#gel permeation chromatography

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What is gel permeation chromatography?

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or gel filtration instrument based on the size exclusion principle uses for analysis samples by gels for more information about Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)

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Understanding the Formulation and Characterization of Carboxylated SB Latex

Carboxylated styrene-butadiene (SB) latex is a versatile polymer with a wide range of applications, including coatings, adhesives, textiles, and paper. Its unique properties, such as excellent adhesion, water resistance, and film-forming capabilities, make it an ideal choice for various industrial and commercial applications. However, the formulation and characterization of carboxylated SB latex require careful consideration of several factors to ensure optimal performance and desired properties.

Formulation of carboxylated SB latex begins with the selection of monomers and additives to achieve the desired polymer properties. Styrene and butadiene are typically used as the main monomers, with carboxylic acid-functional monomers, such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, incorporated to introduce carboxyl groups into the polymer chain. These carboxyl groups provide the latex with acidity, which is essential for subsequent crosslinking and film formation processes.

The polymerization process for carboxylated SB latex is typically carried out via emulsion polymerization, wherein monomers are dispersed in an aqueous medium with the aid of surfactants and emulsifiers. Initiators, such as persulfates or redox systems, are then added to initiate the polymerization reaction, leading to the formation of latex particles. Control of reaction parameters, such as temperature, pH, and monomer concentration, is crucial to achieving the desired particle size, molecular weight distribution, and carboxyl content in the final latex product.

Characterization of carboxylated SB latex involves the assessment of various physical, chemical, and mechanical properties to ensure product quality and performance consistency. Particle size analysis is an essential characterization technique used to determine the size distribution of latex particles, which influences the viscosity, stability, and film-forming properties of the latex. Techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are commonly employed for particle size measurement and morphological analysis.

Molecular weight distribution is another critical parameter that affects the rheological behavior, film formation, and mechanical properties of carboxylated SB latex. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC) are commonly used techniques to determine the molecular weight distribution of latex polymers, providing insights into polymer chain length and distribution.

The glass transition temperature (Tg) of carboxylated SB latex is a key indicator of its thermal and mechanical properties, including flexibility, toughness, and adhesion. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are commonly used techniques to measure Tg, providing valuable information on the polymer's performance under different temperature and humidity conditions.

The carboxyl functionality of carboxylated SB latex, determined by the concentration of carboxyl groups in the polymer chain, plays a crucial role in its interaction with other components in coatings and adhesives formulations. Titration methods, such as acid-base titration or conductometric titration, are commonly used to quantify carboxyl functionality, providing insights into the latex's reactivity, stability, and compatibility with crosslinking agents and additives.

Overall, the formulation and characterization of carboxylated SB latex require a comprehensive understanding of polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization techniques, and characterization methodologies. By carefully controlling formulation parameters and characterizing key properties, manufacturers can develop carboxylated SB latex products with tailored performance characteristics to meet the diverse needs of various industries and applications.

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This report studies the Halogen Type Flame Retardant Polyamide market size (value and volume) by players, regions, product types and end industries, history data 2018-2022 and forecast data 2023-2030; This report also studies the global market competition landscape, market drivers and trends, opportunities and challenges, risks and entry barriers, sales channels, distributors and Porters Five Forces Analysis.

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GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY

BY: SHAILY SHARMA (MSIWM041) Chromatography, broadly, is a technique to separate two phases which are mutually immiscible. The phases are brought in contact with each other and one of these phases is stationary while the other phase is a mobile phase which moves over the surface of the stationary phase or percolates it. The interactions of the sample mixture which are established after the…

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GPC is one of the most powerful and diverse analytical tools for predicting and understanding polymer performance. It is the simplest method for determining a polymer's entire molecular weight distribution. Less complicated GPC systems, often known as "clean-up" systems, are more commonly utilised on complex materials as a sample preparation process.

Read More:

https://bloggerstrive.blogspot.com/2022/05/gel-permeation-chromatography-gpc.html

Click here for Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) Market Report:

https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/gel-permeation-chromatography-market-28

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A New Composition of High Heat General Purpose Polystyrene (High Heat GPPS) Resin

Abstract

A new composition of high heat general-purpose polystyrene (High heat GPPS) resin synthesis is discussed. The new composition of resin involves addition of cross-linker/comonomer in very low concentration during synthesis process. Commercially available vinyl cross-linkers like divinylbenzene (DVB), Ethylene dimethacrylate (EDM), Tricycle (5.2.1.02,6) decanedimethanol diacrylate (TDDDA), Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and vinyl comonomer like maleic anhydride, α-methylstyrene have been evaluated via bulk polymerization method. DVB showed enhancement in the heat distortion temperature (HDT), vicat softening temperature (VST) & melt flow index (MFI) compared to the benchmark grade of GPPS, whereas other mechanical and impact properties remained same or better than benchmark grade under identical methods of measurement.

