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car insurance quotes nashville tn

"car insurance quotes nashville tn

car insurance quotes nashville tn

BEST ANSWER: Try this site where you can compare quotes: : http://salecarinsurance.xyz/index.html?src=tumblr

RELATED QUESTIONS:

I just got into a car accident Please HELP insurance rate?

It's my fault. I rear ended him. My car is old and probably not worth repairing, smashed radiator, bumper, lights. The damage to my car is awful but his was very light, just his rear bumper yet an onlooker said bumpers cost a lot, maybe $800. Should I get my insurance company involved or pay this huge (for me) amount via a check to him directly? I've been a driver for two years only and I'm 30yrs old. If I reported it to my insurance company how much would my insurance go up? Let's pretend my insurance is a nice round number of $100 a month.How much would it affect my rate? Also what are deductables??? Please write an answer instead of sending me to some advertisement type link. Please help!""

""Quick question on car insurance, thanks for answers?""

I am getting my second car insurance, i live in leeds however my parents live in northumberland, would it be legal to put my car insurance ADDRESS as northumberland (half the price). I would still be named driver, and i have all bank details and permenant things such as phone contracts registered to northumberland as i move each year i class it as my permanent address. So i could say the car is kept there but i use it sometimes, as in northumberland is also classed as my address, and i am there quite a lot anyway. Cheers for advice, and if it is legal or questionable, would it still be acceptable if even frowned upon, cheers!""

Is Geico a good choice for car insurance?

Recently i have been looking to switch car insurance in order to find a better rate for not only me, but my teenage son and daughter. Currently i am paying $80 a month from a local insurance company just for myself, but after looking online i received a quote from geico claiming that insurance for my son, my daughter and myself amounted to a mere $88. Could a Geico or former Geico customer help me out here? What would you say the average rates are for you currently or formally?""

Motorcycle insurance for a 17 year old?

i Live in Texas and I'm gonna get a yamaha and it's a cruiser and has a 942cc engine, would my insurance be crazy exspensive or reasonable?""

Do you need motorcycle insurance in florida?

i plan on moving to florida really soon, i am from n.j. and i heard i wouldnt need insurance, is that true? are there any circumstances where i would need to get insurance?""

What would be a good price quote for motorcycle insurance SR-22?

I baught a motorcycle about a month ago and got it running last weekend. I only paid $400 for it. I need SR-22 insurance to get my license back and was wondering what is fair to pay for such insurance on a motorcycle worth no more than $400.

I'm looking for low cost health insurance in california?

Car insurance price?

Does car insurance price depend on the safety of the car? Like a car that has 5 star crash test rating, does that mean the premium will be lower than a car has 3 star rating? Thanks.""

What if i don't have car insurance and i don't drive the car?

i wanna buy a car but not drive it for a while but i can't afford car insurance....can i not register until i am ready to drive it is that legal?????

Where can i get cheap insurance?

low rates? ???

Does anyone know a carr insurance company that quotes and lets you print certificate?

i need a car insurance certificate for wed and my own insurance cant post one in time. does anyone know a web site that quotes and then lets you buy and print off a certificate? not swift cover as they wont insure my car as im only 24! thanks!!

Will this up my car insurance?

If I buy a normal Volkswagen MKV Golf, and get a new bumper fitted and put some black alloys on it, will it up the insurance by much? I'm not trying to 'chav' it up, I simply want more of an R32/Jetta bumper and grille. I also want to have the interior retrimmed in white leather, how much would this up the insurance by? Thank you :)""

""Buying a car with rebuild, or salvage title?""

I live in Texas, what is the policies/laws for buying a Salvage title or rebuild title car? What exactly is a Salvage title, and am i allow to have it insure by insurance company? ...show more""

Can we get a tax break because our insurance is so costly?

My husband only takes home about $2400 per month (after health insurance is deducted from his check) and $300 in savings from a shared family income property. Our health insurance is almost $800 per month for us and our 2 children- a toddler and an infant. We are barely getting by. We pay $1700 in rent and utilities plus our other regular bills such as food, fuel and phone bills. I just started an evening job 3 nights per week making minimum wage to help, but is there any way we can get some of the health insurance cos ts back? I know Obama Care is available, but is there any other program or tax credit we could apply for while still keeping our health plan? I have a preexisting condition FTR.""

""Car shopping, when do I get the insurance?""

Im looking for cars, and I currently dont have full coverage, which I will need once I get a car I have to finance. Since I dont know if Im going to get the car Im going to look at I'm obviously not going to get the insurance for it before I leave my house! My bf said to call an insurance company and give them the info and get a quote, then if I get the car I can call the insurance co from the dealership and complete it. But I may look at several cars, so I dont know how this works. I thought it would be best to buy the car, go home and take car of the insurance thing and just go pick up the car the next day. Is that nuts?""

UK - Insurance for Teenagers?

Hello, Does anyone know where newly qualified drivers can take advantage of low insurance prices. I have tried a few of the price comparison sites, but find that the price of the insurance cover is more than the car. If I purchased a car for about 800, how much should the insurance be. What is the cheapest way of buying it. Is it better to Telephone a local Broker ? Or online.""

Do car insurance rates go down in the time you have you license even if you don't have car insurance?

I am going to be a new driver and I am wondering if I just drive my girlfriends car without getting my own insurance if when I drive and get insurance for myself in a couple of years if my rates will be lower. Thank you all for any help.

Which company has the best renters insurance in terms of service and price?

I'm looking for a renters insurance company that is not expensive and has knowledgeable and cordial employees. Is not eager to deny claims and has an extensive policy. If you found one that covers breakage of your belongings due to accident or use by you, let me know. I'm not so sure if those types of policies exist.""

Is Obamacare really the first mandatory insurance?

Isn't Social Security a mandatory fee/tax/insurance on all working people? Isn't unemployment insurance a mandatory insurance unless you are an independent contractor? Isn't car insurance a mandatory insurance for any driving person?

How to get car insurance cheaper for new drivers?

Are Virginia car insurance rates cheaper than Maryland's?

I live in the DC area and I'm trying to figure out the pros and cons of living in the Virginia or Maryland suburbs. I heard a rumor that if I move to Maryland, my insurance company will jack up the rates. Does that sound right? Why would the rates be higher just because I cross the state line?""

What is the cheapest motorhome insurance to purchase online?

I just bought an older 26 ft. class c motorhome and need to get insurance just to put a plate on it so the city ordinance officer cant screw with me because it is parked in my driveway.I live in Michigan.I wont be using this until fall and dont want to insure this yet through my regular insurance carrier.Does anyone know of a online insurance company thats fairly cheap?

Insurance cost for new biker?

Hi I would like to ask people in my group of age (24 yrs old) how much would I have to pay for insurance, just passed my CBT and I'm looking for 125cc Cruiser, didn't find anything yet, but I'm trying to calculate the costs. I've checked few insurance sites and made quotes, but still confused.""

""Car stolen, insurance paid out, car recovered.. What happens next?""

My friend had his car stolen two years ago, and so he claimed on his insurance. After paying his excess, he received payment from his insurance company. Last week, his car was recovered. What happens with the car now? Will the insurance company keep it/sell it to cover what they paid out? Will it be returned to him?""

How much can i afford for a car including full insurance on it..?

I'm 20 almost 21 never needed a car, so never had my drivers license. until i joined the air force. I make 1100 a pay check.. 400 dollars are taken out each paycheck for rent and bills.. so that leaves1400 dollars a month to spend.. 300 on food a month so 1100 dollars to spend on financing a car and the insurance for it.. what im getting at is i know nothing about cars and i want some advice on what amount should i be looking for when i look at cars...what can i afford and how much will the estimated insurance be?? thanks to all who answer this... sorry grammer is bad, on my mobile device""

car insurance quotes nashville tn

I need car insurance in broomfield co?

I have one speeding ticket and i'm 19 years old where can i go to get car insurance cheap i get min wage. and i need full coverage and if you know what full coverage consists of please let me know i have a 2003 dogde neon se

Do I have to use my insurance check to fix my car?

someone hit my car and I received a payment from their insurance. Do I have to get my car fixed or not. It's not major damage it's just a broken light and some scratches and they wanted to charge me like a thousand.

When will I be fined if I don't get health insurance (Obamacare)?

Hello, Not that I'm planning on not getting health insurance but I was just wondering--- Enrollment begins Tuesday (at least here in California). I know that there is a fine for not signing up ($95 or 1% of income, whichever is higher from what I have read) However..I cannot find one answer on WHEN you will be fined if you don't sign up. Will it be during this upcoming tax season? Or next year for 2014 taxes? I'm just wondering because I start full time school and will be cutting to about 20 hours a week at my job (as opposed to full-time status that I work now) I do not currently have insurance because my job does not offer it and I do not qualify for Medicaid (because somehow I make too much money even though I can barely afford to pay my bills...) So I plan on signing up for Blue Shield or something of that nature once I cut my hours because it will be much cheaper than if I sign up now. Thanks! Any feedback regarding this would be great but my main concern is being fined. Please let me know when that fine will come into play.""

Going on my grandmothers car mobility insurance?

Hello, I'm 17 soon, male and living in the United Kingdom. If I was to buy a car and take out insurance, the prices would go through the roof and we don't have that much of a budget to spend. However, my grandmother is disabled and her husband drives a car. So, we concluded that it would be best for me to go on my grandfathers insurance to keep the insurance bill down? Is this a good idea? What are the downsides of this? However, my mother was talking to her friends in work and they said if my grandmothers cars is a Mobility Car I can go on their insurance for free? Is this correct? What is my best option here? My mother nor my father drive and the only person in my family can drive is my grandfather and he hasn't claimed on his insurance for over 20 years. How much would it cost me if I was to go on my grandfathers insurance (Say if he never had a mobility car) and would it be free if he did? Thanks in advance.""

Will my insurance increase of I get a body kit.? ?

Im planning on getting a 1.4 pug 106 and I was going to get a DIMMA kit for it and 205 gti alloys. Will my insurance go up..?

Most Reliable and Affordable Car Built Between 1995-2001 ?

Mercedes c-class ?

Children's health insurance?

Just had custody of 15 and 18 year old changed from me to their Dad . All their lives I've been responsible for their insurance . As far as CHIPS goes in Texas . Since kiddos now live with their Dad . I can no longer get them enrolled . And our custody papers say I am to keep insurance on them till they are no longer eligible . Well , they are no longer eligible . Through the guide lines of CHIPS here in Texas . I even have the paper they sent to me . I can't get insurance on them . What am I to do now . Or is it up to my ex to go and enroll them ? I am a stay at home Mom who babysits . So I do not have access to private insurance .""

Can i sue an at fault driver even if i dont have car insurance?

