#declining prices fresh produce Kenya. | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

khalilhumam · 4 years ago

Text

What is the future of work in agri-food?

New Post has been published on http://khalilhumam.com/what-is-the-future-of-work-in-agri-food/

What is the future of work in agri-food?

By Luc Christiaensen, Zachariah Rutledge, J. Edward Taylor Up to 80 percent of the labor force in low-income countries works in agri-food, mostly on the farm. In high-income countries, the proportion is still about 10 percent, more than half of them off the farm, in the related food industry and services, and many, migrant workers. Unsurprisingly, much hope is pinned on the agri-food system to tackle the global challenges of good-job creation and poverty reduction. Meanwhile, agricultural automation is advancing rapidly, especially in developed countries; localization of food production is reducing access to external markets for developing countries; and anti-migrant sentiments are flying high. COVID-19 reinforces these trends of digitization and deglobalization. Furthermore, employment in agri-food historically declines as countries develop. So, what will be the role of agri-food in the future of work? Overall, the challenge is to transition to fewer and better paying agri-food jobs—on-farm and increasingly off-farm along the agri-food chains—without causing social havoc and making maximum use of the many employment opportunities agri-food will continue to offer, particularly for youth. This challenge is going to be especially salient in Africa.

More and more diverse food with fewer laborers

As countries develop, people spend a smaller share of their income on food and more of it on nutrient-rich, processed, and convenient foods. This transformation is possible as farmers become more productive. Employment in agriculture declines, while new jobs are created off the farm, in the food industry and services, to cater to the changing customer demands (Figure 1). The expansion of off-farm, agri-food jobs partly compensates for the loss of on-farm work. Generated in towns close to poor populations, these off-farm jobs have also been an important factor in reducing poverty.

Figure 1. As economies grow, agri-food job creation shifts beyond the farm, while on-farm jobs become fewer and better

Source: Thurlow, 2020, Measuring Agricultural Transformation, presentation at USAID, Washington D.C. 2020 (https://www.slideshare.net/ifpri/aggdp-agemp-measuring-agricultural-transformation) This process takes time. As a result, the agri-food system will remain a major employer for many decades, especially for lower-skilled workers in low and low-middle income countries, even though the trend in agricultural employment is fundamentally downward. Agricultural productivity is a key driver of this structural change. In the developing world during 1960-2000, every half-ton increase in staple yields generated a 14 to 19 percent higher GDP per capita and a 4.6 to 5.6 percent lower labor share in agriculture five years later. Continued investment in public goods is required to make agriculture more productive and help sort its workers into on- and off-farm activities including those in agri-food chains.

Digitization and deglobalization

As the transformation unfolds, societies evolve from having a surplus of domestic farm labor to a shortage. With inelastic food demand, an increase in productivity (a shift in the supply curve) will lead to a significant decline in food prices. Land markets are usually inefficient and food value chain development sluggish. This slows farm consolidation and diversification to higher-value crops, which are necessary for farm incomes to keep up with more secure and faster-growing incomes off the farm. Farming becomes increasingly unattractive for many, and agricultural workers become harder to find. In higher-income countries this emerging farm labor shortage is often filled by foreign agricultural wage workers, especially in difficult-to-automate tasks like harvesting fresh fruits and vegetables. Headlines this spring of a shortage of 1 million seasonal migrant farm workers in Europe following COVID-19 mobility restrictions vividly illustrate this reality. Rising anxiety about the availability of migrant labor coupled with growing anti-migrant sentiments increasingly call this migrant labor model into question. Rapid advances in agricultural robotization, data mining, and sensor technology offer a viable alternative. Robo-weeders, automated strawberry pickers and now also vertical farms are just a few more recent examples of technologies that reduce the demand for labor. They also enable reshoring of agricultural production. Agricultural deglobalization and digitization thus combine to (prematurely) close a door for agricultural labor and poverty reduction in lower-income countries. But agricultural digitization also offers important opportunities to increase labor productivity and raise incomes among many in the developing world. Hello Tractor, an Uber-like platform for tractor services that started in Nigeria, and Twiga Foods, a platform linking smallholder producers with urban consumers in Kenya, are just two examples. The applications are many and increasingly widespread, in agricultural extension, in finance (agri-wallet), in supply chain management (quality control), and in information management. Together they will accelerate the transformation toward fewer and better jobs, on-farm and also off- farm, including in the broader agri-food system.

