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Total funding amounts to $125.3M.
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PM Oli Directs Initiatives for Electricity Export Through Bangladesh
Kathmandu — Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli has stated that efforts should now be made to export electricity to other countries through Bangladesh. He directed that delays in processes and policy ambiguities, which prevent the achievement of targets within the specified time and increase costs, must come to an end. On Monday, during a discussion with ministers and high-level officials about the…
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Holidays 4.8
Holidays
Aerosol Day
All is Ours Day
Baghdad Liberation Day (Kurdistan)
Bloating Prevention Day
Colorism Awareness Day
Counter Stool Memorial Day
Cushing’s Disease Awareness Day
Cuti Bersama (Indonesia)
DAB Day (Draw A Bird Day)
Day of Military Commissariat Employees (Belarus)
Day of Silence
Day of Valor (Araw ng Kagtingan; Philippines)
Dog Farting Awareness Day
Draw a Picture of a Bird Day
Drug Control Authority Workers’ Day (Kyrgyzstan)
Economist Day (Tajikistan)
Geranium Day (England)
Ghodejatra (Nepal)
Grand Ivy Day
Grand National Ladies Day (UK)
Ground Ivy Day
Hammerin’ Hank Day
International Bird Day
International Day of Pink
International Feng Shui Awareness Day
International Pageant Day
International Romani Day (a.k.a. International Day of the Roma)
Ja Morant Day (South Carolina)
Martyrs’ Day (Tunisia)
Ministry of Defense Day (Thailand)
More Cowbell Day
Mule Day
National Animation Day (Russia)
National Arcade Day
National Banjo Day
National Best in the World Day
National Catch and Release Day
National Dog Fighting Awareness Day
National Idiot Day
National Plitvice Lakes Day (Croatia)
Peanuts-Kids-Baseball Day
Polling Day Eve (Samoa)
Pygmy Hippo Day
Radish Day (French Republic)
Rex Manning Day (in “Empire Records”)
Right to Read Day
Rumenians’ Independence Day (Sweden)
Sealing the Frost (Cuchumatan Indians; Guatemala)
Shiatsu Day
Shiba Inu Day (Japan)
Step into the Spotlight! Day
Trading Cards for Grown-Ups Day
Tutor Appreciation Day
Twin Peaks Day
World Mixed Martial Arts Day
World Neurosurgeon’s Day
Zoo Lovers' Day
Food & Drink Celebrations
Milk in Glass Bottles Day
National Empañada Day
2nd Monday in April
Global Day of Action on Military Spending [2nd Monday]
National Lineman Appreciation Day [2nd Monday]
Weekly Holidays beginning April 8 (2nd Week)
Ora;, Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Week [thru 4.14]
Take Your Poet to School Week [thru 4.12 from 1st Monday]
Independence & Related Days
Australis (a.k.a. Grand Duchy of Australis; Declared; 2020) [unrecognized]
Rumenians' Independence Day (Romernas Nationaldag; Sweden)
Festivals Beginning April 8, 2024
Children’ Book Fair (Bologna, Italy) [thru 4.11]
Electric Mountain Festival (Solden, Austria) [thru 4.12]
NFRA Executive Conference (Tempe, Arizona) [thru 4.10]
Seatrade Cruise Global (Miami, Florida) [thru 4.11]
Feast Days
Ædesius (Christian; Martyr)
Allen Butler Talcott (Artology)
Anne Ayres (Episcopal Church (USA))
Apollonius (Positivist; Saint)
B. Albert, Patriarch of Jerusalem (Christian; Saint)
Barbara Kingsolver (Writerism)
Buddha's Birthday (Mahāyāna Buddhists; Japan)
Constantina (Christian; Saint)
Cornelius de Heem (Artology)
Day of Amon-Ra (Pagan)
Dionysius of Corinth (Christian; Saint)
Feast of the Hummingbird (Aztec)
Feast of the Three Days of the Writing of the Book of the Law begins (Thelema)
Freedom of Religion Day (Everyday Wicca)
Geronimo Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
Hana Matsuri (Flower Festival on Buddha’s Birthday; Japan)
Juan van der Hamen (Artology)
Julie Billiart of Namur (Christian; Saint)
Kanbutsu-e (Buddha’s Birthday; Japan)
Kiki the Rattlesnake (Muppetism)
Lazarus Saturday (Orthodox Christian)
Nuzzle Quran (Malaysia)
Odd Nerdrum (Artology)
Our Lady of Good Counsel (Christian)
Perpetuus of Tours (Christian; Saint)
Prayer for Clarity Day (Starza Pagan Book of Days)
Red Wine Day (Pastafarian)
Walter of Pontoise (Christian; Saint)
William Augustus Muhlenberg (Episcopal Church (USA))
Zoo Day (Pastafarian)
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Nēmontēmi, Day 4 (of 5) [Aztec unlucky or fasting days, taking place between 4.5-4.18]
Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]
Unlucky Day (Grafton’s Manual of 1565) [19 of 60]
Premieres
All the Old Knives (Film; 2022)
American: The Bill Hicks Story (Documentary Film; 2011)
The Apocrypha (Religious Text received as Canonical by Catholic Church; 1546)
Bars and Stripes Forever (WB MM Cartoon; 1939)
The Boss (Film; 2016)
Box Car Bandit (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1957)
The Century, by Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster (Book; 1999)
The Clash, by The Clash (Album; 1977)
David and Goliath, by Malcolm Gladwell (Book; 2014)
Destitively Bonnaroo, by Dr. John (Album; 1974)
Father Noah’s Ark (Disney Silly Symphony Cartoon; 1933)
Fever Pitch (Film; 2005)
The Fireman (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1931)
From Russia, with Love, by Ian Fleming (Novel; 1957) [James Bond #5]
The Gambler (TV movie; 1980)
Hanna (Film; 2011)
Have Gun, Can’t Travel (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1967)
Inspector George Gently (UK TV Series; 2007)
Jerry the Lion (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1950)
Just Dance, by Lady Gaga (Song; 2008)
Killing Eve (TV Series; 2018)
Kingdom (BBC TV Series; 2007)
La Gioconda, by Amiliare Ponchielli (Opera; 1876)
The Little Engine That Could, by Watty Piper (Children’s Book; 1930)
Lucky Star (Anime TV Series; 2007)
The Mansion Cat (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 2001)
Miss Lonelyhearts, by Nathanael West (Novella; 1933)
Mr. Right (Film; 2016)
On the Heights of Despair, by Emil M. Cioran (Philosophical Book; 1934)
The Organ Grinder (WB MM Cartoon; 1933)
Sea Salts (Disney Cartoon; 1949)
The $64,000 Question (Radio Quiz Show; 1955)
Smash by The Offspring (Album; 1994)
The Smurfs Springtime Special (Hanna-Barbera Animated TV Special; 1982)
Soul Surfer (Film; 2011)
Toys in the Attic, by Aerosmith (Album; 1975)
The Trouble With Being Born, by Emil M. Cioran (Philosophy Book; 1973)
Twin Peaks (TV Series; 1990)
The Unusuals (TV Series; 2009)
Von Drake in Spain (Disney Animated TV Special; 1962)
Where Did Our Love Go, recorded by The Supremes (Song; 1964)
Ye Olden Days (Disney Cartoon; 1933)
Today’s Name Days
Beate, Rose-Marie, Walter (Austria)
Lazar, Lazo (Bulgaria)
Diogen, Dionizije, Klement, Timotej (Croatia)
Ema, Emanuel (Czech Republic)
Janus (Denmark)
Julia, Juuli, Juulika, Lia, Liana, Liane (Estonia)
Suoma, Suometar (Finland)
Julie (France)
Beate, Rose-Marie, Walter (Germany)
Lazaros (Greece)
Dénes (Hungary)
Alberto, Dionigi, Walter (Italy)
Dana, Danute, Dziedra, Edgars, Žanete (Latvia)
Dionizas, Girtautas, Julija, Skirgailė (Lithuania)
Asle, Atle (Norway)
Apolinary, Cezary, Cezaryna, Dionizy, Gawryła, January, Radosław, Sieciesława (Poland)
Agav, Irodion, Lazar, Ruf (Romania)
Alla, Anna (Russia)
Albert (Slovakia)
Amancio, Dionisio, Julia (Spain)
Hemming, Nadja, Tanja (Sweden)
Gillian, Jill, Jillian, Jolyon, Julia, Julian, Juliana, Julianna, Julianne, Julie, Julien, Juliet, Juliette, Julio, Julissa, Julius (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 99 of 2024; 267 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 1 of week 15 of 2024
Celtic Tree Calendar: Fearn (Alder) [Day 23 of 28]
Chinese: Month 2 (Ding-Mao), Day 30 (Ren-Yin)
Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]
Hebrew: 29 Adair II 5784
Islamic: 29 Ramadan 1445
J Cal: 9 Cyan; Twosday [9 of 30]
