#early signs of kidney failure in adults

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"13 Signs and Symptoms of Failing Kidneys: Don't Ignore These Symptoms for Early Detection and Treatment"

Are you aware of the signs and symptoms of failing kidneys? Your kidneys play a vital role in maintaining your overall health and well-being, but when they start to fail, it’s crucial to recognize the warning signs early on. In this comprehensive article, we will delve into the various indicators that may suggest kidney dysfunction. Whether you want to be proactive about your health or are simply…

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Pediatric Cardiology: Addressing Heart Health in Children

When it comes to heart health, we often think about adults. However, children's heart health is just as crucial. Pediatric cardiology is a specialized field that focuses on diagnosing, treating, and preventing heart-related issues in children. It's important to understand that heart conditions in children can range from congenital heart defects to acquired conditions, and early detection and intervention are key to ensuring a healthy future for our little ones.

What is Pediatric Cardiology?

Pediatric cardiology deals with heart problems in children, from infants to adolescents. Unlike adult cardiology, which focuses on heart disease caused by lifestyle factors like high cholesterol or high blood pressure, pediatric cardiology addresses heart conditions that can be present from birth or develop as a child grows. These conditions can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired over time due to factors like infections or family history.

Common Heart Conditions in Children

Some heart conditions in children are easy to detect, while others may not show signs until later in life. Here are a few common issues:

Congenital Heart Defects: These are heart abnormalities that are present at birth. They include conditions like a hole in the heart, abnormal heart valves, or problems with blood flow. Many of these defects can be repaired with surgery, while others may require long-term monitoring.

Arrhythmias: An arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat. It can be present from birth or develop later. In many cases, arrhythmias are treatable with medications or other interventions.

Kawasaki Disease: This is an inflammatory condition that affects blood vessels and can lead to heart complications if not treated properly. Early detection and treatment are critical to prevent long-term damage.

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): While high blood pressure is more common in adults, children can develop it too. It is often caused by obesity, but other factors like kidney issues or a family history of hypertension can also play a role.

Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle, which can affect its ability to pump blood efficiently. It may develop later in childhood and can lead to heart failure if not managed.

Why Pediatric Cardiology is Important

Early detection of heart conditions in children is vital for preventing complications later in life. Some heart conditions can be managed with medication, lifestyle changes, or surgery, while others may require lifelong care. Pediatric cardiologists specialize in identifying heart issues early, making it possible to start treatment before any serious damage is done.

Seeing a top 10 cardiologist in Bhubaneswar ensures that your child receives expert care, even if they have a heart condition. These specialists are trained to recognize the signs of heart problems that may not be obvious, such as poor growth, fainting, or chest pain, and they know the most effective ways to treat these issues.

How Pediatric Cardiologists Help

Pediatric cardiologists have specialized training that helps them treat children in a way that's different from treating adults. Here's how they can help:

Diagnosis: Pediatric cardiologists use various tests to diagnose heart conditions in children, including echocardiograms (ultrasound of the heart), EKGs (electrocardiograms), and heart monitors. These tests help doctors see how the heart is functioning and detect any abnormalities.

Treatment Plans: Once a diagnosis is made, a pediatric cardiologist creates a treatment plan that's tailored to the child's age and specific condition. Treatment may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery, depending on the severity of the issue.

Long-Term Care: Some heart conditions in children require ongoing monitoring and care throughout their lives. Pediatric cardiologists are there to provide guidance on managing chronic conditions, ensuring that the child's heart health is maintained as they grow.

Education and Support: In addition to providing medical care, pediatric cardiologists offer support and education to families. Understanding a child's heart condition and knowing what to expect can help reduce anxiety and make it easier for families to make informed decisions about treatment and lifestyle adjustments.

When Should You Consult a Pediatric Cardiologist?

If you notice any of the following signs in your child, it's important to consult a pediatric cardiologist:

Persistent chest pain or discomfort

Shortness of breath during physical activities

Fainting or dizziness

Swelling in the legs or abdomen

Unusual fatigue or tiredness during activities

Even if there are no visible symptoms, if you have a family history of heart disease, it’s worth having your child evaluated by a pediatric cardiologist. Regular check-ups ensure that any issues are caught early.

The Role of the Best Cardiologist in Bhubaneswar

For parents in Bhubaneswar, choosing the top 10 cardiologist in Bhubaneswar ensures that your child receives the highest quality of care. These specialists are skilled in handling heart conditions at any stage of a child's development. Whether it's a congenital defect or an acquired condition, they have the knowledge and experience to offer the best treatments available.

Conclusion

Pediatric cardiology plays a crucial role in ensuring the heart health of our children. With the right care and early intervention, many heart conditions in children can be managed effectively. If you suspect that your child may have a heart condition, don’t hesitate to reach out to a top 10 cardiologist in Bhubaneswar. With expert care and guidance, you can help your child lead a healthy, active life, free from heart problems.

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Key Drivers and Innovations in the Urinalysis Market

The global urinalysis market was valued at USD 2.14 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2023 to 2030. This growth is largely driven by the increasing prevalence of several key health conditions, such as Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), diabetes, and kidney diseases, all of which necessitate frequent diagnostic testing, particularly urinalysis. The increasing awareness of kidney health and advancements in diagnostic techniques are also contributing to market expansion.

Market Drivers

One of the major drivers of the urinalysis market is the rising incidence of diseases such as UTIs, diabetes, and kidney-related disorders. For instance, according to the National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020, about 34.1 million adults aged 18 years and above in the U.S. have diabetes. Notably, one-third of individuals with diabetes suffer from kidney-related complications due to factors such as high blood sugar and high blood pressure. This makes urinalysis an invaluable diagnostic tool, as it can help detect kidney diseases early by analyzing the components of urine, which can provide vital information about kidney function.

The growing prevalence of kidney diseases, particularly in individuals with diabetes and hypertension, is expected to drive significant demand for urinalysis products. Early diagnosis of kidney conditions through urinalysis plays a crucial role in preventing further complications, such as kidney failure, making it an essential diagnostic tool for healthcare professionals.

Additionally, developing countries such as South Korea, Brazil, India, and Mexico are expected to present significant growth opportunities for the urinalysis market. These regions are witnessing an increasing burden of chronic diseases, improved healthcare infrastructure, and a rising middle class with greater access to healthcare services. In particular, countries like India are seeing an increase in healthcare spending, which grew from USD 232.73 million in 2020 to USD 507.97 million in 2021. This growing healthcare expenditure, along with a large patient base and rising disposable incomes, is expected to fuel the demand for diagnostic tools, including urinalysis products, in these markets.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Urinalysis Market

Application Segmentation Insights

The urinary tract infection (UTI) screening segment dominated the urinalysis market in 2022, accounting for 25.06% of the market share. The high incidence of UTIs globally contributes significantly to this segment’s dominance. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), approximately 150 million people worldwide suffer from UTIs each year. UTIs are one of the most common infections, especially among women and the elderly, making them a key focus for urinalysis tests. The ease and effectiveness of urinalysis in detecting UTIs help fuel the growth of this segment, which is expected to continue to be a major contributor to the overall market.