Inclusive value chains, skills, and social insurance

To maximally exploit the employment opportunities the food system offers while brokering this transition, three policy areas demand attention. First, to raise agricultural labor productivity, we need to tackle several constraints at once. Inclusive value chain development (iVCD), which contractually links smallholder producers with other value chain actors, is increasingly the organizational solution of choice to accomplish this. Buyers can then secure higher volumes of better quality. They need this to access the more remunerative markets or to operate their plants at scale. Producers receive access to credit, agronomic knowledge, and a reduction of production, price, and/or market risk. But many questions and challenges remain, including the role of producer organizations and how to increase the productivity of staple crops for which iVCD is less effective. Second, proactive measures must be taken to maximally benefit from agricultural digitization and tackle deglobalization. Accelerated regional integration in developing countries (such as the Africa Continental Free Trade Area) can help tackle the premature closing of overseas markets (for agricultural workers as well as goods). For new technologies to play their role, massive investment in skill development (including digital skills) must be pursued, commensurate access to infrastructure assured, and the threat of rising market concentration watched. Finally, the global transition to fewer and better paying jobs, on and off the farm, is wrought with inertia and deep societal tensions. Many current farmers and agricultural wage workers will find themselves ill-equipped or too old to move off the farm. This situation often leaves a bifurcated agricultural workforce and a growing rural-urban divide: A minority of better educated, more entrepreneurial, younger farmers does well, while the majority of mainly older farmers struggles to survive. Simultaneous expansion of social security systems to avoid reversion to ineffective protectionist agricultural policies is needed. Decoupling social insurance provision from employment holds promise, with the massive ramp-up of social assistance across the developing world in response to COVID-19 offering a powerful platform to build on. Rising inequality, accelerated deglobalization, and technological backlash risk being the alternative.

0 notes

cliftonsteen · 5 years ago

Text

Tackling The Challenges of Trading Coffee in East Africa

In East Africa, over five million people are either coffee growers or work in the coffee sector. It is the birthplace of coffee and home to some of the world’s leading premium coffee-exporting countries, such as Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Kenya.

But small farm sizes, weak infrastructure, and climatic and political instabilities mean coffee trading in East Africa can at times be challenging. For those more accustomed to buying from Latin America, some of these difficulties can come as a surprise. But how can importers and buyers tackle these challenges and support producers? And why do some buyers continue to believe trading in East Africa is easily worth the extra effort?

You might also like Burundian Coffee: Stop Listing Problems, Start Taking Action

Coffee nursery at a farm in Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia. Credit: Meklit Mersha

Structural Challenges

Unstable political climates, bureaucracy, weak infrastructure, and difficult topography are just some of the challenges that can cause bottlenecks in East Africa’s coffee trade. Add climate change and low market prices to the mix and you get an environment that could be off-putting. Producers, exporters, and importers are all challenged at some level.

Farm Size

While farms in Latin America and Asia can be extensive, East African farms are often extremely small. In some cases, they are just a few trees in a family’s garden.

Thomas Delbar, Head of Supply Chain Sourcing at green bean coffee exporters and importers Supremo, sources from Latin America, Asia, and East Africa. He also has 12 years of experience of exporting from Ethiopia and Uganda. He tells me that Supremo imports a lot of coffees from Burundi, DR Congo, and Rwanda, which can be complicated origins to work with. “One of the main challenges, which also is actually a beauty of East African coffees, is the small size of the farms…,” he says. “It makes quality control and consolidation of lots of coffees very difficult.”

The thousands of small farms are the reason why East African countries produce such characteristically diverse coffees with a striking range of aromas. But traceability back to the farm becomes a major challenge, as lots are usually all processed in cooperatives. Unless there is a detailed monitoring system in place, keeping track of a specific farm lot can be near impossible.

The same goes for quality control. Monitoring quality every step of the way when it involves so many actors is a Herculean task. It calls for a great deal of involvement from the buyer.