Julian: 26 March 2024
Moon: 0%: New Moon
Positivist: 15 Archimedes (4th Month) [Eudoxus]
Runic Half Month: Ehwaz (Horse) [Day 14 of 15]
Season: Spring (Day 21 of 92)
Week: 2nd Week of April
Zodiac: Aries (Day 19 of 31)
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Holidays 4.8
Holidays
Aerosol Day
All is Ours Day
Baghdad Liberation Day (Kurdistan)
Bloating Prevention Day
Colorism Awareness Day
Counter Stool Memorial Day
Cushing’s Disease Awareness Day
Cuti Bersama (Indonesia)
DAB Day (Draw A Bird Day)
Day of Military Commissariat Employees (Belarus)
Day of Silence
Day of Valor (Araw ng Kagtingan; Philippines)
Dog Farting Awareness Day
Draw a Picture of a Bird Day
Drug Control Authority Workers’ Day (Kyrgyzstan)
Economist Day (Tajikistan)
Geranium Day (England)
Ghodejatra (Nepal)
Grand Ivy Day
Grand National Ladies Day (UK)
Ground Ivy Day
Hammerin’ Hank Day
International Bird Day
International Day of Pink
International Feng Shui Awareness Day
International Pageant Day
International Romani Day (a.k.a. International Day of the Roma)
Ja Morant Day (South Carolina)
Martyrs’ Day (Tunisia)
Ministry of Defense Day (Thailand)
More Cowbell Day
Mule Day
National Animation Day (Russia)
National Arcade Day
National Banjo Day
National Best in the World Day
National Catch and Release Day
National Dog Fighting Awareness Day
National Idiot Day
National Plitvice Lakes Day (Croatia)
Peanuts-Kids-Baseball Day
Polling Day Eve (Samoa)
Pygmy Hippo Day
Radish Day (French Republic)
Rex Manning Day (in “Empire Records”)
Right to Read Day
Rumenians’ Independence Day (Sweden)
Sealing the Frost (Cuchumatan Indians; Guatemala)
Shiatsu Day
Shiba Inu Day (Japan)
Step into the Spotlight! Day
Trading Cards for Grown-Ups Day
Tutor Appreciation Day
Twin Peaks Day
World Mixed Martial Arts Day
World Neurosurgeon’s Day
Zoo Lovers' Day
Food & Drink Celebrations
Milk in Glass Bottles Day
National Empañada Day
2nd Monday in April
Global Day of Action on Military Spending [2nd Monday]
National Lineman Appreciation Day [2nd Monday]
Weekly Holidays beginning April 8 (2nd Week)
Ora;, Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Week [thru 4.14]
Take Your Poet to School Week [thru 4.12 from 1st Monday]
Independence & Related Days
Australis (a.k.a. Grand Duchy of Australis; Declared; 2020) [unrecognized]
Rumenians' Independence Day (Romernas Nationaldag; Sweden)
Festivals Beginning April 8, 2024
Children’ Book Fair (Bologna, Italy) [thru 4.11]
Electric Mountain Festival (Solden, Austria) [thru 4.12]
NFRA Executive Conference (Tempe, Arizona) [thru 4.10]
Seatrade Cruise Global (Miami, Florida) [thru 4.11]
Feast Days
Ædesius (Christian; Martyr)
Allen Butler Talcott (Artology)
Anne Ayres (Episcopal Church (USA))
Apollonius (Positivist; Saint)
B. Albert, Patriarch of Jerusalem (Christian; Saint)
Barbara Kingsolver (Writerism)
Buddha's Birthday (Mahāyāna Buddhists; Japan)
Constantina (Christian; Saint)
Cornelius de Heem (Artology)
Day of Amon-Ra (Pagan)
Dionysius of Corinth (Christian; Saint)
Feast of the Hummingbird (Aztec)
Feast of the Three Days of the Writing of the Book of the Law begins (Thelema)
Freedom of Religion Day (Everyday Wicca)
Geronimo Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)
Hana Matsuri (Flower Festival on Buddha’s Birthday; Japan)
Juan van der Hamen (Artology)
Julie Billiart of Namur (Christian; Saint)
Kanbutsu-e (Buddha’s Birthday; Japan)
Kiki the Rattlesnake (Muppetism)
Lazarus Saturday (Orthodox Christian)
Nuzzle Quran (Malaysia)
Odd Nerdrum (Artology)
Our Lady of Good Counsel (Christian)
Perpetuus of Tours (Christian; Saint)
Prayer for Clarity Day (Starza Pagan Book of Days)
Red Wine Day (Pastafarian)
Walter of Pontoise (Christian; Saint)
William Augustus Muhlenberg (Episcopal Church (USA))
Zoo Day (Pastafarian)
Lucky & Unlucky Days
Nēmontēmi, Day 4 (of 5) [Aztec unlucky or fasting days, taking place between 4.5-4.18]
Sensho (先勝 Japan) [Good luck in the morning, bad luck in the afternoon.]
Unlucky Day (Grafton’s Manual of 1565) [19 of 60]
Premieres
All the Old Knives (Film; 2022)
American: The Bill Hicks Story (Documentary Film; 2011)
The Apocrypha (Religious Text received as Canonical by Catholic Church; 1546)
Bars and Stripes Forever (WB MM Cartoon; 1939)
The Boss (Film; 2016)
Box Car Bandit (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1957)
The Century, by Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster (Book; 1999)
The Clash, by The Clash (Album; 1977)
David and Goliath, by Malcolm Gladwell (Book; 2014)
Destitively Bonnaroo, by Dr. John (Album; 1974)
Father Noah’s Ark (Disney Silly Symphony Cartoon; 1933)
Fever Pitch (Film; 2005)
The Fireman (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1931)
From Russia, with Love, by Ian Fleming (Novel; 1957) [James Bond #5]
The Gambler (TV movie; 1980)
Hanna (Film; 2011)
Have Gun, Can’t Travel (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1967)
Inspector George Gently (UK TV Series; 2007)
Jerry the Lion (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1950)
Just Dance, by Lady Gaga (Song; 2008)
Killing Eve (TV Series; 2018)
Kingdom (BBC TV Series; 2007)
La Gioconda, by Amiliare Ponchielli (Opera; 1876)
The Little Engine That Could, by Watty Piper (Children’s Book; 1930)
Lucky Star (Anime TV Series; 2007)
The Mansion Cat (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 2001)
Miss Lonelyhearts, by Nathanael West (Novella; 1933)
Mr. Right (Film; 2016)
On the Heights of Despair, by Emil M. Cioran (Philosophical Book; 1934)
The Organ Grinder (WB MM Cartoon; 1933)
Sea Salts (Disney Cartoon; 1949)
The $64,000 Question (Radio Quiz Show; 1955)
Smash by The Offspring (Album; 1994)
The Smurfs Springtime Special (Hanna-Barbera Animated TV Special; 1982)
Soul Surfer (Film; 2011)
Toys in the Attic, by Aerosmith (Album; 1975)
The Trouble With Being Born, by Emil M. Cioran (Philosophy Book; 1973)
Twin Peaks (TV Series; 1990)
The Unusuals (TV Series; 2009)
Von Drake in Spain (Disney Animated TV Special; 1962)
Where Did Our Love Go, recorded by The Supremes (Song; 1964)
Ye Olden Days (Disney Cartoon; 1933)
Today’s Name Days
Beate, Rose-Marie, Walter (Austria)
Lazar, Lazo (Bulgaria)
Diogen, Dionizije, Klement, Timotej (Croatia)
Ema, Emanuel (Czech Republic)
Janus (Denmark)
Julia, Juuli, Juulika, Lia, Liana, Liane (Estonia)
Suoma, Suometar (Finland)
Julie (France)
Beate, Rose-Marie, Walter (Germany)
Lazaros (Greece)
Dénes (Hungary)
Alberto, Dionigi, Walter (Italy)
Dana, Danute, Dziedra, Edgars, Žanete (Latvia)
Dionizas, Girtautas, Julija, Skirgailė (Lithuania)
Asle, Atle (Norway)
Apolinary, Cezary, Cezaryna, Dionizy, Gawryła, January, Radosław, Sieciesława (Poland)
Agav, Irodion, Lazar, Ruf (Romania)
Alla, Anna (Russia)
Albert (Slovakia)
Amancio, Dionisio, Julia (Spain)
Hemming, Nadja, Tanja (Sweden)
Gillian, Jill, Jillian, Jolyon, Julia, Julian, Juliana, Julianna, Julianne, Julie, Julien, Juliet, Juliette, Julio, Julissa, Julius (USA)
Today is Also…
Day of Year: Day 99 of 2024; 267 days remaining in the year
ISO: Day 1 of week 15 of 2024
Celtic Tree Calendar: Fearn (Alder) [Day 23 of 28]
Chinese: Month 2 (Ding-Mao), Day 30 (Ren-Yin)
Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]
Hebrew: 29 Adair II 5784
Islamic: 29 Ramadan 1445
J Cal: 9 Cyan; Twosday [9 of 30]
Julian: 26 March 2024
Moon: 0%: New Moon
Positivist: 15 Archimedes (4th Month) [Eudoxus]
Runic Half Month: Ehwaz (Horse) [Day 14 of 15]
Season: Spring (Day 21 of 92)
Week: 2nd Week of April
Zodiac: Aries (Day 19 of 31)
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Komaki E-scooters are India-manufactured electric scooters for Newage that offer the highest quality standards with the safest and the most advanced technology.