On the other hand, the diabetes screening segment is expected to grow at the fastest CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period. Urinalysis plays a crucial role in screening for diabetes, particularly in detecting albuminuria—a condition where excess proteins, such as albumin, are present in the urine, which is a sign of kidney damage, often associated with diabetes. The steadily increasing number of people diagnosed with diabetes is a key driver for the growth of this segment. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 37.3 million people in the U.S. were living with diabetes in 2022. Of these, 28.7 million were diagnosed, while 8.5 million remained undiagnosed. The rising number of undiagnosed cases indicates the critical need for early screening, where urinalysis can play a pivotal role in detecting early signs of the disease.

Role of Obesity in Diabetes

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, which is one of the primary reasons for the growing prevalence of the disease. The increasing rates of obesity, especially in developed and developing countries, are contributing to the rising number of diabetes cases. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas 2021, around 10.5% of adults aged 20 to 79 years globally have diabetes, and nearly half of them are unaware of their condition. As the global population continues to face rising obesity rates, the demand for diabetes screening through urinalysis will likely continue to grow.

The IDF projections indicate that by 2045, about 783 million adults, or 1 in 8, will be living with diabetes, marking a 46% increase from current figures. The majority of these cases will be of type 2 diabetes, which accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes cases. This type of diabetes is influenced by a range of factors, including socioeconomic status, genetics, and lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. The increasing global burden of diabetes will drive the demand for diagnostic tools such as urinalysis, further propelling the market for these tests.

Order a free sample PDF of the Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

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Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious condition that affects the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the body. In India, around 17% of the adult population suffers from CKD. As the disease advances, it can lead to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain life.

What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Chronic Kidney Disease is a slow and ongoing decline of renal function for not less than three months. 8% to 16% of the entire global population suffer from diabetes and hypertension.

In its initial form, no sign would indicate the presence of disease. As it develops, the person would be easily diagnosed with fatigue, swelling and other issues such as cardiovascular diseases.

Chronic Kidney Disease Stages

Nephrologists divide the disease into five stages based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how much blood the kidneys can filter per minute.

Stage 1: Normal or High GFR (≥90 mL/min)

The kidneys still function at a normal or high level, with a GFR of 90 mL/min or higher. However, there may be signs of kidney damage, such as protein in the urine. At this stage, symptoms are usually mild or absent.

Stage 2: Mild Reduction in GFR (60–89 mL/min)

Kidney function shows a mild reduction, with a GFR between 60 and 89 mL/min. Symptoms may include frequent urinary tract infections, high blood pressure, and swelling in the hands and feet.

Stage 3: Moderate Reduction in GFR (30–59 mL/min)

This stage is divided into two subgroups: stage 3a (GFR 45–59 mL/min) and stage 3b (GFR 30–44 mL/min). Here, kidney function shows a moderate reduction, and symptoms may include changes in urination, swelling in the hands and feet, weakness, fatigue, dry and itchy skin, back pain, and muscle cramping.

Stage 4: Severe Reduction in GFR (15–29 mL/min)

Kidney function reduces, with a GFR between 15 and 29 mL/min. Symptoms may include anaemia, decreased appetite, bone disease, and abnormal levels of phosphorus, calcium, and vitamin D.

Stage 5: Kidney Failure (GFR <15 mL/min or on dialysis)

Also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), this is the most severe stage of CKD. Here, the kidneys fail, with a GFR of less than 15 mL/min, or the patient requires dialysis. Symptoms may include all those mentioned in the previous stages, as well as nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease symptoms result from many health issues. Understanding the main causes, risk factors, and preventive measures can help mitigate the impact of this disease.

Main Causes of CKD

Diabetes: This leading chronic kidney disease causes results when high blood sugar levels damage the kidneys’ filtering units over time, leading to diabetic kidney disease. Early signs often include protein in the urine, indicating damage to the kidney’s filters.

Hypertension: High BP damages the blood vessels in the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste. This creates a harsh cycle, as kidney damage can further increase blood pressure.

Glomerulonephritis: This refers to inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli). Conditions such as IgA nephropathy and lupus nephritis fall under this category and can lead to kidney damage.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): A genetic disorder characterised by the growth of a large number of cysts in the kidneys, PKD can badly affect kidney function over time.

Recurrent Kidney Infections: Chronic infections can lead to scarring and damage to the kidneys, contributing to CKD.

Obstructive Uropathy: Conditions like kidney stones or an enlarged prostate can obstruct urine flow, causing kidney damage.

Toxic Substances: Long-term exposure to certain medications (like NSAIDs) and heavy metals (like lead) can harm the kidneys.

Risk Factors Associated with CKD

Many factors can increase the likelihood of developing the disease:

Family History: A genetic predisposition to kidney disease can increase risk.

Age: The risk of chronic kidney disease increases with age, particularly in individuals over 60.

Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups, including South Asians and African Americans, face a higher risk for CKD.

Conclusion

Chronic kidney disease remains a public health concern, especially in India, where a large portion of the adult population is affected. The progressive nature of CKD highlights the urgent need for early detection and management to prevent its escalation into end-stage renal disease, which requires intensive treatments like dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Regular check-ups with nephrologists at the best hospital In Haryana, such as SS Kidney Hospital, are important for those at risk or diagnosed with CKD to monitor kidney function and manage symptoms.

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High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a serious medical condition. It is often dubbed as the "silent killer" because it rarely shows any high blood pressure symptoms in its early stages. Despite the lack of telltale signs, high blood pressure significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and other life-threatening complications.

The measurement of blood pressure is expressed as two numbers, such as systolic pressure which is the top number, and diastolic pressure which is the bottom number, both of which are measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). Adults' normal blood pressure range is typically around 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is diagnosed when blood consistently measures 130/80 mmHg or higher.

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Comprehending Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Indications, Signs, and Treatment

A Holistic Approach to Kidney Treatment: Exploring Homeopathy for Kidney Health

Kidney-related diseases, such as chronic kidney injuries (AKI) along with chronic kidney disease  (CKD) are becoming more prevalent in the world. The kidneys play a crucial part in maintaining overall health by filtering out waste substances and excessive fluids out of the blood. If kidney function is impaired in any way, the accumulation of waste substances can cause serious health problems.

Understanding Creatinine Levels

First, let's understand what is creatinine? Creatinine is an unneeded waste product that is produced during the metabolism of muscles and is eliminated by kidneys. Monitoring the  creatinine levels in the blood is a commonly used test to determine kidney function. The Normal creatinine levels remain within a particular range that can vary little from one lab to another, but usually is in the range of 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for men of adult age as well as 0.5 up to 1.1 mg/dL for women of adult age. Abbreviations from these ranges could indicate kidney problems.

Low Creatinine Levels

Lower levels of creatinine are less frequent, but they can be a sign of certain health issues. Conditions like muscle atrophy, malnutrition or underlying illnesses that affect the mass of muscles can cause decreased levels of creatinine. In certain instances it could be the result of a decrease in creatinine production because of liver diseases that are severe. In general, Low creatinine are not the primary issue for treatment of kidneys, however it is important to monitor them because they may be connected with other health problems.