Farmer checking coffee drying on raised beds at a farm in Africa. Credit: Katie Garrett

Poor Transport Infrastructure

Inland logistics in producing regions can be a major problem in East African countries. While roads can often be in better condition than is commonly believed, the OECD reports that “the major inefficiency concerning transport infrastructure in East Africa is the length of time taken to get products from the producer to consumer and the high cost of transport.”

Even just getting the coffee beans from the farmer to the wet mill can be a challenge. Producers face long distances and difficult topography, with heavy rains further complicating the issue. 2019 has seen flooding affect millions of people across the region, with several hundred people dying.

“Roasters and buyers may not realise that a smallholder farmer in Burundi or in Kivu has to walk up to twenty kilometres daily to deliver [their] coffee and go back home…,” Thomas tells me. “Carrying a bag of ten to sixty kilos of cherries or dried parchment on your back or on the back of a donkey is not always easy on sloppy and slippery terrain.”

In general, the coffee journey from farm to port is long, arduous, and often expensive, fraught with unexpected weather or political incidents. Add the time it takes to get sea-worthy container space on vessels, and the shipping time, and the entire process can take up to two or three months in some cases. The slowness and unpredictability of proceedings in producing countries contrasts sharply with the expectations of immediate responses and precise scheduling in consumer countries. Balancing this can be a challenge for buyers and importers.

Thomas tells me that to handle this, his company uses buffer stocks or “stocks of coffees that we have bought, but that we have not pre-sold to any of our buyers”. These are not, however, the same as the buffer stocks that were historically stored by the ICO to control supply, demand, and pricing. These buffer stocks are fresh coffees stored in warehouses in countries that present less logistical challenges for shipping.

“We keep some stocks in a fresh, dust-free environment, high-altitude cities, which are Kigali and Nairobi,” Thomas explains. “So typically for Congo or Uganda coffees we would keep them in Nairobi, and for Burundi and Rwanda coffees, we would keep them in Kigali… which means we’re also in capacity to be very quick at shipping our coffee.”

Changeable Political Climates & Regulations

In countries more prone to political instability, the coffee trade can be affected by sudden changes in regulations, heavy bureaucracy, or general political conflicts. Burundi, for example, can be a difficult country to import from because of this. Government-fixed prices and payments centralised by the government frequently result in month-long payment delays to the exporters. Trading in countries like Burundi, Tanzania, and Congo can sometimes feel like jumping through hoops.

Coffee farmers at a farm in Africa. Credit: Katie Garrett

Vulnerability & Resilience

While structural challenges cause problems for buyers, producers in this region are also particularly vulnerable. Climate change, low yields, and low prices mean farmers often lack resilience.

Climate Change

East Africa is one of the most suitable regions for coffee production not just on the continent but across the globe. Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, and Madagascar make up over 80% of all African highlands. The East African highlands is a region sitting above 1,500 m.a.s.l. or with daily mean temperatures below 20°C/68°C. Temperatures are moderate, rainfall is “adequate”, and the soil is fertile and well-suited to agriculture.

But climate change is threatening this coveted climate. Rainfall is one of the major issues. Irrigation is extremely rare on small East African farms, meaning that producers depend on reliable rainfall to be able to produce their crops. Yet farmers are already noticing unseasonal wet weather that is affecting their production.

Early November in Ethiopia should be the dry season. In Jimma in southeast Ethiopia, however, the weather in November 2019 was wet and rainy. The coffee cherries, all laid out on the drying beds, had to be covered with tarpaulins to protect them from the rain. When this happens, it doesn’t just slow down processing and delivery: it also increases the risk of mould. In turn, more cherries have to be discarded. Quality, yield, and delivery speed fall.

View from a coffee farm in Burundi. Credit: Johan & Nyström

Low Yields

The prevalence of garden farmers doesn’t just make quality control and traceability more challenging; it also leaves producers more vulnerable.

In 2017, the ICO reported on sharp declines in production since the early ‘90s in “the majority of [African] countries”, especially the East African nations of Burundi, DR Congo, Rwanda, and Tanzania. It blamed the liberalisation of the coffee market and dropping coffee prices, exacerbated by conflict, limited access to resources such as fertiliser and finance to replace trees, and a lack of formal training.