Keywords: Divinylbenzene; Cross-linked; Branching; Polymerization; Heat Distortion Temperature (HDT); Melt Flow Index (MFI)

Abbreviations: HDT: Heat Distortion Temperature; MFI: Melt Flow Index; DVB: Divinylbenzene; EDM: Ethylene Dimethacrylate; TDDDA: Tricycle (5.2.1.02,6) Decanedimethanol Diacrylate; DCPD: Dicyclopentadiene; VST: Vicat Softening Temperature; High Heat GPPS: High Heat General- Purpose Polystyrene

Introduction

Polystyrene (PS) is a multipurpose polymer used in varied applications in rigid and foamed forms. Based on orientation of phenyl group on the polymer backbone, polystyrene can be classified into isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic. Isotactic or syndiotactic polystyrene prepared by metallocene catalyst can give HDT/VST around 250 oC and shows lowest specific gravity compared to any other engineering plastics in the market [1]. XAREC is world’s first syndiotactic polystyrene commercialized by Idemitsu Corporation, used in electronic component molding [2]. The first two are commercially not important due to complexity in the synthesis and processability compared to atactic polystyrene. Atactic polystyrene is known as generalpurpose polystyrene (GPPS). It is produced by simple thermal initiated radical bulk polymerization [3]. GPPS is clear, hard and can be used in packaging, household items, and electronics. The excellent physical and processing properties make GPPS suitable for many applications as compared to any other plastics, but its glass transition temperature (Tg) is only 100 oC that leads to limit its use in certain applications. Tg dictates the continuous service temperature that is a very important factor for polymer to evaluate its processing and application performance. Therefore, there is a demand for high Tg GPPS. Some efforts have been reported in this direction by copolymerizing styrene with maleimide and imide, which act as hydrogen-bond interaction site in the copolymer [4]. Although there is no direct relation between Tg and HDT in polymers, but in amorphous polymer like GPPS, HDT is close to Tg [5].

HDT can be improved by increasing the interaction of chains or by restricting the chain mobility at elevated temperature. Although GPPS synthesis process is well established and matured, the market requirement and customer application always demand to develop new process or improve the efficiency of the process. Vinyl based anhydrides, amides, maleimides and methylstyrenes have been explored as comonomers in different loading to enhance the heat resistance of polystyrene [4-5]. This is generally achieved by introducing heteroatom containing monomer in the polystyrene chain, which leads chemical irregularity or steric hindrance in the polystyrene chain. GPPS has been widely used in food packaging containers, disposable containers, kitchenware & cutleries owing to its excellent transparency, water resistance and colorability. Molded articles prepared by GPPS with lower HDT/VST can undergo structural deformation especially when they are used in hot filled applications and lower HDT can affect the production rate during molding due to the long cycle time. Good thermal properties like higher HDT/VST along with flow are important requirement for the product performance with better heat stability & shorter cycle time in the production line. Therefore, our research was focused in first instant to increase the Tg and HDT/VST, without affecting flow properties.

Experimental Section

Material and Methods

All the chemicals that were used in the process procured from Sigma-Aldrich and used as such.

Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC)

The molecular weight of intermediate samples and final polymer was measured by GPC at 40 oC (Make-Shimadzu, Class-VP). THF was used as mobile and diluent solvent, sample concentration 2 mg/ml, column specification- PLgel 5 μm MIXED-C, 300 x 7.5 mm, Detector- UV @254nm, standards- Monodispersed polystyrene standards.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the samples was done with TA Instruments/DSC Q 1000 by heating the samples from room temperature to 160 ºC and heating rate always maintained at 10 ºC/min in nitrogen atmosphere.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Unreacted residual styrene monomer was detected and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Agilent HPLC-1260 series. The chromatographic condition are as follows, column- Agilent Zorbax,-C18, (4.6X150mm), 5μ; Mobile phase: Reservoir A -0.02% Orth phosphoric acid in Milli-Q water, Reservoir B-Methanol, Reservoir C - Acetonitrile at different gradients. Flow rate 1 ml/min, detector-diode array detector, wave lenth-254 nm. Column temperatue-40 oC.

Melt flow index (MFI)

Melt flow index was measured at 230 oC & 2.16 kg load as per the ASTM D 1238, in GOTTFERT MFI machine (model-MI-4).

Heat distortion temperature (HDT)

Heat distortion temperature was measured as per the ASTM D648, method B at 0.45 MPa load, on the CEAST machine. All the samples were annealed for 70 hrs. at 70 oC prior to test.

Vicat softening temperature (VST)

Vicat softening temperature was also measured in CEAST machine for annealed samples as per ASTM D1525. All the samples were annealed for 70 hrs. at 70 oC prior to test.

