flexibility, chemical resistance, and lightweight nature. When reinforced with glass fibers, the material gains enhanced rigidity, strength, and dimensional stability.

These sheets are produced through a process where glass fibers are incorporated into the polypropylene matrix, resulting in a product that offers the best of both worlds: the durability of glass and the lightweight, cost-effective nature of polypropylene. The end product is a sheet that can withstand harsh environments while maintaining its structural integrity.

Key Features of PP Glass Lined Sheets

High Strength and Durability The incorporation of glass fibers into polypropylene significantly increases the strength and durability of the sheets. This makes them suitable for applications where high impact resistance and long-term performance are required.

Chemical Resistance PP glass lined sheets exhibit excellent resistance to a wide range of chemicals, including acids, bases, and solvents. This property makes them ideal for use in industries such as chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.

Temperature Tolerance These sheets can withstand a broad temperature range, making them suitable for both high and low-temperature environments. They maintain their structural integrity and performance under varying thermal conditions.

Lightweight and Easy to Handle Despite their strength and durability, PP glass lined sheets remain lightweight compared to traditional materials like metal or concrete. This makes them easier to handle, transport, and install.

Corrosion Resistance The glass lining provides excellent protection against corrosion, making PP glass lined sheets ideal for use in environments prone to moisture and chemical exposure.

Versatility PP glass lined sheets can be customized in terms of thickness, size, and surface finish, making them suitable for a variety of applications, from industrial processes to construction and beyond.

Common Applications of PP Glass Lined Sheets

The PP Glass-Lined Sheet Suppliers are used in numerous industries due to their unique combination of properties. Here are some common applications:

Chemical Processing In the chemical processing industry, PP glass lined sheets are used to line tanks, reactors, and pipelines. Their resistance to chemicals and high strength makes them ideal for handling corrosive substances and maintaining the integrity of processing equipment.

Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry utilizes PP glass lined sheets for their resistance to contamination and ease of cleaning. They are often used in areas where hygiene and chemical resistance are critical, such as in the production of medicines and other healthcare products.

Agriculture In agriculture, these sheets are used for constructing storage tanks, irrigation systems, and protective barriers. Their durability and resistance to environmental factors make them suitable for outdoor and agricultural applications.

Construction PP glass lined sheets are used in construction for applications such as wall cladding, flooring, and protective panels. Their lightweight nature and durability make them an excellent choice for both structural and decorative purposes.

Marine Applications The corrosion resistance and durability of PP glass lined sheets make them suitable for marine environments. They are used in the construction of marine vessels, docks, and other structures exposed to saltwater.

Electronics In the electronics industry, PP glass lined sheets are used for protective casings and insulation due to their excellent electrical properties and resistance to environmental stressors.

Benefits of PP Glass Lined Sheets

Enhanced Strength and Longevity The combination of polypropylene and glass fibers results in a material that offers superior strength and longevity compared to traditional materials. This translates to reduced maintenance and longer service life.

Superior Chemical and Corrosion Resistance PP glass lined sheets can withstand exposure to a wide range of chemicals and corrosive substances, making them ideal for demanding industrial environments.

Lightweight and Cost-Effective The lightweight nature of PP glass lined sheets simplifies handling and installation, while their cost-effectiveness makes them a budget-friendly option for various applications.

Customizability These sheets can be customized to meet specific requirements, including different thicknesses, sizes, and finishes. This flexibility allows for tailored solutions that fit a wide range of needs.

Low Maintenance Requirements The durability and resistance properties of PP glass lined sheets reduce the need for frequent maintenance, saving time and resources in the long run.

Environmental Impact By choosing PP glass lined sheets, industries can contribute to sustainability efforts. The materials used are often recyclable, and their long-lasting properties reduce the need for replacements and repairs.

Installation of PP Glass Lined Sheets

Installing PP glass lined sheets involves several steps to ensure proper placement and performance. Here’s a general overview of the installation process:

Preparation Ensure that the surface where the sheets will be installed is clean, dry, and free of any debris. Any irregularities or damages should be repaired before proceeding with the installation.

Cutting and Shaping Measure and cut the PP glass lined sheets to the required dimensions using appropriate cutting tools. The sheets can be easily cut to size, but care should be taken to avoid damaging the edges.

Positioning Position the sheets on the surface where they will be installed. Ensure proper alignment and fit before securing them in place.

Securing Depending on the application, PP glass lined sheets can be secured using screws, adhesives, or mechanical fasteners. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for the recommended fastening method.

Sealing Seal any joints or seams between the sheets to ensure a watertight and secure installation. Use appropriate sealants or gaskets as specified by the manufacturer.

Inspection After installation, inspect the sheets to ensure they are properly secured and sealed. Check for any potential issues and address them promptly.

Conclusion

The PP Glass-Lined Sheet Price represent a remarkable advancement in material technology, offering a blend of polypropylene’s flexibility and glass fibers’ strength. Their exceptional durability, chemical resistance, and versatility make them a valuable solution for a wide range of industrial, agricultural, and construction applications. By understanding the features, benefits, and proper installation of PP glass lined sheets, industries can make informed decisions and leverage this innovative material to enhance their operations and achieve long-term performance and reliability.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What are PP glass lined sheets made of? PP glass lined sheets are composed of polypropylene (PP) combined with glass fibers. The glass fibers reinforce the polypropylene, enhancing its strength and durability.

2. What industries use PP glass lined sheets? PP glass lined sheets are used in various industries, including chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, construction, marine applications, and electronics.

3. How do PP glass lined sheets compare to traditional materials? PP glass lined sheets offer a combination of lightweight properties, high strength, chemical resistance, and durability that may surpass traditional materials like metal or concrete in certain applications.

4. Are PP glass lined sheets resistant to environmental factors? Yes, PP glass lined sheets are resistant to environmental factors such as moisture, UV radiation, and temperature fluctuations, making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications.

[k-mechanical]

Glass-Lined Reactor Parts: Understanding Components and Function

Introduction to Glass-Lined Reactor PartsGlass-lined reactors consist of several components that work together to ensure efficient and safe operation. Understanding the different parts of a glass-lined reactor and their functions helps in selecting the right equipment and performing necessary maintenance.

Key Components of a Glass-Lined Reactor

Reactor Vessel: The main body of the reactor, typically constructed from steel and coated with a layer of glass. This vessel contains the reaction mixture and is designed to withstand various chemical processes.

Agitator: An essential component used to stir and mix the contents of the reactor. Different types of agitators, such as anchor, turbine, or paddle agitators, can be used depending on the specific needs of the process.

Jacket: The jacket surrounds the reactor vessel and is used for temperature control. It allows for heating or cooling of the reactor contents by circulating a heating or cooling medium around the vessel.

Manhole and Nozzles: The manhole provides access to the interior of the reactor for cleaning and maintenance, while the nozzles allow for the introduction of reactants and the removal of products.