Unity Trading Concern, the authorized distributor of Komaki E-scooters in Nepal is one of the most reliable and trustworthy service providers in this sector, and that too, at the most nominal prices.
#komakivenice#komakidt#komakinepal#komaki venice eco#komaki mineshima#komakiscooter#electric scooter#electric scooter in nepal#electric#scooter#electric scooter nepal
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PASSPORT
To drive a vehicle you need a driving permit. Likewise to fly for different nations with the exception of Nepal you need an identification. Indeed, you can say that a passport is a flying permit since it permits you to go in different outside nations under the nation's security. Along these lines, before you apply for an identification here is a rundown of records that are needed to be submitted to benefit a new passport.
Documents required for a fresh passport.
Ø Photo passbook of running ledger in any open area bank, private area bank and provincial rustic banks.
Ø A elector ID card
Ø Aadhaar card
Ø Electricity bill
Ø Rent understanding
Ø Driving permit
Ø PAN card
Ø Landline or postpaid versatile bill
Ø Proof of gas association
Ø Spouse's identification duplicate (First and last page of the passport that incorporates the subtleties of the family and notices candidates name as the mate of the passport holder)
Ø Certificate from boss of presumed organizations on letterhead.
Ø Income Tax appraisal request
Ø School leaving declaration
Ø Birth declaration gave by the Municipal Corporation
Ø Policy Bond gave by the Public Life Insurance Corporations/Companies having the DOB of the holder of the protection strategy.
Documents required for minors fresh passport
Ø Parents unique and self-confirmed duplicates of the identification ought to be conveyed
Ø Proof of current location in the parent's name
Ø Photo passbook of running ledger in any open area bank, private area bank and provincial country banks
Ø Birth testament
Ø Policy Bond gave by the Public Life Insurance Corporations/Companies having the DOB of the holder of the protection strategy
Ø Aadhaar card or e-Aadhaar
Ø PAN Card
Ø School leaving declaration/Secondary school leaving testament
Ø School or college tenth standard imprint's card
Documents required for re-issue of passport
All the documents are mandatory:
Ø Old unique identification
Ø Self-authenticated copy of:
Ø The initial two and last two pages
Ø ECR/Non-ECR page
Ø Page of legitimacy expansion (assuming any)
Ø Page of perception (assuming any) made by Passport Issuing Authority
Ø No Objection Certificate (NOC)/Prior Intimation Letter (PI)
Note: Original reports should likewise be created at the counter, which will be returned after check.
Other than the records here is the way you can apply for the passport:
Apply for passport by means of online structure accommodation
Ø To apply for new or reissue of passport by means of Online Form Submission, clients need to enroll on Passport Seva Portal
Ø After enrolling, login to the Passport Seva Portal
Ø Click on Apply for Fresh Passport or Reissue of Passport interface
Ø Fill in the necessary subtleties in the shape and submit
Ø After presenting the structure for new or reissue of Passport, click the "Pay and Schedule Appointment" connection to plan an arrangement at Passport Seva Kendra (PSK)
Ø Search for Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) area and select your PSK
Ø After booking the arrangement at chose PSK, you can make an online installment through Credit/Debit Card (MasterCard and Passport), Internet Banking (State Bank of India (SBI) and Associate Banks Only) or SBI Bank Challan
Ø You can figure the expense for identification administrations through Online Fee Calculator
Ø Users can take print of the application receipt containing Application Reference Number (ARN) or Appointment Number
Ø Visit the Passport Seva Kendra (PSK) where arrangement has been reserved, alongside unique reports External site that opens in another window, for example, Proof of Date of Birth, Identity evidence with a photo, Proof of Residence and Proof of ethnicity
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Towards Regional Energy Security in South Asia
In South Asia, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal have actually developed transmission links whereby electrical energy is being traded. Opportunities for Cross Border Electricity Profession (CBET) in the region have enhanced specifically that energy safety and security has actually become a political concern for all the national governments. The recent advancements favoring CBET in the area include the signing of the Power Trade Agreement by Governments of India and also Nepal as well as the finalizing of the SAARC Framework Contract for Power Cooperation (Power) in December 2014. These growths have currently set in motion stakeholders for regional as well as sub-regional jobs in the areas of power generation, transmission, and also power profession. South Asia Regional Energy integration The gravitas for CBET in South Asia was further established when the second conference of SAARC energy regulatory authorities kept in February 2016 deliberated to constitute the "SAARC Council of Professionals as well as Power Regulatory Authorities (Electrical Power)" and also a "Forum of Regulators".
The SARI/EI phase IV is conducted by Integrated Study and Action for Advancement (IRADe) selected with an affordable procedure. During the five-year program (2012-2017), IRADe, as well as USAID, are functioning towards advertising a combination of energy systems and also enhance Cross Border Power Profession amongst the participating South Eastern nations.
A USAID initiative to strengthen power safety in South Asia Over a years the United States Agency for International Growth (USAID) has been consistently pursuing the promo of power safety and security in the South Asian countries. Cross Border Power Trade The USAID released the South Asia Regional Campaign for Power (SARI/E) program in 2000 covering eight countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, The Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The initial three stages of the program focussed on areas Cross-border energy trade (CBET). Power market development as well as. Regional Clean Energy advancement. The South Asia Regional Effort for Energy Integration (SARI/EI) Phase IV, the final stage was launched in 2012 to even more the earlier goals i.e. progressing local power integration as well as enhancing CBET.
Website: https://sari-energy.org/
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Online payment of electricity and drinking water will be closed for 2 days
Online payment of electricity and drinking water will be closed for 2 days
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The online payment service for electricity and drinking water has been shut down for two days on Wednesday and Thursday. This bill cannot be paid online using e-services, pocket wallets, mobile wallets, and various banks.