When yields are low, profits also tend to be small. Per pound of cherry, the investment of resources and time has to be higher. This means it requires an even smaller drop in coffee prices for an East African producer to be operating in the red.

Low Market Prices

In 2017, a Fairtrade International and True Price pilot study found that smallholder Fairtrade farmers in Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya did not earn a living household income. This was before the coffee price crisis hit and the C price hovered around US $1.00/lb or less for most of 2019.

Now, as rainfall pushes down production and quality, and the coffee price crisis continues to loom over the industry, farmers are abandoning their coffee crops in favour of things that will pay for food, healthcare, and education for their family. Cereal crops can be a more lucrative option, while All Africa reports that some Kenyan producers are giving up farming altogether and instead turning to real estate development.

Coffee warehouse in Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia. Credit: Meklit Mersha

Tackling The Challenges

Despite the heavy challenges facing importers and producers working in East Africa, the region remains an attractive option for those willing to work on building strong relationships, supporting producers, and finding ways to tackle the challenges. Investing in producers is quickly proving to be one of the most effective ways to ensure that coffee production remains alive and well. It is also an investment in quality.

Quality-Focused Training

Thomas tells me that Supremo has been tackling quality control by providing training for farmers on proper picking and handling and for washing stations owners on quality control examinations of cherries. “We’ve seen with time a drastic increase in the quality being delivered,” he tells me, adding that it doesn’t just have an impact on cup scores.

Good quality control means that farmers do not see their lots rejected and hard work go to waste, increasing efficiency. It also means that primary market access is enabled and importers also benefit from an overall strengthened supply chain. It is a win-win situation for all, and a catalyst of trust in the producer-buyer relationship.

Supremo also works as a direct trade facilitator, organising the logistics of importing coffee after the buyer has agreed a price with a producer in person in the countries the company operates in. Thomas tells me that he sees quality training as being more effective when it’s done as part of a direct trade transaction.

“The supplier has met the buyers,” he stresses. “And once you’ve had that face to face [meeting and] know who [they] are, you much more want to make the effort to preserve the quality for the guy you met six months ago or 18 months ago, whom you remember very well, who has sent you pictures and put a picture of you on his Instagram and has told you, ‘You need to use hermetic packaging from the very start.’ So, there’s that human relationship part that’s very important.”

Both the producer and the buyer benefit in this scenario. Higher quality products translate into better cupping scores and higher prices. Meanwhile, the stability of a confirmed buyer means that producers can confidently invest in items such as hermetic packaging.

Coffee farmer at a farm in Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia. Credit: Sarah Charles

Capacity Building

In addition to training, investing in infrastructure and resources can have a significant impact. Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world, with widespread hunger. It is considered by the UN to be a “least developed country”.

With striking levels of widespread poverty, Burundi benefits greatly from capacity building. As part of Project Akawa, Supremo works with 11,000 smallholder farmers across the country on plant renovation, water treatment, and fertilising. Farm equipment is provided to producers who would not otherwise have access to it. Training and knowledge exchange are also a key part of the project. Thomas explains that this has led to greater quality and yield for producers.

Certification

Thomas tells me that coffees from Rwanda, Burundi, and DR Congo are least at risk of containing the glyphosate herbicide considered by the WHO to be “probably carcinogenic in humans”, due to East Africa’s tendency to produce organic coffees. Producers usually have smaller lots and often forest-grown coffees, which also has a positive impact on the planet.

Thomas tells me that certification for being organic, Fairtrade, and UTZ can help producers. Their coffee is more appealing to buyers. In fact, UTZ certification is part of Project Akawa for this reason, and Thomas explains that since the producers they work with became UTZ certified, it has provided them access to new markets.

Supporting producers in marketing their sustainable coffees both gives them access to price premiums and expanded markets, which in turn helps them weather low prices and yields.

View from a mill in Burundi. Credit: Johan & Nyström

The Rewards

Although tackling the challenges requires significant investment on the part of importers, Thomas assures me that the rewards more than outweigh the difficulties.

Impact

Thomas describes the ability to have a social and economic impact on a large community of smallholder farmers as a “blessing”. Not only do East African countries depend on coffee for a large share of their export earnings, but coffee also has the tremendous potential to positively impact the lives of the region’s millions of smallholder coffee farming families. Buying coffee from this region at a fair price is effectively investing in the lives of its smallholder farmers.

