#general torrijos

[egoschwank]

al things considered — when i post my masterpiece #1225

first poted in facebook october 16, 2023

antonio gisbert -- "the execution of torrijos and his companions at malaga beach" (1888)

"torrijos, was a spanish liberal soldier and politician remembered above all for his bitter fight against the absolutism that ferdinand vii of spain wanted to impose, which cost torrijos prison and exile" … wikipedia

"on december 2, 1831, together with sixty of his closest associates, he landed on the beaches of malaga from gibraltar. there he was betrayed by governor vicente gonzález moreno, who had promised him his support, and they were captured by absolutist troops. eight days later, on december 11 and without trial, torrijos was shot along with forty-eight of his companions on the beaches of malaga" … wikipedia

"in the painting, the prisoners are lined up with their hands tied, while some friars are busy blindfolding them and trying to offer the condemned one last consolation. behind them the firing squad awaits orders, while in the foreground, on the ground, some men lie already dead in a clearly goyesque detail" … wikipedia

"tuesday, november 5, 2024?" … al janik

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.31 (after 1950)

1951 – Cold War: The Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than US$13.3 billion in foreign aid to rebuild Western Europe. 1955 – General Motors becomes the first U.S. corporation to make over US$1 billion in a year. 1956 – The Romanian Television network begins its first broadcast in Bucharest. 1961 – RTÉ, Ireland's state broadcaster, launches its first national television service. 1963 – The Central African Federation officially collapses, subsequently becoming Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia. 1965 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, leader of the Central African Republic army, and his military officers begin a coup d'état against the government of President David Dacko. 1968 – The first flight of the Tupolev Tu-144, the first civilian supersonic transport in the world. 1968 – MacRobertson Miller Airlines Flight 1750 crashes near Port Hedland, Western Australia, killing all 26 people on board. 1981 – A coup d'état in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the Provisional National Defence Council led by Flight lieutenant Jerry Rawlings. 1983 – The AT&T Bell System is broken up by the United States Government. 1983 – Benjamin Ward is appointed New York City Police Department's first ever African American police commissioner. 1983 – In Nigeria, a coup d'état led by Major General Muhammadu Buhari ends the Second Nigerian Republic. 1991 – All official Soviet Union institutions have ceased operations by this date, five days after the Soviet Union is officially dissolved. 1992 – Czechoslovakia is peacefully dissolved in what is dubbed by media as the Velvet Divorce, resulting in the creation of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. 1994 – This date is skipped altogether in Kiribati as the Phoenix Islands and Line Islands change time zones from UTC−11:00 to UTC+13:00 and UTC−10:00 to UTC+14:00, respectively. 1994 – The First Chechen War: The Russian Ground Forces begin a New Year's storming of Grozny. 1995 – The final comic of Calvin and Hobbes is published. 1998 – The European Exchange Rate Mechanism freezes the values of the legacy currencies in the Eurozone, and establishes the value of the euro currency. 1999 – The first President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, resigns from office, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting President and successor. 1999 – The U.S. government hands control of the Panama Canal (as well all the adjacent land to the canal known as the Panama Canal Zone) to Panama. This act complied with the signing of the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties. 1999 – Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacking ends after seven days with the release of 190 survivors at Kandahar Airport, Afghanistan. 2004 – The official opening of Taipei 101, the tallest skyscraper at that time in the world, standing at a height of 509 metres (1,670 ft). 2009 – Both a blue moon and a lunar eclipse occur. 2010 – Tornadoes touch down in midwestern and southern United States, including Washington County, Arkansas; Greater St. Louis, Sunset Hills, Missouri, Illinois, and Oklahoma, with a few tornadoes in the early hours. A total of 36 tornadoes touched down, resulting in the deaths of nine people and $113 million in damages. 2011 – NASA succeeds in putting the first of two Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory satellites in orbit around the Moon. 2014 – A New Year's Eve celebration stampede in Shanghai kills at least 36 people and injures 49 others. 2015 – A fire breaks out at the Downtown Address Hotel in Downtown Dubai, United Arab Emirates, located near the Burj Khalifa, two hours before the fireworks display is due to commence. Sixteen injuries were reported; one had a heart attack, another suffered a major injury, and fourteen others with minor injuries. 2018 – Thirty-nine people are killed after a ten-story building collapses in the industrial city of Magnitogorsk, Russia. 2019 – The World Health Organization is informed of cases of pneumonia with an unknown cause, detected in Wuhan. This later turned out to be COVID-19, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic.

[angielynherself]

Torrijos, Marinduque | Cultural Perspective

Torrijos, Marinduque is a municipality known for its rich cultural heritage, deeply rooted in Filipino traditions and influenced by its unique geographical location.

Torrijos is a harmonious blend of tradition and modernity. Its people proudly preserve their ancestral customs and practices, while embracing the advancements of modern life. This cultural dynamism is evident in various aspects of life, from their vibrant festivals to their daily routines.

Festivals & Celebrations

- Feast of the Holy Cross : One of the most celebrated events in Torrijos is the Feast of the Holy Cross, held annually on May 3rd. This religious festival features colorful processions, lively dances, and a grand fiesta atmosphere.

- Moriones Festival : During Holy Week, Torrijos joins the province-wide Moriones Festival, a unique tradition where masked penitents roam the streets, reenacting the story of Longinus, the Roman soldier who pierced Jesus' side.

Local Crafts and Cuisine:

- Handicrafts : Torrijos is known for its skilled artisans who create beautiful handwoven textiles, intricate wood carvings, and traditional pottery. These crafts reflect the ingenuity and artistry of the local people.

- Cuisine : Torrijos boasts a rich culinary tradition, featuring fresh seafood, local produce, and unique recipes passed down through generations. Dishes like "kinilaw" (raw fish marinated in vinegar), "sinigang" (sour soup), and "adobo" (meat braised in soy sauce and vinegar) are local favorites.

Preserving Cultural Heritage:

The people of Torrijos are committed to preserving their cultural heritage. This commitment is evident in their continued practice of traditional customs, the support of local artisans, and the promotion of cultural events and festivals.