The service has been closed for two days on Wednesday and Thursday due to the end of 20 years76/77. The Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) has suspended service to the…
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GK questions for SSC Exams Set -1
GK questions for SSC set-1
Here are questions of GK questions for SSC exams and other competitive exams like SSC CGL, RRB JE, RRB NTPC, UPSC. Soon we will be updating the website with more GK questions for SSC exams. 1.Poverty line is expressed in terms of overall A. per capita income B. per capita consumption expenditure C. per capita entertainment expenditure D. per capita development expenditure 2.The abbreviation UIDAI stands for A. Unique Identification Division of All India B. Uuique Identification Department of Ancient India C. Unique Identity Division of Ancient India D. Unique Identification Authority of India 3.Which of the following is a global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations? A. IMF B. WTO C. IDA D. UNESCO E. UNO 4.Who among the following is the author of the English novel 'The Namesake'? A. Shobhaa De B. Upamanyu Chatterjee C. Jhumpa Lahiri D. Shashi Tharoor E. V.S. Naipaul 5.Kanha Tiger Reserve is situated in Mandla district of- A. Rajasthan B. Madhya Pradesh C. Maharashtra D. Uttar Pradesh E. Chattisgarh 6.Excise duty is the tax levied on- A. production of goods B. import of goods C. sale of goods D. profits on the sale of goods E. income from other sources 7.Union Budget is presented in the Parliament by the- A. Prime Minister B. Commerce Minister C. Minister for Parliamentary Affairs D. Union Finance Minister E. Lok Sabha Speaker 8.A tax based on the value of the property/ product is called- A. Fringe Benefit Tax B. Value Added Tax C. Minimum Alternative Tax D. Turnover Tax E. Ad Valorem Tax 9.Who is the present Governor of the Reserve Bank of India? A. Dr. K.C. Chakraborty B. Dr. D. Subbarao C. Dr. Y.V. Reddy D. Dr. S. Gokarn E. Raghuram Rajan 10.The term 'Plastic Money' refers to- A. ATM/ Credit Cards B. Plastic-coated Currency Notes C. Foreign Currency Notes D. Traveller's Cheque E. None of these 11.Who laid the foundation of 44 MW Chutak hydro-electric project and Nimoo Bazgo project in Jammu and Kashmir? A. Manmohan Singh B. Omar Abdullah C. Narendra Modi D. Pranab Mukherjee 12.Name the author of the book 'Munger through the Age'? A. D P Yadav B. Jhumpa Lehri C. Chetan Bhagat D. Khushwant Singh 13.Which Award is often considered as Asia's Nobel Prize ? A. Bharat Ratna B. National Sadbhavna Award C. Ramon Magsaysay D. Gandhi Peace Prize 14.21st Commonwealth Games will be held at which place? A. Toronto B. New Delhi C. Golden Coast D. London 15.Construction of world's tallest Railways bridge began at which place? A. Tura(Meghalaya) B. Shimla C. Leh D. Noney(Manipur) 16.Which Temple complex will be renovated by Indian assistance in Nepal? A. Shiva Temple B. Pashupatinath Temple C. Hanuman Temple D. Dakshinaawatar Temple 17.Which State has declared Emergency over outbreak of Ebola Virus? A. Namibia B. Libya C. Liberia D. Mali 18.Which of the species known as natural host of Ebola Virus? A. Sparrow B. Fungi C. Fruits Bats D. Mosquito 19.Who has been appointed as Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court? A. Ranjana Paintal B. Thottathil B. Radhakrishnan C. M J Joseph D. Gopal Subramanium 20. Governor Kamla Beniwal has been removed, she was Governor of which state? A. Rajasthan B. Assam C. Mizoram D. Manipur For more questions on General Awareness clickhere Read the full article
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Top two best Digital Wallets in Nepal
Introduction to Digital Wallets In today's world, everything is being digitized. Nowadays many people in Nepal have stopped carrying heavy wallets or purse loaded with full of cash and Debit or credit cards. With the development of digital wallets or e-wallets, people now have been able to transfer or receive payments and can track their transaction using mobile phones. This type of trend is being popular in Nepal due to the simplicity of making a transaction. People started feeling more secure, safe and reliable on monetary transactions. What do digital wallets or e-wallets mean? Digital wallets or Mobile wallets or E-wallets can be defined as a way of performing monetary transactions through electronic devices like mobile phones. Making the use of Mobile Apps, Internet, and SMS are few examples of the digital transaction. To start using this type of digital wallets, one need to register accounts. To register an account you need to provide your phone number and email address. Using digital wallets are very easy. once you have completed your registration, users need to log in with their credentials. Now they can load balance on their e-wallets and make any suitable transactions.
eSewa
eSewa was Developed in 2009 by F1soft. It is one of the most popular digital wallets in Nepal. Because of the popularity and the services it has offered, it has managed to gain thousands of users. Money license is provided by the Nepal Rastra Bank to eSewa.Due to which it has been able to expand its horizon. It also has managed to create a trust in people. With the help of eSewa, people can make online transactions at ease. we can use esewa for booking of movie tickets, doing online shopping or even making the flight reservation. Making payments via eSewa is easy You can make payment in few simple clicks. Some major multiplexes like Q’s Cinema, BigMovies, BSR Movies, View Cinemas Butwal, and F-Cube Cinemas accepts payment via eSewa for a ticket booking. Not only that both domestic and international flight tickets can be booked using the eSewa wallet. eSewa additional services eSewa has partnered with some renowned airline companies like Yeti Air, Buddha Air, Saurya Air, Shree Air and Simrik Air for the domestic air ticket booking. For online shopping purposes, popular names like Sastodeal.com, olizstore.com, Smart Doko, Threadpaints.com, and Sudrz.com have made a payment gateway with eSewa.Recently" Daraz" the leading name in the online shopping business started accepting payment via eSewa. You May Also Like: How to save every single drop of your battery life? There are more services provided by eSewa. eSewa can be a convenient medium for utility bills payment. Now users can pay Internet bills, newspaper subscription, and telephone bills using eSewa Wallet. Even nowadays user can make a payment of Nepal Electricity Authority(NEA) through this wallet. In addition, postpaid and prepaid users of NTC, Ncell or smart cell and CDMA can also find better and easy way on recharging or topping up their mobile balance using eSewa. Not only these, but eSewa has also stepped ahead to be an exclusive digital remittance partner of Western Union. through which eSewa is acting as a medium to send and receive remittance. This E-wallet has a mobile app for making easy transactions. Users can also use eSewa services via SMS, which is free of cost. Furthermore, This wallet not only offers free services but also offers cash backs on the transactions. Due to Rewards on transaction user of eSewa Wallet has been increasing day by day. You can Download eSewa Digital Wallet App for Both Android and iOS Devices Download eSewa for Android Download eSewa for iOS
Khalti
In 2017 late January Khalti was launched at CAN Infotech. Within one year of time, it has offered a wonderful lineup of services. With such expanded services. Before one year eSewa was only the digital wallet in Nepal. After the launch of khalti, it breaks the monopoly of eSewa Wallet. Khalti was also honored on the Google Business Group storytelling contest a few months back. The company had not just won the contest but was also declared as the People’s Choice Winner at that time. Few months backs Khalti was accessible only through the Android app and web platform. But Starting from the last September, it has started to serve the iOS users as well. Also Read: What is USB Speeds and How it Works? Khalti wallet doesn't have many services as leading eSewa has. The services like mobile balance top-up, paying telephone, DTH and ISP bills, movie ticket booking and online domestic air ticket booking are available through this wallet. Furthermore, Khalti can be used to purchase the Kaspersky Anti-virus. On the purchase of any kinds of the Kaspersky Anti-virus, Khalti is providing a 28.5% of cashback. Khalti additional services Khalti is expanding its lineup of services to drive the nation to a cashless digital ecosystem. It is trying to become the leader in that business. This digital wallet has also become a medium for paying Khanepani and Electricity bills in Nepal. Currently, Khalti has teamed up with Nepal Investment Bank Limited, Machhapuchchhre Bank Limited, and Mega Bank Nepal Limited. You can Download khalti Digital Wallet App for Both Android and iOS Devices Download Khalti for Android Download Khalti for iOS So, these are the Top two Digital Wallets in Nepal. You can download their Mobile Apps from respective links and just start using them. If you like this content please share it with your friends. Help us to make Completely Digital Nepal. Read the full article
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What are the documents required to start an Import Export Code business in India?
Any person, Proprietorship, Partnership, LLP, Society or HUF importing or exporting services or goods from India requires Import Export Code, commonly referred to as IEC is a unique 10 digit code, issued under Ministry of Commerce and Industries by Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Government of India by an application made to DGFT along with required documents. This was issued on July 27th,2006 as on Any Import or Export of goods and services by a person, proprietorship, Partnership, LLP, Society, or HUF without an existence IEC shall not be legal and allowed.
Since IE Code registration is permanent registration which is valid for a lifetime or till the business is revoked or surrendered and therefore no hassles for updating, filing, and renewal of IE Code registration. Further, different from tax registrations like PF registration, the importer or exporter doesn’t require to file any filings or follow other compliance requirements like annual filing.
IEC is required in the following situations
1. Clear shipments from customs, custom authorities need this IEC from importers.
2. It’s needed by the bank when money is sent to an abroad bank by the importer.
3. It is required by customs port when the consignment is sent by the exporter.
4. It is required by the bank when an exporter receives the money directly into his bank account in a foreign currency.
Benefits
Benefits of IEC:
1. International Market Reach: It helps in expanding the business to the international level and with expansion, there will be an increase in both revenue and growth of the person or organization.
2. Life Time Validity: There no follow-up procedure of Updating, Filing, and renewal as the validity of this document is lifetime, making it a permanent document and hence no annual maintenance or renewal fee for any financial year.
3. Reduces the Risk of Illegal Transportation: Since it’s a centralized registration, the officials are able to supervise and manage the transactions of import and export, taking across the border in an easier and more effective manner which reduces the risk of illegal transportation.
4. No Return Filing: Once the registration is sorted, there is no need to file returns annually of the company.
5. Benefits of Schemes: Any business registered with IEC will be eligible to avail benefits declared by Export Promotion Council, Customs, and other authorities. If LUT is filed under GST, then the business is exempted from paying taxes, and already paid tax is refunded.
Documents
Documents required for Import Export Code Registration:
1. Pan Card of Firm, Organization, or Individual.
2. Aadhar Card Copy of Passport Copy of Firm, Organization, or Individual.
3. Canceled cheque copy of current bank account of Firm, Organization, or Individual.
4. Electricity bill copy and copy of the rent agreement of the premises.
5. DSC
Registration Process
Process of obtaining IEC Registration:
1. Along with Aayaat Niryaat Form No. 2A, an application is needed to be prepared and filed at the regional office of DGFT.
2. With respect to ANF2A a certificate, required documents regarding the identity of an individual, legal entity, address proof along with bank details are to be prepared for submission.
