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surya-kulshreshtha · 3 years ago

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UPSC 2021 Civil Services Examination Answer Key Paper 1

1. With reference to the history of ancient India, Bhavabhutti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshwara were famous a) Jain monks b) Playwrights c) temple architects d) philosophers

2. Consider the following statements:

i) The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 recommended granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21. ii) The Government of India Act of 1935 gave women reserved seats in the legislature.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2

Statement 2 is correct. The Government of India Act of 1935 gave women reserved seats in the legislature.

3. With reference to 8th August 1942 in Indian History, which one of the following statements is correct? a) The Quit India Resolution was adopted by AICC b) The Viceroy’s Executive Council was expanded to include more Indians. c) The Congress ministries resigned in seven provinces. d) Cripps proposed an Indian Union with full Dominion Status once the Second World War was over.

4. Which among the following is associated with ‘’Songs from Prison’’, a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English?

a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak b) Jawaharlal Nehru c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi d) Sarojini Naidu

5. With reference to medieval India, which one of the following is the correct sequence in ascending order in terms of size? a) Paragana-Sarkar-Suba b) Sarkar-Paragana-Suba c) Suba-Sarkar-Paragana d) Paragana-Suba-Sarkar

Learning Zone: Mughal Empire was divided into Suba, Sarkar, Pargana and Village. However, the question is to arrange in ascending order in terms of size. So Option A is the correct answer.

6. Who among the following was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School which later came to be known as Bethune Female School? a) Annie Besant b) Debendranath Tagore c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar d) Sarojini Naidu

7. In the context of Colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillion are remembered as

a) Leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement b) Members of the Interim Government in 1946 c) Members of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly d) Officers of the Indian National Army

8. With reference to Indian History, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State 2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of Vijayanagara Empire 3. Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durani

Select the correct answer using the code given below a) 1 and 2 b) 2 only c) 2 and 3 d) 3 only

9. Which one of the following statements is correct? a) Ajanta Caves lie in the gorge of Waghora river. b) Sanchi Stupa lies in the gorge of Chambal river. c) Pandu-lena Cave Shrines lie in the gorge of Narmada River. d) Amaravati Stupa lies in the gorge of Godavari river.

10. Consider the following statements: 1. 21st February is declared to be International Mother Language Day by UNICEF. 2. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2

11. With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements: 1. It is a circular temple built during the reign of Kachchhapaghata Dynasty. 2. It is the only circular temple built in India 3. It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region. 4. Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building. Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 4 d) 2, 3 and 4

12. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs? a) Dholavira b) Kalibangan c) Rakhigarhi d) Ropar

13. In the first quarter of the seventeenth century, in which of the following was/were the factory/factories of the English East India Company located? 1. Broach 2. Chicacole 3. Trichinopoly

Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 c) 3 only d) 2 and 3

14. From the decline of Guptas until the rise of Harshavardhana in the early seventh century, which of the following kingdoms were holding power in Northern India? 1. The Guptas of Magadha 2. The Paramaras of Malwa 3. The Pushyabutis of Thanesar 4. The Yadavas of Devagiri 5. The Yadavas of Devagiri 6. The Maitrakas of Valabhi

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

a) 1, 2 and 5 b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 c) 2, 3 and 4 d) 5 and 6

15. According to Portuguese writer Nuniz, the women in Vijayanagar Empire were experts in which of the following areas? 1. Wrestling 2. Astrology 3. Accounting 4. Soothsaying

Select the correct answer using the code given below

a) 1, 2 and 3 only b) 1, 3 and 4 only c) 2 and 4 only d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

16. With reference to Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh, which one of the following statements is correct?

a) Pingali Venkaya designed the tricolour Indian National Flag here. b) Pattabhi Sitaramaiah led the Quit India Movement of the Andhra region from here. c) Rabindranath Tagore translated the National Anthem from Bengali to English here. d) Madam Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott set up headquarters of Theosophical Society first here.

17. Consider the following pairs:

Historical place : Well-known for

1. Burzahom : Rock-cut shrines 2. Chandra-ketugargh : Terracotta art 3. Ganeshwar : Copper artefacts Which of the pairs given above is correctly matched? a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 c) 3 only d) 2 and 3

18. Consider the following statements

1. It was during the reign of Iltumish that Chengiz Khan reached the Indus in pursuit of the fugitive Khwarezm prince. 2. It was during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq that Taimur occupied Multan and crossed the Indus. 3. It was during the reign of Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara Empire that Vasco da Gama reached the coast of Kerala.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 c) 3 only d) 2 and 3

19. Consider the following statements:

1. St.Francis Xavier was one of the founding members of the Jesuit Order 2. St.Francis Xavier died in Goa and a church is dedicated to him there 3. The Feast of St.Francis Xavier is celebrated in Goa each year.

Which of the statements given above are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

20. With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Mitakshara was the civil law for upper castes and Dayabhaga was the civil law for lower castes. 2. In the Mitakshara system, the sons can claim the right to the property during the lifetime of the father whereas, in the Dayabhaga system, it is only after the death of the father that the sons can claim the right to the property. 3. The Mitakshara system deals with the matters related to the property held by male members only of a family, whereas the Dayabhaga system deals with the matters related to the property held by both male and female members of a family. Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 and 2 b) 2 only c) 1 and 3 d) 3 only

21. The money multiplier in an economy increases with which one of the following?

a) Increase in the Cash Reserve Ratio in the banks. b) Increase in the Statutory Liquidity Ratio in the banks c) Increase in the banking habit of the people d) Increase in the population of the country

22. With reference to Indian economy, demand-pull inflation can be caused/increased by which of the following?

1. Expansionary policies 2. Fiscal stimulus 3. Inflation-indexing wages 4. Higher purchasing power 5. Rising interest rates

Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1, 2 and 4 only b) 3, 4 and 5 only c) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

23. With reference to India, consider the following statements: 1. Retail investors through demat account can invest in Treasury Bills and Government of India Debt Bonds in primary market 2. The ‘’Negotiated Dealing System-Ordering Matching’’ is a government securities trading platform of the Reserve Bank of India. 3. The ‘’Central Depository Services Ltd’’ is jointly promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 c) 3 only d) 2 and 3

24. With reference to ‘’Water Credit”, consider the following statements:

1. It puts microfinance tools to work in the water and sanitation sector. 2. It is a global initiative launched under the aegis of the World Health Organization and the World Bank. 3. It aims to enable the poor people to meet their water needs without depending on subsidies.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

25. In India, the central bank’s function as the ‘’lender of last resort’’ usually refers to which of the following?

1. Lending to trade and industry bodies when they fail to borrow from other sources 2. Providing liquidity to the banks having a temporary crisis 3. Lending to governments to finance budgetary deficits

Select the correct answer using the code given below a) 1 and 2 b) 2 only c) 2 and 3 d) 3 only

26. ‘’R2 Code of Practices’’ constitute a tool available for promoting the adoption of

a) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry b) Ecological management of ‘’Wetlands of International Importance” under the Ramsar Convention c) Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands d) ‘’Environmental Impact Assessment’’ in the exploitation of natural resources

27. Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants?

1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment 2. The copper slag can cause the leaching pf some heavy metals into the environment 3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant

Select the correct answer using the code given below

a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

28. With reference to furnace oil, consider the following statements:

1. It is a product of oil refineries 2. Some industries use it to generate power 3. Its use causes sulphur emissions into the environment

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

29. What is blue carbon?

a) Carbon captured by oceans and coastal ecosystems b) Carbon sequestered in forest biomass and agricultural soils c) Carbon contained in petroleum and natural gas d) Carbon present in the atmosphere

30. In nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? 1. Fern 2. Lichen 3. Moss 4. Mushroom

Select the correct answer using the code given below

a) 1 and 4 only b) 2 only c) 2 and 3 d) 1, 3 and 4

31. Consider the following statements:

1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government. 2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest. 3. The Governor of the RBI draws his power from the RBI Act.

Which of the above statements are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

32. With reference to the casual workers employed in India, consider the following statements:

1. All casual workers are entitled for employees Provident Fund Coverage 2. All casual workers are entitled for regular working hours and overtime payment 3. The government can by a notification specify that an establishment or industry shall pay wages only through its bank account.

Which of the above statements are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

33. Which among the following steps is most likely to be taken at the time of an economic recession? a) Cut in tax rates accompanied by increase in interest rate b) Increase in expenditure on public projects c) Increase in tax rates accompanied by reduction of interest rate d) Reduction of expenditure on public projects

34. Consider the following statements

Other things remaining unchanged, market demand for a good might increase if

1. Price of its substitute increases 2. Price of its complement increases 3. The good is an inferior good and income of the consumers increases 4. Its price falls

Which of the above statements are correct? a) 1 and 4 only b) 2, 3 and 4 c) 1, 3 and 4 d) 1, 2 and 3

35. With reference to Urban Cooperative Banks in India, consider the following statements:

1. They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments. 2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares. 3. They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1996 Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

36. Indian Government Bond yields are influenced by which of the following?

1. Actions of the United States Federal Reserve 2. Actions of the Reserve Bank of India 3. Inflation and short-term interest rates.

Select the correct answer using the code given below a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

37. Consider the following:

1. Foreign currency convertible bonds 2. Foreign institutional investment with certain conditions 3. Global depository receipts 4. Non-resident external deposits

Which of the above can be included in Foreign Direct Investments?

a) 1, 2 and 3 b) 3 only c) 2 and 4 d) 1 and 4

38. Consider the following statements:

The effect of devaluation of a currency is that it necessarily

1. Improves the competitiveness of the domestic exports in the foreign markets 2. Increase the foreign value of domestic currency 3. Improves the trade balance

Which of the above statements is/are

a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 c) 3 only d) 2 and 3

39. Which one of the following effects of creation of black money in India has been the main cause of worry to the Government of India?

a) Diversion of resources to the purchase of real estate and investment in luxury housing b) Investment in unproductive activities and purchase of precious stones, jewellery, gold etc. c) Large donations to political parties and growth of regionalism d) Loss of revenue to the State Exchequer due to tax evasion

40. Which one of the following is likely to be one of the most inflationary in its effects?

a) Repayment of public debt b) Borrowing from the public to finance a budget deficit c) Borrowing from the banks to finance a budget deficit d) Creation of new money to finance a budget deficit

41. Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent?

a) Congress grass b) Elephant grass c) Lemon grass d) Nut grass

42. Consider the following kinds of organisms: 1. Copepods 2. Cyanobacteria 3. Diatoms 4. Foraminifera

Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans? a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 c) 3 and 4 d) 1 and 4

43. Consider the following animals 1. Hedgehog 2. Marmot 3. Pangolin To reduce the chance of being captured by predators, which of the above organisms rolls up/roll up and protects/protect its/their vulnerable parts? a) 1 and 2 b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 3

44. With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014 2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests 3. It is a legally binding international declaration 4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities. 5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

Select the correct answer using the code given below a) 1, 2 and 4 b) 1, 3 and 5 c) 3 and 4 d) 2 and 5

45. Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

1. Brakes of motor vehicles 2. Engines of motor vehicles 3. Microwave stoves within homes 4. Power plants 5. Telephone lines