Mechanical Seal: The mechanical seal ensures that the reactor is properly sealed to prevent leakage of the contents. It is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the reactor and ensuring safe operation.

Glass-Lined Reactor Mechanical SealThe glass-lined reactor mechanical seal is a critical component that prevents leakage between the reactor vessel and the agitator shaft. A reliable mechanical seal ensures that the reactor operates without any loss of materials or contamination of the reaction mixture. Regular inspection and maintenance of the mechanical seal are essential to prevent leaks and ensure optimal performance.

Glass-Lined Reactor Pressure VesselThe glass-lined reactor pressure vessel is designed to handle various pressure conditions during chemical reactions. It is built to withstand internal pressures and ensure safe operation. Understanding the pressure rating and capacity of the reactor vessel is important for selecting the right equipment for specific applications.

Maintenance of Glass-Lined Reactor PartsRegular maintenance of the glass-lined reactor parts is crucial for ensuring the equipment’s longevity and performance. This includes inspecting and cleaning the reactor vessel, checking the agitator and mechanical seal, and ensuring that the jacket and nozzles are functioning properly.

ConclusionUnderstanding the different parts of a glass-lined reactor and their functions is essential for selecting the right equipment and performing effective maintenance. By ensuring that all components, including the reactor vessel, agitator, mechanical seal, and pressure vessel, are in good condition, companies can ensure efficient and safe operation of their glass-lined reactors.

Article 16: Glass-Lined Reactor Specifications: Key Factors to Consider

Introduction to Glass-Lined Reactor SpecificationsWhen selecting a glass-lined reactor, understanding its specifications is crucial for ensuring that it meets the requirements of the intended application. Key specifications include the reactor's size, material construction, temperature range, and glass thickness. These factors play a significant role in determining the reactor's performance and suitability for different processes.

Key Specifications of Glass-Lined Reactors

Size and Capacity: The size of the reactor, often measured in liters or gallons, determines its capacity to handle various volumes of reactants. For example, a 1000-gallon glass-lined reactor is suitable for high-volume production, while smaller reactors are used for less demanding applications.

Material of Construction: Glass-lined reactors are typically constructed from a steel substrate coated with a layer of glass. The quality of the steel and glass lining affects the reactor's durability and performance.

Temperature Range: The temperature range of the reactor specifies the range of temperatures it can safely handle. This is important for processes that require precise temperature control. Reactors designed for high-temperature applications need to have appropriate insulation and temperature control systems.

Glass Thickness: The thickness of the glass lining impacts the reactor's resistance to corrosion and wear. Thicker glass linings provide better protection and durability, especially in applications involving aggressive chemicals.

Pressure Rating: The reactor's pressure rating determines the maximum pressure it can handle during operation. This is crucial for processes that involve high-pressure reactions. Ensuring that the reactor's pressure rating meets the requirements of the process is essential for safe operation.

Glass-Lined Reactor Temperature RangeThe glass-lined reactor temperature range specifies the temperatures at which the reactor can operate effectively. Reactors used in industries such as chemicals and pharmaceuticals often require precise temperature control to achieve desired reactions. Choosing a reactor with an appropriate temperature range ensures that it can handle the specific conditions of the process.

Glass-Lined Reactor Specifications in IndiaIn India, glass-lined reactor specifications are designed to meet international standards, ensuring high-quality performance and glass lined reactor safety. Glass lined reactor India manufacturers provide reactors with various specifications to cater to different industrial needs, including customized solutions for specific applications.

ConclusionUnderstanding the specifications of glass-lined reactors is essential for selecting the right equipment for specific applications. Key factors such as size, material construction, temperature range, glass thickness, and pressure rating all play a role in determining the reactor's suitability and performance. By considering these specifications, companies can ensure that they choose the right reactor to meet their needs and achieve efficient and effective processes.

[businessindustry]

Europe Aluminium Magnesium Spinel Market Industry Trends, Competition Strategies, Revenue Analysis and Forecast to 2032

The Reports and Insights, a leading market research company, has recently releases report titled “Europe Aluminium Magnesium Spinel Market: Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2024-2032.” The study provides a detailed analysis of the industry, including the Europe Aluminium Magnesium Spinel Market share, size, trends, and growth forecasts. The report also includes competitor and regional analysis and highlights the latest advancements in the market.

Report Highlights:

How big is the Europe Aluminium Magnesium Spinel Market?

Europe aluminium magnesium spinel market was valued at US$ 166.4 Million in 2023 and is expected to register a CAGR of 4.1% over the forecast period and reach US$ 238.3 Mn in 2032.

What are Europe Aluminium Magnesium Spinel?                                                                                                                                                                            

Aluminium Magnesium Spinel in Europe is a high-performance ceramic known for its outstanding thermal and mechanical properties. Made from aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and magnesium oxide (MgO), it offers excellent resistance to thermal shock, corrosion, and mechanical wear. This material is widely used in industrial applications including refractory linings in furnaces and reactors, as well as in aerospace components and advanced ceramic products. Its exceptional combination of high melting point, hardness, and chemical stability makes it ideal for demanding environments where durability and reliability are essential.

Request for a sample copy with detail analysis: https://www.reportsandinsights.com/sample-request/2351

What are the growth prospects and trends in the Europe Aluminium Magnesium Spinel industry?

The Europe aluminium magnesium spinel market growth is driven by various factors and trends. The Aluminium Magnesium Spinel market in Europe is experiencing growth, fueled by its widespread adoption in multiple industries due to its strong thermal and mechanical properties. This high-performance ceramic, comprised of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and magnesium oxide (MgO), is prized for its resilience against thermal shock, corrosion, and mechanical wear. It is utilized extensively in industrial refractories, aerospace components, and advanced ceramics, leveraging its high melting point, hardness, and chemical stability. Market expansion is driven by rising demand for durable materials in industrial applications and continuous advancements in technology to enhance its effectiveness across various uses. Hence, all these factors contribute to Europe aluminium magnesium spinel market growth.

What is included in market segmentation?

The report has segmented the market into the following categories:

By Product Type

Fused Spinel

Reaction Bonded Spinel

Sintered Spinel

Others

By Composition

Al2O3 (76/78%)

MgO (24/22%)

By Form

Powder

Granules

Bricks

Others

By Production Method

Sol-Gel Process

Conventional Solid-State-Reaction

Spray Drying (Atomization)

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

Electrical Fusion Process

Wet Synthesis Techniques

Mechano-Chemical Alloying

Molten Salt Synthesis

Others

By Purity

99%

Above 99%

By Packaging

Steel Drum

Container

By Application

Refractory Materials

Metal Casting

Electrical Insulators

Iron And Steel Smelting

Glass Furnace

Calcined Lime Furnace Lining

Cement Rotary Kiln

Steel Ladles

Alumina-Magnesia Brick

Sliding Nozzle

Ceramics Manufacturing

HumiditySensors

Others

By End-Use Industry

Automotive

Electronics

Refractories

Cement

Iron and Steel

Glass

Water Treatment

Others

Europe

Germany

Austria

Switzerland

Italy

Spain

Portugal

Greece

Cyprus

Malta

Poland

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Ukraine

Moldova

Balkan Countries

Rest of Europe

Who are the key players operating in the industry?

