#erasmus salamanca classic

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El tatuador Delirio Tattoo estará tatuando en nuestro estudio en Noviembre 2021, ven ya a reservar tu cita con él.

Salamanca Classic Tattoo Piercing

Calle Fray Luis de Granada 20, junto a la Plaza del Oeste, en el Barrio del Oeste, a sólo 5 minutos de la Plaza Mayor y 40 minutos de Zamora.

http://www.salamancaclassictattoo.es/

[isadomna]

Katherine of Aragon & Katherine Parr

Among the wives of Henry VIII, only his first and last, Katherine of Aragon and Katherine Parr, possessed both the education and the intelligence to exemplify the Renaissance ideal for a woman born to gentle life. They took an active role in the cultural, social, political and religious life of England. Katherine of Aragon and Katherine Parr were the only wives of Henry VIII to act as regents of England during the King’s short absence. They both proved to be competent rules. 

Both Katherines took their religion seriously, and in spite of the papal loyalties of the one and the Protestant proclivities of the other, they belonged to the same tradition of Renaissance religion. Katherine of Aragon was a faithful defendress of the Catholic faith, but an avid believer in reformation within the Church. Her mother, Isabella of Castile, applied new scrutiny to the church, promoted scholarship, valued education for clerics, and sought to clean out corruption, which was a growing concern throughout the christian world. Katherine Parr was an influential reformer within the context of several roles: as patroness of learning, as stepmother to the royal children, as a writer of theological works, and as a contributor to reformed dialogue at court. Her active support of reformed religion, though limited to Henry VIII's reign, provided a climate that allowed the movement to expand more openly in successive reigns. 

If Katherine of Aragon far surpassed her English namesake by the thoroughness of her education in the Spanish humanism of Isabella's court, Katherine Parr actually wrote and had published two books which proved surprisingly popular. If the breadth of the first Katherine's patronage of Renaissance writers was far more extensive than that of the second, the patronage of the second was more closely related to the course of English religion and politics.

When Katherine Parr was queen, humanist education was a central element in the formation of reformed courtiers. Humanism first became influential in England via the circles of Thomas More, Desiderius Erasmus, Richard Hyde and Juan Luis Vives. Their views on women's education were encouraged by Katherine of Aragon, whose own love of learning and religious piety inspired Vives's educational program for the princess Mary. Similarly, changes in the educational program of women inspired by Italian humanists were brought to England via Spain through Katherine of Aragon's sponsorship of Vives. 

Queen Isabella became a patron of learning which led to a revival of classical study in Spain and other scholars such has Peter Martyr of Anghiers was brought in from Italy. Interestingly women were not excluded from this revival and there were female lecturers in Alcalá de Henares and Salamanca. This passion for learning and being a patron of education was inherited by Katherine who used this to provide a high standard of education for her daughter. Without Katherine of Aragon’s own comprehensive education and the influence and oversight she had over the education of her own daughter, Mary, there would have been no model and no books on the education of young royal women upon which to base the education of Elizabeth. Without the foundations laid by Katherine when educating her daughter Mary “the age of Elizabeth would have been far less remarkable for its erudite women, and more importantly its remarkably intelligent Queen” (Dowling, 1986, p. 243).

The architect of Katherine Parr’s humanist education was her mother, Maud Parr, who used the model of Katherine of Aragon and Isabella of Castile to ensure the finest education available for all her children. Maud Parr served as a lady-in-waiting to Katherine of Aragon and was a faithful friend until 1531 when Maud herself died, shortly before Queen Katherine was banished from court. Her eldest daughter, Henry VIII's future sixth wife, was named for the Queen. 

Katherine of Aragon's intelligence and skills helped her father choose her as his ambassador to the English court, making her the first female ambassador in European history. Katherine of Aragon’s legacy is that of a wronged woman who did not accept defeat, who fought for what she believed to be right until the breath left her body. Combined with the example set by her mother Isabella of Castile and other relatives, Katherine had some very strong role models for women who could rule, for women who could fight. Years after Katherine’s death, her beloved daughter, Mary I, followed in her mother’s footsteps by rallying troops to her cause and seizing the throne from those who had sought to thwart her.

Sources: Katherine Parr and Reformed Religion by Sheryl A Kujawa-Holbrook,  Isabella: The Warrior Queen by Kirstin Downey, "A simple zeal and earnest love to the truth" : the religious journeys of Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, and Katherine Parr, Queen of England by Megan Elizabeth Spruell, Katherine Parr: the Religious Convictions of a Renaissance Queen by William P. Haugaard. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-catherine-aragon-led-englands-armies-victory-over-scotland-180975982/#.X4wBqV0fcr4.twitter

[maximumphilosopheranchor]

The Education of Philip II of Spain

“Zúñiga remained less enthusiastic about the prince’s studies. In June 1541 he noted that ‘for the past two months, I have been more optimistic than I used to be that he will like Latin, which pleases me very much because I believe being a good Latinist is an important part of being a good ruler, for knowing how to govern oneself and others’, - but that precise modifier ‘two months’ was not accidental. At Zúñiga’s suggestion, earlier that year Charles removed Silíceo as his son’s tutor and appointed the Aragonese humanist Juan Cristóbal Calvete de Estrella, ‘a very learned man’ who was ‘of pure blood’ (that is, without any Jewish or Moorish ancestors), ‘as master of grammar to teach all the present and future pages of the prince’. The new instructor immediately exposed his young charges to the best scholarship available.