3. Pay registration fee for IEC registration after the application is completed and filed with DGFT via Digital Signature Certificate.
4. The soft copy will be sent by the government once the application is approved and processed.
Any Other Information
Here is the list of importers or exporters who are exempted from obtaining Importer – Exporter Code (IEC) number:
1. Importers covered under clause 3 (1) [except sub-clauses (e) and (l)] and Exporters covered under clause 3(2) [except sub-clauses (i) and (k)] of Foreign Trade (Exemption from application of Rules in certain cases) Order, 1993.
2. Any Ministries or any Departments under Central or State Government.
3. Any Person is importing or exporting goods for private use not connected with trade or manufacture or agriculture.
4. Any person importing or exporting goods from or to Nepal provided the CIF value of one consignment that doesn’t exceed Indian Rs.25,000.
5. Any person importing or exporting goods from or to Myanmar through Indo-Myanmar border areas provided the CIF value of one consignment doesn’t exceed Indian Rs.25,000.
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Impacts of Climate change on Hydropower Potential in Kaligandaki River Basin -A Case Study of Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project, North of Nepal- Juniper publishers
Abstract
Nepal has a considerable hydropower potentiality, however the analysis of Kaligandaki River Basin optimization of power potentiality and subsequently identified two critical impacts of climate change-GLOF's and variability of runoff along with temperature difference are most pronounced during the dry winter season, and least during the height of the monsoon. In Himalaya region the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has indicated that global warming is occurring relatively faster in recent decades, with the rate of temperature increase being greater in the high altitude Himalaya, then lowland parts of Nepal [1].
It is more susceptible to impacts of climate change than a reservoir based hydro installation, on meteorological data obtained from Lete station, near a hydropower project site (Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower), precipitation patterns slightly increase of 0.28mm, however overall steeply decreasing trend at Jomsom station.
This study reveals the optimization of power potentiality at Kaligandaki River Basin and impacts of Climate change in Kaligandaki George Hydropower projects a case study. In this basin, power potentiality area some hydropower station and their energy production fluctuations over the season reflect the climate change impacts to the hydropower production in Nepal as a whole.
Keywords: Kaligandaki climate change decreasing trend Himalayan region; Hydropower
Introduction
Nepal's vast water resources seems to electricity generation is almost dominated by hydropower and most of the hydropower systems installed are based on run-off-river (RoR) type. There are mainly two climatic factors that contribute to increased variability of river runoff: glacier retreat and change in timing and/or intensity of precipitation. Most of the hydropower projects are in critical danger from impacts of changing climatic parameters. Already, there is a general shortage of electricity during winter and dangers of spill in wet season. The large seasonal variation in electricity generation in Nepal results in acute power crisis during dry months. Before melting of snow and when there is less rainfall during winter, the discharge level in the river decreases resulting in very less production of electricity. In recent years the installed capacity (829MW) has always failed to fulfill the peak demand that has forced to power shortage of up to 18 hours a day during winter.
The year 2003/14 witnessed new records of power and energy demand, generation and import. Research on the impacts of climate change towards power generation is critically examined in this study which in turn is complex, so the present study seeks to examine optimization of power reflected by precipitation and temperature patterns in the Upper Kaligandaki River basin.
The Study Area
The Kaligandaki River is a glacier-fed antecedent river originating in the Nepal Himalayas. It runs from north to south in the higher Himalayan region, flows eastwardly through the lesser (or lower) Himalayan region, enters the Tarai plains of Nepal and ultimately joins the Ganges River in India. The study area, which covers a short stretch of Upper Kaligandaki River in the higher Himalaya, is located in the Trans-Himalayan region of Nepal ( Figure 1). Politico-administratively the area forms part of Mustang district, one of 16 mountain districts in the country. The Upper Kaligandaki River has a catchment area of about 3500km2 and its elevation ranges from about 2900m to 8137m (at Dhaulagiri Peak). The landscape of the river basin is characterized by moraine deposits and debris fans, with pine and mixed shrub-type vegetation in the river valleys.
Broadly, the basin can be divided into three climatic zones:
a. A cold temperate zone up to 3000m;
b. An alpine zone between 3000m and 4500m and
c. A tundra zone above 4500m.
The area above 5,000m is either perpetually covered with snow or consists of vertical bare rocks. The basin falls under a rain shadow and has a dry, arid climate. The area around the basin outlet has an average annual rainfall of 785mm whereas the Lo-Mangthang area, which lies further north, receives only about 200mm of rainfall per year [2].
The Upper Kaligandaki River basin receives most (61%) of its precipitation during the monsoon (June to September), with winter (December to February) being the driest season (7% of annual precipitation). During winter most of the precipitation falls as snow. The average annual flow of Upper Kaligandaki River is 25m3/s but there is large seasonal variability, with average flows in the monsoon season (June to September) and dry season (December to February) being 54.8m3/s and 8.6m3/s, respectively. In general, the maximum flows occur in August and the minimum flows in March. The width of the river varies from 30m-150m. The gradient of the river course varies from 3%-16%, with an average of 7%. There are about 1,025 glaciers in this region (ICIMOD, 2001; 2009) and a multitude of glacier-fed streams enter the Upper Kaligandaki River. The sediment-related risk is inherent in the Kaligandaki basin due to continuous uplifting and landscape evolution [3]. A study in Lete and Ghansa (downstream of the present study area) indicated that there was an increase in suspended sediment loads by about 0. 7% per year over a period of 30 years [4]. Retreating glaciers, melting of permafrost and annual fluctuation in snow cover areas in the context of rising temperatures due to accelerated global and local warming were responsible for the changing rate of sediment yields. The Major tributaries are
a) Mistri Khola in Myagdi District near Narchyang Rahughat Khola at Galeswor
b) Myagdi Khola at Beni
c) Modi Khola at Modibeni
d) Badigad Khola at Rudrabeni
e) Aandhi Khola at Mirmi
f) Ridi Khola at Ridi Bazaar
Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of this research is to identify and optimize the Kaligandaki River Basin power potentiality and possible impacts of the climate change in Kaligandaki Gorge hydropower project, some of the specific objectives are as follows;
a. To evaluate power potential in the River Basin with ROR and Storage Projects
b. Quantify benefits for cost and energy
c. Evaluate impact on optimal design criteria (percentile exceedance), and cost of project
d. The impacts of Climate change in hydropower potentiality in Kaligandaki George hydropower project
e. Recommend policy implications (Table 1-3)
Problem Statement
Out of the various natural resources available in Nepal, water resource is the Prime one. The available water resources in Nepal have abundant hydro potential which can be harnessed for the development of the country, but there is a lack of reliable and accurate information about the hydro potential in Nepal. The fundamental information regarding the magnitude and distribution of the potential in the country helps in planning, formulating policies and strategies for the development of hydropower [5].
The first assessment of the theoretical hydropower potential of Nepal was done by Shrestha during his PhD research work in the former USSR about 50 years ago with limited data and analysis tools. Shrestha assessed 83,280MW as the theoretical hydro-potential of Nepal. The estimate was made at a time when very little river discharge and precipitation data were available (Figure 2).
Now 154 hydrometric stations and 337 precipitation stations have been established in different parts of the country and provide more accurate hydrological data for more than 30 years. There have been advances in information technology such as remote sensing, computational tools such as geographic information system (GIS) and various hydrological modeling tools which can process and analyze the data more accurately and provide better results. Using these latest technologies, the potential can be estimated more accurately than before. However, very few studies have been done in this field after the first assessment (Figure 3).
Albeit Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) studied the power potential of the several rivers in the past with the assistance of foreign experts, all of these studies are rather project oriented and do not cover the entire part of the country. Therefore, necessitated reassessing the theoretical ROR hydro potential of the rivers in Nepal by using the latest computational and analysis tools to come up with the accurate and better results. By using the available data an impacts of Climate change on hydropower potential in Kaligandaki River Basin (a case study of Kaligandaki gorge hydropower project) is studied [6].
Methodology
Hydropower Potential Calculation: Hydropower potential is a function of head drop and discharge at certain flow exceedance. The theoretical ROR hydropower potential is calculated by using equation,
P= ρ x g x Q x H ........ (1)
Where, P = Power generated in Watt (W)
ρ = Mass density of water (kg/m3)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
Q = Discharge (m3/s)
H = Gross head drop (m)
If there are numbers of sub-basins in a given basin, the total power of the basin can be calculated by summing the potential of all sub-basins.