High Creatinine Levels

However high creatinine levels are an obvious sign of kidney failure. If the kidneys aren't efficiently removing waste from the blood, the creatinine levels increase and causes elevated levels in blood. Creatinine levels that are high could be the result of a myriad of factors like dehydration kidney infections obstructions in the urinary tract, or injuries caused by conditions such as AKI or CKD.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

An Acute Kidney Injury, also called acute renal failure is a sudden and pronounced impairment of the kidney's function. It is usually the result of an event that is traumatic such as a serious injury, infection or reaction to a medication. AKI is defined by a rapid rise in creatinine levels. This may cause a variety of symptoms, including reduced urine output, decreased electrolyte and fluid retention imbalances. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention in the event that AKI is suspected because immediate intervention could help to avoid further damage to the kidneys.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

However, Chronic Kidney Disease is an ongoing condition that progresses in time and is usually marked by the gradual loss of kidney function. CKD is commonly called an "silent disease" because symptoms are not evident until the disease is in advanced levels. Creatinine levels increase gradually in CKD and early detection via regular blood tests is vital for a successful treatment. Lifestyle changes, diet modifications and medical treatments are often utilized to slow the progression of CKD and treat the symptoms.

If you want to know for kidney treatment homeopathy, then you can visit my original blog. The link has been provided below: 

https://bharathomeopathy.com/disease/kidney-failure-treatment

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Know About the Inherited Kidney Diseases!

Kidneys are vital organs that play a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health. Unfortunately, some individuals are born with or inherit kidney diseases, which can have a significant impact on their lives. In such cases, consulting a nephrologist in Noida, especially the best nephrologist in Noida, affiliated with NEO Hospital, is crucial. In this blog, we will explore inherited kidney diseases, their causes, symptoms, and the importance of seeking expert medical care.

What Are Inherited Kidney Diseases?

Inherited kidney diseases, also known as genetic kidney diseases, are conditions that are passed down through families due to genetic mutations. These mutations can affect the structure and function of the kidneys, potentially leading to a wide range of kidney-related problems. These conditions can be present at birth or become apparent later in life.

Common Types of Inherited Kidney Diseases

1. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): PKD is one of the most prevalent inherited kidney diseases. It causes fluid-filled cysts to form in the kidneys, leading to an increase in kidney size and a decline in function over time. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) are the two primary forms of PKD.

2. Alport Syndrome: Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the basement membrane of the kidneys, leading to hematuria (blood in the urine), hearing loss, and eye abnormalities. It can lead to chronic kidney disease and eventually kidney failure.

3. Fabry Disease: Fabry disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of lipids. It can lead to kidney damage, along with other systemic symptoms such as skin rashes, pain, and gastrointestinal issues.

4. Nephronophthisis: Nephronophthisis is a group of inherited kidney diseases that primarily affect children and young adults. It leads to the gradual loss of kidney function, ultimately resulting in kidney failure.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of inherited kidney diseases can vary depending on the specific condition and its stage. Common signs to watch out for include:

● Blood in the urine (hematuria)

● High blood pressure

● Frequent urinary tract infections

● Swelling in the face, hands, or feet

● Back or side pain

● Decreased kidney function

To diagnose inherited kidney diseases, genetic testing is often necessary. A nephrologist will review the patient's medical history, perform a physical examination, and order specific tests such as blood and urine analysis, imaging studies, and, in some cases, genetic testing.

The Role of a Nephrologist

When dealing with inherited kidney diseases, it is essential to consult a nephrologist, a specialised medical professional with expertise in diagnosing and treating kidney conditions. In Noida, NEO Hospital provides access to some of the best nephrologists who can offer comprehensive care for patients with inherited kidney diseases.

Treatment and Management

The management of inherited kidney diseases often focuses on slowing the progression of the condition, managing symptoms, and preventing complications. Specific treatment strategies may include:

1. Blood pressure control: Maintaining blood pressure within a healthy range is crucial to protect the kidneys.

2. Medications: Certain medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms, such as pain, and high blood pressure, or to delay the progression of kidney disease.

3. Dialysis or transplantation: In severe cases of kidney failure, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Conclusion

Inherited kidney diseases can be challenging, but with the guidance of the best nephrologist in Noida, affiliated with NEO Hospital, patients can receive the specialised care they need. Early diagnosis, proper management, and a support system are essential to living a fulfilling life despite these conditions. If you suspect you or a loved one may have an inherited kidney disease, seek medical attention promptly to receive a personalised treatment plan. Remember, knowledge and timely intervention can make a significant difference in the outcome.

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10 Alarming Lymphatic Filariasis Symptoms That You Should Not Ignore!

10 Alarming Lymphatic Filariasis Symptoms That You Should Not Ignore!

We must be aware of our health and detect any warning signs our bodies may give us as we go about our daily lives. Elephantiasis, also called lymphatic filariasis, is a crippling condition brought on by parasitic worms. Mosquito bites are the primary way that these worms are spread. The majority of people who are affected by this ailment live in tropical and subtropical areas.

Here, we will look at ten frightening lymphatic filariasis signs you should not overlook. We encourage early discovery and immediate medical care by highlighting these signs. 

Furthermore, you can contact Bansal Hospital Bhopal for advice or medical assistance. Excellent facilities and care are offered for various disorders by qualified doctors and personnel. Let's look into this illness's signs, triggers, and remedies.

Understanding Leishmaniasis Lymphatic

Elephantiasis, or lymphatic filariasis, is a severe tropical disease brought on by parasitic worms that generally affect the lymphatic system. The development and hardening of body parts, especially the limbs and genitalia, are among its medical symptoms. It may result in severe physical and emotional distress for those affected and their carers.

Lymphatic filariasis is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, particularly in places with limited access to healthcare, sanitary conditions, and good hygiene habits. The disease primarily affects communities with poor socioeconomic status, feeding a vicious circle of illness and deprivation.

Why Does Lymphatic Filariasis Occur?

Lymphatic filariasis is a disease common in areas of the world with a tropical climate, and it is caused by parasitic worms such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia timori, and Brugia malayi. It is spread from infected mosquitoes to humans through the bites of those insects.

When getting bitten by an infected mosquito of the species (Bancroft, timori, or malayi), the tiny larvae of the worms travel into the lymphatic system, where they mature into adult worms. This happens when the mosquito transmits the infection through its bite. 

This occurs when the mosquito successfully passes the pathogen to its host via its bite. They have the potential to live for a very long period and produce millions of microfilariae, which are very small larvae, over the course of several years. Microfilariae are the life stage of the parasite. The microfilaria produces this type of larva.

Symptoms Of Lymphatic Filariasis

The top 10 Lymphatic Filariasis warning signs that you should not disregard are as follows:

1. Bruised Limbs

Lymphatic filariasis is identified by the enlargement of the limbs, particularly the arms and legs. Lymphedema, a disorder brought on by parasitic worms' obstruction of lymphatic channels, is the cause of this.