I was in an accident today and my car was totalled. I was not at fault in any way, however since Michigan is no fault state the at fault driver does not have to pay for my damages. I do not have insurance but I would like to sue her for minor injurion and damages to my vehicle since now i have no way to and from school or work. Can I sue her even though I dont have car insurance? 4 minutes ago - 4 days left to answer.""

Does anyone know where 2 get cheap car insurance for high perforfomance cars .....n.ireland?

Why do hundreds of thousands die every year WITH health insurance?

Should we ban it? Isn't this the same argument as Dems use when they say 45,000 die with no health insurance? It's not because. In fact, there was a study done. Here are the results: The possibility that no one risks death by going without health insurance may be startling, but some research supports it. Richard Kronick of the University of California at San Diegos Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, an adviser to the Clinton administration, recently published the results of what may be the largest and most comprehensive analysis yet done of the effect of insurance on mortality. He used a sample of more than 600,000, and controlled not only for the standard factors, but for how long the subjects went without insurance, whether their disease was particularly amenable to early intervention, and even whether they lived in a mobile home. In test after test, he found no significantly elevated risk of death among the uninsured. See that? No elevated risk of death among the uninsured? Do some of you get that you're being played yet? I'd love to see reform, but should we concentrate on the common sense Republican solutions to bring down costs?""

I trying to find a cheap car insurance for teenagers?

she already have tickets in her name . i trying to find someone who can make a deal with us.

About how much would it be for car insurance for a 18 year old girl?

female no accidents new driver in school working

Insurance on a ford flex?

I am 16 years old..and I am looking into getting a 2014 ford flex! How much would the insurance be?!

Car insurance in America for non citizens on holiday?

I have a few questions about car insurance in America for non citizens. I am going to the USA this summer and will be driving alot.I have car insurance on my own car and have a full license and an international driving permit.Do i have to get insurance on the car in america or will my own insurance in ireland cover it or will i have to start another policy with an american company?Will this cost alot?My insurance here is not expensive and ive never been in an accident or made any claims.Is it possible to be put on my friends insurance as a driver and if so how much would this be cheaper then buying my own insurance?Any information would be great, i am very confused on the matter.""

Car insurance help please ?

Basically i have bought a car and i need to insure it as my dad as the main driver as he has 20+ years of no claim bonuses and it bring the insurance price down to a manageable payment for me.the problem is that its not with the same company that my dad is currently with and he doesn't have any recent renewal quotes so i don't have proof of his no claims bonus.how can i get proof and will i need the proof before i try to get the insurance ? im 18 and a first driver so i really need my dads ncb to be able to afford insurance

Car trade in value change after accident?

Can somebody generally tell me that how much car trade in value decreased after a accident (2003 Jeep Liberty Limited, good mileages, the car is repairable)? and how to negotiate with Insurance on this?""

Which auto cost more for auto insurance sienna or rava 4?

""Hit a mailbox, will cost $2,500 to fix, how much will my insurance go up?""

The other night i crashed into a mailbox. It was completely my fault and it will cost $2,500 to fix it. I was wondering how much my insurance premium will go up per year about? I am 20 years old and have gotten 1 ticket before.""

""10 points! I'm 17, moved out, car insurance?""

Ok, so in 7 months i am moving out of my moms house and in with my boyfriends family for a year or two. ( My mom is aware of all of this btw) Anyways, allstate is throwing me off my moms car insurance due to the fact she will live in a seperate state and away from me. The time i move and the time i turn 18 is a two month difference. I move in june my bday is in august. It's nearly impossible for me to find insurance qoutes because im not 18! I do't want to get emancipated it seems like a waste for 2 months difference, but if i do can i get insurance on my own? i will be sharing this car with another driver older the age of 18 but still cosidered a young driver. What are my options? I have to drive to get to work!""

""As a 16 year old male, how much will I pay for auto insurance?""

I am a 16 year old male (and I already know what statistics show, unfortunately), soon to be 17 years old in October. I will be paying auto insurance pretty soon and I am trying to get an estimate of how much I will be paying monthly/yearly. I obtain a 3.5 GPA and reside in Dayton, Ohio. My mother will be adding me to her insurance plan and I drive a 1999 Chevy Camaro (this is the car that will be insured, and thankfully it does not have a Z28 engine). I'm not sure whether or not the insurance agency will consider this a sports car either, so I'm pretty nervous! Please help me! Thank you!""

Will medical insurance l be Mandatory in usa?

will medical insurance l be Mandatory in usa ?

Why is the US government forcing health insurance on me?

My hate for the US government is growing by the day.

How much would the nissan altima coupe's insurance cost per year?

Prescott Valley, AZ""

Is it true you get a car insurance break when you turn 25 years old?

I haven't seen anything official, and I suppose I can ask my agent. But I was curious if anybody else has received any sort of rate change when they turned 25. Does it depend on the insurance company?""

""How could i get affordable car insurance with in10, 8 points, 3 Children :'(?""

So i passed at 17, Iam 21 now, at the age of 19 i got my licence taken off me for driving without insurance (my fault thought i was insured third party on my dads car with his permission) With 8 points and a fine included. Since 19 ive been taking buses and sick of it missing lessons etc because i commute to Uni. 2 years later ive had enough and passed my test. How on earth do i get insured at 21 with 8 points in Bradford? Surely someone must be in the same boat and have some advice ? I have a car and 3 children and they are nearly all starting school i really need to be driving them there. I want to do the right thing and be fully insured its bin 3 years since i had the in10 cant they not be so harsh as its been so long now. Ive matured and am the calmest driver ive ever been. Thankyou to anyone who helps !""

car insurance quotes nashville tn

Short term or long term disability insurance?

Which company offers the best short term or long term disability insurance? (price and coverage) I recently found out that I might get blind in future and need to have some income to support my family when I loose the job. I am having trouble understanding the system but would be great if anyone could help me out. I don't even know if these insurance thing can pay me with being blind. Thanks.

How old do you have to be to start driving lessons?

How much should I expect to pay per month for auto insurance?

21 year old male with a new 2012 Jeep Grand Cherokee. I have been involved in one minor accident (my fault) and have one traffic ticket.

Do trucks have high insurance?

As a ''rule'' are trucks high or lower side of insurance? BTW, I am looking at older trucks, 1994-1999 4x4's Thanks everyone. Please now Yes sort of maybe. Just a simple straight forward answer with facts to back up up! :)""

What insurance companies are reliable for expats?

I am looking for some more information on insurance companies that provide services for expats? I am a Dutch national, without a fixed 'home' address, and therefore not entitled to the health and liability insurance that is offered by companies in my home country. As I do like to play it by the rules, I was wondering if anyone knows or has experience with reliable and affordable international insurance firms that provide services such as travel-, health- and liability insurance for expats. Thanx for your suggestions!""

How much do you pay for your car insurance?

Just wondering - how much do you pay for car insurance, how old are you, and what year/model of car do you have?""

What the hell is wrong with my insurance quote?? Help please?

Hi, I've just been to confused.com and obtained a quote for the car I want - FORD MONDEO VERONA 16V 1997-2000 1796cc 5 DOOR HATCHBACK Manual Petrol - this 2nd hand car has done around 12,0000 mileage My cheapest premium was 4329?? Why on earth is it so expensive?? Is it the fact that I'm a 20 year old male? Or that I've just had my licence for a month? Or I've only lived in the UK for 3 years? Engine size?? State of car??? Please let me know than you""

Tips for cheap car insurance?

Well, I just got my MOT back and it is alot of money, I was MOt'ing to sell because i couldnt afford the insurance. The MOT is going to cost me Half of what tjhe car is worth. So I am going to keep the car MOT it and use it. SAo is there any good tips to get cheaper insurance. I'm male 17 and recently passed (considering pass plus).""

Can I insure my car in California if it is registered in Oklahoma?

I currently have insurance in Oklahoma. My permanent address is in Oklahoma but I am stationed in California and California doesn't require military personnel to register their vehicles there.

Which car = Cheap insurance for young female driver?

I'm female, 20 and live in England. I've been on moneysupermarket, comparethemarket and confused.com but all I seem to get is quotes over 4,000 on car insurance for a KA 1.2!! I haven't bought the car yet, as I think it's wise to check out insurance quotes. I'm not really bothered about the car, aslong as it runs fine.. So which car is best to get insured when your a 20 year old female, newly qualified driver?? thanks p.s. other notes if you need them: I will be driving roughly 5,000 - 6,000 miles a year. The car will be parked on a public road or public car park. I don't really want to spend more than 1,000 on my first car. Only using for social/pleasure""

How much is insurance for starting a cleaning service in California?

Can I buy medical insurance online or something right before I go to the hospital ?

Am allowed to do that or is there some kind of waiting period you have do ? also if you don't have to wait and can go immediately are there any really good low cost medical insurance plans for Northern California.

Is minimum coverage car insurance the same as an SR22?

In Tennessee, is minimum coverage car insurance the same as an SR22? I already have minimum coverage but am now required to get an SR22. Is this something that needs to be added on or will minimum coverage suffice? Thanks.""

Pre-Existing Conditions health insurance...?

I've had epilepsy since I was 5 years old, I'm now 24. I came across a comment on a website a few minutes ago about there being some kind of federal law where it's ILLEGAL to deny someone coverage because they may be in poor health, overweight, etc... aka having a pre-existing condition . If this is true about there being a law AGAINST it, why are SO MANY health insurance companies allowed to deny people w/ pre-existing conditions right off the bat? There are THOUSAND upon thousands, if not MILLIONS, of people in the U.S that have some kind of pre-existing condition, whether minor or major. So wouldn't that mean that there are THOUSANDS of insurance companies that are running their business illegally & breaking the law? I mean, breaking a state law is one thing, but a FEDERAL law is a pretty big deal!! Washington makes such a big deal about how so many people in our country don't have health insurance & they say it's because people can't afford it . But I think the REAL reason is that because MOST of those people have a pre-existing condition & they're getting thrown to the curb because of it... Comments on this???""

Insurance companies messed up!?!?

Over three years ago, a pick-up truck crushed the entire back-side of my van. Of course, it wasn't my fault and I took care of the situation by calling the truck driver's insurance company. However, when I was going through my auto insurance profile, I saw something weird, a driving history stating that I was at-fault for that accident three years ago. It's very weird because I claimed an accident not on my insurance company, but the truck driver's. What can I do to fix this? Was I paying more premium because of this mistake? Thank you""

Can you exchange a motorcyle if the insurance ends up being higher than what was quoted at the dealer?

i called progressive, geico, esurance, and allstate and they all gave me a quote of over 2400.00 but the dealer quoted me 900.00.""

How do I get health insurance?

I am a heart transplant patient without health insurance and am on disability for 8 months. I am not able to recieve coverage from anyone and have large medical and prescription costs.

Should i get insurance for my first car? Where can i get CHEAP car insurance? I live in Aus.?

Should i get insurance for my first car? Where can i get CHEAP car insurance? I live in Aus. I am looking at buying a s13 non turbo at 11k. when i looked for a quote the minimum was like 5k which i do not have the money seeing as i am going to have to get a loan for my car.