Through these efforts, Torrijos ensures that its rich cultural heritage continues to thrive for generations to come.

[missionrat]

While all eyes and thoughts are on Taiwan, the military base on the island of Guam is closer to China than Hawaii is to the United States, and will be surrendered to China by Biden just like the Panama Canal was surrendered by Carter in 1977 to General Torrijos who then gave tactical control to China Security forces.   The Black Swan China   - The American Institute of Stress

[fantastic-nonsense]

#fuck jimmy carter too didnt he fucked things up in nicaragua???? [@writtenonbone]

If you're referring to Iran-Contra, no: that was Reagan. If you're referring to US opposition to the Sandinistas more generally, no: that was also (mostly) Reagan. Carter actually famously ended the 30+ years of US political and military support to President Somoza's dictatorship in Nicaragua over human rights concerns. He also initially met with and supported the Sandinistas after the revolution because he thought he could reason them into being more centrist and democratic, though his administration largely withdrew that support after the situation in El Salvador deteriorated. What Carter did in Nicaragua, and in Central America more broadly, was attempt to reverse nearly a decade of Kissinger's ruthless realpolitik foreign policy in the region, to varying degrees of success.

Jimmy Carter's lasting legacy in Central America, in my opinion, is ultimately not the American response to Nicaragua or Guatemala or El Salvador, all of which were largely overshadowed by the Reagan administration's dealings in the region in the 1980s: it's the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty, which signed over control of the Panama Canal from the US to Panama and ended a decades-long diplomatic dispute over the US's attempted imperialism in the region. Carter finalized negotiations and signed that treaty over the protests of many in his own Cabinet and quite a few members of Congress, and it was largely due to his lobbying and his rallying of likeminded political figures that Congress ratified it.

The Torrijos-Carter Treaty is one of the best examples of what Jimmy Carter's preferred foreign policy strategy was; he just rarely got what he wanted during his presidency, and then Reagan came along right after him to bulldoze over nearly everything he tried to accomplish.

[miwisconsin]

El expresidente de Estados Unidos murió a los 100 años y aunque en su mandato realizó contribuciones importantes en materia de derechos humanos también fue ampliamente cuestionado por la falta de gestión en la economía.  “Con su compasión y claridad moral, trabajó para erradicar enfermedades, forjar la paz, promover los derechos civiles y humanos, promover elecciones libres y justas, albergar a las personas sin hogar y siempre defender a los más desfavorecidos. Salvó, ayudó y cambió la vida de personas de todo el mundo”, así describió el jefe de estado de Estados Unidos, Joe Biden a Jimmy Carter y lamentó su muerte. De igual manera, el presidente electo, Donald Trump coincidió con el mandatario saliente y explicó que, “los desafíos que enfrentó Jimmy como presidente llegaron en un momento crucial para nuestro país e hizo todo lo que estuvo a su alcance para mejorar las vidas de todos los estadounidenses. Por eso, todos le debemos una deuda de gratitud”. La conciliación y la serenidad para enfrentar los inconvenientes por los que atravesaba el país en ese momento fueron características que hoy ponen en un punto en común a los dos líderes norteamericanos y es que la gestión de Carter durante 1977 y 1981 estuvo marcada por distintos matices, positivos y negativos, pero siempre teniendo en cuenta la paz y los derechos humanos. En ese momento, el mundo atravesaba por el rezago que había dejado la Segunda Guerra y se enfrentaba a la tensión de la Guerra Fría, la disputa por un modelo socioeconómico ponía a las partes a defender distintas visiones; mientras un bando defendía el capitalismo, el otro prefería el comunismo. Carter, lideró aquella época de manera pacífica con estrategias que frenaban el uso de armas como, por ejemplo, el tratado Salt II cuyo propósito inicial era establecer límites amplios a los sistemas de armas estratégicas ofensivas, comenzar el proceso de reducción de vehículos de lanzamiento nuclear e imponer restricciones a los avances cualitativos que pudieran amenazar la estabilidad futura. El expresidente nació en Georgia, entre cultivos de maní campesinos y negros. Su cercanía con la comunidad inmigrante, hispana y toda aquella que no fuera estadounidense era notable, tanto así que durante su mandato aumentó la diversidad, nombró a más “mujeres, afroamericanos e hispanos para puestos de magistrados y de alto nivel que todos sus 38 predecesores juntos”. De igual manera, fue un defensor absoluto de la democracia y en América Latina no fue la excepción. Su apoyo y cooperación internacional fueron determinantes en países como Argentina, Chile y Nicaragua pasaban por coyunturas políticas y de represión difíciles. Durante la dictadura de Pinochet, la de Videla y la revolución sandinista, Carter pronunciaba discursos basados en la “protección de los derechos humanos, se comprometió a poner fin a la tradición del intervencionismo estadounidense en América Latina y ofreció apoyar el desarrollo de la democracia mediante la cooperación multilateral”, así lo afirma el sitio web de historia del departamento de estado de Estados Unidos.    Su aporte en Latinoamérica fue tan considerable que impulsó y logró un acuerdo con el entonces presidente panameño y general Omar Torrijos firmando los tratados Torrijos-Carter, pacto denominado por los panameños como “un hito que marcó la historia de nuestro país al coronar el esfuerzo de múltiples generaciones por alcanzar nuestra plena soberanía y por aprovechar en todo su potencial el recurso estratégico de nuestra posición geográfica”. Aunque su mandato fue hace más de 40 años, el también nobel de paz fue uno de pronunciarse sobre la necesidad de implementar una política energética para aliviar crisis futuras, “nuestra decisión sobre la energía pondrá a prueba el carácter del pueblo estadounidense y la capacidad del presidente y del Congreso para gobernar esta nación. Este difícil esfuerzo será el 'equivalente moral de la guerra', con la diferencia de que uniremos nuestros esfuerzos para construir y no para destruir”. Su interés por conservar mejores relaciones con el centro y el sur de América fue evidente en comparación con otros mandatarios. Fue el primer presidente en visitar la isla de Cuba y su llegada tuvo el propósito de mejorar las relaciones internacionales con el país, luego de los años de hostilidad que se padecieron en 1959 a causa de la Revolución Cubana y se activaron algunos acuerdos que permitieron el restablecimiento de vuelos comerciales y el envío de remezas. El propósito de Cárter de implementar mejores y mayores alianzas internacionales basado en la defensa de los derechos humanos, estuvo permeada por la poca gestión económica que direccionó al país a un fenómeno denominado “estanflación”, o sea alta inflación y estancamiento económico. Igualmente, su liderazgo también se vio cuestionado por la crisis de los rehenes en Irán.  Jimmy Carter murió el 29 de diciembre a sus 100 años, sus hijos lamentan la pérdida y explican que "el mundo es nuestra familia por la forma en que unió a las personas, y les agradecemos por honrar su memoria al seguir viviendo estas creencias compartidas”. Habrá ceremonias públicas en Atlanta y Washington, DC, seguidas de un entierro privado en Plains, Georgia. El cronograma será publicado en  https://jtfncr.mdw.army.mil/statefunerals/ . Foto credito: LBJ Library and Museum Read the full article