The report covers the major market players including:

Almatis

Refratechnik Group

Keralit LLC

Surmet Corporation

CeraNova Corporation

Washington Mills

Baikowski

MFE Magnesium

View Full Report: https://www.reportsandinsights.com/report/Europe Aluminium Magnesium Spinel-market

If you require any specific information that is not covered currently within the scope of the report, we will provide the same as a part of the customization.

About Us:

Reports and Insights consistently mееt international benchmarks in the market research industry and maintain a kееn focus on providing only the highest quality of reports and analysis outlooks across markets, industries, domains, sectors, and verticals. We have bееn catering to varying market nееds and do not compromise on quality and research efforts in our objective to deliver only the very best to our clients globally.

Our offerings include comprehensive market intelligence in the form of research reports, production cost reports, feasibility studies, and consulting services. Our team, which includes experienced researchers and analysts from various industries, is dedicated to providing high-quality data and insights to our clientele, ranging from small and medium businesses to Fortune 1000 corporations.

Contact Us:

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[tstcables]

TSTCABLES 10 Tips for B-Side Purchasing Demystifying High Temperature Cable Shopping Tips

I. High temperature cable Overview

High temperature cable is a special type of cable that can work normally in a high-temperature environment, and can usually withstand high temperatures above 200°C. Even some types of high-temperature cables can safely and stably transmit power signals and data signals at temperatures as high as 600°C or higher. Such cables have the following characteristics and uses:

Second, high temperature cable product characteristics

High temperature resistance: can operate stably in environments up to hundreds of degrees Celsius.

Anti-corrosion and anti-corrosion: Long-term performance in corrosive environments.

High efficiency and low consumption: special design to reduce energy consumption and enhance energy efficiency.

Strong anti-interference: Super anti-interference (EMI) shielding ability to ensure stable signal transmission in high temperature and electromagnetic interference environment.

High safety: low smoke and halogen-free flame retardant, reducing fire and other safety risks.

Long life: reduce the frequency of replacement, reduce maintenance costs.

Third, high temperature cable product standards

The production and testing of high-temperature cables follow strict standards. For example, according to the national standard GB12666.6-90, the long-term use of high-temperature cables can reach a working temperature of 200 ℃, and the short-term use of the temperature can even reach 1000 ℃. In addition, the products have passed a number of international certifications, such as CE, EN (EN 50264, EN50382, EN50306) certification, etc., to ensure their quality and safety.

Four, High-temperature cable application cases and scenes

Industrial production of High-temperature cable

Iron and steel smelting: high-temperature cables transmit power and data in steel furnaces and high-temperature production lines to ensure continuous production. Glass manufacturing: used in high-temperature furnaces to ensure the stability and safety of the production process.

Petrochemical High-temperature cable

Chemical reactors: connecting high-temperature reaction equipment and control systems to ensure precise control of chemical reactions.

Pipeline Conveying: Used in high temperature fluid conveying and monitoring systems.

Power and Energy High Temperature Cables

Solar power generation: connecting solar panels and inverters for efficient transmission of electricity.

Wind power generation: in wind turbines to ensure stable transmission of power in high temperature and high humidity environments.

Aerospace High Temperature Cables

Aero-engine: Ensure stable transmission of power and signal under extreme high temperature and vibration environment.

Satellite communication: in the space environment, to provide stable power and data transmission support.

Transportation High Temperature Cables

High-speed trains: Ensure stable power and signal in high temperature, high humidity and vibration car environment.

Electric Vehicle Charging: Support high temperature environment power transmission in fast charging station.

Medical Equipment High Temperature Cables

Medical equipment connection: Ensure stable power and signal transmission in high temperature sterilization and surgical equipment.

Military & Defense High Temperature Cables

Missile Systems: Ensure stable operation of missile systems under extreme conditions.

Mobile equipment: provide stable power support for military mobile equipment.

high temperature resistant cables

V. B-end buyers procurement to avoid the pit guide: High Temperature Cables 10 purchase skills

TST CABLES（www.tstcables.com） senior engineers summarized ten tips for you, I hope to help you choose high-quality high-temperature cables, if you want to buy cables do not step on the pit, pay attention to TST CABLES on the line.

Define the temperature range of high-temperature cables: Need to understand the maximum temperature and duration of the required high temperature cable can withstand, to ensure the safe operation of the cable in a high temperature environment.

Select the appropriate high temperature cable material: According to the different needs of the use of the environment, select the appropriate high temperature cable insulation materials and sheath materials, such as silicone rubber, graphitized polyimide, fluoroplastics, etc. These materials can maintain excellent electrical properties and mechanical strength at high temperatures.

Consider high temperature cable structure and size: The structure of high-temperature cables should meet the requirements of specific environments, such as high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance.

The size and length of the cable should ensure that it can be adapted to the requirements of the equipment, while taking into account the bending radius and installation space.

High-temperature cable core number and cross-sectional area: According to the specific needs of the appropriate number of cores and cross-sectional area to meet the needs of high-power electrical equipment.

Focus on the safety of high-temperature cables: Select high temperature cables that meet the relevant standards and regulations, such as with UL, CE, EN and other certifications to ensure the safety performance of the cable.

Understand the high-temperature cable technical standards: Familiarize yourself with the relevant technical standards at home and abroad, such as IEC or specific national standards, to ensure that the cable purchased meets the specification requirements.

Consider the special environmental conditions of high-temperature cables: Cables used in special environmental conditions (such as high temperature, high humidity, corrosion, etc.) need special attention to their weather resistance and corrosion resistance.

High-temperature cable packaging and transportation: For high temperature cables exported or transported over long distances, the packaging should be tight and in accordance with international transportation standards to reduce the risk of damage during transportation.

High-temperature cable supplier technical information and certification: Ensure that high temperature cable suppliers provide complete technical information and certification documents, so that there is a clear reference and guidance in the process of use.

Consider High Temperature Cables supplier after-sales service: Choose high temperature cable manufacturer with good after-sales service, TST CALBES is a one-on-one engineer to provide full after-sales guidance, so that when problems arise during the use of the cable can be resolved in a timely manner.

TST CALBES engineers suggest that you need to consider many aspects when purchasing high-temperature cables, including the temperature range of the cable, the choice of materials, structure and size, safety, and the supplier’s after-sales service. Through careful comparison and selection, you can ensure that you get the right high temperature cable for your specific working environment, thus guaranteeing the stability and safety of power transmission.

