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Master the Abacus

Importance of Correct Fingers

An abacus is a mathematical tool that has been used for thousands of years to perform arithmetic calculations. It comprises a frame with beads moving along rods or wires to represent numbers. The abacus is a simple yet powerful tool helping with basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Correct fingers in the Efficient Calculation Process will help to master the abacus.

Master the Abacus: Finger Placement for Optimal Calculation Efficiency and Accuracy

When mastering the abacus, it is important to use the correct fingers to ensure optimal calculation efficiency and accuracy. The abacus has a specific layout that corresponds to the fingers on both hands. The right hand is used to manipulate the beads on the right side of the frame, while the left hand is used to manipulate the beads on the left side.

Correct Fingers in the Efficient Calculation Process for Mastering the Abacus

Using the thumb and index finger of the right hand to move the beads on the unit rod, representing the unit’s place. Using the middle finger and index finger of the left hand to move the beads on the tens rod, which represents the tens place.

Understanding the Abacus Layout and Finger Movements

Using the correct fingers is important because it allows for a more efficient and accurate calculation process. By using the designated fingers, the user can move the beads quickly and with greater precision, reducing the likelihood of errors in calculations. This will help to Master the Abacus

The Abacus for Hand-eye Coordination and Dexterity

Additionally, using the correct fingers can help to improve hand-eye coordination and dexterity. The repetitive movements required to use the abacus can strengthen the muscles in the fingers and hands, which can benefit other activities such as playing musical instruments or typing.

The Abacus is a Powerful tool for Efficient Calculations and Improved Motor Skills

In conclusion, using the correct fingers in an abacus is essential for optimal calculation efficiency and accuracy. By following the specific layout and using the designated fingers, users can perform arithmetic operations quickly and with greater precision. Abacus is a powerful technique that can provide numerous benefits for those who use it. This includes improved hand-eye coordination and dexterity.

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Gama Abacus provides the top quality online abacus training

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Gama Abacus Academy

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Gama Abacus provides top Abacus classes Thrissur.

Gama Abacus provides top Abacus classes Thrissur. Abacus is a calculation tool used by sliding counters along rods and grooves, used to perform mathematical functions. Study abacus to increase your child’s mathematical skills. We provide services for abacus training, abacus online classes, handwriting training, abacus teachers training, and franchise. 

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Calculus, India's gift to Europe

Dr C K Raju was a professor Mathematics and played a leading role in the C-DAC team which built Param: India’s first parallel supercomputer. His ten year research included archival work in Kerala and Rome and was published in a book called " The Cultural Foundations of Mathematics". He has been a Fellow for the Indian Institute of Advanced Study and is a Professor of Computer Applications. clash of clans hack .

“When the Europeans received the calculus that is indian they couldn’t understand it properly because the Indian philosophy of mathematics is different from the Western philosophy of mathematics. It took them about 300 years to comprehend its working fully. The calculus ended up being used by Newton to develop his laws of physics,” opines Dr Raju.

The Infinitesimal Calculus: How and just why it Was Imported into Europe

By Dr C.K. Raju

It is well known that the “Taylor-series” expansion, that is at the heart of calculus, existed in India in widely distributed mathematics astronomy that i / timekeeping (“jyotisa”) texts which preceded Newton and Leibniz by centuries.

Why were these texts imported into Europe? These texts, and also the accompanying precise sine values computed using the series expansions, were useful for the science that was at that time most critical to Europe: navigation. The ‘jyotisa’ texts were specifically needed by Europeans for the nagging issue of determining the three “ells”: latitude, loxodrome, and longitude.

How had been these Indian texts imported into Europe? Jesuit records show that they sought out these texts as inputs to the Gregorian calendar reform. This reform was needed to solve the ‘latitude problem’ of European navigation. The Jesuits were equipped with the knowledge of local languages as well as mathematics and astronomy that were required to understand these Indian texts.

The Jesuits also needed these texts to understand the local customs and how the dates of old-fashioned festivals were fixed by Indians utilizing the local calendar (“panchânga”). How the mathematics given in these indian texts that are ancient diffused into Europe (e.g. through clearing houses like Mersenne and the works of Cavalieri, Fermat, Pascal, Wallis, Gregory, etc.) is yet another story.

The calculus has played a role that is key the development of the sciences, starting from the “Newtonian Revolution”. In accordance with the “standard” tale, the calculus ended up being invented independently by Leibniz and Newton. This story of indigenous development, ab initio, is now beginning to totter, like the story associated with “Copernican Revolution”.