[gonzalo-obes]

IMAGENES Y DATOS INTERESANTES DEL 31 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2024

Nochevieja, Año Internacional de los Camélidos.

Santa Flor, Santa Melania, Santa Nominanda y San Silvestre.

Tal día como hoy en el año 2019

Autoridades chinas informan a la OMS de un tipo de neumonía desconocida, que padecían 27 personas, siete en estado crítico. La mayoría eran trabajadores del Mercado de Mariscos de Wuhan. Días después comenzará a aplicarse el término COVID-19 para referirse a esta nueva enfermedad.

2001

En España, bajo el gobierno de José María Aznar, el ejército pasa a ser profesional, eliminándose el servicio militar obligatorio.

1999

Estados Unidos entrega la administración del Canal de Panamá a la República de Panamá. Cumpliendo con lo acordado en el Tratado Torrijos-Carter, firmado por ambos países en 1977.

1997

El informático indio Sabir Bhatia vende en Los Ángeles (Estados Unidos) su sitio web para gestión de correo electrónico, 'Hotmail', por 400 millones de dólares estadounidenses a la compañía Microsoft.

1991

Desaparece la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS). Mañana, 1 de enero de 1992, pasará a llamarse Federación Rusa. (Hace 33 años)

1929

En Lahore, India, el Congreso Nacional Indio se compromete a lograr la independencia para una República Democrática India, algo que conseguirán el 15 de agosto de 1947. (Hace 95 años)

1857

La ciudad de Ottawa, un antiguo asentamiento de los indios algonquinos en el valle del río Ottawa, se convierte en la capital de Canadá. (Hace 167 años)

1813

Las tropas napoleónicas abandonan la ciudad de Ginebra que mantenían ocupada desde 1798. El retorno de la independencia caracteriza la voluntad de borrar las huellas institucionales del período francés y se instaura un gobierno provisional, que a partir de hoy dará pie al día de la Restauración, celebrado todos los años. En 1815, Ginebra se adherirá a la Confederación helvética. En 1863 Henri Dunant, fundador de la Cruz Roja, instalará su sede en la ciudad. En 1920 Ginebra resultará elegida como sede de la Sociedad de Naciones. (Hace 211 años)

1775

En la revolución americana tiene lugar la Batalla de Québec, cuando la guarnición británica en la citada ciudad canadiense resulta asaltada por tropas americanas al mando del general Richard Montgomery y el coronel Benedict Arnold. El comandante británico, general Guy Carleton, no puede obtener ayuda porque el río San Lorenzo se encuentra congelado, y tiene que depender de la milicia de habla francesa de la ciudad, que acude en gran número. Los británicos vencerán a los americanos, cuya derrota pondrá fin a sus esperanzas de sublevar también a los colonos franco-canadienses. A pesar de la victoria en la batalla, no será hasta 6 meses más tarde cuando se logre rechazar totalmente la invasión, con la llegada de 4.000 soldados, lo que obligará a los americanos a abandonar Québec. (Hace 249 años)

1229

En España, Jaime I conquista la isla de Mallorca, arrebatándosela a los musulmanes y matando a cuchillo a la población. La expedición de conquista había zarpado el 5 de septiembre del puerto de Salou, momento oportuno ya que los árabes de África y los de la península se hallaban enfrascados en guerras civiles. (Hace 795 años)

406

Los Vándalos, Alanos y Suevos cruzan un río Rhin helado y derrotan a los mercenarios francos que custodian el límite fronterizo occidental, iniciando la invasión de la Galia romana. El general romano Estilicón no reacciona al estar guerreando en Oriente contra Alarico, por lo que centenares de miles de bárbaros camparán a sus anchas por la Galia, lo que finalmente derivará en que en 410, Alarico saquee Roma durante seis días, siendo la primera vez en 800 años que un ejército extranjero tome la mencionada ciudad. A partir de entonces, los bárbaros despedazarán poco a poco el otrora poderoso Imperio Romano. (Hace 1618 años)

[katalo]

El fusilamiento de Torrijos: una mirada sobre el terror - Ethic : Ethic

[newstfionline]

Wednesday, May 8, 2024

Severe Storms Move Through the Midwest After Tornado Kills 1 (NYT) Severe storms moved through the Midwest on Tuesday, bringing heavy rain and strong winds a day after tornadoes in the southern Plains killed at least one person and damaged dozens of homes. About 13.5 million people in parts of Indiana, northern Kentucky and western Ohio were warned about an enhanced risk for severe thunderstorms through Tuesday evening, with the possibility of strong tornadoes and large hail, according to the Storm Prediction Center of the National Weather Service. As storms moved through the region on Tuesday afternoon, the Weather Service issued a string of tornado warnings in cities across Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan.