Help! which is cheaper of 2 cars on insurance?

which has cheaper insurance? 1. Mazda 3 touring hatchback 2009 (median level trim and automatic) 2. Volvo C30 T5 hatchback (base trim and automatic) ??? which one??? cuz my dad is worrying about the insurance for me. im 19 and going be 20 soon!

What's an affordable car insurance for new teen driver?

I'm 16, i live in the bay area and today i just got my drivers license. So with that being said i need to figure out what kind of car insurance i can get that is affordable because i know all insurance for young new drivers is very expensive, So can you give me any names that i can look up please? Also i've been driving my families 2004 Chevy Cavalier Ls to get me started but it's kind of small for me and can anyone give me any good brand names for cars that have great safety to it? I love the toyota camry's and solalra's are those good cars to get? Thank you if you can help me :) ~Robert""

""If i have full coverage for car insurance that covers theft, how much should i get?""

esurance if it helps, do i get what i paid for the car when it was new or the bluebook value""

Pregnant and no health insurance - Maine?

I am canadian who just got a visa to move to maine to live with my US husband - I still work in Canada and cross daily. 3 nights ago I found out I was pregnant. I called my blue cross to see what it covered in the USA and when I told them I moved from NB they promptly cancelled my insurance. My husband doenst have insurance and because of my salary in Canada we dont quality for medicaid or mainecare. so no insurance, no mainecare and no money...... I also cannot have the baby in Canada now as they cancelled my medicare when I moved...... so this is worst situation I have ever been in...... I have wanted to be a mother for years but I cannot afford 15000 to have a baby ...... I am honestly contemplating an abortion.....""

Any estimations on how much my car insurance will be? Uk.?

Im 17 in november, in gonna start to drive but i was wondering if anyone iceby ideas on how much my car insurance would be based on what i tell you. I live in the uk. I cant go on my parents insurance because they dont drive. In gonna get a 1.4 or 1.6 engine car. An thats all i can tell you, can anyone please have a rough estimation on prices?""

Can you place insurance on a car that is not in your nam?

I drive a car that is in my aunt's name. She told me that I need to get my own insurance on the car, so that she can take it off of her policy. However I am not sure if I can place insurance on a car if my name is not on the title.""

Health ins. companies can't deny people for pre-existing conditions. Should the same be true of car insurance?

I ask because my car has some pre-existing problems: 1. The brake pedal only works about 1/3 of the time 2. The engine is currently on fire How can these greedy car insurance companies declare that my car is unsafe to drive?

car insurance quotes nashville tn

""I knocked over a stop sign with someone else's car, whose insurance company do I use?""

Nothing happened to the car, I just need to pay for the stop sign. (I still don't understand why they can't just stick the sign back in. Nothing happened to it.) Anyway, I'm wondering if I should call my insurance company, or the person's insurance company. The police took the insurance # of the car's owner, but to file a report, do I call my company or his? (We both have the same company, USAA, but I don't know what policy # to use.)""

Where is the best place for cheap car insurance for my 17 year old son?

Help!! My son has passed his driving test aged 17 but the insurance we've been looking at astronomical!! Can anyone advise me on any good deals :)

Anyone have an idea about Car Insurance Rates?

Anyone have an idea of car insurance rates in Texas on a camaro for a 16 year old female beginner driver??

Is AETNA a good health insurance to get?

my benefits package came from work, it offers medical from Aetna is that a good health insurance provider? What about Guardian Plan ppo for Dental??""

How much car insurance ?

Hi, i am a 17 year old. i am wondering how much could i realistically expect to pay for insurance on a Infiniti G35.. i understand it will be high.. but i will have a job , so im trying to play with the numbers to see if i can handle it. how much would it be a month? i understand the affects i have on it. 17 sports car foriegn car Male but i have a 3.0 gpa took drivers education. apparently these raise and the others deduct. how much could i realistically expect to pay a month.""

Insurance when buying 1st car?

How do i go about buying a car (private or dealer) without insurance to test drive it 1st, as i'll only get insurance once i know what car i will have (i live in the UK).""

Why is my car insurance so high?! Im 18 yr old female...! :(?

no accidenets, good student, 2003 jetta GLS 1.8 Turbo...10/20 bodily injury...compr and coll both $500 deductible.... I'm paying about 284 right now and its ridiculous :(""

""Which is better, Term Insurance or Whole Life Insurance?""

Say you're newly married and the wife is pregnant. You have just bought a home and have a large mortgage. Which kind of insurance is best for a family, Term Insurance or Whole Life Insurance?""

How much does it cost to insure a scooter??

I am considering buying a scooter (125cc) to commute to and from work. I am 29 and live in Tottenham, North London. How much approximately would I expect to pay in insurance - I plan to pay about 1000 for a bike.""

Is car insurance cheaper for a 2 seat car?

I heard a 2 seater car has cheaper insurance. Does anyone know how true this is?

Does a car insurance company need to know the state in which the car will be used?

I am buying car insurance for a 21 year old child who will attend graduate school out of state. Primary address will still be with me. Car will be in my name; child/student will be listed as primary driver. Child/student will live in an apartment while at graduate school. Does the insurance company need to know in what state the student will be?

Why are rich people so upset that poor people and youngters can now get affordable 'health care'?

here in mississippi for our age group it's like only $500 a month. No wonder they need to raise the minimum wage.

Cost of car insurance?

I am a 17 year old female. No crashes, good driver. I just got enough money to buy a car, and need to pay for the insurance. I Dont know how much money that would cost. I hear its diffrent everywhere, but what is the adverage for minnesota would you say? I'd appreciate it! thanks :)""

How much is your auto insurance?

Im trying to get n average estimate of auto insurance since i will be driving soon. I know its diffrent from your insurance company but if you live north carolina and your a teenager with a used car what would it most likely be?

What's the average price for moped insurance for ages 18-25?

How much can I expect to pay per month for insurance for a 125cc moped? I'm just looking for a ball park range.

Born abroad car insurance premiums higher?

I have been gathering quotes for car insurance online on confused and was delighted to see the price down at 615 for once as I have been getting car insurance every year since the age 18 and it has always been over 1000. However, just having a quick check over my details to make sure everything I had entered was correct and then I noticed I had ticked the resident from birth box. I was born in Spain as my mother went over there to work and then had me. I was born in 87 and she took me back home in 88 or 89 roughly. (She is a full British citizen born and raised in UK). As I have no contact with my father and I don't even remember being in Spain or nor can I even speak the language well, I feel fully British and also am regarded as a British citizen. My mum also registered me at a british consulate in april 88, just 6 months after I was born. So I put on the form that I became a resident in 1988. I then calculate the prices again and the insurance quotes shoot up with 955 being the cheapest and the rest going up to 1000. I then think back to all the years I have been paying the insurance and building up my no claims and being the perfect driver with no claims despite having to pay the shocking premiums that young people have to pay and this makes me absolutely livid that my insurance goes up by 340 to 400 based on the fact that I was born in Spain and spent 1 year of my life there and the rest of the 23 years as British Citizen raised here. I am just wondering if I could get away with just going ahead and saying that I was a resident from Birth as I have a baby on the way and really wish that my premiums were a reasonable ammount for once or I should go through it and just demand that they bring the premiums down to the 615 like originally quoted! It just makes me really annoyed that they can get away with this kind of stuff and I really don't like the fact that I am having to pay higher premiums just for the sake of it. Any advice on this?""

What is the cheapest in car insurance to got with in europe?

Me and a friend have just got to the uk and plan on going traveling thru Europe in it Who is the cheapest company to go thru ?

List of life and health insurance companies with medical exam?

Approximately how much is Home Owners Insurance?

I'm sure it varies by location and value of the house, but approximately how much is homeowners insurance?""

Car Insurance for a Month?

I am going to be at law school and only need car insurance from Mid December until Mid January. Is there a special type of insurance I can get so I don't have to pay year round? The cars will still be covered by my parents the rest of the year.

For Lexus owners: Is it expensive to maintain a Lexus?

Don't bother with saying, If you are thinking about buying a Lexus, you should be able to maintain it. If not, shop for something else. I love the Lexus IS design, both outside and inside. And I'd love to get myself one of these beautiful cars. However, before I take one of these cars in my driveway, I want to make certain I am not making a mistake. These are the questions I want you to answer: 1. I heard the price for one tire is $300... Is this true? If no, how much does one of these tires cost? 2. I heard the price for oil change is $110. If this is not true, how much does it cost you for oil change? 3. I heard if either the front bumper or rear bumper needs replacement, the cost would be $5000. If this is not true, how much do you think a bumper replacement should cost? 4. Although the amount you pay for car insurance is based on your driving history, I heard that the quality of a car does play a major role. I am 27. So, in your opinion, how much do you think I will pay for car insurance for the 06 Lexus IS 250? My driving history has a clean record. I have yet to receive a ticket. 5. What other things I need to know about owning one of these cars? Please answer my question.""

Driving parent's car without insurance?

*I'm 16 with a license *My mom has insurance under Liberty Mutual *I am not on her insurance but the car is insured *I live in Georgia (GA has weird laws so any laws specific to GA would be great)

Affordable liabilty insurance?

Medical insurance help!!!!!?

Ok so I'm 20 and my insurance is or was IEHP. I am married now and I want to know if this still covers me. I want to go to the clinic and get checked up and get birthcontrol but I'm not sure if its going to cover me. My husband does not have medical insurance either. Can anyone please help!?? :(

""In the state of Texas,Do you have to have auto insurance?""

If you are in a car wreck which the other person is at fault,Can you still file a cliam on their insurance company and have phisical therapy paid and can paid for the damage for the car and get paid for pain and suffering? Even if the insurance was off for less than 24 hours""

car insurance quotes nashville tn

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/do-you-have-provide-your-driving-history-before-quote-ethan-cervantes/"

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all affordable insurance san angelo

"all affordable insurance san angelo

all affordable insurance san angelo

BEST ANSWER: Try this site where you can compare quotes: : http://howmuchisinsurance.xyz/index.html?src=tumblr

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I knocked someones car but he claimed for a lot more and now my insurance has gone from 400 to 900 - help!!?