2. Thick Skin

Lymphatic filariasis can result in the skin thinning and hardening over time. Elephantiasis is a condition that frequently affects the legs and genitalia and causes severe physical and emotional distress.

3. Constant Fever

Lymphatic filariasis patients may experience recurrent fever attacks accompanied by chills and sweat. 

4. Inflammatory Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes that are enlarged and painful are another typical symptom of this illness. 

5. Weakness And Exhaustion

Due to the prolonged inflammation and damage brought on by parasitic worms, lymphatic filariasis can result in significant weariness and weakness.

6. Kidney Conditions

Lymphatic filariasis can occasionally result in kidney damage. The lymphatic system's dysfunction reduces the kidneys' capacity to remove waste from the blood, which can result in consequences like proteinuria and renal failure.

7. Hydrocele

Males with lymphatic filariasis may develop hydrocele, a disorder marked by an accumulation of fluid in the scrotum.

8. Breathing problems

It is possible for people to experience respiratory failure, coughing, wheezing, and other breathing difficulties as a result of blocked lymphatic veins in the chest area.

9. Skin Diseases

People with lymphatic filariasis are more prone to skin infections due to their impaired lymphatic system. 

10. Deficient Immune System

The immune system is weakened by lymphatic filariasis, making people more vulnerable to various illnesses and infections. 

The Final Say

Elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis) is a tropical disease brought on by parasitic worms that are spread by mosquito bites. Leaving this issue untreated could affect one's quality of life. However, the symptoms can be controlled, and the condition can be stopped from progressing with early diagnosis and the right therapy. 

Symptomatic therapy, surgical procedures in extreme cases, and anti-filarial drugs are a few of their treatment, prevention, and control options. The lymphatic system can be supported, and general health can be significantly enhanced by maintaining a healthy weight, healthy food, and appropriate hydration.

Additionally, complete body exams might aid in the early detection of the condition. Bansal Hospital Bhopal is a good option for medical examinations. You can get advice from the department handling health checkups.

About Bansal Hospital

Bansal Hospital is a multispeciality hospital and is one of the leading, reputable and reliable healthcare providers trusted by patients and their families across the region. It has all the major departments, including cardiology, neurology, oncology, orthopaedics, gastroenterology, urology, liver transplant, bone marrow transplantation, nephrology, gynaecology and more. The hospital is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and technology. It has a team of highly qualified and experienced doctors and medical staff who provide round-the-clock care to the patient.

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What Is Ketamine Used For?

Ketamine is also called ketamine hydrochloride, which is an injectable drug given for surgical anesthesia.

The substance is usually used along with other anesthetic drugs during surgery, but it can be used alone for pain relief during certain procedures that do not require muscle relaxation.

During the operation, you will monitor your vital signs while you are receiving ketamine to minimize the risk of drug-induced side effects.

In addition to medical uses, ketamine is also a drug and can cause dangerous health problems when used for illegal, non-medical purposes.

Ketamine: What Is It?

The substance reduces some functions of the nervous system by inhibiting the normal activity of NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Normally, NMDA receptors located on the surface of nerve cells bind to neurotransmitters, modulating the actions of the nervous system.

This anesthetic is an NMDA receptor antagonist. It counteracts the action of NMDA receptors in the body by blocking them. This anesthetic is available in generic form and under the brand name Ketalar.

Effects Of Ketamine

The substance has a fast action, desensitizing, preventing pain, inducing sleep and suppressing memory.

This drug can cause a feeling of detachment from reality and lead to fleeting hallucinations. In addition, ketamine can lead to short-term confusion after waking up after surgery.

Most people do not remember the early or late phases of the drug's effect on thinking and memory. They cannot remember when they had hallucinations or confusion.

This drug acts very quickly once it enters the body. This can take effect within a few seconds and the effects wear off within 15-20 minutes. This action may be different for people who have health problems such as liver disease or kidney failure.

Use Of Ketamine

Ketamine is used as an anesthetic in surgery in adults and children.

It is used in major and minor surgical procedures, as well as for elective and emergency procedures.

The substance can be administered during abdominal surgery, orthopedic surgery, burn surgery, certain dental procedures, and many other types of surgery.

This drug is used for various types of anesthesia, including general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia. There are a number of different anesthetics, and ketamine is commonly used along with other anesthetics.

If you are going to have surgery, your anesthesiologist will prescribe a combination of anesthetics for the following reasons:

The combination of medications helps to avoid taking high doses of individual medications, which can lead to the side effects of anesthesia.

Different anesthetics used for a surgical procedure have slightly different effects and duration of action.

This drug belongs to fast-acting and short-acting anesthetics.

It relieves pain, but does not reduce muscle tone. Most surgeries also require anesthetics, which reduce muscle tone and mobility.

Benefits For Surgery

One advantage of ketamine in surgery is that it does not significantly affect breathing or heart function. This anesthetic has also been associated with high levels of post-surgery satisfaction, and research suggests this may be associated with a reduction in post-surgery pain.

The substance is also used for anesthesia in a number of veterinary procedures, such as dogs, cats and other animals.

Epilepsy

Ketamine has also been used to treat refractory status epilepticus. This is a dangerous type of seizure that requires emergency treatment with anticonvulsants.

Ketamine is not a first-line drug for status epilepticus and is usually used when other treatments are contraindicated or when they have failed to effectively stop a prolonged seizure.

Depression

Ketamine injections have also been explored in scientific studies as a potential treatment for depression and suicidal ideation, with promising results. This substance is not currently approved for the treatment of depression.

A similar drug, Spravato (esketamine), which is used as a nasal spray, was approved for the treatment of depression in 2019.

How Ketamine Used?

Ketamine is given intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM, into a muscle) during surgery. It is usually used to induce anesthesia before other anesthetics are administered.

The initial dose of Ketalar intravenously ranges from 1 milligram (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight to 4.5 mg per kg of body weight. The initial dose for induction of anesthesia is administered within a few minutes.

Ketamine has a fast onset of action and a short duration of action, so it starts working within minutes and wears off fairly quickly.

When ketamine is administered for anesthesia during long surgical procedures, a repeat dose is necessary.

Risks Associated With Ketamine

This drug should only be used in a setting where the anesthetist will monitor health and vital signs.

Ketamine may have side effects, including changes in blood pressure.

This drug may not be suitable for you if your blood pressure is unstable.

Abuse 

In addition to its medical use, ketamine has also been a drug. This medicine is known to be illegally sold in various forms that can be taken in different ways.

When abused, the main effects are hallucinations and dissociation from reality, but the drug's effects when used for non-medical purposes are not as predictable or controllable as its effects during controlled anesthesia.

Overdose and side effects of illegal ketamine use include:

Nervousness

Chest pain

Seizures, and

Psychosis.

Prolonged or repeated use may lead to psychiatric problems, including psychosis and flashbacks.

In addition, ketamine is also misused for criminal purposes when it is given to a person who does not know that he is being given the drug.