Where 3 Dead Tourists Were Found Fast, Thousands Remain Missing (NYT) On Sunday, Mexican authorities announced that the bodies of three tourists in Baja California, found at the bottom of a well with gunshot wounds to their heads, had been identified by their families. The men had been killed in a carjacking gone wrong, the authorities said, and suspects had been detained within days of the men’s disappearance. It was a tragic yet somewhat fast resolution to a case that had drawn international attention. For many local Mexicans, however, the quick response from the authorities to locate the tourists and make arrests seemed to be an exception in a country where tens of thousands of missing-person cases have sat for years without ever being solved.

Panama’s Election Perplexity Comes To An End (Guardian) After a very confusing election season, Panama has a new president. José Raúl Mulino, a former government minister who served from 2009 until 2014, won the presidency with 34.3% of the vote, beating out lawyer Ricardo Lombana (24.8%) and former President Martín Torrijos (16%). Mulino only became a presidential candidate in February as a last-minute stand-in for former president Ricardo Martinelli (who’s avoiding money laundering charges by hiding in a Nicaraguan embassy) and almost had his bid disqualified by Panama’s supreme court just days before voting. Mulino was running as Martinelli’s vice-presidential running mate during the election until the Supreme Court rejected the former president’s appeal against his money laundering charges. The two were focused on cracking down on illegal migrant crossings and reviving Panama’s slowing economy. Many Panamanians said they still trusted Martinelli and his running mate because their past administration saw massive economic growth for the nation.

The rise of Sweden’s super rich (BBC) Sweden has a global reputation for championing high taxes and social equality, but it has become a European hotspot for the super rich. Although a right-wing coalition is currently in power, the nation has been run by Social Democrat-led governments for the majority of the last century, elected on promises to grow the economy in an equitable way, with taxes funding a strong welfare state. But Sweden has experienced a boom in the super rich over the last three decades. In 1996, there were just 28 people with a net worth of a billion kronor or more (around $91m or £73m at today’s exchange rate), according to a rich list published by former Swedish business magazine Veckans Affärer. Most of them came from families that had been rich for generations. By 2021, there were 542 “kronor billionaires”, according to a similar analysis by daily newspaper Aftonbladet, and between them they owned a wealth equivalent to 70% of the nation’s GDP, a measure of the total value of goods and services in the economy. One reason for the rise of the new super rich is Sweden’s thriving tech scene. The country has a reputation as the Silicon Valley of Europe, having produced more than 40 so-called unicorn start-ups—companies worth more than $1bn—in the past two decades.

Finland prepares for the worst (Financial Times) Finland has successfully tested its ability to run a war economy and has begun storing military equipment outside its national borders as the Nordic country renowned for its high level of preparedness deals with an increasingly aggressive Russia. Lieutenant General Mikko Heiskanen, deputy chief of staff for armaments and logistics in the Finnish defence forces, told the Financial Times that Finland had recently checked on more than 1,000 agreements it has with private companies to produce equipment or provide services for times of war. ‘We need to be prepared for a long-term crisis ... We are testing our strategic partners’ plans and readiness,’ he said.

The changes sweeping Russia (Washington Post) Vladimir Putin is positioning Russia as American’s most dangerous and aggressive enemy, and transforming his country in ways that stand to make it a bitter adversary of the West for decades to come. Over more than six months, The Washington Post examined the profound changes sweeping Russia as Putin has used his war in Ukraine to cement his authoritarian grip on power. The Russian leader is militarizing his society and infusing it with patriotic fervor, reshaping the education system, condemning scientists as traitors, promoting a new Orthodox religiosity and retrograde roles for women, and conditioning a new generation of youth to view the West as a mortal enemy in a fight for Russia’s very survival. Putin has squashed the political opposition in Russia making protests illegal, criminalizing criticism of the war, and designating liberal nongovernmental organizations and independent media, journalists, writers, lawyers and activists as foreign agents, undesirable organizations, extremists or terrorists. Hundreds of political activists have been jailed. Tens of thousands of Russians have fled in a historic exodus, with some worried they would be cut off from the world by sanctions, some afraid of being conscripted and sent to the front, and others fearing they would be persecuted for opposing Putin or the war.

High-speed rail from Budapest to Belgrade (Bloomberg) It’s 10 a.m. and the high-speed train leaves Belgrade’s new, glass-and-steel station right on time. Thirty-six minutes later it pulls into Serbia’s northern city of Novi Sad, the first completed section of a 350 kilometer-long (217 mile) upgrade going up to Budapest in Hungary. The route is the kind of European modernity that Serbia has coveted for years. Yet the line—being built by China—also represents something more political: how Beijing is helping transform a corner of Europe when much of the continent views China as a strategic rival. Moreover, the Belgrade-Budapest link will unite the capitals of two countries that have tightened their embrace of Beijing.

India votes in third phase of national elections as PM Modi escalates his rhetoric against Muslims (AP) Millions of Indian voters across 93 constituencies were casting ballots on Tuesday as Prime Minister Narendra Modi has mounted an increasingly shrill election campaign, ramping up polarizing rhetoric in incendiary speeches that have targeted the Muslim minority. In recent campaign rallies, Modi has called Muslims “infiltrators” and said they “have too many children,” referring to a Hindu nationalist trope that Muslims produce more children with the aim of outnumbering Hindus in India. He has also accused the rival Indian National Congress party of scheming to “loot” wealth from the country’s Hindus and redistribute it among Muslims, who comprise 14% of India’s more than 1.4 billion people. Modi had kicked off his campaign with a focus on economic progress, promising he would make India a developed nation by 2047. But in recent weeks, he and the ruling BJP have doubled down heavily on their Hindu nationalism platform, with Modi employing some of his most divisive rhetoric in his decade in power.

Israel Steps Up Attacks on Rafah (NYT) Israel’s war cabinet voted to continue the military assault on Hamas and Israeli forces carried out strikes in Gaza’s southernmost city, hours after Hamas said it would accept terms based on a cease-fire proposal put forward by mediators. As Israeli forces carried out strikes in eastern Rafah, the prime minister’s office said that the war cabinet had decided unanimously that Israel would continue with its military actions in the city to exert pressure on Hamas. The decision, the office said, sought to advance all of Israel’s war aims, including freeing hostages. Israeli leaders have vowed for months to invade the city in order to root out Hamas forces there, prompting international concern for the safety of the 1.4 million people sheltering there.