High Temperature Cables Manufacturer TST CABLES

TST CABLES High Temperature Cables, stable transmission, in control! TST CABLES High Temperature Cables are made of high standard military materials, with excellent moisture-proof, anti-corrosion, anti-damage, anti-radiation, low-smoke, halogen-free, flame-retardant characteristics, to ensure stable and error-free signal transmission. The multi-core design meets the needs of complex circuits, making your industrial automation, energy transportation, aviation, nuclear power, wind power, ships and other projects more reliable and efficient. Strictly enforcing several national standards and passing multiple quality tests, it guarantees the stable operation of your project.

TST CABLES–Specializing in high temperature resistant cable applications and solutions.

For more information on railway cables, Silicone Cables, marine cables, low-smoke, halogen-free, flame-retardant, high temperature resistant cables or to customize cables for your machinery or system, visit https://www.tstcables.com/product/ orsend an e-mail to:lixiangchao@testeck.com

[sciencelabsupply]

Tips for Optimizing Efficiency in Your Chemical Engineering Lab with the Right Equipment

Chemical engineering is that branch of engineering that touches the lives of all of us. They are the engineering wizards that turn raw materials into useful and valuable products. With the principles of chemistry, math, and physics and the aid of equipment by top chemistry engineering lab equipment manufacturers, they design processes and equipment for making things like chemicals, medicines, fuels, and even food on a large scale. 

Chemical engineers figure out how to do it efficiently, safely, and economically. They're like the chefs of the industrial world, creating the instructions for making stuff in factories. Chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturers are proud to be collaborators with chemical engineers worldwide. They are on board as the official chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturers and suppliers to the topmost chemical engineering companies in the world. 

Tips for Optimizing Efficiency By Chemical Engineering Lab Equipment Suppliers 

Optimizing efficiency in a chemical engineering lab relies on several key factors, including having the right equipment from the best chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturer and employing effective practices. Here are some tips for achieving greater efficiency, along with suitable examples: 

Material Compatibility:

Consider the materials you'll be working with and ensure that the equipment is compatible with those substances. Carefully assess the materials that will come into contact with the equipment. Ensure it can handle the corrosiveness, reactivity, and potential chemical interactions with your substances. Consult material compatibility charts and guidelines for reference provided along with the chemical engineering lab equipment list. 

Example: When working with highly corrosive chemicals, choose equipment made from corrosion-resistant materials such as PTFE (Teflon), stainless steel, or glass-lined reactors. For handling reactive substances, consider specialized reactors like Hastelloy reactors, designed for chemical resistance.

Harness The Power Of Automation:

Whenever possible, leverage automation and computer-controlled systems to increase precision and reduce human error. Check with chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturers and suppliers of the latest automated equipment that shall significantly enhance efficiency. Here's how automation achieves this:

Precision and Consistency

24/7 Operation

Reduced Human Error

Accurate and real-time data acquisition

Parallel Processing

Task Integration within a single system

Remote Monitoring and Control

Better safety standards with handling of hazardous or toxic materials without direct human contact

Workflow Efficiency

Resource Optimization

Instrument Integration:

Mostly, chemical engineers plan to use multiple instruments in sync. Ensure to source equipment from experienced chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers that are compatible and integrate seamlessly with automated processes.

Example: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems combine the separation capabilities of GC with mass spectrometry for compound identification. These integrated systems streamline chemical analysis.

Optimizing Energy Use 

Modern Chemical engineering labs must strategize and take practical steps to reduce energy consumption while maintaining or improving productivity. Some of these practices are: 

Invest in energy-efficient lab equipment and instrumentation, such as energy-efficient refrigeration systems, ovens, and pumps.

Ensure that lab equipment is correctly sized, as it reduces energy waste.

Use smart controls and sensors to implement heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems with controls and sensors. 

LED lighting for less consumption of electricity. 

Use automated timers that turn off lighting, fume hoods, and equipment during non-operational hours or when not in use.

It is a great thing to practice periodic energy audits to identify areas of energy inefficiency within the lab. 

Avoid energy wastage by optimizing temperature and pressure.

Implement energy management systems for real-time monitoring and control of lab equipment. 

Every step must be taken to lower the carbon footprint, and partial reliance on clean energy is the best and proven step for it. 

Design or revamp chemical engineering labs with Energy-Efficient Lab Design

Regulatory Compliance & Supplier Reputation

Undoubtedly, chemical engineering labs witness the use of chemical engineering lab equipment at all times. Thus, it is one of the labs where there can be no quality compromise of the equipment. Chemical engineers can optimize the efficiency of their lab operation by selecting equipment that complies with relevant industry regulations and safety standards. With the leading chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers comes the guarantee of certifications and approvals that validate the equipment's suitability for use in the chemical engineering lab.

With chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers and exporters, every aspect of lab equipment comes verified. They have a proven track record of providing equipment that is certified to meet safety and regulatory standards, ensuring compliance.

Setting Up Of Safety Enclosures

These enclosures protect both operators and the surrounding environment during experiments involving hazardous materials or reactions. The following measures are effective steps for lab operations in chemical engineering labs: 

Set-up safety enclosures provide a physical barrier between these hazardous materials and laboratory personnel. 

Ensure these enclosures have built-in trays, catchment systems, or containment chambers. They help to capture and safely manage any spills, preventing them from spreading into the lab environment.

Check with chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers to install fume hoods. They ensure that the lab air remains clean and safe to breathe.

The Safety enclosures must have transparent windows or panels that allow engineers to observe and manipulate experiments without direct contact with the chemicals. 

Safety enclosures, like glove boxes and isolation chambers, must be sourced from top chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturers. They are essential when working with air-sensitive or moisture-sensitive materials. 

Provision of emergency shut-off systems for quick deactivation of equipment or experiments in case of emergencies or unexpected events. 

Safety enclosures are designed and manufactured to meet strict safety standards and regulations. Using compliant enclosures ensures that the lab adheres to safety guidelines and protocols, which is essential for both research integrity and personnel safety.

Safety enclosures by chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers come in various configurations to accommodate different experimental requirements. Share your lab requirements with them, and the experts will install safety enclosures that sync absolutely with your lab goals. 

Many more tips by chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers can help you make informed decisions when selecting equipment for your chemical engineering lab. Following these tips ensures that your choices align with your research goals and contribute to the overall efficiency and productivity of your laboratory operations.

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Unveiling the Power of Refractory Materials: Everything You Need to Know

When it comes to high-temperature applications in industries like steel, glass, cement, and petrochemicals, one key player often goes unnoticed - refractory materials. These unsung heroes play a crucial role in withstanding extreme heat and chemical exposure, making them indispensable in various industrial processes.

What is Refractory?