In these circumstances, the drug alters the awareness and consciousness of the unsuspecting recipient and has been used for crimes against the recipient such as sexual assault.

[paulkellyiaatpa]

Proper Hydration Could be Key to Longevity

New research suggests that hydration could hold the key to longevity.

Hydration and Your Health

The new research discovered older adults who are properly hydrated may be healthier and live longer than those who are not.

For the study, researchers tracked data over three decades on more than 11,200 adults who took part in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Participants were seen over five visits—two in their fifties, and the last between the ages of 70 and 90.

To judge how well hydrated they were, the researchers looked at levels of salt in the blood, gleaning information on systolic blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. Levels of sodium were a proxy for hydration because higher concentrations are a sign that participants were likely not consuming enough fluids.

Those markers in turn, indicated how well the cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, renal, and immune systems were functioning.

The study participants all had blood-sodium concentrations within the normal range: 135 to 146 millimoles per liter. But the findings suggested that people with levels at the higher end of that normal range –above 144 millimoles per liter- had 50 percent higher odds of being biologically older than their chronological age and 21 percent higher odds of dying early. They were also more likely to suffer from chronic conditions. High levels of salt were also linked to a 64 percent increased risk of developing heart failure, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and artery disease, as well as lung disease, diabetes, and dementia, the researchers found.

The study cannot say that staying hydrated has all these benefits, only that they seemed to be linked, the researchers noted.

The study was released by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The report was published in the journal, eBioMedicine.

Stay Hydrated

Hydration requirements can be met through the consumption of certain foods (such as fruits and vegetables) in addition to beverages. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), staying hydrated does have known health benefits:

Helps maintain normal body temperature

Prevents constipation

Prevents kidney stones

Wards off joint pain

The average adult in the United States drinks more than five cups of water a day, according to the CDC.

What IAA has to Say

Staying hydrated is important! Insurance Administrator of America is here to remind you that something so small can go a long way. Remember, with IAA one call does it all.

[hiranandanihospitalpowai]

Everything You Need To Know ABout Kidney Diseases And Their Cures

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs. The kidneys filter excess water and waste from your blood and produce urine. Kidney disease means your kidneys are damaged and unable to filter your blood as they should. 

Experts at the Hiranandani hospital kidney transplant centre tells that you are at higher risk of kidney disease if you have diabetes or high blood pressure. If you have kidney failure, treatments include a kidney transplant or dialysis. The kidneys regulate pH, salt, potassium, and more. 

What is kidney disease?

As per the Hiranandani hospital powai news, kidney disease affects an estimated 37 million adults. It happens when your kidneys become damaged and can no longer do their job. Damage can be caused by diabetes, high blood pressure, and other long-term (chronic) conditions. If the kidney disease worsens, your kidneys can stop working entirely. This means that dialysis is required for the kidneys to function properly. Dialysis is a treatment that uses a machine to filter and clean blood. 

What are the causes and types of kidney disease?

Chronic Kidney Disease

High blood pressure is dangerous for the kidneys because it can increase pressure on the glomeruli. The glomeruli are the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that clean the blood. Kidney function eventually deteriorates to the point where the kidneys can no longer do their job properly. In this case, a person would have to undergo dialysis. Dialysis filters excess fluid and waste from the blood. 

Kidney stones

Kidney stones are another common kidney problem. They form when minerals and other blood substances crystallize in the kidneys and form solid masses (stones). Kidney stones are usually eliminated from the body during urination. Passing kidney stones can be extremely painful but rarely causes any major problems.

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli. Glomeruli are extremely small structures in the kidneys that filter blood. 

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Polycystic Kidney Disease is a genetic condition that causes many cysts (small sacs of fluid) to grow in the kidneys. These cysts can affect kidney function and cause kidney failure. It's important to note that solitary kidney cysts are fairly common and almost always harmless. Polycystic kidney disease is another, more serious condition.

Urinary tract infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections of all parts of the urinary system. They are easily treatable and rarely lead to further health problems. 

What are the symptoms of kidney disease?

Kidney disease is a medical condition that can easily go undetected until symptoms become severe. The following symptoms are early warning signs that you may be developing kidney disease:

Fatigue

Difficulty concentrating

Trouble sleeping

Loss of appetite

Muscle cramps

swollen feet and ankles

Swelling around the eyes in the morning

Dry, scaly skin

Frequent urination, especially late at night

Experts at the Hiranandani hospital kidney centre states that following are the serious symptoms that could indicate your kidney disease is progressing to kidney failure include:

Nausea

Vomiting

Loss of appetite

Changes in urine production

Fluid retention

Anaemia (decreased red blood cells)

Decreased sex drive

in the blood (hyperkalemia)

Inflammation of the sac around the heart (fluid-filled sac covering the heart)

Risks that can convert to kidney disease?

People with diabetes are at higher risk of developing kidney disease. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease, accounting for approximately 44% of new cases. You are also more likely to have kidney disease if you:

have high blood pressure

have other family members with chronic kidney disease are older

Research shows kidney disease is more common in people of African American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American descent.

How is kidney disease diagnosed?

Your doctor will first determine if you are at increased risk of developing kidney disease. They will then test to see if your kidneys are working properly. These tests may include the following:

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

This test measures how well your kidneys are working and determines the stage of kidney disease.

Ultrasound or CT scan

Ultrasound and CT scans produce clear images of the kidneys and urinary tract. The images allow your doctor to see if your kidneys are too small or too large. 

Kidney biopsy

During a kidney biopsy, your doctor removes a small piece of tissue from your kidney while you are sedated. The tissue sample can help your doctor determine the type of kidney disease you have and the extent of the damage.

[idowanttoknow]

Anorexia nervosa

norexia nervosa is a life-threatening eating disorder and a serious mental illness. It causes severe weight loss.

Having an eating disorder is not about vanity. People with anorexia nervosa commonly have an unhealthy focus on food, weight or body shape. They have an intense fear of gaining weight, even though they are significantly underweight.

When a person with anorexia nervosa restricts their eating, it is not a lifestyle choice. It is a sign of a complex condition that affects both their physical and mental health.

Anorexia nervosa affects males and females of all ages, including children. It commonly begins in adolescence.

Women who develop anorexia nervosa often severely restrict their diet and exercise compulsively. Men who have this condition may use steroids or exercise compulsively, and restrict their food intake, so they can develop a muscular, toned body.

Models and athletes who participate in sports that place emphasis on body weight and shape (such as gymnasts, jockeys and dancers) might also be at increased risk of anorexia nervosa.

In 2012, over 25,000 Australians had anorexia nervosa (over 18,000 females and over 7,000 males).

Recognising the signs early and getting help can reduce the impact of anorexia nervosa and help with a full recovery.

What causes anorexia nervosa?

The causes of anorexia nervosa are different from person to person. People may have a genetic predisposition for the condition.

Triggers for the development or re-emergence of the condition may include:

dieting – this is the primary risk factor and trigger for most eating disorders

changes in life circumstances

a singular traumatic experience

repeated exposure to trauma, bullying or abuse.