With Schools in Ruins, Education in Gaza Will Be Hobbled for Years (NYT) Amjad Abu Daqqa was among the top students at his school in Khan Younis, excelling in math and English, and he was applying for a scholarship to study in the United States when war erupted in the Gaza Strip last October. Teachers used to reward his good grades with trips to local historical sites or to the pier, where they would watch boats and take pictures of the sunset. He dreamed of going into medicine like his big sister, Nagham, who studied dentistry in Gaza City. But his old life and old dreams now feel far away. His school was bombed, many of his friends and teachers are dead, and his family fled their home to seek safety in Rafah, along with more than one million others. No end to the war in Gaza is in sight. Even if there were, it would do little to change the bleak educational prospects of more than 625,000 students who the United Nations estimates are in the territory. Seven months of war have devastated every level of education there. More than 80 percent of Gaza’s schools have been severely damaged or destroyed by fighting, according to the United Nations, including every one of its 12 universities.

5 workers dead, 49 still missing after a building under construction collapsed in South Africa (AP) Rescue teams worked through the night searching for dozens of construction workers buried for more than 12 hours under the rubble of concrete after a multi-story apartment complex that was being built collapsed in a coastal city in South Africa. Authorities said early Tuesday that the death toll had risen to five, while 49 workers remained buried in the mangled wreckage of the building, which collapsed on Monday afternoon. Authorities said a further 21 workers had been rescued from the rubble and taken to various hospitals, with at least 11 of them suffering severe injuries. The collapse happened in the city of George, about 400 kilometers (250 miles) east of Cape Town on South Africa’s south coast.

Cicadas and the cycle of nature (Vox) While the emergence of cicada broods XIX and XIII will be somewhat brief, we’ll be feeling the reverberations of it for years to come. We are talking a lot of bugs here: During the swarms, a single acre of land can have over 1 million cicadas on it, which comes out to about 2,700 pounds of cicada in the aggregate. All of them are doomed, in one way or another, and that biomass will almost certainly lead to a substantial increase in the populations of birds that eat them—over 80 species—causing a population bump that will manifest across ecological generations, as that bumper crop of birds and rodents leads to a phenomenal year for the things that eat them, and so on and so on. It’s also a great year to be a caterpillar, as all the birds will be so gorged on cicadas that they can’t eat all the caterpillars they ordinarily would.

[ujcdecuba]

El cerro Ancón: estandarte de la soberanía panameña

Homenaje de Patria Nuestra a la memoria del general Omar Torrijos Por. Gustavo Robreño Díaz La condición privilegiada del Cerro Ancón, altura predominante desde la cual se divisa prácticamente toda la Ciudad de Panamá, lo hicieron siempre un punto militarmente estratégico. En ello estriba la razón fundamental por la que fue inmediatamente ocupado por las tropas norteamericanas, que durante…

[roamanddiscover]

Panama

Panama is a country located in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest and Colombia to the southeast. It is known as the land bridge between North and South America, and its location provides breathtaking scenery, diverse ecosystems, and rich biodiversity. The country boasts a population of over four million people, with Spanish being the official language. The country's capital and largest city is Panama City, a cosmopolitan metropolis with impressive skyscrapers, cultural sights, and a bustling nightlife. Panama has a rich history, with the indigenous peoples of Panama living on the land for centuries before Spanish colonization. In the centuries that followed, Panama was under various colonial rules until it gained independence in 1903. Today, Panama is a democratic republic with a rapidly growing economy anchored in the service sector and banking industries. Traveling to Panama is easy, with direct flights available from major cities in North and South America. The country is a renowned tourist destination, with attractions ranging from tropical rainforests and natural reserves to white sand beaches and cultural landmarks. This article is a comprehensive guide to Panama, providing you with information about its history, culture, politics, economy, ecology, geography, tourism, and more. So sit back, relax, and get ready to explore Panama through the eyes of this article.

Etymology

The name "Panama" has its origin in a word from an indigenous language, presumably from the Kuna language. The meaning of the word is not precisely known, but it's said to mean "abundance of fish" or "place with many butterflies and other colorful creatures." Another theory is that the word means "place of many trees" in an extinct indigenous language called Choco. Another possible origin of the name Panama is from the Spanish language. The word "panama" means hat made of straw, and it was widely produced and worn in the country during colonial times. Some historians believe that the Spanish used the word to describe the country as a place of hat production and eventually adopted it as the name of the nation. The earliest documentation of the name Panama dates back to the 16th century, when the Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa named a town on the Pacific Coast, "Panama." The town eventually became a strategic, thriving city, known as Panama City, and it played a crucial role in the transcontinental trade routes of that era.