Refractory materials are non-metallic substances that are resistant to high temperatures, thermal shock, and corrosion. They are used to line the interiors of furnaces, kilns, reactors, and other high-temperature processing equipment to protect them from the harsh conditions they operate under.

Types of Refractory Materials

There are several types of refractory materials available, each designed for specific applications based on factors like temperature, chemical composition, and physical properties. Some common types include:

Fireclay: Composed of kaolinite clay and other minerals, fireclay refractories are ideal for low-temperature applications.

Silica: Made from silica sand, these refractories are suitable for high-temperature environments due to their high melting point.

Alumina: Alumina refractories, made from aluminum oxide, offer excellent resistance to chemical attacks and high temperatures.

Magnesia: Magnesia refractories, composed of magnesium oxide, are known for their high resistance to alkaline environments.

Chrome: Chrome refractories, containing chromium oxide, are used in applications where resistance to acidic conditions is crucial.

Importance of Refractory Materials

The significance of refractory materials cannot be overstated in industries where high temperatures are a constant. They provide insulation, protection, and longevity to industrial equipment, ultimately improving efficiency and reducing downtime. Without refractories, industrial processes would be unsustainable and prone to frequent breakdowns.

Challenges in Refractory Applications

While refractory materials offer unparalleled heat resistance, they also face challenges like thermal shock, chemical erosion, and mechanical wear. Proper selection, installation, and maintenance of refractories are essential to ensure their optimal performance and longevity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, refractory materials are

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The use of magnesia bricks

What is a Magnesia brick?Magnesia brick is a refractory material mainly composed of magnesium oxide, which has the following uses:

1. Furnace lining: Magnesia bricks are widely used as lining materials for various industrial furnaces. Because magnesia bricks have excellent refractory performance and high temperature stability, and can withstand erosion and impact at extremely high temperatures, they are very suitable as protective materials for the inner wall of the furnace.

2. Starting plates and roofs: Magnesia bricks can also be used in the construction of starting plates and roofs. In the steelmaking and metallurgical industry, the high refractory performance and corrosion resistance of magnesia bricks make it an ideal material choice for the manufacture of starting plates and furnace roofs of blast furnaces, electric arc furnaces, converters and other equipment.

3. Glass kiln: Because magnesia bricks are less corrosive to glass melt and have good thermal conductivity and heat resistance, magnesia bricks are widely used in the inner lining and heat insulation layer of glass kilns. It can withstand thermal stress and thermal expansion under high temperature conditions, protect the kiln structure stability and provide good heat insulation effect.

4. Ladles, converters, electric arc furnaces: In the iron and steel industry, magnesia bricks are widely used in the lining of smelting equipment such as ladles, converters and electric arc furnaces. Magnesia bricks can withstand high temperature and erosion, and have good thermal conductivity and thermal expansion properties, suitable for environments that withstand high temperatures and chemical reactions during the smelting process.

5. Chemical equipment: Due to its excellent acid and alkali resistance, magnesia bricks are widely used in acid and alkali resistant linings and reactor linings in chemical equipment. It can resist the erosion and corrosion of chemical substances and ensure the stable operation of the device.

In short, magnesia bricks are widely used in furnace lining, starting plate, furnace roof, glass furnace, ladle, converter, electric arc furnace, chemical equipment and power industry due to their excellent refractory performance, corrosion resistance and high temperature stability.

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Easy Expansion Stainless Steel Tanks for CSTR Reactors: The Ultimate Solution for Industrial Efficiency

At Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd, we pride ourselves on providing top-of-the-line solutions for a wide range of industrial applications. Among our most innovative offerings are stainless steel tanks designed for Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs). These tanks are not only durable but also offer a unique advantage—easy expansion capabilities, making them the perfect choice for industries requiring flexibility and efficiency.

The Role of CSTR Reactors in Industrial Applications

CSTR reactors are widely used in industries such as wastewater treatment, bio-energy, chemical production, and food processing. They ensure continuous mixing and maintain uniform reaction conditions, making them ideal for processes that require a consistent flow of input materials and output products. The efficiency of a CSTR system depends heavily on the quality and versatility of its tank, which is where stainless steel tanks from Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd come into play.

As a leading storage tank manufacturer in China. At Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd., we excel in providing high-quality bolted steel tanks tailored for the diverse needs of fish farming. Our extensive range of bolted steel tanks includes Glass-Fused-to-Steel (GFS) tanks, fusion bonded epoxy tanks, stainless steel tanks, and galvanized steel tanks, each designed to offer exceptional durability, efficiency, and adaptability for aquaculture applications.

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Water Supply & Drainage System

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Pretreatment Equipment

Resource Utilization System

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Other Equipment

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Three-phases Separator

Why Choose Stainless Steel for CSTR Reactors?

Stainless steel offers several key advantages for tanks used in CSTR reactors, including:

Corrosion Resistance: Stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion, making it an excellent material for tanks that handle corrosive materials or are exposed to harsh environments. This ensures a longer lifespan and reduced maintenance costs.

Durability and Strength: Stainless steel tanks are built to withstand high pressure and extreme temperatures, which are common in industrial processes. This makes them reliable and safe for continuous operations in CSTR reactors.

Hygienic and Easy to Clean: For industries such as food processing and pharmaceuticals, hygiene is a top priority. Stainless steel’s non-porous surface is easy to clean and sanitize, preventing contamination and ensuring the integrity of the product.

Customizable Design: Our stainless steel tanks can be customized in terms of size, shape, and configuration to meet specific requirements for CSTR reactors. Whether it's for large-scale industrial applications or smaller setups, we provide tailored solutions to meet your exact needs.

Easy Expansion for Growing Industrial Needs

One of the standout features of our stainless steel tanks for CSTR reactors is their easy expansion capability. As industries grow and demand increases, expanding existing infrastructure becomes a critical need. Traditional tanks often require significant effort and cost to modify or replace, but our stainless steel tanks are designed with scalability in mind.

Key benefits of easy expansion include:

Modular Design: Our tanks feature a modular design that allows for seamless expansion. Additional tank sections can be added with minimal disruption to ongoing operations, enabling facilities to scale up their production capacity quickly and efficiently.

Cost Efficiency: Expanding an existing system is far more cost-effective than building new infrastructure from scratch. With easy expansion capabilities, industries can gradually increase their capacity without incurring the high costs of complete system overhauls.

Flexibility: Industries dealing with variable production demands can benefit from the flexibility of our stainless steel tanks. Whether there's a temporary surge in demand or a long-term need for increased capacity, our tanks can easily accommodate changes in production volumes.

Meeting International Standards for Quality and Safety

At Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd, we are committed to delivering products that meet the highest international standards. Our stainless steel tanks are manufactured in strict compliance with ISO 9001, CE, and other relevant certifications, ensuring top-tier quality and safety. Each tank undergoes rigorous testing and inspection to ensure it meets the requirements of the specific industrial applications in which it will be used.