Select the correct answer using the code given below a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only b) 1, 2 and 4 only c) 3, 4 and 5 only d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

46. Which one of the following is a filter feeder?

a) Catfish b) Octopus c) Oyster d) Pelican

47. In the case of which of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrients to enter the cycle? a) Carbon cycle b) Nitrogen cycle c) Phosphorus cycle d) Sulphur cycle

48. Which of the following are detritivores?

1. Earthworms 2. Jellyfish 3. Seahorse 4. Woodlice Select the correct answer using the code given below a) 1, 2 and 4 only b) 2, 3, 4 and 4 only c) 1, 3 and 5 only d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

49. The ‘’Common Carbon Metric’’ supported by UNEP, has been developed for

a) Assessing the carbon footprint of building operations around the world b) Enabling commercial farming entities around the world to enter carbon emission trading c) Enabling governments to assess the overall carbon footprint caused by their countries d) Assessing the overall carbon foot-print caused by the use of fossil fuels by the world in a unit time

50. Which of the following have species that can establish a symbiotic relationship with other organisms?

1. Cnidarians 2. Fungi 3. Protozoa

Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

51. Under the Indian constitution concentration of wealth violates (a) The right to equality (b) The Directive Principles of State Policy (C) The Right to freedom (d) the Concept of Welfare

52. What is the position of the Right to Property in India? (a) Legal right available to citizens only (b) Legal right available to any person (C) Fundamental Right available to citizens only (d) Neither fundamental Right nor legal right.

53. What was the exact constitutional status of India on 26th January, 1950? (a) A democratic Republic (b) A Sovereign Democratic Republic (C) A Sovereign Secular Democratic Republic (d) A Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic

54. Constitutional government means. (a) a representative government of a nation with federal structure (b) a government whose Head enjoys nominal powers (C) a government whose Head enjoys nominal powers (d) a government limited by the terms of the Constitution

55. With reference to India, the terms ‘halbi, Ho and Kui” pertain to (a) dance forms of Northwest India (b) musical Instruments (C) pre-historic cave paintings (d) tribal languages

56. Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards. (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India. (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once. (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year. Which of the above statements are not correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (C) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

57. Consider the following statements: Statement 1: The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the Arbor Day Foundation have recently recognized Hyderabad as 2020 Tree City of the World Statement 2: Hyderabad was selected for the recognition for a year following its commitment to grow and maintain the Urban forests. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 is the correct explanation for Statement 1 (b) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct but Statement 2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1. (C) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is not correct. (d) Statement 1 is not correct but Statement 2 is correct.

58. Consider the following statements in respect of the Laureus World Sports Award which was instituted in the year 2000: 1. American golfer Tiger Woods was the first winner of this award. 2. The award was received mostly by ‘Formula One ‘Players so far. 3. Roger Federer received this award maximum number of times compared to others. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

59. Consider the following statements in respect of the 32nd Summer Olympics: 1. The official motto for the Olympics is ‘A New World’ 2. Sport Climbing, Surfing, Skateboarding, Karate and Baseball are included in this Olympics. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

60. Consider the following statements in respect of the ICC World Test Championship: 1. The finalists were decided by the number of matches they won. 2. New Zealand was ranked ahead of England because it won more matches than England. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

61. Consider the following statements: 1. ‘Right to the City’ is an agreed human right and the UN-Habitat monitors the commitments made by each country in this regard. 2. ‘Right to the City’ gives every occupant of the city the right to reclaim public spaces and public participation in the city. 3. ‘Right to the City’ means that the State cannot deny any public service or facility to the unauthorised colonies in the city. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 and 3

62. With reference to India, consider the following statements: 1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in police station, not in jail. 2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

63. With reference to India, consider the following statements: 1. When a prisoner makes out a sufficient case, parole cannot be denied to such prisoner because it becomes a matter of his/her right. 2. State Governments have their own Prisoners Release on Parole Rules. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

64. At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006? (a) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climatic change. (b) Ministry of Panchayat Raj (C) Ministry of Rural Development (d) Ministry of Tribal Affairs.

65. A legislation which confers on the executive or administrative authority an unguided and uncontrolled discretionary power in the matter of the application of law violates which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India? (a) Article 14 (b) Article 28 (C) Article 32 (d) Article 44

66. Which one of the following in Indian polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character? (a) The independence of the judiciary is safeguarded (b) The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units. (C) the Union cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties (d) The Fundamental rights are enforceable by Courts of Law.

67. Which one of the following best defines the term “State”? (a) A community of persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organized government. (b) A politically organized people of a definite territory and possessing an authority to govern them, maintain law and order, protect their natural rights and safeguard their means of sustenance. (C) A number of persons who have been living in a definite territory for a very long time with their own culture, tradition and government. (d) A society permanently living in a definite with a central authority, an executive responsible to the central authority and an independent judiciary.

68. With reference to Indian Judiciary, consider the following statements. 1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit by the Chief Justice of India with prior permission of the President of India. 2. A High court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

69. With reference to India, consider the following statements: 1. There is only one citizenship and one domicile. 2. A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State. 3. A foreigner once granted the citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 3

70. Which of the following factors constitutes the best safeguard of liberty in a liberal democracy? (a) A committed judiciary (b) Centralization of powers (C) Elected government (d) Separation of powers.