History

Panama has a rich history that dates back to pre-Columbian times. The indigenous people that inhabited Panama were the Cueva and Coclé tribes. In the 16th century, Panama was colonized by the Spanish, who used it as a trading hub for goods being transported between Spain and Peru. During the colonial period, Panama grew prosperous due to its strategic location on the isthmus between North and South America. The construction of the Panama Canal began in the late 1800s, making the country even more important as a trading center. Panama gained independence from Spain in 1821 and became a part of Colombia. However, tensions grew between Panama and Colombia, and in 1903, Panama declared independence. The United States supported Panama and helped negotiate a treaty with Colombia, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal. The 20th century was marked by political instability and military coups. General Omar Torrijos led a military coup in 1968 and ruled the country until his death in 1981. During his tenure, he implemented reforms and social programs that improved the lives of many Panamanians. In 1989, the United States invaded Panama to remove General Manuel Noriega from power. The invasion resulted in the deaths of many civilians and soldiers, and Noriega was eventually captured and imprisoned in the United States. Since then, Panama has made significant progress in political stability and economic development. In 1999, the country gained full control of the Panama Canal, which has been a major contributor to the country's economic growth. Today, Panama is a thriving country with a rich history and a promising future. Pre-Columbian The pre-Columbian era in Panama dates back to around 11,000 BC. During this time, the region was inhabited by various indigenous tribes. The largest of these were the Kuna, Embera, and Wounaan tribes. These indigenous tribes were skilled farmers who relied heavily on agriculture to sustain their communities. They grew crops such as maize, yucca, and beans. They also hunted and fished, with fishing being particularly important given the many water bodies in Panama. The indigenous tribes of Panama were also skilled artisans, with many producing intricate textiles and ceramics. They also had a rich spiritual and cultural tradition, which saw them creating art, sculptures and architecture that reflected their beliefs and values. Signs of their civilization still exist today, with petroglyphs and remnants of their dwellings scattered across Panama. Despite facing challenges from colonization and other external factors, many indigenous communities still survive in Panama today, with government support for their culture and way of life. Spanish Colonial Era During the Spanish colonial era, Panama played an important role as a center of trade and transit. Spanish ships sailed from Panama to transport gold and silver from the Inca and Aztec empires back to Europe. The route was known as the "Camino Real" or "Royal Road," which connected Panama City to Portobelo on the Caribbean coast. Panama was founded in 1519 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Arias de Avila. The city of Panama quickly became an important center for commerce and the gateway to South America. The discovery of gold in Peru and silver in Bolivia brought even more wealth to Panama, and the city became a hub for transporting treasure back to Spain. In 1671, the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan led an attack on Panama City, burning it to the ground. The city was rebuilt in a new location a few miles away, and the ruins of the old city are now a popular tourist attraction. Despite the attack, Panama continued to thrive under Spanish rule. The Spanish brought their language, customs, and architecture to Panama, which can still be seen today in the country's churches, plazas, and mansions. The country also experienced a mixing of cultures, with Spanish colonizers intermarrying with the indigenous population, creating a mestizo culture. Slavery was practiced in Panama during the colonial era, with Africans brought over to work as laborers on plantations and in mines. The Afro-Panamanian population is a testament to the legacy of slavery, and their culture is an important part of Panama's cultural heritage. In 1821, Panama gained independence from Spain as part of the newly formed Gran Colombia. However, Panama's ties to Colombia were short-lived, and the country declared independence from Colombia in 1903 with the help of the United States. The Spanish colonial era left a lasting imprint on Panama's culture and identity, shaping the country into the diverse and vibrant nation it is today. Independence and Modern Era Panama's struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule began in November 1821 with a revolt in the city of Los Santos. While this initial attempt failed, it inspired other independence movements throughout the country. In 1903, Panama declared independence from Colombia with the support of the United States, who were eager to build a canal through the country. The new government was heavily influenced by U.S. interests, leading to tension between the two countries. Throughout the 20th century, Panama experienced several political upheavals, including military coups and dictatorships. In 1968, General Omar Torrijos seized power in a coup and established a socialist government. Torrijos implemented several social and economic reforms, including land redistribution and the nationalization of various industries. However, Torrijos was killed in a plane crash in 1981, and his socialist policies were reversed by his successor, General Manuel Noriega. Noriega was later ousted by the U.S. in 1989, following years of tensions and accusations of drug trafficking. Since then, Panama has transitioned to a democratic government, with a president and a multi-party system. The country has experienced a period of economic growth and has become a hub for international business and finance. However, Panama still faces political challenges, including corruption and inequality. The country has also faced criticism for its role in facilitating tax evasion and money laundering. Panama's struggle for independence and modern political developments have shaped the country's history and continue to influence its present.

Geology

Panama's geology is unique due to its location as a land bridge between North and South America. It consists of three main geographic regions - the Central Mountain Range, the Caribbean Lowlands, and the Pacific Coastal Lowlands. The Central Mountain Range runs from east to west, with the highest peak being Volcan Baru at 3,474 meters. The Caribbean Lowlands are characterized by the Caribbean Sea and consist of alluvial soils, low hills, and plains. The region has a tropical rainforest climate and is known for its lush vegetation, including mangroves, palms, and rubber trees. The area is also home to a diverse array of fauna, including monkeys, sloths, and jaguars. The Pacific Coastal Lowlands are narrower than the Caribbean Lowlands and consist of fertile soils that have been formed from volcanic ash and lava. The area is dotted with coves and inlets and is home to a number of islands. The Pacific coastline is known for its many beaches and surf spots, attracting tourists from around the world. Panama also has a number of active and dormant volcanoes, including Volcan Baru, which erupted 500 years ago. The volcanic activity has contributed to the formation of the country's rich soil, which has fostered the growth of tropical crops such as bananas, coffee, and sugarcane. The country is also home to a unique geological formation known as the Panama Canal, which has played a significant role in global trade. The canal was built across the Isthmus of Panama and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It was completed in 1914 and has been expanded twice since then, making it one of the most important waterways in the world. Panama's geology is diverse and complex, shaped by its location as a land bridge between two continents and its volcanic activity. The country's geological features have contributed to its rich biological diversity, thriving agriculture industry, and strategic importance in global trade.