Back in June I knocked into a stationary vehicle in a car park. I waited for the guy to come back and apologised straight away. (when its your fault in life own up) He was initially annoyed (fair enough) but went on to tell me that someone else had knocked into his car recently and caused 600 worth of damage (the other driver had sped off and hed already had a quote for the work). I cant remember the exact wording of the next bit - but it was understood that I would pay whatever it cost on top of that to fix the area (bumper / side corner area) We exchanged details. I told my insurance company what had happened and the previous damage. There were also photos taken at the time that I forwarded on (not sure if they were actually any help) Next I hear his insurance company has approached mine with a bill for 700. The total amount for fixing his car. I brought up the matter of the previous damage - couple of conversations between insurance companies - his asking him directly if there was any previous damage and him saying no. I told my insurance company that there was a friend with me (we were walking our dogs in the park) who had heard the whole conversation - in fact she was the one that took the pictures. She is a responsible, respectable person who was happy to make a statement. I was told by the insurance company that as it was someone who knew me - they couldnt be seen as an impartial person and they ended up paying the whole amount to his insurance company. I have just received my new insurance quote. Last year it was 437 and now that I have lost my 3 years no claims bonus (I have been driving for much longer but have only owned a small van for 3 years (practicality for my dogs muddy feet) and insurance starts again for vans) but I also have this 700 fault against my name this year. My insurance quote is now 960. Is there anything I can do. Does anyone have advice for any further action I can take? I believe in taking responsibility for your actions - but I am being cheated here out of a lot of money and I dont know what to do. If 100 was down to me then I could have just paid that amount directly and not lost my no claims bonus. But as it stands it will cost me around 500 this year and more again on the consequent years of insurance. Sorry for this being a long one but I really am lost. My insurance is due on 7th Jan.""

How much would car insurance be for me?

I am 18 and I am just now getting my license and a couple weeks later my car. I am not sure if I am going to be under my mother's insurance or get my own, whichever is cheaper. I am not a full time student in college, but I do take a couple classes with a GPA of 4.0 and in high school I had very good grades too. I am female. I have been driving for 2 years, just couldn't get my license until now. How much would insurance be for me car wise? ( I am not sure WHAT kind of car I am getting, just something small with really good gas mileage. I am putting a down payment of $2500 on it and the price of the car will range $4000-$6000)""

How does health insurance work - when insurance premium can generally increase?

If family of two have health insurance, and one of them decide to use it for couple medical procedures will insurance policy premium go up? Please advice. Thanks.""

Why are liberals comparing health insurance with car insurance?

When has the government forced people to drive or buy cars? The best way to avoid car insurance is by not owning a car, but with Obamacare if I refuse his wonderful medical care I get fined. I don't understand liberals, first they complain about the big bad pharmaceutical companies, but now they are cheering a law that forces people to buy insurance from those same companies. What if the companies can't afford to give everyones insurance? will Obama bail the out with borrowed money...again?""

How much would the car insurance be if i get a first car for 20k? UK?

Does a rear view camera affect car insurance rates?

Will installing a rear view camera on my car affect my insurance rates? The reason I ask is because late last year the news media began reporting the fact that the federal government is considering mandating rear view cameras on every new vehicle sold the United States.

On average how much does it cost a year to drive for a 20yr old in UK?

I'm planning to start driving (im already learning)but I have big plans I want to carry out and been told I won't e able to if I start driving I spend about 120 a month on bus fair already but how much would driving cost? Would it make any difference on insurance if I waited till I was 21?

Can i have insurance in virginia and register my car in nyc?

im getting my car insurance in virginia and i was wondering since my car is in New York may i be able to register the car in new york city?

Can your auto insurance company raise your rate without notifying you?

hello, I just started a auto insurance policy with Infinity insurance. the agreed monthly payment was $403 and that is what my first bill was. this month I noticed that they billed my checking account $563. I did call them and they said the price went up because they made an error with the policy. so what I want to know is it legal for a car insurance company to raise your rate and bill and charge your account without letting you know before hand? also what can I legally do? it really does not seem legal...if I would have been notified I most certainly would have canceled my policy. thanks""

How to find out how much gas i need for a Mercedes Benz c300?

Ok so i'm suppose to do a career project and pick a job and where i'm going to live,health insurance etc.For my project i picked a Mercedes Benz c300 for my vehicle.For gasoline choice i picked shells and it cost 2.909 per gallon.How do i find out the average cost for a week and/or month?First resonable answer get best answer..i really need this so please help me!Thank you! :)""

How much is your car insurance?

I don't want to sound personal but I am wondering what everyone pays in car insurance. I happen to live in Michigan which has the highest car insurances rates in the country. I am planning to move soon and was wondering how much people are paying across the country. Please don't feel a need to give me the exact number, a range is fine. Also, please tell me the car type because I know that matters. Again with car type you don't have to tell the car. Example if you drive a 911 Porsche you could say, 2 door, luxury sports car. Any other information would be greatly appreciated, thanks!""

Full-Time College student looking for affordable health care in Ca.?

I go to Moorpark College full-time and I am looking for a health care plan that is preferably a PPO but an HMO is okay.. I am looking to pay less than 200 dollars a month and I am looking to pay no deductible. I am not looking to get insurance through the government.. I have found one through Health Net. It is an HMO. $0 deductible. $50 office visit. $205 / month. maternity coverage. If there is anything better out there, please let me know.""

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I don't have the best driving & traffic record, and have been driving without insurance for about 5 months now. However, when I called Progressive to a get a quote from them I lied about it all, they gave me an amazing quote!! I still haven't enrolled with them -plan to if all my pathetic lying goes through- but my concern is that my premiums will go up if they do have access to my driving, traffic and my previous insurance's records. Does anybody know if they are just bluffing about their access to these records? PLEASE HELP!""

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How much is car insurance for older muscle cars?

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What is the cheapest way to get car insurance for a 17 year old girl on a shared car?

I am learning to drive at the moment, and i know that insurance is high for 17 year old drivers. i would like to get some insurance before i pass my test, to practice. i am going to share the car with my mum, and at the moment my dad is looking to buy a ford fiesta. how do i get insurance cheapest?""

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Can I purchase car insurance and not own a vehicle? The reason I ask is because lately I've been renting vehicles and they charge for insurance, by request. I figure since I use rental service often that I could go ahead and get low price insurance. Any ideas?""

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all affordable insurance san angelo

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Are there anyways of lowering my car insurance? 19 Yr Old Male.?

Im a 19 year old male and I have my own suzuki swift sport which I have worked hard for for the last few years. The only thing is my insurance is around 3000 a year (brand new car)........ I dont mind going on my mothers insurance for example, im not worried about not being able to build my own no claims bonus............................. I have done a small amount of research into going onto my mothers policy and it wasn't that much cheaper........................are there and other ways of legal going about this? Thanks for your time, Matt.""

Do you think it far we can't get tags with out car insurance?

car insurance is a good thing to have, but do you think the Govener is going to far....?????""

Does anyone know the average cost for motorcycle insurance in New York City?

Not for a new street-bike, but for an older bike, like a triumph""

Why are car insurance quotes sexist for young drivers (females are always cheaper)?

Just because they presume that since your a lad/guy your very likely to crash. And girls won't? Its not the Victorian era there's a lot of young women that are into cars & are racers. There just as likely to crash imo. It shouldn't be stereotypical that boys will wreck there car. Yes I love cars but I would never take risks in my first few years. It suck that I cant get an affordable insurance quote for my mothers 1.2 VW Polo. Yet a female friend of mine of the same age (18) can get covered on a 1.6 mini cooper for 1700. Thats not even her first car! When she was 17 she was driving a mercedes kompressor! I cant even get a quote below 2500 & I live in outside of Edinburgh City near the country side :( Plus theres insuramce companies out there that exist just for woman (Shielas wheels etc) that offer cgeap quotes to women! Its discrimination in my opinion.

all affordable insurance san angelo

What is the number of health insurance companies in the world?

Thinking Of Insurance For A Car Even Know Im 15.?

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My car was at the mechanic's shop in my local town and was parked behind a house that sat in front of the shop. The house caught on fire throughout the night (we don't know ...show more

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Hello Yahoo Community, I am married, pregnant, with no health insurance. I have applied for Medicaid and CHIP and was denied assistance based on my income, I apparently make too much money to qualify. I slightly cross the threshold. If you subtract our bills minus our earnings we're left with peanuts. We only pay for necessities not for commodities. There is nothing I can cut back on because we're paying for the basic stuff. I've look for insurances but I am having a hard time finding one that covers maternity costs and if they do they're tremendously expensive and out of our reach. Also since it's a pre-existing condition, most insurances don't cover it. Does anyone know about any programs where I can partially pay for the services? Or affordable insurances that I could apply for? I've researched extensively and can't seem to find anything. I am 10 weeks already and have not had my first pre-natal appointment. It's becoming rather stressful. Any help or information will be appreciated. Thank You.""

""If I add my boyfriend to my car title, do I need to add him to my car insurance?""

He has his own car and his own insurance already. Also, we live in Texas.""

Good student discount for car insurance?

so...i just completed my first year of college, and quite frankly i finished up poorly. my GPA is like a little over 2.4-2.5 and my dad is asking if i'll be able to send my transcript to the insurance (my dad is unaware of my grades). no chance of getting some discount or any at all??...i've kept my grades from my dad for quite some time, and now this is totally gonna blow my cover. i'm screwed aren't i? i'm a full time student and the insurance company is american family. so i guess my question is, do they discount % based on intervals of GPA, or is there just a minimum requirement and it's either you get a discount or not?""

Will my parents' Geico insurance rate go up if I (uninsured) get into an accident?

I got into an accident today which was my fault and damaged the front lights area. The car I was in is my mom's who is covered with Geico. Geico will cover all the damages done for this car and the other one involved, but will the insurance go way up? By how much?""

Uninsured Motorcycle Driver Question?

Recently a friend of mine wanted to purchase a motorcycle that he found a super great deal on. Because his credit is very average he asked me to purchase the cycle and he would make me payments plus interest. I agreed and took out a loan for the bike. However a few weeks later he decided it would be ok to take the bike out for a spin UNINSURED. He had a run in with several trick or treaters and their parents. Since it was an unlit road, they were in the middle, and he was going under the speed limit. The cops ruled it not his fault. However now two insurance companies are coming after me to subrogate the liabilities. Since he was the driver but I am the owner. What are my rights? Can they still blame him? Am I liable?""

Car loans and insurance?

Okay, I recently took out a loan for a car, and I got liability only on the car. The bank just contacted me saying they need proof of insurance. When I take it in, and they realize that it is liability insurance only, what will they do? Because, I heard you need premium insurance when you buy a car with a loan. So am I gonna have to go premium or what will happen? I have a 1990 Nisasn 240sx. My bank is Great Plains Federal Credit Union. My insurance is American Family Insurance.""

""Looking for a good first car, one with low insurance rates preferably?""

I just turned 16 and am currently in the market to buy a car. I am looking for something in the price range of around $2,000, possibly a small four cylinder pick up, or a japanese sedan. Does anyone have any sugestions for a good first car, and if any one has expeiriance with insurance can you tell me a price range of what I would be looking at for isurance, I have good grades and looking for a minnimum policy in Florida. Thanks if anyone can help me although I know I probably wont get much help with the insurance part.""

What is The best Auto Insurance to get?