Traits such as perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and conditions such as anxiety and depression may put people at further risk of developing anorexia nervosa.

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa

An awareness of the signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa can help early detection. Treatment is more effective if it begins early, but you can start recovery at any stage of the disorder.

Physical symptoms of anorexia nervosa

Physical signs and symptoms may include:

weight loss without a reason (such as an illness)

body weight that is not in the healthy range for the person’s age and height

development of bloating, constipation and food intolerance

loss of periods (in women) and failure to begin a menstrual cycle (in girls) – although you can still have your periods and have anorexia nervosa

loss of libido (sex drive)

cold, mottled hands and feet due to poor blood flow, even in warm weather

heart problems

kidney failure

fatigue and fainting without reason (such as an illness)

an increase in dental decay without reason

fine hair appearing on the face and body.

Psychological symptoms of anorexia nervosa

Psychological signs and symptoms may include:

intense fear of gaining weight or ongoing behaviour that does not enable weight gain

obsessive concern and rules about dieting, body shape and weight

anxiety and irritability around meal times

depression and anxiety

low self-esteem, along with perfectionism

slowed thinking and decreased ability to concentrate

distorted body image – for example, a person who believes they are ‘fat’ when they are underweight

expressions of low self-worth.

Behavioural symptoms of anorexia nervosa

Behavioural signs and symptoms may include:

dieting behaviour – dieting, counting kilojoules, reporting new food allergies and avoiding food groups that were once enjoyed

binge eating (or reporting experiences of having ‘binged’ on what would be considered a normal portion size of food)

hiding food

misuse of laxatives, appetite suppressants, diuretics and enemas

behaviour related to body image – constantly checking in the mirror, pinching parts of the body to measure fat

withdrawal from social interactions

secrecy around eating – saying they have eaten when they haven’t

excessive and obsessive exercise even when sick or injured, or exhibiting distress if they can’t exercise

obsessive rituals around food – cutting food into very small pieces or eating very slowly

self-harm, use of substances and suicide attempts.

Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa

If you think you (or someone you know) might have anorexia nervosa, it is important that you see your doctor as soon as possible. The health risks associated with anorexia nervosa are severe and can be life threatening. The sooner you seek help, the sooner you can start to recover, and the more effective treatment can be.

Other healthcare professionals (such as dieticians, psychologists or psychiatrists) can recognise this mental illness, but may not be able to give you a full physical check-up. This is why seeing your doctor is important.

To diagnose anorexia nervosa, a doctor:

will need to do a full physical examination

may complete blood tests

may ask questions about your health, including your emotional health and wellbeing, medical history and current lifestyle.

Eating disorders can be an aspect of a range of conditions. Your doctor will need to make sure that you are not losing weight because of another reason, such as an undiagnosed physical illness or another mental health condition.

Types of anorexia nervosa

There are two types of anorexia nervosa. One type emphasises the restriction of food intake. The other type includes excessive food intake (binge eating) followed by purging, or purging after the consumption of normal portions, or small amounts of food. Purging may include self-induced vomiting, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemas.

Restriction of food intake

People with the ‘restricting’ subtype of anorexia nervosa tend to severely reduce their energy intake or restrict the type of food they will eat. The signs can be different in each person, but they might include:

restricting certain types of food such as carbohydrates or high-fat foods

obsessively counting kilojoule intake

skipping meals

excessively exercising.

Binge eating and purging

People with the ‘binge eating and purging’ subtype of anorexia nervosa have similar symptoms to the restricting type, but they also have behaviours that include:

binge eating – eating subjectively large quantities of food and then feeling like they have ‘lost control’

purging following a binge eating episode

'compensating’ for the excess food eaten by self-induced vomiting or using laxatives, enemas or diuretics.

This type of anorexia nervosa shares some similarities to bulimia nervosa. People with anorexia nervosa, however, tend to strongly emphasise weight control by restricting energy intake, rather than primarily through purging behaviours.

In addition, people with this type of anorexia nervosa have a lower body weight; whereas people with bulimia nervosa tend to have fluctuating body weight closer to the healthy weight range for their age and height.

Long-term risks of ongoing anorexia nervosa

Untreated and ongoing anorexia nervosa can cause problems including:

weakened bones (osteoporosis)

slowed growth (in young people)

infertility

disorders of the bowel and gut

problems with concentration and thinking

problems with decision-making

social, emotional and educational problems.

Treatment of anorexia nervosa

Research is continuing into which treatment for anorexia nervosa might be most effective. There is no single treatment method that suits everyone. Evidence suggests that treatment will help most people to recover from the condition.

Evidence also suggests that it is best to get treatment started as early as possible, and that using a team of professionals with expertise in different fields is the best approach.

Once anorexia nervosa is diagnosed, your doctor will organise a team to help you on your way to recovery. This might include establishing a healthcare team of different professionals such as:

a psychiatrist

a psychologist

a dietician

a family therapist

a social worker

an occupational therapist.

Treatment needs to address both physical and psychological health. Common approaches include:

Family Based Treatment (FBT) – FBT has been shown to be the most effective treatment for children and adolescents. FBT is an approach in which the whole family works together to fight against the eating disorder, and to support you in regaining control of your life

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) – CBT works on changing the unhelpful thoughts and behaviours that are causing and maintaining the eating disorder. This is the most researched and recommended treatment for adults. Your healthcare professionals will work with you to help you work out the links between your thinking, your emotional response and your eating behaviour

support groups – can be helpful but do not replace treatment from healthcare professionals

other treatment options such as medications and supplements to help strengthen your bones and, in some cases, medication prescribed by a doctor to support your mental health (for example, antidepressants).

The aims of treatment include:

restoring your healthy weight

reversing any effects of malnutrition

making sure you are physically safe and healthy

making sure you are mentally healthy.

Most people with anorexia nervosa are treated outside a hospital setting. However, if the condition is severe, temporary treatment in a hospital might be needed. Outpatient treatment and day programs can also be very helpful in supporting people as they make changes to behavioural, thinking and eating patterns.

People with anorexia nervosa who have also experienced physical, emotional or sexual abuse are encouraged to seek help for the trauma they have experienced, as well as their eating disorder.

Where to get help

In an emergency, always call triple zero (000)

A GP with experience supporting people with an eating disorder

Eating Disorders Victoria Hub. Tel. 1300 550 236  – support from Monday to Friday 9.30 am to 4.30 pm

Community health centre

Lifeline. Tel. 13 11 14

Suicide Line. Tel. 1300 651 251

Kids Helpline. Tel. 1800 55 1800

Butterfly Foundation’s National Support Line. Tel. 1800 ED HOPE (1800 33 4673) – support from Monday to Friday 8 am to 9 pm (except public holidays)

[mcatmemoranda]

This is what I'm going to say. Probably too long, but whatever.

Before I talk about sepsis, I just wanted to review the SIRS criteria.