Geography

Panama is a country located in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west and Colombia to the east. It is an isthmus, which means that it is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger landmasses. Panama's strategic location has made it an important hub for international trade and commerce. The country spans over 75,000 square kilometers and is divided into several regions. The interior of Panama is mostly mountainous, with the Cordillera Central mountain range running through the center of the country. The highest point in Panama is Volcán Barú, which stands at 3,475 meters. The country is also home to a number of rivers, including the Chagres River, which is essential to the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a crucial shipping route that connects the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea. Aside from the Cordillera Central mountain range, Panama is also home to several other mountain ranges, including the Serranía de Tabasará to the west, and the Serranía del Darién to the east. Despite its mountainous terrain, Panama also has a number of plains, such as the Azuero Peninsula and the San Blas Plains. In terms of climate, Panama has a tropical climate with two distinct seasons. The dry season runs from December to April, while the rainy season lasts from May to November. The temperature in Panama is fairly consistent throughout the year, with average temperatures ranging from 24°C to 29°C. Panama's unique geography has made it an important location for international trade and commerce. Its mountainous terrain, rivers, and plains make it a diverse and interesting place to visit for those who love nature and the great outdoors. Terrain Panama's terrain is incredibly diverse, with the country occupying the southernmost part of Central America. The country's landscape is made up of mountains, plains, valleys, and beaches, all of which provide visitors with a variety of activities to enjoy. One of the most prominent features of Panama's terrain is its mountain ranges. The Cordillera Central runs through the country from east to west, separating the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The highest point in Panama is the Volcan Baru, located in the western province of Chiriqui. Standing at 3,475 meters tall, it offers breathtaking views of both oceans. The country also has several plains and plateaus, particularly in the eastern part of the country. The Azuero Peninsula is a flat, dry region that extends into the Pacific Ocean. The region is known for its cattle ranches and farms, and its narrow roads lead to coastal towns and beaches. The Chiriqui province, on the other hand, is a fertile valley that is home to some of the country's most productive plantations and farms. The province is famous for its coffee plantations, which produce some of the best coffee beans in the world. Panama also has an extensive coastline, with beaches and coves on both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The Caribbean coast is known for its clear blue waters and white sandy beaches. Bocas del Toro, in particular, is a popular tourist destination that offers visitors a chance to relax, surf, and scuba dive. The Pacific coast, on the other hand, is characterized by rocky cliffs and dark sands, but it's just as beautiful as its Caribbean counterpart. The Pearl Islands are a group of islands located off the coast of Panama, and they offer some of the country's most stunning beaches. Panama's terrain is incredibly diverse, from its jagged mountain peaks to sprawling plains and lovely beaches. The country's varied landscapes offer plenty of activities for visitors to enjoy, from hiking and trekking to surfing, fishing, and beach lounging. Water Bodies Panama is blessed with a number of amazing water bodies, including rivers, lakes and oceans. The country is located between the Pacific Ocean to the south and the Caribbean Sea to the north, and is home to numerous rivers and several lakes. The Panama Canal runs between the Pacific and Caribbean and serves as an important water body for transportation, allowing ships to travel between the two oceans. The canal has also served as a significant source of revenue for the country. In addition to the canal, there are numerous other important rivers in Panama, including the Chagres River, which runs through the Soberania National Park, and the Santa Maria River, which serves as a natural border between Panama and Costa Rica. The Chiriqui Viejo River also serves as an important source of hydroelectricity for the country. Lake Gatun, located in the middle of the Panama Canal, was created as a result of the canal's construction and is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world. The lake provides a habitat for numerous species of wildlife, including monkeys, crocodiles and various bird species. Panama's coastline also offers numerous opportunities for water-based activities, including swimming, surfing, and fishing. Some of the popular beaches include Santa Catalina, Bocas del Toro and San Blas Islands. The country's oceans are home to diverse marine species, including fish, sea turtles, and sharks. The Coiba National Park, located off the coast of Panama, is one of the largest marine parks in the world and is home to a variety of marine life. Panama's numerous water bodies offer a host of opportunities for recreational activities as well as important resources for the country's economy. Be sure to check out some of these amazing water bodies when visiting Panama.

Ecology

Panama is home to a diverse range of ecological features due to its unique location and diverse topography. From dense rainforests and mangroves to coral reefs and high-altitude grasslands, there is no shortage of natural wonders in Panama. One of Panama's most notable ecological features is the Panama Canal and the surrounding rainforests, which are home to an amazing array of wildlife, such as jaguars, sloths, and capuchin monkeys. Visitors can experience the lush natural environment by taking a guided boat tour through the Canal or hiking through the Soberania National Park. Another important ecological feature in Panama is the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, the second-largest coral reef system in the world. This 1,000 kilometer-long reef is home to hundreds of species of fish, sea turtles, and other marine life. Visitors can scuba dive and snorkel in crystal-clear water to see colorful coral formations and exotic fish. Panama's high-altitude grasslands are another ecological feature that is unique to the country. The Mount Totumas Cloud Forest Reserve, located in the Chiriqui Province, is a prime example of this landscape. Home to a variety of species, such as quetzals, toucans, and howler monkeys, visitors can explore the area by hiking through the cloud forests or taking a bird-watching tour. Panama's mangrove swamps are an important ecological feature that supports diverse marine life and provide a buffer against natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods. There are many mangrove swamps throughout the country, including the Gulf of Montijo and Gulf of Panama. Panama is also home to many other vital ecological features, such as rivers, lakes, wetlands, and national parks. Exploring these areas is an excellent way to connect with nature and learn more about the country's rich ecological diversity. Panama's diverse ecological features demonstrate the importance of preserving and protecting the natural environment. By taking steps to conserve and respect the country's natural resources, visitors can help ensure that future generations can continue to experience the beauty and wonder of Panama's unique ecological features.

Biodiversity

The biodiversity of Panama is incredibly rich and diverse, with many unique species found nowhere else on earth. The country's strategic location at the isthmus of America makes it a significant land bridge between North and South America, allowing for a mixing of flora and fauna from both regions. Panama is home to over 10,000 plant species, with many rainforest areas known for their incredible variety and density. Some notable plants found in Panama include orchids, bromeliads, and ferns. The animal kingdom in Panama is equally diverse, with over 1,000 bird species being recorded, making it one of the best birdwatching destinations in the world. Among the most famous bird species found in Panama are the harpy eagle, the resplendent quetzal, and the blue-crowned motmot. Read the full article

[silentquizzer]

Quiz fact of the day 28.01.2021 -Manuel Noriega

Quiz fact of the day 28.01.2021 -Manuel Noriega

Manuel Noriega was a Panamanian politician and military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989. He had longstanding ties to United States intelligence agencies before the U.S. invasion of Panama removed him from power. Noriega, who was born in Panama in 1938, was a loyal soldier to General Omar Torrijos, who seized power in a 1968 coup. Under Torrijos, Noriega headed up…

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.31 (after 1950)