About how much would it be for car insurance for a 18 year old girl?

female no accidents new driver in school working

Ok where can someone get health insurance?

ok where can someone get health insurance to get a vasectomy reversal is there any health insurance that helps pay for that

Please help first time traffic ticket In California?

So i got a ticket for no. Insurance on november and in the mail a citation of 859.00 due by dec. 10 dont have the money but i got insurance now..whats going to happen in court im very scared :/

How much for infinity g35 or nissan 350z insurance?

Well ive had my license since I was 16 and im currently 18. I have a jeep and after working on it and driving it so much ive decided to get rid of it for something new. Im pretty set on getting either a g35,350z or 330xi, however, i wanted to know how much insurance might cost for either the infinity or the 350z. For the people who want to judge and say i dont deserve any of these cars,please refrain from commenting that on this post.1)I do not car and 2) Im a very good driver and i drive a lot and have a lot of experience on the road sees that I'm always driving around to and from practice,work,and each parents house because they are divorced. thank you""

Does any one know about cheaper auto insurance for single parents at state Farm. ?

im 19 years old with a 2 year old, and a agent told me my quote is 250 a month for full coverage on a lease. FYI I only had my license for 3 months and in nj insurance is way high. he says state farm has a program for single parents, that is why its much cheaper for me......im not sure if it is a scam and will the state of nj charge me once they find out i am paying so little.""

How much is car insurance for a teenager under 18 years old?

If you share the car with someone, is the car insurance higher for two people instead of one? If so how much more?""

Cheapest bike insurers?

got my provisional bike licence, going to buy a bike in oct hopefully, where can i go to get the dirt cheapest insurance, im getting third party only, and any tips on how to keep prices down?""

Can i use my car that is under my dads car insurance? ?

Ok so recently my dad bought me a 2005 ford focus and he registered it under mine AND his name.I have my drivers lisence but i dont have insurance but he does.he added the car in his insurance but he cant add me because the insurance will be killer since im 19.can i get introuble if im driving my car that is under Mine an his name but im not in the insurance? But the car itself IS insured? I live in california.

""What is the cheapest car insurance company, In Pa?""

I am looking to see what car insurance would be cheapest between, allstate, state farm, nationwide, geico, progressive, esurance, 21 century, unitrin Direct ???? HELP""

What's the point of car insurance?

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Last month my car was run into in a parking lot while I was shopping. No question who was at fault. We exchanged information and I contacted their insurance company. Their insurance agreed to pay for all repairs and the rental. However, they did wouldn't pay for the insurance on the rental, claiming it is my responsibility. I only have liability, so the additional insurance cost $8.99 per day, in the end I had to pay $360. I'm wondering if now I can take this to the people who hit me, since if they had not hit me, I wouldn't be out $360. Could I demand them to pay it, maybe even take it to small claims?""

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Okay so I'll get my permit in a few weeks, and I really want a Dodge Challenger, or a Camaro. I was wonder, how would the insurance work? How much would it be, and estimate. I know it will be high, but it's going to be high anyways. Could my parents just add me onto their insurance? Would it cost more or less ? They pay about 450 dollars every six months for a Chevy Colorado. I get great grades, and I'm going to take the drivers ed class threw this local college, that should lower the insurance too. Can anyone estimate how much insurance might be for a Challenger or Camaro? Which one would be less do you think? Thanks.""

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Iam 24 years old ( will do the bike test later this year ) I would just like a rough figure on what would it cost the insurance for these bikes. CB 600 hornet HONDA CBR 1000 KAWASAKI Z1000 KAWASAKI ER 650 YAMAHA R1 YAMAHA R6 Iam asking because iam abroad and i cant do the quotes else i would not loose time asking If someone could be kind enough to help out just with a near figure iwould gladly apreciate the help.

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My car was rear-ended but I don't have car insurance?

Someone rear ended my car today. My insurance has been expired for a while now but I still called the insurance company and they filed a claim for me. When I mentioned that my insurance had expired, the lady who filed the claim said that the adjuster will call me on Monday and give me the details. Though the accident wasn't my fault, I am worried about not having insurance at the time. Also, nobody was injured in the accident but my back bumper had a very minor scratch. Was what I did wrong? And should I be worried about anything?""

What is to stop people from taking the fines instead of paying for insurance?

it seems like they are not much different then a high deductible insurance plan

""If you have or had a ninja 250 at 16-18, how much did your insurance cost and who where you with ?

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my girlfriend 24 and car insurance under her name is dirt cheap..

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Hi, im going to Australia for a year and im really not sure how the system works. Will I get free healthcare if I have an accident or get bitten by something? Do I need to purchase health insurance to cover me for this? Can I transfer my free NHS healthcare over there somehow?""

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im 15 going on 16 and i need car insurance im getting either geico which is my mom's insurance or farmer's which is my dad's my mom had farmers but farmers is too expensive the car i will be driving is a 2000 Nissan Sentra SE (automatic) http://www.edmunds.com/flipper/do/MediaNav/styleId=9585/firstNav=Gallery it looks exactly like the red one except its green and it has brown leather seats and a new radio system :]] its my brothers old car he hardly uses it since he has a brand new 2008 Nissan Altima so my Sentra is free :]] my dad will probably pay for my car stuff .or they will split it . i live in a city around the houston area . p.s can you give me your guess of how much i will be paying a month for insurance or perhaps every 6 months ? and which insurance company should i get ? p.s idk if this helps but my mom drives a 2004 Infiniti G35 Sedan and my dad drives a 2001 Jaguar XJ8 .

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im a 19 year old female who is in college. i want to get a car but seeing as im a broke college kid money is a bit of an issue. how much would i end up paying for car insurance if im on my parents insurance(we have allstate)? i was also looking into getting a electric car, would that be more expensive to insure or should i just buy a junky old car for my first? tips, advise, and recommendations are much appreciated. thank you for your help! :) <3""

Car insurance rates depending on a car?

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How Do I get a reasonable car insurance price for a seventeen year old boy in the UK?

I'm sixteen at the moment, but I'm looking at insurance prices and they're ridiculous! (I got a quote of 5000 at one point :l) Have you got any tips for how to get a lower premium. Thanks. A really comprehensive list would be great because I have no idea! I have tried looking at insurance group one cars, but the prices are still really high.""

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Can I drive my parents car without insurance, the car is insured under my parents name, ( we live at the same address) and also can I drive someone elses car without insurance with his or her permission""

""Minor fender benders, insurance, and suspended license?""

if there is minor fender bender, both parties have insurance and exchange info. what could happen if no police report was made, and driver A reports to their insurance company. diver A insurance company then try to contact you, driver B avoids them (even though Driver B was not in the wrong) by avoiding the insurance company can driver B license be suspended, without proof of accident or proof of who was in the wrong. Its been a month since accident, what should Driver B do""

Car Insurance for 16 Year old Boy in CA?

I am looking to buy a car, I had a list of all these cars... but then when I had a quote put on them... I was shocked. I was looking at BMW 325i, Jeep Cherokee, and Mitshubishi Montero... each costing around 2500 for full coverage. What car brand or type would have a relatively low insurance cost for my age and gender group?""

When you get a license do you need insurance? Or is that only when you own a car?

Hi, I live in New York State. When I turn 17, I plan on taking drivers. ed. and getting my license (i think it's normally 18 years old for licenses, but if you take classes you can get it at 17). Do my parents have to pay insurance for me once I get my license? Or is that only if I own a car? Thanks P.S. Extra question - what is the usual/average rates for 17 year old drivers with good grades (i just need a estimation no specific numbers necessary) thanks""

""Ran a red light in NYC, what can I do to avoid having my insurance increase?""

Today, I ran a red light as I was going downhill in the rain to avoid hydroplaning into an intersection. As I ran the red light, a camera from above flashed and I'm 99% sure I'm getting a ticket in the mail now. I don't live in New York state (I live in South Dakota which is like 30 hours away), so I don't have a means of going down to the DMV in NYC once I get my ticket in the mail. In the meantime(or once I get my ticket), what steps can I take to not have my insurance rate go up?""

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I just got pulled over for a minor issue. My tags were expired, but I had the new sticker and I just forgot to put it on. I got a fix it ticket and I was just curious if it would affect my insurance. I live in California.""

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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/low-cost-auto-insurance-quotes-owen-patrick/"

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learnclimate · 8 years ago

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Invention and Innovation in the Military: The Adoption of the F-16

This paper was originally submitted as a term paper on December 5, 2008 for the course Technology and War (POLS 350T), taught by Professor Aaron Karp at Old Dominion University. He was one of my favorite professors, and this was one of my favorite courses, and I must acknowledge his guidance in both selecting the topic and finding the resources.

I’m posting the paper because I was reminded of it during the Supply Chain Innovation course I’m taking through FutureLearn.com. Hopefully this article helps stimulate you thinking about what drives innovation! In my research, I found the economic theories related to innovation to be most useful.

If I were going to rewrite this paper, I would also try to incorporate some of Georg Simmel’s concepts of “The Stranger,” but that’s a project for another day!!

Introduction

This paper uses the case study of the F-16 as a backdrop to answer the question of what promotes invention, innovation, and change within the military. This paper will examine the inventive and innovative thinking of John Boyd, the mind behind the F-16, as well as the circumstances that led to the development and adoption of the F-16. This paper will look at the adoption of the F-16 not only in terms of military theory, from the Morison and Wilson readings, but also in terms of economic theories of invention and innovation. This paper will answer the question of how the F-16 was invented and adopted into the Air Force. Each theory addresses certain issues within the situation, but ultimately, the economic theories are the most useful and comprehensive because they examine the processes of invention and innovation themselves.