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Criteria:

At least 2 of the 4:

-Temp greater than 38 C (100.4 F) or lower than 36 C (96.8 F)

-HR greater than 90 bpm

-RR greater than 20 per minute or PaCO2 less than 32 mmHg

-WBCs higher than 12,000 per microliter or lower than 4,000 per microliter; or >10% immature bands

If in addition to meeting SIRS criteria, the patient has a source of infection or a suspected source of infection, the patient has sepsis. Just because the patient meets the SIRS criteria doesn’t mean that the patient has an infection. It can be inflammation due other causes. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is no longer included in the definition of sepsis since SIRS is not always caused by infection.

So sepsis is the result of an infection causing a dysregulated inflammatory response.

According to the Society of Critical Care Medicine and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SCCM/ESICM):

-Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

-Septic shock is sepsis with hypotension that can’t be resolved with fluid resuscitation and requires vasopressors to keep MAP > 65 mmHg and lactate > 2 mmol/L.

Risk factors for sepsis include intensive care unit (ICU) admission, a nosocomial infection, bacteremia, advanced age, immunosuppression, previous hospitalization (in particular hospitalization associated with infection), and community-acquired pneumonia.

Patients with suspected or documented sepsis typically present with hypotension, tachycardia, fever, and leukocytosis. As severity worsens, signs of shock (eg, cool skin and cyanosis) and organ dysfunction develop (eg, oliguria, acute kidney injury, altered mental status).

The diagnosis is often made empirically at the bedside upon presentation, or retrospectively when follow-up data return or a response to antibiotics is evident.

Sepsis has a high mortality rate that appears to be decreasing. Estimates range from 10 to 52 percent with rates increasing linearly according to the disease severity of sepsis. Following discharge from the hospital, sepsis carries an increased risk of death as well as an increased risk of further sepsis and recurrent hospital admissions. Poor prognostic factors include the inability to mount a fever, leukopenia, age >40 years, certain comorbidities (eg, AIDS, hepatic failure, cirrhosis, cancer, alcohol dependence, immunosuppression), a non-urinary source of infection, a nosocomial source of infection, and inappropriate or late antibiotic coverage.

Gram positive bacteria are most frequently identified in patients with sepsis in the United States, although the number of cases of Gram negative sepsis remains substantial.

Gram positive bacteria are most frequently identified in patients with sepsis in the United States, although the number of cases of Gram negative sepsis remains substantial. In approximately half of cases of sepsis, an organism is not identified (culture negative sepsis).

Any pt with an infection or bacteremia is at risk for developing sepsis.

Societal guidelines place emphasis on the early identification of infected patients who may go on to develop sepsis as a way to decrease sepsis-associated mortality. The two most commonly used scores are the quick Sequential (Sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment score (qSOFA) score and the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) score.

The qSOFA score (also known as quickSOFA) is a bedside prompt that may identify patients with suspected infection who are at greater risk for a poor outcome outside the intensive care unit (ICU). It uses three criteria, assigning one point for low blood pressure (SBP≤100 mmHg), high respiratory rate (≥22 breaths per min), or altered mentation (Glasgow coma scale<15).

The score ranges from 0 to 3 points. The presence of 2 or more qSOFA points near the onset of infection was associated with a greater risk of death or prolonged intensive care unit stay.

QSOFA score of 2 to 3 is high risk. QSOFA score of 0 to 1 is low risk.

The qSOFA score is easy to calculate since it only has three components, each of which are readily identifiable at the bedside and are allocated one point:

●Respiratory rate ≥22/minute

●Altered mentation

●Systolic blood pressure ≤100 mmHg

NEWS is an aggregate scoring system derived from six physiologic parameters (calculator 2):

●Respiration rate

●Oxygen saturation

●Systolic blood pressure

●Pulse rate

●Level of consciousness or new confusion

●Temperature

The aggregate score represents the risk of death from sepsis and indicates the urgency of the response:

●0 to 4 – low risk (a score of 3 in any individual parameter is low-medium)

●5 to 6 – medium risk

●7 or more – high risk

Septic shock is a type of vasodilatory or distributive shock. Septic shock is defined as sepsis that has circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities that are associated with a greater risk of mortality than sepsis alone

For patients with sepsis and septic shock, therapeutic priorities include securing the airway, correcting hypoxemia, and establishing vascular access for the early administration of fluids and antibiotics. Simultaneously obtaining the following is preferable (within 45 minutes) but should not delay the administration of fluids and antibiotics: routine laboratory studies, serum lactate, arterial blood gases, blood cultures (aerobic and anaerobic) from two distinct venipuncture sites and from all indwelling vascular access devices, cultures from easily accessible sites (eg, sputum, urine), and imaging of suspected sources. Importantly, it is preferable that blood cultures be drawn before the initiation of antibiotics.

Tx: IV fluids (30mL/kg) within 1 hour and completed within 3 hours of presentation; optimal doses of empiric broad spectrum intravenous therapy with one or more antimicrobials should be administered promptly.

For most patients with sepsis and septic shock, we recommend that fluid management be guided using clinical targets including mean arterial pressure 60 mmHg to 70 mmHg (calculator 1) and urine output ≥0.5 mL/kg/hour (Grade 1B). In addition, while dynamic measures of fluid responsiveness (eg, respiratory changes in the radial artery pulse pressure) are preferred, static measures of determining adequacy of fluid administration (eg, central venous pressure 8 to 12 mmHg or central venous oxygen saturation ≥70 percent) may be more readily available. Serum lactate should be followed (eg, every six hours), until there is a definitive clinical response. It is prudent that other measures of the overall response to infection also be followed (eg, routine laboratory studies, arterial blood gases, microbiology studies).

For patients with sepsis who remain hypotensive despite adequate fluid resuscitation (eg, 3L in first three hours), we recommend vasopressors (Grade 1B); the preferred initial agent is norepinephrine (table 4). For patients who are refractory to intravenous fluid and vasopressor therapy, additional therapies, such as glucocorticoids, inotropic therapy, and blood transfusions, can be administered on an individual basis. We typically reserve red blood cell transfusion for patients with a hemoglobin level <7 g per deciliter.

Following initial investigations and empiric antimicrobial therapy, further efforts aimed at identifying and controlling the source(s) of infection (ideally within 6 to 12 hours) should be performed in all patients with sepsis.

In addition, for those who fail despite therapy or those who fail having initially responded to therapy, further investigations aimed at removal of devices suspected to be infected, adequacy of the antimicrobial regimen, or nosocomial super infection should be considered.

Sources:

https://qsofa.org/what.php

https://www.medscape.com/answers/168402-27293/what-are-the-clinical-criteria-for-systemic-inflammatory-response-syndrome-sirs-in-sepsisseptic-shock

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sepsis-syndromes-in-adults-epidemiology-definitions-clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-prognosis?search=sepsis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H4127684

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-suspected-sepsis-and-septic-shock-in-adults?search=sepsis&topicRef=1657&source=see_link#H31

[manipalhospital1]

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a serious medical condition. It is often dubbed as the "silent killer" because it rarely shows any high blood pressure symptoms in its early stages. Despite the lack of telltale signs, high blood pressure significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and other life-threatening complications.