1951 – Cold War: The Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than US$13.3 billion in foreign aid to rebuild Western Europe. 1955 – General Motors becomes the first U.S. corporation to make over US$1 billion in a year. 1956 – The Romanian Television network begins its first broadcast in Bucharest. 1961 – RTÉ, Ireland's state broadcaster, launches its first national television service. 1963 – The Central African Federation officially collapses, subsequently becoming Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia. 1965 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, leader of the Central African Republic army, and his military officers begin a coup d'état against the government of President David Dacko. 1968 – The first flight of the Tupolev Tu-144, the first civilian supersonic transport in the world. 1968 – MacRobertson Miller Airlines Flight 1750 crashes near Port Hedland, Western Australia, killing all 26 people on board. 1981 – A coup d'état in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the Provisional National Defence Council led by Flight lieutenant Jerry Rawlings. 1983 – The AT&T Bell System is broken up by the United States Government. 1983 – Benjamin Ward is appointed New York City Police Department's first ever African American police commissioner. 1983 – In Nigeria, a coup d'état led by Major General Muhammadu Buhari ends the Second Nigerian Republic. 1991 – All official Soviet Union institutions have ceased operations by this date, five days after the Soviet Union is officially dissolved. 1992 – Czechoslovakia is peacefully dissolved in what is dubbed by media as the Velvet Divorce, resulting in the creation of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. 1994 – This date is skipped altogether in Kiribati as the Phoenix Islands and Line Islands change time zones from UTC−11:00 to UTC+13:00 and UTC−10:00 to UTC+14:00, respectively. 1994 – The First Chechen War: The Russian Ground Forces begin a New Year's storming of Grozny. 1998 – The European Exchange Rate Mechanism freezes the values of the legacy currencies in the Eurozone, and establishes the value of the euro currency. 1999 – The first President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, resigns from office, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting President and successor. 1999 – The U.S. government hands control of the Panama Canal (as well all the adjacent land to the canal known as the Panama Canal Zone) to Panama. This act complied with the signing of the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties. 1999 – Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacking ends after seven days with the release of 190 survivors at Kandahar Airport, Afghanistan. 2000 – The last day of the 20th Century and 2nd Millennium. 2004 – The official opening of Taipei 101, the tallest skyscraper at that time in the world, standing at a height of 509 metres (1,670 ft). 2009 – Both a blue moon and a lunar eclipse occur. 2010 – Tornadoes touch down in midwestern and southern United States, including Washington County, Arkansas; Greater St. Louis, Sunset Hills, Missouri, Illinois, and Oklahoma, with a few tornadoes in the early hours. A total of 36 tornadoes touched down, resulting in the deaths of nine people and $113 million in damages. 2011 – NASA succeeds in putting the first of two Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory satellites in orbit around the Moon. 2014 – A New Year's Eve celebration stampede in Shanghai kills at least 36 people and injures 49 others. 2015 – A fire breaks out at the Downtown Address Hotel in Downtown Dubai, United Arab Emirates, located near the Burj Khalifa, two hours before the fireworks display is due to commence. Sixteen injuries were reported; one had a heart attack, another suffered a major injury, and fourteen others with minor injuries. 2019 – The World Health Organization is informed of cases of pneumonia with an unknown cause, detected in Wuhan. This later turned out to be COVID-19, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020 – The World Health Organization issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine.

[angielynherself]

Religious Perspective | Torrijos, Marinduque

Roman Catholicism : The majority of Torrijos residents are Catholic. This faith is deeply ingrained in the community’s daily life, influencing everything from festivals and celebrations to personal values and moral codes.

Religious Practices :

Church Attendance : Church attendance is high, with many residents attending Mass regularly.

Devotion to Saints : There’s a strong devotion to various saints, with many churches dedicated to specific figures like Saint Michael the Archangel, Saint Anthony of Padua, and Saint Joseph.

Religious Festivals : Religious festivals like the “Moriones Festival” during Holy Week are deeply ingrained in the community’s religious life. These festivals blend religious devotion with indigenous traditions, creating a unique cultural expression.

Novenas and Prayers : Novenas and prayers are common practices, with residents seeking divine intervention for various needs.

Religious Institutions :

Churches : Torrijos has several churches, serving as centers of religious activity and community gathering.

Religious Schools : There are also religious schools in the municipality, providing education within a Catholic framework.

Religious Tolerance :

Other Christian Denominations : While Catholicism is dominant, there are also smaller communities of other Christian denominations, such as Protestants and Evangelicals.

Respect for Other Faiths : Generally, there is a spirit of respect for other faiths, with the community embracing religious diversity.

[missionrat]

While all eyes and thoughts are on Taiwan, the military base on the island of Guam is closer to China than Hawaii is to the United States, and will be surrendered to China by Biden just like the Panama Canal was surrendered by Carter in 1977 to General Torrijos who then gave tactical control to China Security forces.   The Black Swan China   - The American Institute of Stress

[felipeandletizia]

Felipe and Letizia retrospective: July 14th

2004: Dinner with elect President of Panama, Martin Torrijos and his wife, Vivian Fernandez

2005: Irene Urdangarin’s christening

2006: Official Visit to China - Day 3 & Inauguration of a new Cervantes Institute in Beijing, China (1, 2)

2009: Audiences at la Zarzuela

2010: Basic General NCO Academy graduation

2011: Visited the Montserrat Abbey in Barcelona; Opening of ‘Caminos de Tierra, Caminos de Mar’ exhibition by Hugo Fontela in Barcelona & AIJEC 25th Anniversary Gala

2014: Introductory visit to Morocco, Day 1 (1, 2, 3)

2015: Graduation of the Air Academy General Air Force Academy in San Javier, Murcia.

2016: Graduation at the Military Academy in Zaragoza, Spain. .

2017: Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip bid their formal farewell to King Felipe and Queen Letizia at Buckingham Palace; Visit to the Francis Crick Institute in London. (1, 2); Visited the Weston Library in Oxford (1, 2); Visited the Divinity School in Oxford; Visited Exeter College in Oxford, England & Leaving England to go back to Spain after a 3-day State Visit

2021: Event celebrating the #UnÁrbolporEuropa European Program. & Graduation of the Navy in San Fernando

F&L Through the Years: 800/??