Applications of Easy Expansion Stainless Steel Tanks

Our stainless steel tanks are versatile and can be used across a wide range of industries, including:

Wastewater Treatment: CSTR reactors in wastewater treatment facilities benefit from the durability and easy expansion features of our stainless steel tanks. They can handle various sludge processing and anaerobic digestion processes with ease.

Bio-Energy Production: In the bio-energy sector, our stainless steel tanks support the digestion of organic matter, enabling the efficient production of biogas.

Chemical Processing: The corrosion resistance and easy cleaning properties of stainless steel make our tanks ideal for chemical manufacturing, ensuring consistent and safe production.

Food and Beverage Industry: Our hygienic stainless steel tanks are perfect for food processing applications, where cleanliness and scalability are crucial.

At Shijiazhuang Zhengzhong Technology Co., Ltd, our stainless steel tanks for CSTR reactors are designed to provide unmatched reliability, durability, and flexibility. With easy expansion capabilities, these tanks offer a scalable solution that can grow alongside your industrial needs. Whether you’re in wastewater treatment, bio-energy production, or any other industrial sector, our stainless steel tanks provide the perfect combination of strength, hygiene, and adaptability to meet your operational requirements.

Ready to upgrade your CSTR reactor system? Contact us today to learn how our stainless steel tanks can help you achieve efficiency and scalability for your next project!

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"The Science Behind Refractories: How They Withstand Extreme Heat and Chemical Reactions"

Refractories are specialized materials that are designed to withstand high temperatures, extreme mechanical stress, and chemical corrosion in various industrial processes. They are used to line furnaces, kilns, reactors, and other equipment where materials are subjected to intense heat or harsh conditions.

The primary function of refractories is to provide thermal insulation and resistance to heat transfer. They are made from materials with high melting points, such as clay, silica, alumina, magnesia, and zirconia. These materials have excellent heat resistance and can withstand temperatures ranging from several hundred degrees Celsius to several thousand degrees Celsius without significant deformation or damage.

Refractories are essential in industries such as steelmaking, cement production, glass manufacturing, petrochemical processing, and non-ferrous metal production. In steelmaking, for example, refractories are used to line the walls and floors of blast furnaces, converters, and ladles to withstand the high temperatures and corrosive gases involved in the process.

Refractories are chosen based on their properties, including thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength. Different applications require specific refractory materials with tailored compositions and properties to meet the specific requirements of the process.

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Unwavering Strength and Resilience: The Emergence of Refractories Market in Modern Industries

The Refractories Market has been witnessing steady growth over the past few years, driven by the increasing demand from various end-use industries, such as steel, cement, glass, and non-ferrous metals. Refractories are high-temperature-resistant materials that are used in lining furnaces, kilns, reactors, and other high-temperature equipment. They provide excellent thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength, making them ideal for extreme conditions in these industries.

The steel industry is the largest consumer of refractories, accounting for a significant share of the market demand. The use of refractories in steelmaking is essential for maintaining high temperatures in furnaces and minimizing heat loss. The cement and glass industries are also major end-users of refractories, where they are used for lining kilns and melting tanks, respectively. Moreover, the increasing demand for non-ferrous metals, such as aluminum, copper, and nickel, is also driving market growth, as refractories are crucial for the extraction and refining processes.

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The market has witnessed a shift towards more sustainable and energy-efficient refractories in recent years, with manufacturers focusing on developing advanced materials that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Moreover, the adoption of green building practices and increasing environmental regulations have led to the development of eco-friendly refractories. The Asia-Pacific region dominates the global refractories market, with China being the largest consumer and producer of refractories in the world. With the growing demand from end-use industries and the increasing focus on sustainable materials, the refractories market is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years.

About us: –

Persistence Market Research is a U.S.-based full-service market intelligence firm specializing in syndicated research, custom research, and consulting services. Persistence Market Research boasts market research expertise across the Healthcare, Chemicals and Materials, Technology and Media, Energy and Mining, Food and Beverages, Semiconductors and Electronics, Consumer Goods, and Shipping and Transportation industries. The company draws from its multi-disciplinary capabilities and high-pedigree team of analysts to share data that precisely corresponds to clients’ business needs.

Contact Us:

Persistence market research Address – 305 Broadway, 7th Floor, New York City, NY 10007 United States U.S. Ph. – +1-646-568-7751 USA-Canada Toll-free – +1 800-961-0353 Sales – sales@persistencemarketresearch.com

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Tantalum Heat Exchangers and condensers

The most corrosion-resistant metal used today is tantalum. It is inert to almost all organic and inorganic compounds, and has a corrosion resistance similar to that of glass. Tantalum is often used in the manufacturing of dip tubes, piping, and overhead condensers.

Tantalum should be considered wherever corrosion is a concern and long-term benefits such as reduced downtime, increased life expectancy and profitability are crucial. Tantalum heat exchangers are used in corrosive and oxidising applications, for example with concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, free chlorine, or free bromine.

Speaking of Heat Exchangers, specialised boiler tubes are utilised in the proper functioning of such exchangers.  SA179tube.com Is one leading Manufacturer, Supplier & Stockist Of ST52 Grade Seamless Pipe.

In fine chemicals and pharmaceutical applications, they are extensively used as vapour condensers. The Mersen Linsengericht in Germany is a centre of expertise for the design and manufacture of tantalum process equipment, such as heat exchangers, pressure vessels, columns, and custom-made components. Our 3200 m2 workshop allows us to manufacture very large pieces of tantalum equipment (up to 4.4 metres wide and up to 4.2 metres high, with a maximum weight of 20 tons).

If corrosion is a factor in your chemical process and long-term benefits of increased life expectancy, reduced downtime, and increased profitability are important, then consider Tantalum Heat Exchangers .

Shell and tube heat exchangers made of tantalum solve many of the problems posed by other materials. Tantalum is not brittle and will not crack like graphite. Solitaire Overseas Heat Exchangers are fully-welded and will not leak, unlike ceramic heat exchangers using O-rings. Also we are the biggest stockist of ST52 Grade Seamless pipes in india.

The most corrosion-resistant metal in common use today is tantalum. Tantalum is inert to practically all organic and inorganic compounds. Sulfuric and hydrochloric acid are inert to this reactive metal below 300°F. An attack up to 400°F is not significant, and Tantalum is commonly used up to 500°F. Tantalum has excellent thermal conductivity, is resistant to erosion, and forms easily. Tantalum’s high workability and weldability make it the ideal tube material for corrosion-resistant shell and tube heat exchangers.

In chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical applications, tantalum can be incorporated into most TEMA-type shell and tube heat exchangers and bayonet heaters. Tantalum is the only reasonable choice of construction material for a variety of processing equipment. 