P = Σ i to n ρ x g x Q x H...... (2)
Where, i = Sub-basin number = i..... n
n = Number of sub-basins
ρ=The mass density of water is taken as 1000kg/m3
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) Q = Discharge (m3/s)
H = Gross head drop (m)
The gross head is the elevation difference between headrace and tailrace. By estimating the head drop, H and discharge, Q of any basin, the theoretical hydro potential can be calculated. Along with Impacts of Climate Change parameters rainfall, discharge and temperature patterns have also been analyzed. This study is particularly quantitative and deductive in nature. It will incorporate study of the Kaligandaki gorge hydropower with available data to provide case study for climatic considerations in developing a hydropower.
Study parameters
To identify the controlling factors Daily rainfall data of three nearby stations (Jomsom, Lete and Ranipauwa) from 1985 to 2014 was analyzed during the study. Secondary data of the rainfall were taken from Department of Hydrology and Metrology (DHM). Optimum number of stations required for the study was based on statistical principal that a certain number of rain gauge stations are necessary to give average rainfall with a certain percentage of error. The optimum number of rain gauges (N) was obtained by the following equation:
N = (Cv/E)......... (1) 2
Where, E = allowable percentage error in the estimate of basic mean rainfall
Cv = coefficient of variation of rainfall based on existing rain gauge station and it is determined as,
Cv = s/Pm x_100% (2)
The standard deviation is given by:
s = Σ [ (Pm-Pi)/n-1] ½
Where, Pm = mean average annual rainfall values
n = existing number of rain gauges
Pi = normal annual rainfalls at existing rain gauges, for accuracy in various practical purposes; three stations were taken minimizing the error to 5%.
For temperature analysis the maximum, mean and minimum monthly temperature data recorded at Jomsom for the last 30 years were analyzed. Climatologically data recorded at Lete stations from 1998 to 2014 was also analyzed during this study. Discharge data for the past 20 years (1995 to 2014) were analyzed for Kaligandaki River. This was obtained from Jomsom hydrological station. Monthly discharge of the river at intake of the hydropower was provided by Hydro solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Scope and Limitations
The study is carried out at the Kaligandaki gorge HP that lies at northeastern part of Myagdi district in the Western Development Region of Nepal. Scope of work of the proposed study includes following major activities:
a. Case study of Kaligandaki River to analyze changes in river flow with respect to physical and socio economic changes affecting design capacity of hydropower plant.
b. Collection of secondary data; desk study and analysis of the data.
c. Interpretation and analysis of available rainfall and temperature data for interpretation of climate change along with the analysis of water and energy demand using LEAP and WEAP (Table 4).
Data Analysis
Precipitation
Nepal receives nearly 80% of annual precipitation during the months of June-September in most of the locations; Distribution of rainfall around the Kaligandaki gorge hydropower project area is not uniform either. Elevations well as exposition of mountains within the area plays major roles for uneven rainfall distribution. The 30 years of daily data available (1985-2014) for the area near the project site shows that 62% of rainfall occurs in monsoon with 25% in pre-monsoon followed by 8% and 5% in post-monsoon and winter respectively (Figure 4).
In a RoR project like Kaligandaki gorge project, electricity generation will vary as per precipitation patterns, which means dry seasons may require a substitute source for the demands to be met. In a reservoir based hydropower station like Kulekhani however, usage of water accumulated during monsoon can accommodate for electricity generation throughout the year. As illustrated by the graph below, precipitation around the project area peaks up from June to August and is highest during July. Winter months beginning from November and ending in January receives the lowest amount of precipitation (Figure 5).
The monsoon normally starts in the second week of June and continues until the fourth week of September. Monsoon is the main source of rainfall in the project site similar to other regions of Nepal. The large amount of Rainfall within a short period causes flash floods, landslides, soil erosion and sedimentation in hilly and mountainous regions, and inundation of the plains areas (Figure 6). There is no significant change in annual precipitation in Nepal. This study shows that the annual average rainfall around the Kaligandaki project site is increasing at a slight rate of about 0.246m and 0.284mm measured at Jomsom and Lete stations respectively as shown in the plot below is concerns with slight increase in precipitation rate as seen in study based on data from Andhi Ghat Station, Mustang (Figure 7 & 8).
Winter average annual rainfall distribution shows a slight increasing trend in recent years. This trend has continued in premonsoon and monsoon which provides for the annual increase in rainfall as mentioned earlier. There is a slight decrease in post monsoon rainfall (Figure 9-11).
Temperature
Annual temperature in Nepal is reported to be increasing and the impacts of warming have already been observed in the Himalayan glaciers [7]. Annual mean temperature in Nepal has increased steadily at a linear rate of 0.4C per decade from 1975 to 2005 [6]. Data collected from Jomsom meteorological station for 1985 to 2014 shows an increment in annual maximum, minimum and mean temperatures (Figure 12).
Discharge
Analysis of the available data from 1995 to 2013 shows that the average flow of 86 m3/s in 1995 has gradually decreased to 18.4 m3/s coming into 2014. It has been shown that the flow of the Kaligandaki River at 3 station are analyzed, it indicated that the discharge is slightly decreasing order, therefore power potentiality will also in decreasing order.
Analyzing the yearly mean flow, 1998 was the maximum with a mean average flow of 213m3/s and 2002 was the minimum with 15.1m3/s. Though precipitation data shows slight increase in rainfall, the decrease in discharge may be credited to decrement of melt from glacier. Monthly discharge measured at the intake of the planned hydropower shows increase in discharge during the monsoon i.e. July and August [8]. Annual average flow is seen at intake is around 40m3/s which concerns relatively with the data obtained from DHM (Figure 13-16).
The zone of impact of the Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower includes 4 VDC's of Mustang, Lete, Kunjo, Dana and Narchang. Water usage in the area is mainly dominated by agricultural and domestic purposes. There is also consumption in commercial sector but due to unavailability of exact figures, we have only taken first two sectors as computing for water usage (Figure 17-19).
Conclusion
Climate change affects the dependability of hydro resources and hence the changing climatic parameters are an unavoidable factor in the forecasting system of hydropower projects. Some generalizations drawn for the study area are as follows:
a. An increasing trend of temperature is seen around the study area.
b. Though there is a general increasing trend in precipitation, shift of the fall seasons can in-crease the hydrological impacts and challenges.
c. Storage upstream gives optimum flows in dry season to downstream projects
d. The installed capacity with storage projects increase considerably compared to ROR e. Due to storage projects, dry energy in entirety increases by up to 3 times
f. Based on the results mentioned above, transmission line must be planned to evacuate the additional power.
g. Cost of projects decreases dramatically when rivers are planned with storage options.
h. Policies to promote storage where possible are essential to optimize Nepal's hydro resources.
i. Policies for pricing, safety R&R etc. also need to be effective.
Recommendation
Integration of Climate change impact assessment in integrating hydropower planning is imperative and major issues for the effective planning and management of the power systems in our country. The following are the some recommendations for hydropower planners, policy makers, and other concerned agencies for coping with climate change and planning accordingly for the management of the ongoing power deficiency.
I. The rainfall distribution around the region is very uneven and basin has insufficient rain-gauge network, discharge and rainfall recording network should be increased for intensity data that are most essential for hydrologic models and other detail hydrological study.
II. Since the data analysis shows that hydrology is changing, the design capacity of the hydro system should be revised. In the long run, sufficient water may not be available; water storage in damp should be a good method to control the how of the river.
III. Only a basic modeling has been done during this project. Creation of scenarios is a potential analytical tool to predict and assess the optimization needs of subsequent demand increment as seen from demand forecasts.