71. The vegetation of savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some conditions. Which of the following are such conditions? 1. Burrowing animals and termites. 2. Fire 3. Grazing herbivores 4. Seasonal rainfall 5. Soil properties Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and2 (b) 4 and 5 (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 5

72. With reference to the water on the planet Earth, consider the following statements: 1. The amount of water in the rivers and lakes is more than the amount of groundwater. 2. The amount of water I n polar ice caps and glaciers is more than the amount of groundwater. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

73. Consider the following statements: 1. Moringa (drumstick tree) is a leguminous evergreen tree. 2. Tamarind tree is endemic to south Asia. 3. In India, most of the tamarind is collected as minor forest produce. 4. India exports tamarind and seeds of moringa. 5. Seeds of moringa and tamarind can be used in the production of biofuels. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 (b) 3, 4 and 5 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1,2, 3 and 5

74. The black cotton soil of India has been formed due to the weathering of (a) Brown forest soil (b) Fissure volcanic rock (c) Granite and schist (d) Shale and limestone

75. With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant vector Vaccines’, consider the following statements: 1. Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines. 2. Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

76. In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements: 1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of egg. 2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father. Which of the statements given above is’/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

77. Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned in the context of (a) Clonal propagation of crop plants (b) Developing genetically modified crop plants (c) Production of plant growth substances (d) Production of biofertilizers

78. In a pressure cooker, the temperature at which the food is cooked depends mainly upon which of the following? 1. Area of the hole in the lid 2. Temperature of the flame 3. Weight of the lid Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3

Q79. Consider the following: 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Virus Which of the above can be cultured in an artificial/ synthetic medium? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3

80. Consider the following statements: 1. Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes. 2. Common cold is sometimes caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

81. How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming? 1. Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant. 2. Conventional chemical farming can cause increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming. 3. Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in such regions. 4. Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 4 (c) 4 only (d) 2 and 3

82 With reference to ‘palm oil’, consider the following statements: (a) The palm oil tree is native to Southeast Asia. (b) The palm oil is a raw material for some industries producing lipstick and perfumes. (c) The palm oil can be used to produce biodiesel. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

83. With reference to the Indus River system, of the following four rivers, three of them pour into one of the which joins the Indus direct. Among the following, which one is such river that joins the Indus direct? (a) Chenab (b) Jhelum (c) Ravi (d) Sutlej

84. With references to India, Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and khatu are the names of (a) Glaciers (b) Mangrove areas (c) Ramsar sites (d) Saline lakes

85. Consider the following Rivers: 1. Brahmani 2. Nagavali 3. Subarnarekha 4. Vamsadhara Which of the above rise from the Eastern Ghats? (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 3

86. Consider the following statements: 1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licenses for seabed exploration and mining in international waters. 2. India has received licenses for seabed mineral exploration in international waters. 3. ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Q87. Among the following, which one is the least water-efficient crop? (a) Sugarcane (b) Sunflower (c) Pearl millet (d) Red gram

88. Consider the following statements: 1. In the tropical zone, the western sections of the oceans are warmer than the eastern sections owing to the influence of trade winds. 2. In the temperate Zone, westerlies make the eastern sections of oceans warmer than the western sections Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 and 2

89. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-smart Agriculture, consider the following statements : 1. The ‘Climate-Smart village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by climate change, Agriculture and food security (CCAFS), an international research programme. 2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France. 3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’S research centers. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3

90. “Leaf litter decomposes faster than in any other biome and as a result the soil surface is often almost bare. Apart from trees, the vegetation is largely composed of plant forms that reach up into the canopy vicariously, by climbing the trees or growing as epiphytes, rooted on the upper branches of trees.” This is the most likely descriptions of (a) Coniferous forest (b) Dry deciduous forest (c) Mangrove forest (d) Tropical rain forest

91. Water can dissolve more substances than any other liquid because. (a) It is dipolar in nature. (b) It is a good conductor of heat (c) It has high value of specific heat (d) It is an oxide of hydrogen

92. With reference to street-lighting, how do sodium lamps differ from LED lamps? 1. Sodium lamps produce light in 360 degrees but it is not so in the case of LED lamps. 2. As street-lights, sodium lamps have longer life span than LED lamps. 3.The spectrum of visible light from sodium lamps is almost monochromatic while LED lamps offer significant colour advantages in street-lighting. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

93. The term ‘ACE2” is talked about in the context of (a) genes introduced in the genetically modified plants (b) development of India’s own satellite navigation system (c) radio collars for wildlife tracking (d) spread of viral diseases

94. Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key component in the manufacture of which of the following kinds of plastics? (a) Low-density polyethylene (b) Polycarbonate (c) Polyethylene terephthalate (d) Polyvinyl Chloride.

95. ‘Triclosan” considered harmful when exposed to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in which of the following? (a) Food preservatives (b) Fruit ripening substances (c) reused plastic containers (d) Toiletries.

96. Which one of the following is a reason why astronomical distance are measured in light-years? (a) Distance among stellar bodies do not change. (b) Gravity of stellar bodies does not change. (c) Light always travels in straight line. (d) Speed of light is always same.

97. We adopted parliamentary democracy based on the British model, but how does our model differ from that model? 1. As regards legislation, the British Parliament is supreme or sovereign but in India, the power of the parliament to legislate is limited. 2. In India, matters related to the constitutionality of the Amendment of an Act of the Parliament are referred to the Constitution Bench by the Supreme Court. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

98 With reference to the Union Government, consider the following statements: 1. N. Gopalaswamy Iyenger Committee suggested that a minister and a secretary be designated solely for pursuing the subject of administrative reform and promoting it. 2. In 1970, the Department of personnel was constituted on the recommendation of the Administrative Reforms Commission, 1966, and this was placed under the Prime Minister’s charge. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

99. ‘Right to Privacy’ is protected under which Article of the constitution of India? (a) Article 15 (b) Article 19 (c) Article 21 (d) Article 29

100. Consider the following statements: 1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies. 2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies. 3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 3