Tantalum’s superior corrosion resistance enables it to withstand higher temperatures and pressures. Process reaction efficiencies, plant throughput, and profitability can be greatly improved with this gain.

Tantalum Heat Exchanger Designs

For chemical, petrochemical, steel, and pharmaceutical applications, tantalum can be fabricated into most Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers of the TEMA type.

Our pressure equipment is designed and manufactured in accordance with all major international design standards and pressure vessel codes.

Tantalum heat exchangers can be designed with carbon steel, fibreglass, PTFE lined, or glass-lined carbon steel head and bonnets.

Tantalum can also be clad to form a bimetallic construction material. This is an ideal solution for high-pressure Tantalum heat exchangers and reactors.

Features of Tantalum Heat Exchangers

BEM Shell and Tube Exchangers with fixed tube sheets

Design of bayonets for reboilers

Coils for heating or cooling tanks

Tantalum tubing that can be welded or seamless

For pharmaceutical use, loose-lined tube sheets with fully drainable flush welds

Explosion-clad carbon steel heads for extremely high pressure applications

To find out more about this article, please click here https://sa179tubes.com/tantalum-heat-exchangers-and-condensers/?swcfpc=1 

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Chemical process equipments manufacturers and Suppliers | Mathesis

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A New Composition of High Heat General Purpose Polystyrene (High Heat GPPS) Resin

Abstract

A new composition of high heat general-purpose polystyrene (High heat GPPS) resin synthesis is discussed. The new composition of resin involves addition of cross-linker/comonomer in very low concentration during synthesis process. Commercially available vinyl cross-linkers like divinylbenzene (DVB), Ethylene dimethacrylate (EDM), Tricycle (5.2.1.02,6) decanedimethanol diacrylate (TDDDA), Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and vinyl comonomer like maleic anhydride, α-methylstyrene have been evaluated via bulk polymerization method. DVB showed enhancement in the heat distortion temperature (HDT), vicat softening temperature (VST) & melt flow index (MFI) compared to the benchmark grade of GPPS, whereas other mechanical and impact properties remained same or better than benchmark grade under identical methods of measurement.

Keywords: Divinylbenzene; Cross-linked; Branching; Polymerization; Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT); Melt Flow Index (MFI)

Abbreviations: HDT: Heat Distortion Temperature; MFI: Melt Flow Index; DVB: Divinylbenzene; EDM: Ethylene Dimethacrylate; TDDDA: Tricycle (5.2.1.02,6) Decanedimethanol Diacrylate; DCPD: Dicyclopentadiene; VST: Vicat Softening Temperature; High Heat GPPS: High Heat General- Purpose Polystyrene

Introduction

Polystyrene (PS) is a multipurpose polymer used in varied applications in rigid and foamed forms. Based on orientation of phenyl group on the polymer backbone, polystyrene can be classified into isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic. Isotactic or syndiotactic polystyrene prepared by metallocene catalyst can give HDT/VST around 250 oC and shows lowest specific gravity compared to any other engineering plastics in the market [1]. XAREC is world’s first syndiotactic polystyrene commercialized by Idemitsu Corporation, used in electronic component molding [2]. The first two are commercially not important due to complexity in the synthesis and processability compared to atactic polystyrene. Atactic polystyrene is known as generalpurpose polystyrene (GPPS). It is produced by simple thermal initiated radical bulk polymerization [3]. GPPS is clear, hard and can be used in packaging, household items, and electronics. The excellent physical and processing properties make GPPS suitable for many applications as compared to any other plastics, but its glass transition temperature (Tg) is only 100 oC that leads to limit its use in certain applications. Tg dictates the continuous service temperature that is a very important factor for polymer to evaluate its processing and application performance. Therefore, there is a demand for high Tg GPPS. Some efforts have been reported in this direction by copolymerizing styrene with maleimide and imide, which act as hydrogen-bond interaction site in the copolymer [4]. Although there is no direct relation between Tg and HDT in polymers, but in amorphous polymer like GPPS, HDT is close to Tg [5].

HDT can be improved by increasing the interaction of chains or by restricting the chain mobility at elevated temperature. Although GPPS synthesis process is well established and matured, the market requirement and customer application always demand to develop new process or improve the efficiency of the process. Vinyl based anhydrides, amides, maleimides and methylstyrenes have been explored as comonomers in different loading to enhance the heat resistance of polystyrene [4-5]. This is generally achieved by introducing heteroatom containing monomer in the polystyrene chain, which leads chemical irregularity or steric hindrance in the polystyrene chain. GPPS has been widely used in food packaging containers, disposable containers, kitchenware & cutleries owing to its excellent transparency, water resistance and colorability. Molded articles prepared by GPPS with lower HDT/VST can undergo structural deformation especially when they are used in hot filled applications and lower HDT can affect the production rate during molding due to the long cycle time. Good thermal properties like higher HDT/VST along with flow are important requirement for the product performance with better heat stability & shorter cycle time in the production line. Therefore, our research was focused in first instant to increase the Tg and HDT/VST, without affecting flow properties.

Experimental Section

Material and Methods

All the chemicals that were used in the process procured from Sigma-Aldrich and used as such.

Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC)

The molecular weight of intermediate samples and final polymer was measured by GPC at 40 oC (Make-Shimadzu, Class-VP). THF was used as mobile and diluent solvent, sample concentration 2 mg/ml, column specification- PLgel 5 μm MIXED-C, 300 x 7.5 mm, Detector- UV @254nm, standards- Monodispersed polystyrene standards.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the samples was done with TA Instruments/DSC Q 1000 by heating the samples from room temperature to 160 ºC and heating rate always maintained at 10 ºC/min in nitrogen atmosphere.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Unreacted residual styrene monomer was detected and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Agilent HPLC-1260 series. The chromatographic condition are as follows, column- Agilent Zorbax,-C18, (4.6X150mm), 5μ; Mobile phase: Reservoir A -0.02% Orth phosphoric acid in Milli-Q water, Reservoir B-Methanol, Reservoir C - Acetonitrile at different gradients. Flow rate 1 ml/min, detector-diode array detector, wave lenth-254 nm. Column temperatue-40 oC.

Melt flow index (MFI)

Melt flow index was measured at 230 oC & 2.16 kg load as per the ASTM D 1238, in GOTTFERT MFI machine (model-MI-4).

Heat distortion temperature (HDT)

Heat distortion temperature was measured as per the ASTM D648, method B at 0.45 MPa load, on the CEAST machine. All the samples were annealed for 70 hrs. at 70 oC prior to test.

Vicat softening temperature (VST)

Vicat softening temperature was also measured in CEAST machine for annealed samples as per ASTM D1525. All the samples were annealed for 70 hrs. at 70 oC prior to test.

Mechanical property (Tensile and Izod Impact notched)

Injection molded specimens are conditioned for 48 h at 23 oC & relative humidity at 50%. Tensile strength was measured were accordance to ASTM D638, on Zwick 2.5 RTI-UTM machine. Izod impact notched was measured as per the ASTM D256.