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Current Affairs of 9th September 2018
Pakistan set to allow ‘visa-less entry’ Pakistan set to allow ‘visa-less entry’ to pilgrims headed for Kartarpur Sahib. The Kartarpur Gurdwara is located in Narowal district of Punjab province near the Indian border and is revered by Sikhs due to the belief that the founder of Sikhism Guru Nanak died there. A corridor will be made to visit the Gurdwara for visa-less entry. Alibaba co-founder Jack Ma to retire at 54 Alibaba co-founder and chairman Jack Ma plans to retire from the Chinese e-commerce giant on Monday on his 54th birthday. After retirement Jack Ma plan to devote his time to philanthropy focused on education. Jack Ma is among China’s richest men with a net worth estimated by Forbes at $38.6 billion. Navies of India, Lanka begin joint exercise Three Indian naval ships reached Trincomalee for the sixth edition of the SLINEX 2018 – a bilateral naval exercise between India and Sri Lanka – which began on 7th September 2018. The inaugural ceremony of the exercise was held on board Sri Lankan Navy’s SLNS Sayurala. The exercise is being conducted in two phases. The SLINEX series of bilateral maritime exercises were initiated in 2005. ------------------------------ (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); IRDAI tests guidelines for ‘Sandbox Method’ The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) is working on the guidelines for ‘Sandbox’. ‘Sandbox’ method which will allow insurers to test products in a particular geography or among a set of few policyholders before they are available in the market. Industry participants believe that this move will lead to further innovation in insurance products. Former RBI Governor Bimal Jalan To Head Panel To Select New CEA The Union Government has appointed former Reserve Bank of India governor Bimal Jalan as the head of the panel that has been tasked with selecting India’s next chief economic advisor (CEA). The panel will screen the applications received and conduct interviews. The move comes two months after the government sought applications for the post after previous CEA Arvind Subramanian resigned from office. China allows Nepal to direct transit China on Friday agreed to allow Nepal to use four of its seaports and three land ports for third-country trade reducing the landlocked country’s dependence on India to conduct international commerce. Chinese authorities will provide permits to trucks and containers ferrying Nepal-bound cargo to and from Xigatse in Tibet, as per the new arrangement. Global Sanitation Convention on MG Birthday Union Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation will organize a Global Sanitation Convention to mark the beginning of 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi and the fourth anniversary of the Swach Bharat Mission. The Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Convention (MGISC) will be a 4-day international conference. India aims to eliminate open defecation by October 2nd, 2019. Bengaluru to host AERO in 2019 Defence Ministry announced that Bengaluru will host AERO India from 20th to 24th Feb 2019. The AERO will be hosted by strongYelahanka Air Force strong station which has hosted all 11 editions of AERO India so far. This five-day event will combine a major trade exhibition for the aerospace and defence industries with public air shows. Axis Bank Appoints HDFC’s Amitabh Chaudhry As MD & CEO Axis Bank announced that Amitabh Chaudhry has been appointed as its managing director & CEO from January 1, 2019, for a period of three years. Mr. Chaudhry, the MD & CEO of HDFC Standard Life Insurance Company at present, will take the charge at India’s third largest private sector bank after incumbent Shikha Sharma steps down on December 31, 2018. Mr. Chaudhry, 54, has been associated with HDFC Life since January 2010. 6th Int. Geriatric Orthopaedic Conference The Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the 6th International Geriatric Orthopaedic Society of India Conference at the AIIMS in New Delhi on 7th Sept 2018. The theme of the event was “Increased Longevity with Reduced Fragility and Enhanced Mobility”. The conference was also addressed by the President of the International Geriatric Orthopaedic Society of India, Dr.John Ebnezar. ‘Sarala Puraskar’ for poet Satrughna Pandav Odia poet Satrughna Pandav will be honored with the prestigious ‘Sarala Puraskar’ for his poetry collection ‘Misra Dhrupad’. The annual Sarala Puraskar, recognized as one of the foremost literary awards. The ‘Sarala Puraskar’ – instituted by eminent Odia industrialist late Dr Bansidhar Panda and late Ila Panda in 1979 and awarded by the Indian Metals Public Charitable Trust(IMPaCT) MDL to deliver 2nd Submarine by year end The Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) is expected to deliver its second submarine, ‘Khanderi’ to the Navy by the end of 2018. The submarine Khanderi is named after the Island fort of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. According to Deal signed between Navy and MDL in 2005, the company is required to build six scorpene class diesel-electric submarines in collaboration with M/s Naval group of France. 2nd World Hindu Congress in Chicago The Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu is on a two-day visit to USA on September 7-9. The VP will address the 2nd World Hindu Congress being held in Chicago on the occasion of 125th Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda’s Historic Speech at the Parliament of the World’s Religions in 1893. VP is also expected to participate in a programme organized by 14 Telugu Associations of the US. Power Sector Subsidy to be under DBT The Centre has proposed a major reform in the power sector in a draft amendment to Electricity Act, 2003. Making DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) only way to provide subsidy to any category of consumer by State govt. The Centre expects that the discoms would not accumulate debt henceforth If consumer get subsidy directly in bank accounts via DBT. Luka Modric Wins 'UEFA Men's Player Of The Year Award' Real Madrid midfielder Luka Modric has been named UEFA Men's Player of the Year for 2017/18. Modric beat off competition from former Madrid team-mate Cristiano Ronaldo and Liverpool forward Mohamed Salah, who joined him on the three-man shortlist announced on 20 August. The Croatian international received the trophy on stage in Monaco during the UEFA Champions League group stage draw. He was also named UEFA Champions League Midfielder of the Season. ------------------------------ (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); India Pavilion at Food and Drink Technology Africa Trade Show in South Africa launched by TPCI Trade Promotion Council of India (TPCI) with the support of Ministry of Commerce and Industry and delegation of 42 Indian businessmen related to food and beverages industry took part in it. This provided a platform for them to explore export opportunities, joint ventures, technology transfers and marketing tie-ups with other nations including South Africa. Further, TPCI will be participating in similar events in Turkey, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and Spain in the coming months. Ankur Mittal Won Gold in ISSF Championship Ankur Mittal claimed the men’s double trap gold medal in the ISSF World Championship in Changwon on Saturday. The 26-year-old overcame the Chinese 4-3 to emerge triumphant after the Slovakian had missed his second shoot-off clay target to settle for bronze. After the seventh day of competition, India has 20 medals – seven gold, seven silver, and six bronze. Google announces new AI Technology to fight online child sexual abuse The advanced AI technology uses deep neural networks for image processing that will enable identification of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) online. About Google Founded: September 4, 1998 (20 years ago) in Menlo Park, California Founders: Larry Page, Sergey Brin Bengaluru To Host Aero India In February 2019: Defence Ministry The next edition of Aero India will be held in Bengaluru, Karnataka from February 20 to 24, 2019, Defence Ministry announced. This five-day event will combine a major trade exhibition for the aerospace and defence industries with public air shows. Besides global leaders and big investors in the aerospace industry, the show will also see participation by think-tanks from across the world. Yelahanka Air Force station in Bengaluru has hosted all the 11 editions of Aero India so far and has emerged as a premier air show in Asia.
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10 interesting facts to show Karnali is going Digital Karnali
Karnali has largely remained as an inaccessible region despite having a huge potential of tourism development. Also the largest province in Nepal, it is at the bottom in view of economic and human development index. Much has been talked about Karnali’s poverty, yet no concrete actions have been taken for the region’s prosperity. However, the newly formed provincial government has revealed various promising plans to build digital karnali like bringing fiber optic internet and Wi-Fi hotspots to all the districts of Karnali, establishing IT department, e-libraries and ultimately making the region digital.
Homework has already begun to make Karnali digital and prosperous, with the slogan ‘Digital Karnali for Prosperous Nepal’. Now, internet will be used to showcase and brand Karnali’s products and give a huge boost to tourism. Digital power and internet facilities are further expected to bring dramatic changes in the region and improve quality of life.
2075 BS is being celebrated as tourism year in Karnali province.
10 interesting facts on Digital Karnali initiation:
1.Establishment of IT Department and spread of internet access
The state government of Karnali is establishing Information Technology (IT) Department and making Fiber Optic Internet and Wi-Fi hotspot available in all 10 districts of the province.
2.Mobile apps and websites for all ministries
All the ministries in the province are going to have their own mobile apps and websites. Thus, general public will be able to access information about all the activities of the ministries, and contact details of officials from these apps and websites. It can be considered as a huge leap forward to promote good governance through the digital dissemination of information.
3.CCTV Cameras and Digital Attendance
CCTV cameras are to be installed, and digital attendance system to be brought into practice in all the ministries of the province.
4.Digital Libraries and Computer Labs
Quality of education is extremely poor in Karnali, and many children are out of access to education. The local government in the province has planned to establish computer labs and e-libraries.
5.Digital Traffic Light system and GPS
Because of difficult topography, road accidents are fairly common in Karnali. To minimize this, government is all set to install digital traffic light system. It will also make people aware about road safety. Installing GPS on all public vehicles will make transportation smooth, and speedy rescue at the time of accidents.
6.Electricity access for all
At the age of science and technology, electricity has not reached even the headquarters of many districts in Karnali. And, People are facing various problems in lack of electricity. The provincial government of Karnali is initiating homework to make electricity available in all districts at the earliest.
7.Establishment of Tourism Information Centers
Digital tourism information centers are going to be established to promote various touristic destinations and provide tourists with all the necessary information about tourism in the region, and make tourism easy and smooth.
8.Establishment of data center
A data center is going to be established to control, mobilize and store all types of data from the region.
9.Installation of Community Alert Siren
Community alert sirens have been fit in Birendranagar of Surkhet to minimize crimes in the city. It is expected to help control theft, robbery and other crimes in the region. The technology will be expanded to all the villages and cities of the province soon.
10.Digital payments in government corporations
Works have been underway to make digital payment possible at all government offices and corporations. Recently, Birendranagar, the capital of Karnali province started accepting payment for water bills online. Denizens of the city no longer have to visit the office of the drinking water corporation and stand in queues for hours to pay their dues. Other various government offices too are on their way of accepting cashless payments.
What the authorities say about Digital Karnali?