#surya #surya kulshreshtha #surya sir #kulshreshtha sir #upsc #civil services exam #uppsc #government #government jobs #the kulshreshtha #exam preparation

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iasshikshalove · 5 years ago

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Daily Current Affairs Dated on 07-Feb-2020

Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 Contents: 1. CEA sees growth rebounding to 6% 2. WHO declares coronavirus outbreak a global emergency 3. Crop dusting with drones is illegal, says Centre 4. Needed: fewer regulations for startups 5. A chance to chart China-like export trajectory 6. Thalinomics: the formula behind one square meal 7. Budget 2020: Archaeological Sites set to be developed CEA SEES GROWTH REBOUNDING TO 6% Why in news? The economic survey expects GDP growth to revive from the 5% estimated or this year to a range between 6%-6.5% next year. To make a point about how being pro-crony is different from being pro-business, the Survey refers to the gains made unfairly by stocks of connected companies before the CAG report on the 2G spectrum allocations came out in 2011, again rejuvenating UPA-era malfeasance memories. Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 Economic Survey on GDP Growth Rate WHO DECLARES CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK A GLOBAL EMERGENCY  The last time WHO declared a global health emergency was in 2019 for the Ebola outbreak in eastern Congo that killed more than 2,000 people.  The WHO declares a Public Health Emergency of International Concern when there is “an extraordinary event which is determined… to constitute a public health risk to other states through the international spread of disease.”  The agency also declared global emergencies for the 2016 Zika virus, the 2009 H1N1 swine flu, and the 2014 polio and Ebola outbreaks. Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 What does it mean?  Countries are reminded that they are legally required to share information with WHO under the IHR.  Any detection of 2019-nCoV in an animal (including information about the species, diagnostic tests, and relevant epidemiological information) should be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as an emerging disease  All countries should be prepared for containment, including active surveillance, early detection, isolation and case management, contact tracing and prevention of onward spread of 2019-nCoVinfection, and to share full data with WHO.  Countries must inform WHO about any travel measures taken. Countries are cautioned against actions that promote stigma or discrimination, in line with the principles of Article 3 of the IHR. CROP DUSTING WITH DRONES IS ILLEGAL, SAYS CENTRE Why in news? Use of drones for agrochemical spraying had increased of late. This would create a lot of problems. What are problems? Aerial spraying impacts a larger area, while decreasing the efficacy on the target pests. Eg. Kasargod in Kerala reeling under such impact due to aerial spraying of Endosulfan for over 25 years The Insecticide Act does not allow aerial spraying. Drones and unmanned machines can be hazardous tools for spraying hazardous chemicals in many ways. Allowing Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 aerial spraying, using drones and unmanned, remote controlled vehicles can be catastrophic, NEEDED: FEWER REGULATIONS FOR START-UPS India needs to work on improving the ease of doing business, especially the ease of starting business, registering property, paying taxes, or enforcing contracts, according to the Economic Survey. World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Rankings Cumbersome norms “If you want to start up a firm in India, it takes 18 days on an average with 10 procedures that can be often cumbersome. If we contrast it with New Zealand, which is the best in business, it takes half a day to fill up one form Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 A CHANCE TO CHART CHINA-LIKE EXPORT TRAJECTORY Why in news? The Economic Survey says India has an unprecedented opportunity to chart a China like, labour Intensive, export trajectory by integrating “Assemble in India for the world” into the Make in India policy and thus can raise its export market share to 3.5 % by 2025 and 6% by 2030 THALINOMICS: THE FORMULA BEHIND ONE SQUARE MEAL For the average worker in India’s organised manufacturing sector, the affordability of a plate of vegetarian food — comprising rice or roti, dal and sabzi has improved 29% since 200607, according to Thalinomics, a take on the economics of food by the Economic Survey. For non-vegetarians, affordability has risen 18%. BUDGET 2020: KNOW ABOUT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES SET TO BE DEVELOPED Rakhigarhi, Haryana Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 Rakhigarhi, Haryana  Pre-Harappan Civilisation settlement, and later a part of the ancient civilisation itself, between 2600-1900 BCE.  What are found?: Remnants of a planned township with mud-brick houses and proper drainage system, along with terracotta jewellery, conch shells, vase and seals, things the Harappans were known for. Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 Hastinapur, Uttar Pradesh  We know Hastinapur as the ancient capital city of Pandavas and Kauravas from the epic Mahabharata.  Excavations at Hastinapur reportedly began in 1950-52  What are found?: Arrows, spearheads, shafts, tongs, hooks, axes and knives, amounting to about 135 iron objects.  Shri Digamber Jain Bada Mandir is one of the oldest temples at the site, among others like Jambudweep Jain temple, Shwetambar Jain temple, Prachin Digambar Jain Temple and Astapad Jain Temple. Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 Sivasagar, Assam  This place used to be the capital of the Ahom kingdom from 1699-1788, and was formerly called Rangpur.  The province was later conquered by the British.  Guwahati Circle Archaeological Survey of India mentions excavations conducted at the Karenghar (Talatalghar) complex, the citadel of Ahom power.  What are found?: Structural remains of pathways, long walls, terracotta pipes for drains, vase, and vessels, to name a few. The other important historical site is Rang Ghar, an amphitheatre for the Ahom kings, known to have been used for enjoying sports. Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 Dholavira, Gujarat  Ruins of the Harappan civilisation  Deemed the fifth largest Harappan site  What are found?: Artefacts excavated range from terracotta items and seals to urns and copper ornaments. About 10 large stone inscriptions have also been found at the site, written in Indus Valley script  Most importantly, it has one of the world’s earliest water conservation systems–a rainwater harvesting system–ever excavated Daily Current Affairs Dated on 01-Feb-2020 Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu  This is an archaeological urn-burial site in the Thoothukudi district  The objects yielded by these burial sites are finely made pottery of various kinds in great number; many iron implements and weapons; vessels and personal ornaments in bronze; a few gold ornaments; a few stone beads; bones; and some household stone implements used for grinding curry or sandalwood, besides the excavated urns which reportedly contained “complete skeletons”.