The US Air Force and the Adoption of the F-16

Crucial to understanding the development of the F-16 is an understanding of the man behind the idea, John Boyd. Boyd was born in 1927 in Erie, Pennsylvania.1 When Boyd was three, his father died, so his mother was hard pressed to raise five children.2 His mother raised him to feel that he should be “a man of principle,” as well as integrity, even when others attacked him for his beliefs.3 This attitude prepared him for the battles he would fight later in life. He enlisted in the Army in 1945 and served in Japan.4 After serving shortly in the Army, he went to college, enrolled in the Air Force ROTC.5 He graduated college in 1952 and went to Williams Air Force Base (AFB) in Arizona.6 After training, he was sent to serve in Korea as a fighter pilot.7 Next, because of his capabilities as a pilot, he attended the United States Air Force Fighter Weapons School at Nellis AFB, Nevada, from which he graduated in 1954.8 After he graduated he remained at the school, teaching there until 1960.9

In 1956, when Boyd published his first article, “A Proposed Plan for Ftr. Vs. Ftr. Training,” it appealed to young pilots, but his critics dismissed him because he lacked shooting experience.10 Despite the criticism, he was asked to become the director of Academics at the Fighter Weapons School (FWS) at Nellis Air Force Base.11 When it came time to leave, “he realized he would have to write a tactics manual,” so somebody could teach in his footsteps.12 Unfortunately, the Air Force told him he would have to undertake the time-consuming process in his own time.13 Even worse, when it came time for approval, his book was almost passed over in favor of a far inferior one; he had to go over his commanding officer’s head to get it approved.14 When the “Aerial Attack Study” was published, instead of praising the work for codifying an art, critics said it proved Boyd was a “one-dimensional officer,” focused on only air-to-air combat, who did not understand the basic mission of the Air Force.15 To Boyd, however, the “Aerial Attack Study” was just the first step; he felt “that there had to be a better method of articulating the contents, maybe even something beyond the maneuver-countermaneuver strategy, something that went beyond the mathematical formulae to the core, the very essence, of combat flying.” 16

Boyd’s next major accomplishment was the E-M Theory. His breakthrough was thinking about dog fighting in terms of energy instead of power and airspeed.17 Boyd teamed up with a man named Thomas Christie, the “Finangler,” to flesh out his theory and to gain access to computers.18 He called their work the Energy-Maneuverability Theory.19 The main purpose of the theory is to “understand the full performance envelope of American aircraft.”20 He could use the theory not only to compare US and enemy technology, but also to design and back up the type of fighter plane he felt would be the best.21 Boyd began spreading the word about his theories and “as more people listened, more began to sense that Boyd’s E-M Theory was a new way of thinking about aviation,” and “as word continued to spread about this new E-M Theory, the rank of those wanting to hear the brief increased.”22 When he briefed generals, he faced disbelief.23

In 1966 he got himself ordered to the Pentagon to work on the Air Force’s new plane, the F-X.24 At the Pentagon he found himself fighting against bureaucracy and fraternity of the Air Force.25 Boyd was gaining eminence, but problems were building up around him, as Coram explains,

“Given the success of E-M, Boyd had been invited to be part of the group whose job it was to develop a design for the new fighter the Air Force wanted to build. That group, however, was dominated by people at Wright-Pat [Air Force Base] who were so embarrassed by Boyd’s E-M work that they made sure he had no influence.”26

Although he helped develop the F-X, which turned into the F-15, Boyd opposed the new plane; he felt it turned out just as bad as the rest of the Air Force planes.27 The F-15 ended up being “a single-seat fixed-wing twin-engined fighter in the 40,000-pound weight class,” but Boyd and his followers, the fighter mafia, “thought that the F-X [F-15] concept still was not austere enough.”28 Members of the fighter mafia included “Thomas Christie, a weapons analyst; Everest Riccioni, another Air Force pilot and engineer; Pierre Sprey, a weapons systems analyst, and Chuck Myers, a former test pilot and defense consultant.”29 Dörfer points out that “had the battle for a leaner, cheaper F-15 been won that year, the F-16 would probably never have gone ahead.”30 The fighter mafia had not gotten what they wanted, however, so they set out to design another fighter plane.31

The fighter mafia had a few reasons to push for a smaller fighter plane. First,

“Sprey and Boyd were convinced that if the current fighter cost trend continued, it would be economically impossible for the United States to retain approximate numerical parity with the Warsaw Pact tactical fighter force. The way to reverse this fighter cost trend and maintain parity, they reasoned, was to omit all subsystems not absolutely essential to the mission, to resist the penchant for advanced technology engines, and to eliminate requirements for complex avionics systems such as high top speeds that were seldom used militarily and in excessive ranges.”32

Secondly, because of critics of the F-15,

“the Air Force risked being handed a Navy fighter… Riccioni did not want this to happen. In the summer of 1970 Riccioni put together a study project entitled “Study to Validate the Integration of Advanced Energy-Maneuverability-Theory with Trade Off Analysis”. … Riccioni began to push his project at higher level in the Air Force. Should the F-15 have problems, and alternative would be needed.”33

Riccioni was going to be using Boyd’s E-M Theory to determine which plane would be the best for the Air Force. Unfortunatley for him, though, the Air Force did not look favorable on a potential challenge to the production of the F-15, so he got shipped out of the way to Korea.34 Another reason for the promotion of the F-16 was the possibility of sales to Europe, the arms deal Dörfer discusses. The amount being spent on aircraft production was dropping, yet “at the same time the cost explosion of weapons systems kept the production run of each system down… The U.S. aircraft industry had accordingly spent the last years eyeing the overseas market.”35 Several NATO countries were going to be replacing their planes from around 1978-1986, so around the time the F-16 was being developed it was important to be “able to offer aircraft Europeans would be able to buy.”36

Another reason for the F-16’s success was the support of Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger. He “liked the idea of less sophisticated, less expensive weapons systems in the U.S. inventory. The lightweight fighter program was his favorite program and through informal channels he stayed on top of it at all times.”37 He was the reason funding for the lightweight fighter was put back into the budget, despite the Air Force’s opposition to prototyping it.38 Money was given to an Air Force prototype study, of which one program was the development of “an operationally suitable lightweight fighter.”39 Funding was used as incentives for aerospace firms to devote their research and development (R & D) resources to the plane’s development.40

Several factors influenced the Air Force’s decision between the two prototypes, the YF-16 and the YF-17, including time, cost, the interests of European countries, and the interests of the Navy. The Air Force wanted to choose the best plane for itself, so when Congress made the suggestion that both the Air Force and the Navy use the same plane, “in order to save R&D funds,”41 the Air Force sped up its selection process to prevent the Navy from being able to make the choice for them.42 Also, the US had promised the NATO countries to use the same plane, in order to take advantage of “standardization and interoperability.”43 Europe wanted a quick selection, so Schlesinger “urged the Air Force to go ahead and make their own choice. In fact he told the Air Force not to wait for the Navy in the name of commonality.”44 This actually worked out for the Air Force in terms of cost, because it cost the same amount to buy “650 F-16s for the Air Force and 800 F-17s for the Navy” as it would to buy “650 F-17s for the Air Force and 850 F-17s for the Navy.”45 On January 13, 1975, Schlesinger “formally announced the choice of the F-16.”46

Morison’s Ideas and the Adoption of the F-16

Morison examines the idea of innovation by a society through the lens of gunnery reform in the Navy. First, he discusses the invention itself. At target practice one day, Admiral Sir Percy Scott noticed one man doing better than everyone else because while he aimed unconsciously “working his elevating gear back and forth in a partially successful effort to compensate for the roll of the vessel.”47 Scott saw how to apply this to all of the ships gunnery: “he changed the gear ratio in the elevating gear … so that a gunner could easily elevate and depress the gun to follow a target throughout the roll. Second, he rigged his telescopes so that they would not be influenced by the recoil of the gun.”48 Morison points out that “Scott was not responsible for the invention of the basic instruments that made the reform in gunnery possible… Scott’s contribution was to bring these three elements appropriately modified into a combination that made continuous-aim firing possible for the first time.”49 What allowed for the change to take place, Morison explains was “the intricate interaction of chance, the intellectual climate, and Scott’s mind.”50

Boyd, like Scott and his American counterpart Sims, was not responsible for inventing the basic instruments that made the F-16 possible. People knew how to build planes and they knew how to fly already. What Boyd contributed was his E-M Theory. His theory was the new idea that allowed him to look at the existing technology differently. It allowed him to compare planes to one another mathematically, and also showed him what kind of plane would be best. His conclusion was the F-16. Boyd and Sims are similar in many other ways as well.

The implementation of ideas was similar in the cases of Sims and Boyd. When Sims first proposed his changes, “there was no response… The reports were simply filed away and forgotten.”51 Sims was upset at being brushed aside, so he moved on to phase two: he accumulated more data in support of his argument and made his argument more shocking, in more urgent need of a response.52 Boyd said he was able to best his adversaries because he did his homework, he made sure he knew exactly what he was saying and did not let his enemies ever get the upper hand.53 When Boyd got the better of someone, he “hosed” them54; in Sims’s second stage, he talked of wanting “scalps” in revenge.55 Similar to Boyd’s spreading his idea through briefings and leaking “brothers and sisters,” Sims also “sent copies of his reports to other officers in the fleet.”56 Once his ideas were out, the men in Washington had to do something to address the issues he raised.57 When Washington officials could not rationally refute Sims claims, they resorted to “name-calling.”58 Sims “was told in official endorsements on his reports that there were others quite as sincere and loyal as he and far less difficult; he was dismissed as a crackbrained egotist; he was called a deliberate falsifier of evidence.”59 These tactics only hardened Sims against his enemies, and he wrote the President, Theodore Roosevelt.60 Roosevelt, in response, “installed him as Inspector of Target Practice, a post the naval officer held throughout the remaining six years of the administration. And when he left, after many spirited encounters we cannot here investigate, he was universally acclaimed as ‘the man who taught us how to shoot’.”61

The ideas of both Boyd and Sims were not accepted by their peers. The reasons Morison offers to explain why Sims’s peers resisted his ideas generally hold true for Boyd as well. First, “the source of the proposed reform was an obscure.”62 Sims and Boyd, when they first began their works, were low ranking officers that had not distinguished themselves. Sims, as well as Boyd, was “criticizing gear and machinery designed by the very men in the bureaus to whom he was sending his criticisms.”63 Morison continues that “Sims was seeking to introduce what he claimed were improvements in a field where improvements appeared unnecessary.”64 To an outsider, it may have appeared that improvements in aircraft were necessary, but from the inside, from a general’s point of view, a fighter like the F-16 was not necessary, so it was dismissed. As Morison puts it, “these limited identifications brought men into conflict with each other, and the conflict prevented them from arriving at a common acceptance of a change that presumably, as men interested in our total national defense, they would all find desirable.”65

Morison also concludes that the Navy resisted change because “It is a society. Men spend their whole lives in it and tend to find the definition of their whole being within it.”66 He continues, “Military organizations are societies built around and upon the prevailing weapons systems. Intuitively and quite correctly, the military man feels that a change in weapon portends a change in the arrangement of his society.”67 Also, “The deadlock between those who sought change and those who sought to retain things as they were was broken only by an appeal to a superior force, a force removed from and unidentified with the mores, conventions, and devices of the society.”68 These statements hold true both for Sims’s and Boyd’s cases. For Sims, the prevailing technology was the cannons the Navy already had, for Boyd, the F-15. For Sims, the outside source was Theodore Roosevelt; for Boyd the sources were the media, Congress, Colin Powell, Dick Cheney, and James Schlesinger.

Morison says that an organization could make itself more innovative by

“defining for itself its grand object and see to it that that grand object is communicated to every member of the group. Thus defined and communicated, it might serve as a unifying agent against the disruptive local allegiances of the inevitable smaller elements that compose any group. It may also serve as a means to increase the acceptability of any change that would assist in the more efficient achievement of the grand object.”69

The idea of the grand object would unify the group, and decrease the resistance to change. Change would no longer create crises of identity because change would only make obtaining the grand object easier rather than change the identification of the individuals achieving the stated grand object. He also stresses a “greater reverence for the mere process of living in a society… and a relatively smaller respect for the attachment to any special product of a society.”70 In other words, emphasizing the means rather than the ends.