Mechanical property (Tensile and Izod Impact notched)

Injection molded specimens are conditioned for 48 h at 23 oC & relative humidity at 50%. Tensile strength was measured were accordance to ASTM D638, on Zwick 2.5 RTI-UTM machine. Izod impact notched was measured as per the ASTM D256.

Polymerization and Processing

Comonomer/cross linker screening

The following comonomers/cross linkers were screened in 100 g batch scale, the concentration of comonomer was maintained at 0-5 wt. %.

Styrene with comonomer was transferred to the pre-heated (128 oC) glass reactor, the residence time/reaction time and temperature were increased at four different time intervals to make a continuous process. Intermediate samples were collected to monitor molecular weight, Tg and conversions at every 1 h interval. Unreacted styrene monomer or residual monomer was removed by precipitating polymer solution (in THF) in hexane and then measured Tg.

Scale-up (1kg) in lab glass reactor setup

Following three formulation were shortlisted for scale-up in 1kg scale in the lab glass reactor setup (Figure 1 SI) based on the screening experimental results and evaluated thermal, flow & mechanical properties. The reaction conditions were kept as in Table 1. The unreacted styrene was removed by applying high vacuum (0-30 mbar) for 10-12 min at the end of the polymerization.

a. High molecular weight GPPS (Mw > 300 kg mol-1)

b. Evaluation of cross linker DVB at 100 ppm loading

c. Evaluation of comonomer MA at 5 wt. % loading

GPPS process and compounding

To evaluate the final properties of the synthesized polystyrene and copolymers were processed in different steps as shown in the Figure 1.

Results and Discussion

Different approaches to develop high heat GPPS

Based on literature search and our expertise three different approaches had been identified to achieve the targeted properties (CTQ’s).

a. High molecular weight GPPS (Mw > 300 kg mol-1)

b. Evaluation of cross linkers & comonomers

High molecular weight GPPS (Mw >300 kg mol-1)

This approach is simple and straightforward; this has been achieved by optimizing reaction time and temperature of the synthesis process as shown in the Table 2. In general, polystyrene molecular weight (Mw) can grow up to 340-350 kg mol-1 in radical bulk polymerization technique at 3-3.5 h reaction time (pre-poly), but later decreased due to thermal degradation and long residential time. In order to achieve Mw ≥300 kg mol-1, the polymerization was stopped after 4 h reaction time, with ~ 80 % conversion. At final stage high vacuum was applied for 10 min to remove 17-18 % unreacted styrene, after double extrusion the final residual was 1500 ppm.

From Table 3, MFI data shows that as molecular weight increased the flow decreased, but HDT and VST increased by 2 oC. Other mechanical properties like impact and tensile properties are better or equal to the baseline material PS160. Due to the low MFI, high molecular weight approach may have negative effect on processability and cycle time during molding. Figure 2, the GPC chromatograms shows that decreased molecular weight due to thermal degradation at different stages of processing.

Evaluation of cross linkers & comonomers

Following cross linkers and comonomers were screened at different loading for high heat GPPS (Table 4) at 100 g scale. All the cross linkers were screened in the range of 50-500 ppm to avoid gelling in the reactor, whereas comonomers were tested in 1-5 wt. % loading. DVB was shortlisted for scale-up in 1kg scale and evaluated for thermal and mechanical properties as it showed better Tg (107 oC, when residual styrene ~100 ppm). Moreover, it is commercially available in bulk quantities, FDA approved and reactivity is almost similar to the styrene monomer [6-7]. The same formulation was scaled up to 5 kg scale in batch reactor in similar reaction conditions. Tricyclo (5.2.1.02,6) decane dimethanol diacrylate and N,N-Hexamethylenebis (methacrylamide) as crosslinkers did not show any improvement in Tg in the final polymer. MA showed best Tg among comonomers at 4-5 wt. % loading and was scaled up to 1 kg in lab scale. DVB loading was optimized to 100 ppm, higher loading showed low MFI (< 3.0 g/10 min) because of high molecular weight and more crosslinking. Intermediate sample analysis showed that molecular weight increased up to 3rd hour and then started decreasing (Figure 3). This is may be due to thermal degradation under dynamic reaction conditions. Styrene-DVB copolymer always gave broader PDI (≥3.0) due to partial crosslinking or chain extension/branching, which leads to higher MFI. The chain extension was envisaged by lower slope/slower relaxation in the lower frequency region in rotational rheometer study as shown in Figure 4.