#ias #ias exams #ias preparation #ias academy #UPSC #upsc exam #upsc preparation #upsc recruitment 2020 #Current Affairs #dailycurrentaffairs

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templetouronline-blog · 5 years ago

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PLACES TO VISIT IN KUTCH TOUR

Kutch Desert Tour

Kutch is historic district. Many places in Kutch which are must to visit once in life. Visiting places of Kutch covered historic places, holly temples, beautiful eye catching nature view and many more. Contact us for booking inquiry.

Vijay Vilas Palace

This palace located in Mandvi. Vijay Vilas palace was built by Maharao Shri Khengarji for his Son, Yuvraj Shri Vijayraji as a summer house. Therefore, it was known as Vijay Vilas palace. Vijay Vilas palace started in 1920 and completed in 1929. It has all the elements of Rajput Architecture. Dome and pillars which are in center, Bengal domes placed in every sides, Colored glass of the windows, Carved stone Jali, and many more architecture improve the glory of Vijay Vilas Palace. Also improve the worth to visit value. Vijay Vilas Palace has own private beach. Many bollywood movies shoot their scene here. From this one of “Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam”. And now it is great place to visit.

Distance From Bhuj : 65 KM

Mandvi Beach

Without enjoying or visiting Mandvi beach your Kutch tour can not be complete. Mandvi Beach is most high priority place where you can enjoy beach festival during November to February. This is amazing festival where many big celebrities and politician come. Here you can also enjoy the camel ride, horse ride, rock climbing and water sports. But that is not enough. Many big wind farm at the Mandvi beach. Wind Farm increase the beauty of Mandvi beach. In Mandvi city here many private beaches are also available. Private public both beach water are safe and pure white. You can enjoy sunset at Mandvi beach with street food, Kutch famous food Double Roti (DABELI) and enjoy the beautiful nature scene of Mandvi Beach.

Distance From Bhuj : 60 KM

Dholavira

Dholavira is an olden metropolitan city and known as Kotada Timba Prachin Mahanagar. Dholavira is one of the largest and most important architecture sites in India. It is belong to the Indus Vally Civilization. Dholavira located in the Khadir Island in the Kutch, India. In monsoon season, Harappan and mahenjo-daro, Indus Vally Civilization were well known for water harvesting.

Distance From Bhuj : 218 KM

Black Hill

Black hill is known as Kalo Dungar in local language. It is the highest point of Kutch from where you can see beautiful view of the nature. Black hill has its own history. God Dttatreya came to this place and fed to the fox. From that time Fox came every day at specific place and got food. Here you can take worship from Dattatrey Temple and Enjoy Attractive scene of nature beauty from top of the Hill.

Distance From Bhuj : 89 KM

Wild Life Sanctuary

Wild Life Sanctuary is located in the Great Rann Of Kutch. It was declared as Sanctuary in February 1986. Largest seasonal saline marshland view raised during October to November each year. There is average water depth between 0.5 to 1.5 meters. In Wild Life sanctuary, you will see variety of water birds and wild animal. It is one of the most important tourist places from Kutch Tourism.

Distance From Bhuj : 160 KM

Rann of Kutch | White Desert | Great Rann of Kutch

White Desert is most important and high priority place for tourist. The huge area of white and salty marshland is known as Rann of Kutch. Best timing to visit this Great Rann Of Kutch is October to February. And Full Moon time is too best to visit. Because full moon add the glamour in white desert beautiful look. Desert look like silver at this day. Here you will not only enjoy white desert but in the evening time here you can enjoy folk dance of kutch, camel ride, horse ride. Tent city are stand out during October to February time period. Without visit Rann of Kutch your tour will be become incomplete.

Distance From Bhuj : 85 KM

#rann of kutch #kutch tour #places to visit in kutch #gujarat tour #rann utsav #rann utsav in gujarat #gujarat tour package #great rann of kutch #little rann of kutch #white rann #online portal #travel agent #tour package

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thepunjabiwanderer-blog · 8 years ago

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Have you seen any ancient Harappan City ? Now that Mohenjo-Daro is in Pakistan, the easy option is Dholavira in Gujarat. And for your own sake, hire a guide who can explain you the stuff those ancient people did. Otherwise no point in just roaming in the ruins. A guided tour may make you think that if those people understood the importance of Rain Water Harvesting , we are too dumb to ignore it . #dholavira #ancient #thepunjabiwanderer #harappa #ancientcivilization #gujarat #gujarati #rainwaterharvesting #travelphotography #travel #wanderlust #foodforthought #vscoindia #lonelyplanetindia #followme #travelindia #throwback (at Dholavira Kutch)

#wanderlust #ancient #travelindia #dholavira #harappa #lonelyplanetindia #travel #throwback #followme #gujarati #travelphotography #vscoindia #thepunjabiwanderer #gujarat #ancientcivilization #foodforthought #rainwaterharvesting

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margdarsanme · 4 years ago

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NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 1 Bricks, Beads and Bones The Harappan Civilisation

NCERT Class 12 History Solutions

Chapter 1 Bricks, Beads and Bones The Harappan Civilisation

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS :

Q 1. List the items of food available to people in Harappan cities. Identify the groups who would have provided these.