Although Silíceo despised humanism, he had not entirely shielded Philip from its influence. For example in January 1540, during a visit to Alcalá de Henares to Hunt, Cardinal Tavera decreed that the prince should visit the Complutense University and for three hours Philip toured the classrooms, listening to lecturers in Latin, and sitting in the audience while a bachelor of theology graduated. But full exposure to the new learning began only when Calvete took over, soon assisted by three other instructors: Honorato Juan to teach him mathematics and architecture; Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda to teach him history and geography; and Francisco de Vargas Mexía to teach him theology. All four preceptors had travelled extensively outside Spain and boasted a cosmopolitan outlook that would broaden the prince’s horizons.

From the first, Calvete implemented a clear pedagogical vision. In 1541, he purchased 140 books, and had them specially bound for the prince, more than doubling the size of his library. Almost all these works were written in Latin, either by classical authors (such as Caesar, Cicero, Plautus, Seneca, Terence, Vergil) or by modern humanists including Erasmus (Adages and Enchiridion), Juan Luis Vives (Of the soul and life) and – surprisingly – Philip Melanchthon, Luther’s principal lieutenant (On the art of speaking). Moreover, although works in Latin predominated, Philip became the first Spanish monarch to read Greek (he could eventually manage works by Homer in the original) and he also learned some Hebrew and Aramaic so that he could study the Bible in its original languages. He acquired an Arabic grammar and ‘a book about the Qu’ran His Highness ordered to be bought’. Philip acquired the last item during a visit to Valencia in 1542, perhaps because Honorato Juan (a Valencian) thought it might help his pupil to understand his future Morisco subjects. The visit formed a part of a Grand Tour during which the emperor took his heir to Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia as well as Valencia, to be recognized as ‘heir apparent’ , and en route Calvete, Juan and Sepúlveda – all of whom accompanied Philip – seized every opportunity to provide instruction about the different languages, cultures and histories of his new vassals. Finally, when news arrived that the French had laid siege to Perpignan, the second city of Catalonia, Sepúlveda led a debate among courtiers on the best way to save it – Philip’s first exposure to military strategy.

When the court returned to Castile, Calvete purchased more books in Latin to support his ambitious pedagogic strategy. Works of history – written by classical and medieval authors as well as modern humanists – constituted the largest single category (25 per cent of all books purchased between 1535 and 1545), closely followed by theology (15 per cent of the total), but most disciplines were represented. As he and his pupil finished each volume, Calvete seems to have added a ‘hashtag’ (#) before moving on, and by the time his formal education ceased in 1545, Philip had studied several hundred books on a wide variety of topics. Calvete also exposed the prince to learning in other ways. Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas, who had lived in America for decades, presented him with a dedicated manuscript copy of his Very brief account of the destruction of America; and during a visit to Salamanca in 1543, aged sixteen, he spent his first afternoon ‘inspecting the classrooms and hearing some lectures’ by a university professor. The following day ‘His Highness listened to all the other professors and attended an oral examination in Law… He left very late.” (..)

... Philip’s broad and deep exposure to humanist learning explains not only his facility with Latin but also his forceful style when writing Spanish, as well as his self-confidence (not to say arrogance) when discussing almost every aspect of intellectual endeavour: architecture with architects, geography and history with ministers and academics, and even theology with popes.”

Geoffrey Parker, Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II 

[salamancaclassictattoo]

El tatuador Delirio Tattoo estará tatuando en nuestro estudio en Noviembre 2021, ven ya a reservar tu cita con él.

Salamanca Classic Tattoo Piercing

Calle Fray Luis de Granada 20, junto a la Plaza del Oeste, en el Barrio del Oeste, a sólo 5 minutos de la Plaza Mayor y 40 minutos de Zamora y muy cerca de Alba de Tormes y Santa Marta de Tormes.http://www.salamancaclassictattoo.es/

[salamancaclassictattoo]

El tatuador Delirio Tattoo estará tatuando en nuestro estudio en Noviembre 2021, ven ya a reservar tu cita con él.

Salamanca Classic Tattoo Piercing

Calle Fray Luis de Granada 20, junto a la Plaza del Oeste, en el Barrio del Oeste, a sólo 5 minutos de la Plaza Mayor y 40 minutos de Zamora y muy cerca de Alba de Tormes y Santa Marta de Tormes.

http://www.salamancaclassictattoo.es/

[salamancaclassictattoo]

El Tatuador Álex Sketch estará tatuando en nuestro estudio en Octubre, ven ya a pedir tu cita con él.

Salamanca Classic Tattoo Piercing

Calle Fray Luis de Granada 20, junto a la Plaza del Oeste

Teléfono 683368202

www.salamancaclassictattoo.es

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Tatuaje hecho por Dites, reserva ya tu cita con él.

Salamanca Classic Tattoo Piercing Calle Fray Luis de Granada 20, junto a la Plaza del Oeste, a sólo 5 minutos de la Plaza Mayor y a 40 minutos de Zamora.

www.salamancaclassictattoo.es

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Blog en construcción.

[salamancaclassictattoo]

El tatuador Delirio Tattoo estará tatuando en nuestro estudio en Noviembre 2021, ven ya a reservar tu cita con él.

Salamanca Classic Tattoo Piercing

Calle Fray Luis de Granada 20, junto a la Plaza del Oeste, en el Barrio del Oeste, a sólo 5 minutos de la Plaza Mayor y 40 minutos de Zamora y muy cerca de Alba de Tormes y Santa Marta de Tormes.http://www.salamancaclassictattoo.es/

[salamancaclassictattoo]

El tatuador Dites estará tatuando en nuestro estudio en Octubre y Noviembre, reserva ya tu cita con él. Salamanca Classic Tattoo Piercing, Calle Fray Luis de Granada 20, junto a la Plaza del Oeste, en el Barrio del Oeste.

http://www.salamancaclassictattoo.es/