The measurement of blood pressure is expressed as two numbers, such as systolic pressure which is the top number, and diastolic pressure which is the bottom number, both of which are measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). Adults' normal blood pressure range is typically around 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is diagnosed when blood consistently measures 130/80 mmHg or higher.

What are the Symptoms?

While most people with high blood pressure experience no symptoms, extremely high readings may cause:

Severe headaches

Nosebleeds

Blurred vision

Chest pain

Difficulty breathing

Fatigue

Dizziness

[healthycureslife]

Type 1 Diabetes – Symptoms, Treatment, Causes and More

Whether you face type 1 diabetes, are a well wisher or loved one of a person with type 1 diabetes, or just want to learn more, the following page contains an overview of type 1 diabetes. If you are new to type 1 diabetes, Check out this blog which answers some of the basic questions about type 1 diabetes

What is Type 1 Diabetes

It is a disease in which the body can no longer produce insulin. Insulin is usually needed to change sugar or glucose and other food sources into energy for the body’s cells. It is said that in people having type 1 diabetes, the body’s own immune system attacks and kills the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. In the absence of insulin, the body cannot control blood sugar, and people can suffer from dangerously high blood sugar levels called hyperglycemia. To control their blood sugar levels, people with type 1 diabetes inject insulin into their body. Before the discovery of insulin, type 1 diabetes was a death sentence but still some patients are suffering due to poor access to insulin.

Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms

signs and symptoms can appear relatively suddenly and may include:

The person experiences Increased thirst

Frequent urination is also a common symptom

Bed-wetting in children who previously didn’t wet the bed during the night

The patient has extreme hunger

Unintended weight loss

Irritability and other mood changes

Fatigue and weakness

Blurred vision

Type 1 Diabetes Treatment

Patient who have type 1 diabetes can live healthy, long lives. You’ll need to keep a close eye on your blood sugar levels. Your doctor will give you a range that the numbers should stay within. Adjust your insulin, food, and daily routine as necessary.

Patient with type 1 diabetes needs to use insulin shots to control their blood sugar.

When your doctor talks about insulin, they’ll mention three main things:

“Onset” is how long it takes to reach your bloodstream and begin lowering your blood sugar.

“Peak time” is when insulin is doing the most work in terms of lowering your blood sugar.

“Duration” is how long it keeps working after onset.

Several types of insulin are available.

Rapid-acting starts to work in about 15 minutes. It peaks about 1 hour after you take it and continues to work for 2 to 4 hours.

Regular or short-acting gets to work in about 30 minutes. It peaks between 2 and 3 hours and keeps working for 3 to 6 hours.

Intermediate-acting won’t get into your bloodstream for 2 to 4 hours after your shot. It peaks from 4 to 12 hours and works for 12 to 18 hours.

Long-acting takes several hours to get into your system and lasts about 24 hours.

Your doctor may start you out with two injections a day of two types of insulin. Later, you might need more shots.

Most insulin comes in a small glass bottle called a vial. You draw it out with a syringe that has a needle on the end and give yourself the shot. Some kinds come in a prefilled pen. Another kind is inhaled. You can also get it from a pump, a device you wear that sends it into your body through a small tube. Your doctor will help you pick the type and the delivery method that’s best for you.

Type 1 Diabetes Causes

It isn’t entirely clear what triggers the development of type 1 diabetes. Researchers do know that genes play a role; there is an inherited susceptibility. However, something must set off the immune system, causing it to turn against itself and leading to the development of type 1 diabetes.

Do Genes Play a Role

Some people cannot develop type 1 diabetes; that’s because they don’t have the genetic coding that researchers have linked to type 1 diabetes. Scientists have figured out that type 1 diabetes can develop in people who have a particular HLA complex. HLA stands for human leukocyte antige, and antigens function is to trigger an immune response in the body.

There are several HLA complexes that are associated with type 1 diabetes, and all of them are on chromosome 6.

Different HLA complexes can lead to the development of other autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Like those conditions, type 1 diabetes has to be triggered by something—usually a viral infection.

What Can Trigger Type 1 Diabetes

Here’s the whole process of what happens with a viral infection: When a virus invades the body, the immune system starts to produce antibodies that fight the infection.T cells are in charge of making the antibodies, and then they also help in fighting the virus.

However, if the virus has some of the same antigens as the beta cells—the cells that make insulin in the pancreas—then the T cells can actually turn against the beta cells. The T cell products (antibodies) can destroy the beta cells, and once all the beta cells in your body have been destroyed, you can’t produce enough insulin.

It takes a long time (usually several years) for the T cells to destroy the majority of the beta cells, but that original viral infection is what is thought to trigger the development of type 1 diabetes.

Not every virus can trigger the T cells to turn against the beta cells. The virus must have antigens that are similar enough to the antigens in beta cells, and those viruses include:

B4 strain of the coxsackie B virus (which can cause a range of illnesses from gastrointestinal problems to myocarditis—inflammation of the muscle part of the heart)

German measles

Mumps

Rotavirus (which generally causes diarrhea)

There have also been some controversial studies into the connection between drinking cow’s milk as an infant and the development of type 1 diabetes. Researchers don’t all agree on this, but some believe that the proteins in cow’s milk are similar to a protein that controls T cell production called glycodelin. The baby’s body attacks the foreign protein—the cow’s milk protein—but then also attacks glycodelin, leading to an overproduction of T cells. And too many T cells in the body can lead to those T cells destroying the beta cells.

Researchers have made significant progress in understanding the cause of type 1 diabetes, and they’re still hard at work to figure out why certain viruses trigger it and why T cells turn against beta cells. The medical community wants to better understand the cases of diabetes in order to prevent it.

Fast Facts

Complications

Can lead to other problems, especially if it isn’t well-controlled. Complications include:

Poor blood flow and nerve damage. Damaged nerves and hardened arteries lead to a loss of feeling in and a lack of blood supply to your feet. This raises your chances of injury and makes it harder for open sores and wounds to heal. When that happens, you could lose a limb. Nerve damage can also cause digestive problems like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Cardiovascular disease. Diabetes can put you at higher risk of blood clots, as well as high blood pressure and cholesterol. These can lead to chest pain, heart attack, stroke, or heart failure.

Retinopathy. This eye problem happens in about 80% of adults who have had type 1 diabetes for more than 15 years. It’s rare before puberty, no matter how long you’ve had the disease. To prevent it — and keep your eyesight — keep good control of blood sugar, blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Pregnancy problems. Women with type 1 diabetes have a higher risk of early delivery, birth defects, stillbirth, and preeclampsia.

Gum disease. A lack of saliva, too much plaque, and poor blood flow can cause mouth problems.

Kidney damage. About 20% to 30% of people with type 1 diabetes get a condition called nephropathy. The chances go up over time. It’s most likely to show up 15 to 25 years after the onset of diabetes. It can lead to other serious problems like kidney failure and heart disease.

Skin problems. People with diabetes are more likely to get bacterial or fungal infections. Diabetes can also cause blisters or rashes.

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