Solid content and viscosity at prepoly stage was almost similar to the homopolymer (Table 5). From Figure 7 it is very clear that residual styrene can affect Tg, that is higher the residual, lower the Tg, hence HDT/VST can also change accordingly (Table 6). It is required to maintain optimum level of (< 500 ppm, more preferably < 200 ppm as in example 2) residual in the final polymer to hit HDT > 102 oC or VST >106 oC as showed in table 6, example 2-4. The mechanical properties as if tensile strength & impact were better than the baseline PS160 (Table 6). There is no change in the thermal stability of styrene-DVB copolymer at 100 ppm DVB loading in compared to baseline GPPS PS160 (Figure 2 SI). Comonomers were evaluated in 1-5wt.% loading along with styrene, under similar reaction conditions as mentioned in the Table 2. Maleic anhydride (MA) showed HDT-102 oC, and MFI ~ 10-12 at 5 wt. % loading, but imparts haziness to the final polymer and more brittle than baseline PS 160. MA cannot homopolymerize, however in the presence of styrene it always forms alternative copolymer. This is may be due to higher activity of MA (0.02 time higher than styrene) [8].

Since, we are restricted ourselves to MA content to 5 wt. % maximum in the formulation, MA was added slowly over 1 h time in the prepoly stage and anticipated fair distribution throughout the chain. As MA content increased in the formulation the copolymer molecular weight decreased below critical molecular weight (~240 kg mol-1) as showed in the Table 7 & Figure 9. As 5 wt. % loading showed Tg~ 108 oC (Figure 10), the same was scaled up to 1kg in the lab reactor and evaluated for the mechanical and thermal properties. In styrene-MA copolymerization, the propagating chains were styrinic in nature because the maleic anhydride radicals undergo chain transfer reaction in this highly reactive system [9]. The styrene-MA system was highly exothermic compared to styrene homopolymerization and styrene-DVB system. This is because hydrogen abstraction from the maleic anhydride radical is 40 kJ/ mol more exothermic than that of styrene radical. This finally leads to inferior mechanical properties compared to the baseline as shown in the Table 7. Other comonomers like alpha-methylstyrene and DCPD did not show considerable improvement in thermal or flow properties up to 5 wt. % loading.

Conclusion

Divinylbenzene (DVB) as a crossliker at 100 ppm loading showed balance of thermal and flow properties as compared to baseline PS160. The controlled crosslinking of polystyrene chains by DVB play major role in broad distribution of molecular weight and hence better flow (MFI). There is an increment in the HDT/ VST by 2-3 oC and MFI from 3.3 g/10 min to 7 g/10 min without compromising any other properties of GPPS.

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This report studies the Halogen Type Flame Retardant Polyamide market size (value and volume) by players, regions, product types and end industries, history data 2018-2022 and forecast data 2023-2030; This report also studies the global market competition landscape, market drivers and trends, opportunities and challenges, risks and entry barriers, sales channels, distributors and Porters Five Forces Analysis.

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Polymer and Plastic tesing element

The scientists at Maeon Labs offer clients complete, specialised polymer and plastic testing services as well as in-depth expert analysis of lab test findings for contamination identification, method development and validation, material comparison, and litigation assistance. Our in-house, scientifically-advanced analysis methods and processes give a thorough grasp of the polymer or plastic in issue as well as its chemical, mechanical, thermal, and elemental properties.

Laboratory for Polymer Characterization and Testing

Deformulation techniques are used by Maeon plastic testing laboratories to compile a detailed profile of a material's primary and minor constituents, including polymer resins, inorganic fillers, stabilisers, colourants, additives, impact modifiers, and more. We collaborate with clients to address their unique testing requirements and customise our methodology to get results that are relevant to their problems.

FTIR Spectroscopy

NMR Spectroscopy

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)

Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

FID/TCD/ECD

Mass Spectrometry (including Pyrolysis)

Optical Microscopy

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)

Pyrolysis (MSD)

Analysis of Competitive Products and Deformulation

With the use of Maeon’s deformulation services, a compound is broken down into its major and minor pieces and examined to find out exactly what it includes and how the parts are put together to make the finished product. This can be used to investigate rival products and contrast them with your own, duplicate formulations (including manufacturing instructions), compare various batches of the same product to find discrepancies, ascertain whether a product is infringing on an existing patent, or support legal actions involving defective products.

Rubber Testing & Analysis Laboratory

Maeon Lab scientists offer the analytical and testing services required to create a superior product, whether clients are developing a new product or assessing an existing one. Our labs can thoroughly reverse engineer a product's formula and manufacturing process using cutting-edge machinery and analytical techniques, allowing us to identify and quantify each component of a sample and determine how it was made. Rely on Element for quality assurance, product development, market research, failure analysis, and other tasks.

While many laboratories can recognise a sample's main constituents, Maeon labs use cutting-edge technology to identify even the smallest inclusions and their proportions. Additionally, Maeonlabs offers thorough reports and knowledgeable analysis of the results, enabling our clients to completely comprehend the data, make wise decisions, and solve problems to their satisfaction.

Maeon Labs specialises in providing customers with customised rubber and plastic material testing services. We have been able to investigate previously elusive mechanical properties of some of the most prevalent polymeric materials on earth thanks to our unmatched knowledge and technological breadth.