Ans. Q 2. How do archaeologists trace socio-economic differences in Harappan society? What are the differences that they notice? [Delhi, All India 2009, 2011]

Ans. Following examples can be cited to show the existence of social and economic variations : in the Harappan society:

(i) Study of burials is one example. In the Harappan sites, the deads were usually laid in pits. There were differences in the Way burial pits were made. At some instances, the hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks. But these may not be taken as an indication of social differences.

(ii) In some graves pottery and ornaments have been found. Jewellery has been found from the graves of men and women as well. These findings can point out social and economic differences. ‘

(iii) The artefacts have been classified into two categories, Utilitarian and Luxurious. Objects of daily uses and objects made of ordinary materials made of clay or stone come under utilitarian category. Ordinary articles consisted of querns, pottery, flesh-rubbers and needles. These have been found distributed throughout settlements.

(iv) Objects of luxuries were rare and made from precious, non-local materials. The technology used was advanced and complicated. Little pots of faience were considered precious. They were also not easy to make. These show the existence of social and economic variations in the Harappan society. Q 3. Would you agree that the drainage system in Harappan cities indicates town planning? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans. Yes, I agree with that the drainage system in Harappan cities which indicates the town planning. I can cite the following reasons in support of my answer.

The drainage system needed a planning for its execution. It seems that first drainages were laid out and then houses were built along with the drains. Every house was supposed to have at least one wall along a street to allow the domestic waste water to flow out in the street drains. The plans of the lower town show that roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles.

It appears that human settlement was made by planning from the beginning. The city was restricted to a fixed area on the platforms.

Bricks, sundried or baked, were of standard ratio. The length and breadth of bricks were of four times and twice the height respectively These bricks were used at all the settlements of the Harappan Civilisation.

Q 4. List the materials used to make beads in the Harappan Civilisation. Describe the process by which any one kind of bead was made.

Ans. Making beads was an important craft of the Harappan people. It was mainly prevalent in Chanhudaro.

Materials for making beads included beautiful red coloured stone-like camelian, jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite. Besides these, use of copper, bronze, gold, shell, faience, terracotta or burnt clay was also used.Process of making beads Making of beads differed as per the materials used. Beads had variety*of shapes. They did not make geometrical shapes like one made of harder stones.

Nodules were to be chipped for making rough shapes. They were finally flaked into the final form. By firing the yellowish raw material, the red colour of camelian was obtained. Grinding, polishing and drilling constituted the last phase. Chanhudaro, Lothal and Dholavira were famous for specialized drilling. Q 5. Look at figure 1.30 (See NCERT page-26) and describe what you see. How is the body placed? What are the objects placed near it? Are there any artefacts on the body? Do these indicate the sex of the skeleton ?

Ans. Following observations can be obtained after looking at the figure:

Body has been kept in North-south direction in a pit,

Many graves contain pottery and ornaments which include jar.

Yes, jewellery like bangles are there on the body.

Yes, this indicates towards the sex of the skeleton, Le. it is the body of a woman.

It is concluded that there were great social or economic differences among the people living within the area of the Harappan Civilisation. But as a whole it appears that the Harappan did not believe in burying precious things with the dead.

Q 6. Describe some ofthe distinctive features of Mohenjodaro. [Delhi 2013]

Ans. Planned City: Harappa as a planned urban centre. It had two parts. One part of the city was small. It was built on a higher place.

The second part was comparatively large. It was built on a lower place. The first part was designed as citadel and the second part was as lower town. The citadel owed its height to the fact that it was built on mud brick platforms.It had walls on all sides and these walls were separated from the lower town.The Lower Town: It was also a walled town.Most of the buildings were built on platforms.

In fact, these platforms were considered as foundation stones. It required huge quantity of labour force to build these platforms. It is obvious that settlement was first planned and then implemented as per the building plan.Quality of sun-dried bricks or baked bricks also prove the concept of planning. All the bricks were of standard ratio. The length and width was four times and twice the height of the bricks respectively. These bricks were used in the settlements of the Harappan Civilisation.

Drainage System: The drainage system was well planned. All the roads and streets were laid out on a grid pattern. They intersected one another at the right angles. It seems that streets featuring drains were laid out first and houses were built thereafter along with them. To make the flow of domestic water, every house had at least one wall along the street.

The Citadel: There were many buildings in the citadel. These buildings were used for many special public purposes. The Warehouse and the Great Bath were the two most important constructions.

Q 7. List the raw materials required for craft production in the Harappan Civilisation and discuss how these might have been obtained.

Ans. Following is the list of materials required for craft production in the Harappan Civilisation: Stone, clay, copper, tin, bronze, gold, faience, shell, camelian, jasper, crystal, steatite, quartz, timber. Some of the raw materials were locally available whereas some were purchased from the distant places. Soil and wood were locally available raw materials. Stones, fine quality wood, metals were procured from distant places.

Settlements of the Harappans were situated at such places where raw materials were easily available. Nageshwar and Balacot were famous for shell. Some places were famous for Lapis Lazuli like Shortughai in Afghanistan. Rajasthan and Gujarat were famous for copper. Lothal was famous for camelian.

Another way of obtaining raw material was sending expeditions to different places. Evidences show that expedition was sent to Khetri region of Rajasthan for copper and to South India for Gold. Through these expeditions local communities were contacted. Harappan evidences found at these places indicate contacts between each other. Evidences found at Khetri region were given the name of Ganeshwar Jodhpura Culture by archaeologists. Huge reserves of copper products were found here. It is assumed that inhabitants of these area sent copper to Harappan people. Q 8. Discuss, how archaeologists reconstruct the past.

Ans. Archaeologists excavate the sites of the ancient past related to culture or civilization. They find out the art and craft such as seal, material, remains of houses, buildings, pots, ornaments, tools, coins, weights, measurements and toys, etc.