In terms of Morison’s gunnery example, the Navy would have adapted if the men in Washington were less concerned with the current organizational structure, the ends, and more concerned with how to most efficiently protect the seas, their grand object, or their means. If this were the case, then the society would have become its own “outside enforcer.” In terms of innovation in the Air Force, if it had been more focused on its grand objective, the protection of the United States through the air, rather then focused on the preservation of the production of the F-15, then it would have no doubt been more easily changed by Boyd. The reality was, however that people were going to protect their individual projects “against its enemies in Congress and rival services as if its very success and the success of the individual in charge were linked, as indeed they are.”71 Unless these ideas change, or an outside force steps in that individuals cannot protect themselves from, then any new invention or innovation in the Air Force will likely see the same kind of resistance to its adoption into policy that Boyd faced.

Finally, problems with this theory occur when it is the grand object itself that needs reforming. To put it in terms of Morison’s example, the ideal grand object of the ideal navy is to protect the seas in defense of the state. Unfortunately, the US Air Force, and the world in general, are far from ideal. What ends up being the real and actual grand object is maintenance of the system itself. The rewards are power and prestige, and these are obtained not through accomplishing the ideal grand object, but through working the system. The innovator is the person who works, consciously or not, toward some goal different from the real grand object, probably towards a goal closer to the ideal grand object. In this case, the innovator was John Boyd. In a sense, the aircraft reform did become an identity crisis, but in terms of identity with the grand object rather than identity with an invention or a way of life. A reform of the grand object is hard to achieve from within a society, so Boyd did have to resort to external sources of power to make any change. In his case the outside powers were Secretary of Defense Schlesinger and the media, but any type of power would do.

Wilson’s Ideas and the Adoption of the F-16

In his article “Innovation in Organization: Notes Toward a Theory,” James Q. Wilson explains the characteristics of organizations that innovate. He focuses on innovation in organizations in general, rather than the military specifically. He puts forth three central hypotheses and then tacks on ten more additional hypotheses that relate to the first three. His first three hypotheses are summed up in the following statement:

“The greater the diversity of the organization (in either its incentive system or its task structure or both), the greater the likelihood that some members will conceive major innovations, the greater the likelihood that some members will propose innovations, and the less likelihood that the organization will adopt the innovations.”72

Basically, an organization that is more diverse will come up with more ideas for innovation, but at a certain point, it will become too big to effectively implement the proposals. In Wilson’s words, “unless … numerical values could be attached to the rates of proposal and adoption … there will be no way to determine the optimum point where, in effect, a marginal increase in the probability of additional proposals will just equal the marginal decline in the probability of their adoption.”73 The likelihood of being able to generate such numbers is next to impossible.74 He pessimistically states that for this reason the theories presented will not be of much use to organizations.75 In a qualitative, rather than quantitative, evaluation, however, such theories still prove useful.

According to Wilson, organizations that are most likely to adopt a change are those that a) face a crisis, b) rely on intangible incentives, c) are sensitive to user needs, d) are decentralized, e) encourage participation, f) have “broad, diffuse goals,” and/or g) have uncertain incentives.76 Some of these characteristics are discussed in more detail shortly. Some of these ideas hold true in the case of the F-16, but others, not so much. First, the US Air Force showed some sensitivity to user needs in this case, at least to the needs of NATO forces, if not to the needs of its own fighter pilots. Second, the Air Force was also facing a bit of a crisis- severe criticism of their own planes as well as rising costs of technology. A crisis, Wilson states, “leads members to devote themselves to organizational interests rather than to task interests.”77 If an organization were able to focus on organizational goals, even without a crisis it would also be more acceptant of changes. During this crisis, however, in order to survive, the Air Force needed to innovate by developing less expensive planes. The F-16, small, lightweight, and basic, was the answer to their problems. Despite the crisis, however, the Air Force still resisted the switch and it was up to the interference out outside entities like Schlesinger to enforce a change. Wilson’s ideas help to explain the resistance- the Air Force is very centralized, it does not encourage participation, especially by lower ranking officials, and their incentive systems promote maintenance of the status quo rather than innovation and change.

Wilson’s keenest observation is that uncertain incentives lead to more frequent innovation.78 This puts innovation more in terms of society, where incentives are never guaranteed. He say that ��if incentives are not routinely received for the performance of specified acts, there will be a tendency for members either to quit the organization… or to bid competitively with one another for a share of available incentives by advancing proposals.”79 People cannot quit society, unless, of course, they die, so their only option left is to innovate. This observation explains the duality Morison discusses of how people yearn for stability in the past, yet continually invent and innovate. Morison accounts for the duality in terms of human nature and the prepared mind, but does not go into detail about what drives humans to want to innovate in the first place. Wilson’s observation puts this conflicting human nature in terms of economics. Most basically, economics studies how societies distribute their scarce resources, or benefits, to unlimited human wants. Because resources are limited, incentives are never guaranteed, and it is the innovator who will have an advantage over his fellows in receiving incentives, or benefits. Therefore, it is man’s competition for resources that drives innovation. So while man may enjoy the comforts of living with the status quo, it is innovation which ensures his survival.

According to Wilson, decentralized organizations are also more likely to adopt changes because “the organization as a whole reduces the number of wills that must be concerted before a proposal generated within the subunit can be adopted.”80 An example of the benefits of a decentralized organization can be seen in the federal system of the United States. It would be too difficult for one overpowering central authority to be able to decide on the needs of every particular region, so power is divided among states. This way, someone wanting to institute a change in California will not have to face resistance from people in, say, Vermont. The major downfall is that it becomes harder for the organization to stay unified.81 In the United States’ case, this issue had to be settled by the Civil War. Of course, the US Air Force did not face this problem in the case of the F-16. To ensure innovation in the future, however, the organization would have to face these issues.

Finally, it is important to note that Wilson assumes rational behavior of actors in an organization, rational meaning acting to maximize benefits while minimizing costs.82 This assumption is a major drawback of his theories. Though not explicitly stated, but on the same line of thought, this assumption means that when every member works in his or her own self-interest, the organization as a whole will benefit. As seen in the tragedy of the commons, however, this assumption is very wrong: everyone working in their own self interest is not a guarantee that the organization as a whole will benefit. Rationality also assumes that people have full knowledge. Sometimes people think they are acting in their own best interests, or in the best interests of the organization, but they are misinformed, so actually do more damage than good. Other times, the perceived benefit or incentive, is maintenance of the status quo, a factor that works directly against acceptance of an innovation. When Wilson’s assumptions are not met, the theories are not as useful. Boyd, for example was designing the F-16 because of his own self-interest to do the right thing. He felt that the F-16 was in the best interests of the Air Force, but the Air Force did not agree. Boyd was right, but the Air Force fought his innovations every step of the way as they were trying to protect their own interests in the F-15. In this case, everyone working in their own self interest led to serious conflict that required the intervention of Secretary of Defense Schlesinger.

Economic Theory and the Adoption of the F-16

Economic theories on invention and innovation focus on the processes themselves, in contrast to Wilson’s theories which focus on the organizations and Morison’s theories which focus more on the efforts of the individual. Economics explains the need for continual innovation:

“With the process of innovation, differentiation and emulation, products are subject to economical and technical obsolescence. Their commercial life becomes limited. Any economic advantage is likely to be temporary. Once a new product or variant of a new product is seen to be successful, rivals will begin to encroach. They will copy, modify and improve, so that they may share the earning power of the new product. In these circumstances companies are only likely to retain a lead by continual change. A process of continuous innovation may therefore be generated by the activities of discovery, marketing and emulation.”83

If one replaces the word “companies” with the word “militaries,” the same general principles hold true. Instead of trying to gain an advantage in earning power, militaries are searching to gain an advantage of force over their rivals. Each rival is searching for power over the others. So, when a military power sees a technology being used successfully, in order to maintain its advantage of power, it must adapt. It must continuously innovate.

Economics also explains how the ideas of invention and innovation fit together in this environment of continual change. Because “invention is the first stage in the process of technological innovation,” it will be discussed first.84 P. S. Johnson defines invention as “the creation of an idea and its first reduction to practice in a physical form.”85 Invention, he continues, “involves a human agency in the creation of a physical form that did not previously exist.”86 Invention must be new, but Johnson distinguishes between “novelty arising from ‘acts of skill’ and that rising from ‘acts of insight’. The former is ‘a normal and continuous consequence of the skilled activities of engineers and technicians’, undertaken within the environment of established processes and methods” while the latter “would not be the normal outcome of the application of skills previously acquired, … They are made possible ‘by some special constellation of circumstances that invites or requires a special response’.”87 Both concepts are germane to the idea of invention, but Johnson acknowledges that “major inventions may be usable only if further acts of insight occur.”88 In terms of Morison’s example, the act of skill was the individual gunner working the elevating gear, while the act of insight was Scott’s bringing together of various elements, such as the gun, the gear, and the telescope.89 In terms of the F-16, the act of skill would be Boyd’s skills as a fighter pilot and instinct in knowing what would make a good plane, while the act of insight was his development of the E-M Theory to quantify and evaluate what his gut told him.

To understand the process of invention, one must also understand where invention comes from. Both Johnson and Parker discuss three theories of the origins of invention, which Parker titles the transcendentalist, the mechanistic, and the cumulative synthesis.90 The first view, in which “the lone inventor makes a great impact on technology with a single creative thought,” and “his flash of genius is largely independent of economic forces. Curiosity and fortuitous events are major elements,”91 is rejected by both authors. The second view is characterized by the idea that “invention proceeds under the stress of necessity. Need dictates the direction of change and inventions emerge … [and] economic forces predominate.”92 Johnson elaborates that in this view, “the individual inventor is therefore merely a tool of history… invention is an inevitable responding to the needs of the time.”93 He also explains that “support for this thesis is sought through lists of ‘duplicate’ or equivalent inventions occurring at roughly the same time.”94 The final approach Parker calls “the most realistic theory of invention.”95 It is more like a combination of the first two approaches: “An act of insight is required and the individual may play an important role in the solution of technical problems. His role is not that of a genius, nor is he pushed aside by the onrush of an inevitable historical process. By a synthesis of previous knowledge and an act of insight he may overcome a discontinuity.”96 Of the role of the individual, Parker notes that it “would appear to be declining. However, his contribution is by no means insignificant. … [But] individuals have considerable difficulty in persuading industry to adopt their inventions.”97 Finally, in this approach, “all inventions depend first on perceiving a problem and second on the amassing of the necessary data.”98

John Boyd and the F-16 seem to fit best into the cumulative synthesis theory of invention. Boyd had brilliance, but economic forces played a role as well. Economic forces do seem to dominate the situation, as in the mechanistic approach, but one would be hard pressed to downplay Boyd’s role as an inventive individual. There was no guarantee in history that the Air Force would innovate in order to sustain itself. Boyd synthesized previous ideas and used his own insight to create an invention. Also, as Parker noted, it was very difficult for him to convince the military (the industry) to adopt his invention. Finally, in support of the cumulative synthesis theory, Boyd fit another of Parker’s descriptions: he recognized problems in the Air Force then set about gathering information and research on how to fix the problems.