Making Digital Karnali is an uphill task. But, we are committed to face the problems and challenges. There are a lot of possibilities in the region. If we can properly utilize all the resources available to us, it will take no time to develop Karnali as a model province in Nepal. The Karnali province should not be allowed to remain backward anymore. The journey towards development and prosperity has already begun. We are committed to bringing the province to the mainstream of development.
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Towards Regional Energy Security in South Asia
In South Asia, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan as well as Nepal have established transmission links where electrical energy is being traded. Opportunities for Cross Border Electrical Energy Trade (CBET) in the area have amplified especially that power safety and security have ended up being a political top priority for all the national governments. The recent developments favoring CBET in the area consist of the signing of the Power Trade Agreement by Federal Governments of India and also Nepal along with the finalizing of the SAARC Structure Contract for Power Collaboration (Electrical Energy) in December 2014. These growths have already activated stakeholders for local and also sub-regional tasks in the locations of power generation, transmission, and power profession. South Asia Regional Energy integration The gravitas for CBET in South Asia was further established when the second meeting of SAARC power regulatory authorities kept in February 2016 deliberated to constitute the "SAARC Council of Professionals and also Power Regulators (Electrical Power)" and an "Online forum of Regulators".
The SARI/EI stage IV is carried out by Integrated Study and also Activity for Growth (IRADe) picked via a competitive process. During the five year program (2012-2017), IRADe and USAID are working in the direction of advertising combination of energy systems and also boost Cross Border Energy Trade among the getting involved South Oriental nations.
A USAID effort to enhance energy security in South Asia Over a decade the US Firm for International Growth (USAID) has been consistently pursuing the promotion of power safety and security in the South Eastern nations. The USAID introduced the South Asia Power Market (SARI/E) program in 2000 covering 8 countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, The Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan as well as Sri Lanka. The initial three stages of the program concentrated on areas Cross-border power profession (CBET). Power market development and also. Regional Clean Power advancement. The South Asia Regional Effort for Energy Assimilation (SARI/EI) Phase IV, the last stage was launched in 2012 to further the earlier goals i.e. advancing local power combination as well as raising CBET.
Website: https://sari-energy.org/
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The Smart Contract Revolution
[Vrinda Vinayak is a 4th year B.A., LL.B (Hons.) student at the National Law University, Delhi]
Background
The concept of smart contracts was first envisaged by Nick Szabo in 1994. Such contracts consist of three essential elements. They are – (i) negotiated, coded and executed over the blockchain, in simple ‘yes-no’ or ‘if-then’ terms, (ii) authenticated by anonymous third-party ‘miners’ (who volunteer for this purpose and are rewarded in cryptocurrency based on the size of the transaction verified), and (iii) consideration for which is the cryptocurrency ‘Ethereum’. Distinctively, smart contracts eliminate the need for banks and other known third-parties to execute the consideration for the contract. As soon as the ‘if’ condition occurs and is verified (either by the party affixing a digital signature, or by other means), the ‘then’ condition is automatically satisfied on the blockchain. Further, a permanent, time-stamped and irreversible record of the transaction is created on the blockchain, which is accessible to each participant. However, the identity of the parties involved can potentially remain confidential, since each party is identified only through a code.
Legality of Smart Contracts in India
Gauging the validity of offer and acceptance, and legality of object under the Indian Contract Act 1872 for smart contracts would be no different than gauging these elements for traditional contracts. In fact, offer and acceptance for each term of the contract may arguably be easier to gauge for smart contracts, since a record of each party’s stance would be available on the blockchain. The main point of concern is whether Ethereum would constitute valid consideration for the contract. Cryptocurrency has not been defined under the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934 or Coinage Act 2011, and is hence believed not to be currency. While some countries like Japan and Australia have explicitly recognised it as legal tender and others like Bolivia and Nepal have declared it illegal, it stands unregulated in India. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued press releases clarifying that users of cryptocurrency must be cautious of its risks, and transact ‘at their own risk’. However, cryptocurrency could potentially be treated as non-monetary consideration that both parties ascribe value to. The transaction could be classified as a barter.
Advantages over Traditional ‘Paper’ Contracts
While execution and settlement of traditional contracts typically takes time, such execution happens instantaneously in the case of smart contracts upon authentication. Most importantly, as mentioned hereinabove, this system does away with the need to engage banks to execute the consideration for the contract, thereby significantly reducing transaction costs. In case of simpler contracts negotiable over the blockchain, the cost of hiring lawyers to facilitate formation is eliminated as well. Further, once recorded on the blockchain, details of negotiation and execution are difficult to tamper with, making the system more secure than traditional contracts and providing each participant with a reliable record of the transaction.
Challenges Associated with Smart Contracts
One of the most important concerns arising from the smart contract system is that it may promote criminal activity, since regulatory and law-enforcement authorities do not have access to details of the transaction, and the parties to it remain anonymous. Both these issues are easily resolved. Authorities could be made participants to the blockchain, thereby allowing them to oversee the transaction. It is also possible to use technology to track the identity of parties to an illegal transaction and bring them to book. However, if the identity of parties is traceable, a hitherto unaddressed concern is how confidentiality of smart contracts would be maintained, when it is authenticated by unknown miners who cannot be held accountable for their actions. Thirdly, not all transactions are negotiable simply in ‘yes-no’ or ‘if-then’ terms. Even individual clauses such as those regarding good faith and applicable law require detailed negotiations and the usefulness of the blockchain in this regard is questionable. However, smart contracts could still be useful as a complementary mechanism for execution of consideration in these complex transactions. Fourthly, it is believed that smart contracts hinder identification of the law applicable to the contract, if left unspecified. However, this issue can be overcome by tracing the location of the nodes through which each party negotiated the contract, or studying contract terms to determine the jurisdiction of closest connection. The technology for Decentralised Arbitration and Mediation Networks is also being developed to counter this issue. Lastly, smart contracts present evidentiary issues. The Indian Evidence Act 1872 (section 85B) only presumes the authenticity of electronic records digitally signed in accordance with the Information Technology Act 2000, creating issues regarding agreements digitally signed using the blockchain.
Commercial Uses of the Blockchain and Smart Contracts
Blockchain technology is fast gaining commercial acceptance in India. The State Bank of India recently launched ‘BankChain’, an initiative consisting of 27 banks sharing KYC data on the blockchain, to avoid duplication of effort and save costs. The RBI too proposes to utilise the blockchain to make banking activities smoother and more efficient. It is also being used in the pharma sector for maintenance of medical records, and the real estate sector to track devolution of title. It is only a matter of time before the full potential of the blockchain is realised, and smart contracts become mainstream as well.
In the securities market, smart contracts would function similarly to algorithmic trading, but in addition to placing a purchase order when certain preconditions are met, the program would also be capable of releasing payment automatically. Coupon payments could be released using smart contracts, and coordination for syndicated loans is likely to become easier with this technology. Smart contracts could also be used for other purposes like distribution of royalty, and supply chain management. Another potential use could be payment gateways for e-commerce websites, where payment would be released upon receipt of goods by the customer. Smart contracts can find use almost anywhere – the electricity meter in one’s house could be connected to the smart code, such that payment at the end of a cycle be calculated and made automatically on the blockchain. Similarly, a seismograph could be attached to the code so that an insurance pay-out could be made automatically when an earthquake of a certain magnitude hits a specified area.
Impact on Law Firms
The legal sector must evolve to cater to changing client-needs. While lawyers would undoubtedly be involved in the process of negotiation of complex contracts which the blockchain cannot yet accommodate, they must update their skillset once smart contracts are adopted. A basic understanding of the blockchain and coding on it would allow lawyers to ensure that the coded contract is a true reflect of party-intent. Collaboration with software firms would also be essential. There may also arise a need to rethink the hourly-billing model and charge per-transaction, or to charge a fee for hosting and coding contracts. Law firms can also capitalise on the thrust towards smart contracts by implementing it themselves. Smart contracts can be concluded with clients, simplifying the payment process. Partnership pay-outs could also be coded and executed using such contracts.
On a related note, if cryptocurrency were to be recognised as legal tender, law firms would need to further evolve. Lenders would enlist law firms to conduct due-diligence on cryptocurrency-based start-ups seeking loans. If the concern that users of cryptocurrency can transact anonymously persists, the firm will be expected to analyse the efficacy of the business’s transaction-tracking and client-identification mechanisms to prevent illegal activities. Clients will seek advice on the anti-corruption and financial regulation front, and might require assistance countering criminal allegations of non-transparency in cryptocurrency-driven dealings. If cryptocurrency is not legal globally, advising clients on consideration for cross-border deals could be another challenge.
Conclusion
While smart contracts may not be self-sufficient systems as of now, they are certainly ushering in a technological revolution that must be understood and adequately prepared for.
– Vrinda Vinayak
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