Polymerization and Processing

Comonomer/cross linker screening

The following comonomers/cross linkers were screened in 100 g batch scale, the concentration of comonomer was maintained at 0-5 wt. %.

Styrene with comonomer was transferred to the pre-heated (128 oC) glass reactor, the residence time/reaction time and temperature were increased at four different time intervals to make a continuous process. Intermediate samples were collected to monitor molecular weight, Tg and conversions at every 1 h interval. Unreacted styrene monomer or residual monomer was removed by precipitating polymer solution (in THF) in hexane and then measured Tg.

Scale-up (1kg) in lab glass reactor setup

Following three formulation were shortlisted for scale-up in 1kg scale in the lab glass reactor setup (Figure 1 SI) based on the screening experimental results and evaluated thermal, flow & mechanical properties. The reaction conditions were kept as in Table 1. The unreacted styrene was removed by applying high vacuum (0-30 mbar) for 10-12 min at the end of the polymerization.

a. High molecular weight GPPS (Mw > 300 kg mol-1)

b. Evaluation of cross linker DVB at 100 ppm loading

c. Evaluation of comonomer MA at 5 wt. % loading

GPPS process and compounding

To evaluate the final properties of the synthesized polystyrene and copolymers were processed in different steps as shown in the Figure 1.

Results and Discussion

Different approaches to develop high heat GPPS

Based on literature search and our expertise three different approaches had been identified to achieve the targeted properties (CTQ’s).

a. High molecular weight GPPS (Mw > 300 kg mol-1)

b. Evaluation of cross linkers & comonomers

High molecular weight GPPS (Mw >300 kg mol-1)

This approach is simple and straightforward; this has been achieved by optimizing reaction time and temperature of the synthesis process as shown in the Table 2. In general, polystyrene molecular weight (Mw) can grow up to 340-350 kg mol-1 in radical bulk polymerization technique at 3-3.5 h reaction time (pre-poly), but later decreased due to thermal degradation and long residential time. In order to achieve Mw ≥300 kg mol-1, the polymerization was stopped after 4 h reaction time, with ~ 80 % conversion. At final stage high vacuum was applied for 10 min to remove 17-18 % unreacted styrene, after double extrusion the final residual was 1500 ppm.

From Table 3, MFI data shows that as molecular weight increased the flow decreased, but HDT and VST increased by 2 oC. Other mechanical properties like impact and tensile properties are better or equal to the baseline material PS160. Due to the low MFI, high molecular weight approach may have negative effect on processability and cycle time during molding. Figure 2, the GPC chromatograms shows that decreased molecular weight due to thermal degradation at different stages of processing.

Evaluation of cross linkers & comonomers

Following cross linkers and comonomers were screened at different loading for high heat GPPS (Table 4) at 100 g scale. All the cross linkers were screened in the range of 50-500 ppm to avoid gelling in the reactor, whereas comonomers were tested in 1-5 wt. % loading. DVB was shortlisted for scale-up in 1kg scale and evaluated for thermal and mechanical properties as it showed better Tg (107 oC, when residual styrene ~100 ppm). Moreover, it is commercially available in bulk quantities, FDA approved and reactivity is almost similar to the styrene monomer [6-7]. The same formulation was scaled up to 5 kg scale in batch reactor in similar reaction conditions. Tricyclo (5.2.1.02,6) decane dimethanol diacrylate and N,N-Hexamethylenebis (methacrylamide) as crosslinkers did not show any improvement in Tg in the final polymer. MA showed best Tg among comonomers at 4-5 wt. % loading and was scaled up to 1 kg in lab scale. DVB loading was optimized to 100 ppm, higher loading showed low MFI (< 3.0 g/10 min) because of high molecular weight and more crosslinking. Intermediate sample analysis showed that molecular weight increased up to 3rd hour and then started decreasing (Figure 3). This is may be due to thermal degradation under dynamic reaction conditions. Styrene-DVB copolymer always gave broader PDI (≥3.0) due to partial crosslinking or chain extension/branching, which leads to higher MFI. The chain extension was envisaged by lower slope/slower relaxation in the lower frequency region in rotational rheometer study as shown in Figure 4.

Solid content and viscosity at prepoly stage was almost similar to the homopolymer (Table 5). From Figure 7 it is very clear that residual styrene can affect Tg, that is higher the residual, lower the Tg, hence HDT/VST can also change accordingly (Table 6). It is required to maintain optimum level of (< 500 ppm, more preferably < 200 ppm as in example 2) residual in the final polymer to hit HDT > 102 oC or VST >106 oC as showed in table 6, example 2-4. The mechanical properties as if tensile strength & impact were better than the baseline PS160 (Table 6). There is no change in the thermal stability of styrene-DVB copolymer at 100 ppm DVB loading in compared to baseline GPPS PS160 (Figure 2 SI). Comonomers were evaluated in 1-5wt.% loading along with styrene, under similar reaction conditions as mentioned in the Table 2. Maleic anhydride (MA) showed HDT-102 oC, and MFI ~ 10-12 at 5 wt. % loading, but imparts haziness to the final polymer and more brittle than baseline PS 160. MA cannot homopolymerize, however in the presence of styrene it always forms alternative copolymer. This is may be due to higher activity of MA (0.02 time higher than styrene) [8].

Since, we are restricted ourselves to MA content to 5 wt. % maximum in the formulation, MA was added slowly over 1 h time in the prepoly stage and anticipated fair distribution throughout the chain. As MA content increased in the formulation the copolymer molecular weight decreased below critical molecular weight (~240 kg mol-1) as showed in the Table 7 & Figure 9. As 5 wt. % loading showed Tg~ 108 oC (Figure 10), the same was scaled up to 1kg in the lab reactor and evaluated for the mechanical and thermal properties. In styrene-MA copolymerization, the propagating chains were styrinic in nature because the maleic anhydride radicals undergo chain transfer reaction in this highly reactive system [9]. The styrene-MA system was highly exothermic compared to styrene homopolymerization and styrene-DVB system. This is because hydrogen abstraction from the maleic anhydride radical is 40 kJ/ mol more exothermic than that of styrene radical. This finally leads to inferior mechanical properties compared to the baseline as shown in the Table 7. Other comonomers like alpha-methylstyrene and DCPD did not show considerable improvement in thermal or flow properties up to 5 wt. % loading.

Conclusion

Divinylbenzene (DVB) as a crossliker at 100 ppm loading showed balance of thermal and flow properties as compared to baseline PS160. The controlled crosslinking of polystyrene chains by DVB play major role in broad distribution of molecular weight and hence better flow (MFI). There is an increment in the HDT/ VST by 2-3 oC and MFI from 3.3 g/10 min to 7 g/10 min without compromising any other properties of GPPS.

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