Data is amassed through research and development (R&D). Economic theories offer insight into R&D processes as well, mainly through explanations of the processes of innovation. Parker defines innovation as “all the activities in bringing a new product or process to the market.”99 Johnson states that innovation occurs “when an invention, either a new one or one that is old but has not previously been taken up, is utilized by industry and exploited commercially.”100 Innovation occurs in four steps: invention (already discussed), entrepreneurship, investment, and development.101 The second, third, and fourth steps can be summed up as follows:

“The entrepreneurship function involves deciding to go forward with the effort, organizing it and obtaining financial support. Investment is the act of risking funds for the venture. Development is the lengthy sequence of detail-orientated technical activities, including trial and error testing, through which the original concept is modified and perfected until it is ready for commercial utilization.”102

According to these steps, then, Boyd and the F-16 were a process of innovation. The invention was the E-M Theory. Boyd was also the entrepreneur, as well as Riccioni, who promoted the theory. Investment occurred when the Air Force, with the help of Schlesinger’s prodding, provided funding to Boyd and the fighter mafia to develop the technology. Development in this case covers the entire period of prototyping and the selection of the YF-16 over the YF-17 because of its greater ability to fit user needs.

To understand the role of economics, detailed explanation of each of these steps is not necessary, but it is important to note many of the insights that the discussions of such theories reveal about the characteristics of firms that succeed or fail at innovation. Factors that influence success or failure include “user needs, marketing, efficiency of development work, communications and seniority of management.”103 In relation to management, Parker says that failures commonly occur when “a lower company rank of the individuals responsible for the innovation [exists].”104 This explains why Boyd had so much difficulty in getting the Air Force to adapt- he was relatively low in the ranks of the Air Force. Without the support of a high ranking official like Schlesinger his project would have failed.

Parker also notes that “Managements that are aware of the general features of innovation as an industrial process, are likely to evolve attitudes and procedural ‘ground rules’ that should help them avoid failures.”105 Ground rules organizations would wish to establish include the following: “An influential manager should be made personally responsible for particular projects. Project selection should exhibit a strong bias towards user needs. Company organization should ensure excellent interaction between marketing and R and D; and project reappraisal should be a routine and continuous process.”106 Another observation pertaining to management is that “where R and D expenditure is considerable, management commitment is high.”107 Other characteristics of success include the ability to make “sure that technical problems were solved before commercial sales were made,” and a company’s ability to foresee problems and promote user education.108

All of these factors are applicable to the US Air Force’s adoption of the F-16. The Air Force certainly should not be described as “aware of the general features of innovation,” another reason Boyd faced so much opposition. Second, Boyd was personally responsible for his project, it was his own creation, but unfortunately, he was not very “influential” in terms of rank. The Air Force was successful in the fact that it was sensitive to the needs of NATO forces. This is probably one of the biggest reasons for the project’s success. NATO forces were looking for cheaper planes, and the F-16 fit the bill when other US planes did not. This market and possibility for demand increased the plane’s profitability, which in turn increased its likelihood for adoption. NATO forces met with developers to ensure the plane was what they were looking for; they worked out the technical problems before production and before they made the sale. To Boyd’s disappointment, parties did reappraise the plane, changing it from the ideal sleek, light fighter he hoped it would be, but these changes helped its adoption. Finally, Boyd promoted user education by briefing military officials and the aerospace industry on E-M Theory.

Summary and Conclusions

Each of these theories offers a unique perspective on the adoption of the F-16 by the United States Air Force. First, Morison looks at the individual behind the innovation. He emphasizes the fact that innovation really is the compiling of technology, similar to the economic theory of cumulative synthesis. Morison, however, focuses on the unique insight of the individual more than economic and historical context of the invention. Morison then examines process of innovation within the Navy. The case of gunnery reform in the Navy very closely parallels the Air Force’s adoption of the F-16. Morison promotes one reason for why societies have difficulty adapting- conflicts of identity. To solve clashes of identity, he suggests establishing a general objective which everyone in the society has incentive to promote. He fails to address issues that arise when it is the general objective itself that needs reforming. Overall, the Morison article was good for outlining relationships between case studies, but raised questions in more theoretical terms.

Wilson looks at innovation in terms of the characteristics of the organizations in which they occur rather than through the lens of the individual. The characteristics he identifies explain a lot about why the F-16 was adopted. The Air Force adopted the F-16 because they faced a crisis and they were paying attention to user needs. Boyd faced opposition within the Air Force because the Air Force incentive system did not promote innovation and because the Air Force was too centralized. Wilson’s ideas, however, run into problems because of his assumption that everyone within and organization working in their own self interest will promote innovation within the organization.

Economic theories are the most comprehensive of the theories examined in this paper because they address invention and innovation in terms of the both the individual and the institution. Boyd fits into the cumulative synthesis theory of invention- he builds upon the work of others but at the same time uses his own insight to overcome a problem he identified in the Air Force. Boyd and the F-16 fit into all the stages of innovation: invention, entrepreneurship, investment, and development. The factors that influenced the eventual adoption of the F-16 included the awareness of the Air Force of innovation, the structures of rank within the Air Force, the needs of users such as NATO, and finally, Boyd’s ability to promote his E-M Theory through education.

Overall, the Morison and Wilson articles were helpful in understanding the innovation in the military in terms of the F-16. The economic theories, however, offered the most insight. The simplified theories can easily be extrapolated to any form of invention or innovation, not just a particular case study. Invention and innovation depend on the individuals involved, as well as the structures and willingness of organizations to adapt.

Works Cited

1 Major Jeffrey L. Cowan, “Master of Military Studies by Major Jeffrey L. Cowan, U.S. Air Force,” United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College Marine Corps University, http://www.d-n-i.net/fcs/boyd_thesis.htm (accessed December 4, 2008), pNA.

2 Robert Coram, Boyd: The Fighter Who Changed the Art of War (New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 2002), 16.

3 Ibid., 18.

4 Major Jeffrey L. Cowan, “Master of Military Studies …” pNA.

5 Ibid., pNA.

6 Ibid., pNA.

7 Ibid., pNA.

8 Ibid., pNA.

9 Ibid., pNA.

10 Coram, Boyd: The Fighter Who Changed the Art of War, 75-76.

11 Ibid., 79.

12 Ibid., 103.

13 Ibid., 103.

14 Ibid., 113.

15 Ibid., 114.

16 Ibid., 116.

17 Ibid., 132.

18 Coram, Boyd: The Fighter Who Changed the Art of War, 141-143.

19 Ibid., 144.

20 Ibid., 148.

21 Ibid., 148.

22 Ibid., 163.

23 Ibid., 173.

24 Ibid., 185.

25 Ibid., 202.

26 Ibid., 178-179.

27 Ibid., 231.

28 Ingemar Dörfer, Arms Deal: The Selling of the F-16 (New York, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1983), 4.

29 Ibid., 4.

30 Ingemar Dörfer, Arms Deal: The Selling of the F-16, 5.

31 Coram, Boyd: The Fighter Who Changed the Art of War, 237-240.

32 Ingemar Dörfer, Arms Deal: The Selling of the F-16, 4.

33 Ibid., 5.

34 Ibid., 5.

35 Ibid., xvii.

36 Ibid., 11.

37 Ibid., 10-11.

38 Ibid., 10.

39 Ibid., 7.

40 Ingemar Dörfer, Arms Deal: The Selling of the F-16, 8.

41 Ibid., 21.

42 Ibid., 22.

43 Ibid., 13.

44 Ibid., 24.

45 Ibid., 25.

46 Ibid., 26.

47 Elting E. Morison, Men, Machines and Modern Times (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966, essay originally 1950), 23.

48 Ibid., 23.

49 Ibid., 24.

50 Ibid., 25.

51 Ibid., 29.

52 Ibid., 29.

53 Coram, Boyd: The Fighter Who Changed the Art of War, 163.

54 Ibid., 180.

55 Morison, Men, Machines and Modern Times, 29.

56 Ibid., 29.

57 Ibid., 29.

58 Ibid., 30.

59 Ibid., 31.

60 Ibid., 31.

61 Ibid., 31.

62 Ibid., 33-34.

63 Ibid., 34.

64 Ibid., 34.

65 Ibid., 41.

66 Morison, Men, Machines and Modern Times, 33.

67 Ibid., 36.

68 Ibid., 38.

69 Ibid., 42.

70 Ibid., 43.

71 Ingemar Dörfer, Arms Deal: The Selling of the F-16, xvi.

72 James Q. Wilson , “Innovation in Organization: Notes Toward a Theory,” (https://www.blackboard.odu.edu/courses/1/200810_FALL_POLS350T_13380/content/_1291832_1/Wilson,%20Innovation%20in%20organization.pdf?bsession=28516312&bsession_str=session_id=28516312,user_id_pk1=61210282,user_id_sos_id_pk2=1,one_time_token=), accessed October 4, 2008, 200.

73 Ibid., 205.

74 Ibid., 205.

75 Ibid., 204-205.

76 Ibid., 208-214.

77 Ibid., 209.

78 Wilson, “Innovation in Organization,” 214.

79 Ibid., 214.

80 Ibid., 212.

81 Ibid., 212.

82 Ibid., 196.

83 J. E. S. Parker, The Economics of Innovation (New York: Longman Inc., 1978), 9.

84 Ibid., 46.

85 P. S. Johnson, The Economics of Invention and Innovation (London: Martin Robertson &Co. Ltd., 1975), 18.

86 Ibid., 19.

87 Ibid., 29-30.

88 Ibid., 30.

89 Morison, Gunfire at Sea 23-24.

90 Parker, The Economics of Innovation, 46.

91 Ibid., 27.

92 Ibid., 27.

93 Johnson, The Economics of Invention and Innovation, 33.

94 Ibid., 33.

95 Parker, The Economics of Innovation, 46.

96 Ibid., 46.

97 Ibid., 47.

98 Johnson, The Economics of Invention and Innovation, 33.

99 Parker, The Economics of Innovation, 50.

100 Johnson, The Economics of Invention and Innovation, 19.

101 Parker, The Economics of Innovation, 50.

102 Ibid., 50.

103 Ibid., 119.

104 Ibid., 104-105.

105 Ibid., 102.

106 Ibid., 111.

107 Ibid., 10.

108 Parker, The Economics of Innovation, 105.

Disclaimer: The conclusions and opinions in the paper reflect those of the student author, and not those of the school or professor.

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