Skulls, bones, jaws, teeth of the dead bodies and materials kept with these dead bodies are also helpful for archaeologists. With the help of the botanists, and zoologists, archaeologists study the plants and animal bones found at different places.

Archaeologists try to find out the tools used in the process of cultivation and harvesting. They also try to find out traces of wells, canals, tanks, etc. as they served means of irrigation. Different layers of sites are observed to find out different things. These things give the picture of socio-economic condition such as religious life and the cultural life of the people.

Tools, unfinished products, waste materials, help in identifying the centres of craft production. Indirect evidences also help the archaeologists in reconstructing the past.

Archaeologists develop frames of references, It can be better understood by this fact that the first Harappan seal that was found could not be understood till archaeologists had a context in which to place it-both in terms of cultural sequence in which it was found and in terms of a comparison with finds in Mesopotamia.

Examination of seals help in constructing the concept of religious belief of the period. Seals depict religious scenes. Some animals such as the one-homed animal, often called the unicorn depicted on the seals appear mythical, composite creatures. In some seals, a figure has been shown sitting crossed legs in a yogic posture. All these represent the religious concept of the period. Q 9. Discuss the functions that may have been performed by rulers in Harappan society.

Ans. There are different views on the Harappan society. One group of archaeologists suggest that the Harappan society had no rulers and so everybody enjoyed equal status. The other group of archaeologists are of the opinion that there was no single ruler but several ones. The third theory seems the most suitable. It suggests that it is unlikely that entire communities could have collectively made and implemented such complex decisions.

Evidences show that complex decisions were taken and implemented in the Harappan society. Extra ordinary uniformity of Harappan artefacts as evident in pottery, seals, weights and bricks show the complex decisions.

Plans and layouts of the city were prepared under the guidance and supervisions of the rulers. Big buildings, palaces, forts, tanks, wells, canals and granaries were constructed.

Cleanliness was the responsibility of the ruler. Roads, lanes and drains were also constructed. The rulers also looked after the welfare of the economy. They hsed to inspire the farmers to increase agricultural production. They also motivated the craftsmen to promote different handicrafts. External and internal trade were both promoted by the ruler. The ruler used to issue common acceptable coins or seals, weights and measurements.

Rulers were expected to provide relief during natural calamity. During flood, earthquake, epidemics, the ruler provided grains and other eatables to the affected people. During foreign aggression, the rulers defended the city. Q 10.On the given map, use a pencil to circle the sites where evidence of agriculture has been recovered. Mark an X against sites where there is evidence of craft production and R against sites where raw materials were found.

Ans.

(i) Sites of agriculture: Harappa, Banawali, Kalibangan, Mohenjodaro, Dholavira (Gujarat).

(ii) Sites of craft production: Chanhudaro, Nageshwar, Balakot.

(iii) Sites of raw material: Nageshwar, Balakot, Khetri.

from Blogger http://www.margdarsan.com/2020/08/ncert-class-12-history-chapter-1-bricks.html

#NCERT Class 12 History

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swayamdata001 · 7 years ago

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Indus Valley civilisation in Hindu

declining monsoon

- river flow declined and Ghaggar-Hakra could have become seasonal or gone completely dry.

- Kotla dahar lake shows decreasing water level

crop diversification.

decrease in the availability and the seed density of wheat and barley in the later Harappan period (3,850-3,250 years ago) as compared to the early and mature Harappan periods (5,250-3,850 years ago).

Transition from winter agriculture to agri dependent on both season -

a decline in seed crops but also a shift in cropping–from a winter-based strategy to the one equally dependent on both the seasons . Millets and rice are significant summer, rain-fed cereals in contrast to wheat and barley which germinate during winter and spring.

Storage of grains (centralised storage system fell apart) and household-based crop processing (subsistence agriculture)-

large grain silos, which we found in earlier periods, were not present later. This might have given way to individual household-based crop processing and storage

Micronutrient deficiency -

Subsistence system couldnot provide nutrition

Trade -

At the same time, the west Asian trading partners like Mesopotamia were dealing with severe drought as well, further weakening the urban economy.

Climate change caused migration -

Our ancestors dealt with these drastic changes through migration to the rural areas, while many cities continued with reduced population. Smaller, rural settlements increased, especially in the Himalayan foothills, along the Yamuna river and between the courses of Yamuna and Ganga.

Social tension due to climate change -

assault injuries on skeleton

Ruins on tropic of cancer : Dholavira

scientific temper

people had spectacular knowledge of hydro-engineering and water harvesting.

Dholavira lies in an isolated, water-scarce island, Khadir, which is surrounded by the salty expanse of the Great Rann of Kutch. But the site is flanked by two rainfed streams, the Manhar and the Mansar. This township met its water needs with the aid of check-dams, reservoirs, and stormwater channels. Sixteen reservoirs of varying sizes and designs were built around the township and a series of ducts carried water around it.

Dholavira was at that time surrounded by the sea and was a trading port. The two scientists surmised that a record of time and seasons would have been important. “This was essential to exploit seasonal winds for sail-driven ships,” as Menon says.

#culture #gs1

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ramanan50 · 8 years ago

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5000 Year Dholavira Planned City Water Harvesting Astronomically Aligned

The Ancient History of India is amazing,not merely for the accuracy of facts ,including Geographical but for the skill of the people in building not only temples but well planned cities. The myth that early Indians built only temples and were called ‘Barbaric’ these barbarians built massive temple structures,where the shadow of the building falls in its base,was built in an area where no granite…

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#Archeological Survey of India #City planning ancient India #Dholavira #Harappa #Indian Archeology #Indian History #Indus Valley Civilization #Mohenjo Daro #Protected monuments India