The world that is english-speaking known for over one and a half centuries that “Taylor series” expansions for sine, cosine and arctangent functions were found in Indian mathematics / astronomy / timekeeping (‘jyotisa’) texts, and specifically in the works of Madhava, Neelkantha, Jyeshtadeva, etc. No one else, however, has so far studied the connection of these Indian developments to mathematics that are european.

The connection is provided by the requirements of the European navigational problem, the foremost problem of the time in Europe. Columbus and Vasco da Gama used reckoning that is dead had been ignorant of celestial navigation. Navigation, however, was both strategically and economically the key to the prosperity of Europe of that time.

Accordingly, various European governments acknowledged their ignorance of navigation while announcing huge rewards to anyone who developed an appropriate technique of navigation. These rewards spread over time from the appointment of Nunes as Professor of Mathematics in 1529, to the government&rsquo that is spanish prize of 1567 through its revised prize of 1598, the Dutch prize of 1636, Mazarin’s prize to Morin of 1645, the French offer (through Colbert) of 1666, therefore the British prize legislated in 1711.

Many key scientists of the time (Huygens, Galileo, etc.) were involved in these efforts. The problem that is navigational the specific objective of the French Royal Academy, and an integral concern for starting the British Royal Society.

Prior to the clock technology of the 18th century, attempts to solve the European navigational problem in the 16th and 17th centuries focused on mathematics and astronomy. These were (correctly) believed to hold the key to celestial navigation. It was widely (and correctly) held by navigational theorists and mathematicians (age.g. by Stevin and Mersenne) that this knowledge was to be found in the ancient mathematical, astronomical and(jyotisa that is time-keeping texts of the East.

Though the longitude problem has recently been highlighted, it was preceded by the latitude problem and the nagging problem of loxodromes. The solution of the latitude problem required a reformed calendar. The European calendar was down by ten days. This led to inaccuracies that are largesignificantly more than 3 degrees) in calculating latitude from the measurement of solar altitude at noon using, for example, the method described in the Laghu Bhâskarîya of Bhaskara I.

However, reforming the European calendar required a change in the dates of the equinoxes and hence a change in the date of Easter. This was authorised by the Council of Trent in 1545. The rise was seen by this period of the Jesuits. Clavius studied in Coimbra under the mathematician, astronomer and navigational theorist Pedro Nunes. Clavius subsequently reformed the Jesuit mathematical syllabus at the Collegio Romano. He also headed the committee which authored the Gregorian Calendar Reform of 1582 and stayed in communication with his teacher Nunes during this period.

Jesuits such as Matteo Ricci whom taught in mathematics and astronomy under Clavius’ new syllabus were sent to India. In a 1581 page, Ricci explicitly acknowledged he was trying to understand the neighborhood methods of time-keeping (‘jyotisa’) from the Brahmins and Moors in the vicinity of Cochin.

Cochin was then the key centre for mathematics and astronomy considering that the Vijaynagar Empire had protected it from the continuous onslaughts of Islamic raiders from the north. Language ended up being not a problem for the Jesuits since they had established a substantial presence in India. A college was had by them in Cochin and had even established printing presses in local languages like Malayalam and Tamil by the 1570’s.

In addition to the latitude problem (that was settled by the Gregorian Calendar Reform), there remained the relevant question of loxodromes. These were the focus of efforts of navigational theorists like Nunes and Mercator.

The problem of calculating loxodromes is exactly the problem of the theorem that is fundamental of. Loxodromes were calculated using sine tables. Nunes, Stevin, Clavius, etc. were greatly concerned with accurate sine values for this purpose, and each of them published sine that is lengthy. Madhava’s sine tables, utilizing the series expansion of the sine function, were then the absolute most way that is accurate calculate sine values.

Madhava's sine series

sin x = x - x^3/3! + x^5/5! - x^7/7!+......

The Europeans encountered difficulties in using these precise sine values for determining longitude, as in the Indo-Arabic navigational techniques or in the Laghu Bhâskarîya. This is because this technique of longitude determination also required an accurate estimate of the size of the earth. Columbus had underestimated the size of the earth to facilitate funding for his project of sailing to the West. His incorrect estimate ended up being corrected in Europe just towards the end of the century that is 17th.

However, the Indo-Arabic technique that is navigational calculations while the Europeans lacked the ability to calculate. This is because algorismus texts had only recently triumphed over abacus texts and the European tradition of mathematics was “spiritual” and “formal” rather than practical, as Clavius had acknowledged in the 16th century and as Swift (of ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ fame) had satirized in the 17th century. This led to the growth of the chronometer, an appliance that may be mechanically used with no application of the head.