Jonas Hult is in charge of green coffee buying at Johan and Nyström in Stockholm, Sweden. The company has been working directly with producers in a relationship facilitated by Supremo. For Jonas, the mutual growth of his business and producers’ businesses has been a highlight of the relationship.

“We’ve been around for 15 years now and some of the producers we’ve been working with for 10 years. And to be able to grow together, I think, is very rewarding…,” he says. “We’re able to grow our volumes with our producers that we have a relationship with.”

Washed coffee drying, being moved at a farm in Africa. Credit: Katie Garrett

Traceability & Accountability

As the world wakes up to the harsh realities and inequities prevalent in producing countries, traceability is increasingly becoming a priority. Consumers want to know that buying a cup of coffee is supporting – even in a small way – someone in achieving a living income and thriving.

Importers and roasters are held accountable to consumers in this respect. And although it can be hard to trace coffee back to the individual producer in many East African coffees, they are able to work directly with cooperatives in which the purchasing of their coffee has a significant impact.

Thomas tells me that he can tell buyers not just about flavour profiles and cupping scores, but also about the story behind the coffee. He can say, “It’s also women from the Kotwibakabo group in Rwanda who produced it. Would you like to know more about it? This is what they do.”

He tells me that the cooperatives can also hold importers and buyers accountable. “Unity is strength,” he says. “The fact that they’ve grouped themselves together gives them leverage on their buyers, you know. They can tell the primary buyer… [We’re] not happy with this. We need training on this. We need equipment for that.”

He adds, “We see the supply chain as something in which everyone has to be happy in it. They have every right to request certain things and they usually obtain them.”

Outstanding Quality

East African regions are renowned for their floral, fruity, and unique flavour profiles. Jonas tells me that the quality of the coffee is one of the main rewards from trading in the region. “The quality of the product, that’s why we love these countries… The flavour profile is unique – especially in Ethiopia, Burundi. But all the countries in Eastern Africa are producing really, really good coffee.”

Women sorting coffee at a farm in Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia. Credit: Meklit Mersha

East Africa is an attractive region for specialty coffee buyers, thanks to the exceptional quality of the coffees. Ethiopia’s Geisha and Harar, Kenya’s Kamacharia, Rwanda’s Rukara, Burundi’s Kayanza, Tanzania’s Kilimanjaro… it’s a star-studded list.

There are significant challenges when trading coffee in these countries. Getting beans from farmer to consumer can be an uphill battle. But the beauty in these challenges lies in the impact that overcoming them has on East Africa’s smallholder farmers and their families. Direct trade, investment in certification schemes, training throughout the value chain and lasting partnerships are just some of the ways importers can address the challenges head on.

The result? Social and economic empowerment at one end, and fantastic coffees accessible to consumers worldwide at the other.

Found this interesting? Read Burundian Coffee: Stop Listing Problems, Start Taking Action

Written by Sarah Charles. Featured photo by Nicole Motteux

Please note: This article has been sponsored by Supremo.

Want to read more articles like this? Sign up for our newsletter!

The post Tackling The Challenges of Trading Coffee in East Africa appeared first on Perfect Daily Grind.

Tackling The Challenges of Trading Coffee in East Africa published first on https://espressoexpertweb.weebly.com/

0 notes

trendingnewz-blog · 5 years ago

Text

Dimethoate Market is Highly Fragmented and Dominated by Large Multinational .

Dimethoate is organophosphate insecticide used to eliminate insects by affecting its central nervous system. It has systemic and contact activity against wide range of piercing, chewing and sucking insects. Dimethoate is specifically used to control aphids, thrips, mites, whiteflies and other pests. The crops on which it is used include cotton, fruits, citrus, tobacco, tea, potatoes and other vegetables. Dimethoate can be also used to control flies in livestock, food storage and home gardens.Growing food demand across the globe is expected to drive the market for dimethoate based insecticides. There is a need to protect crops, fruits and vegetables from insects to improve the per hectare production and fulfill the ever growing demand for food. Insects are getting adapted to the conventional insecticides hence organic compounds such as dimethoate are used in the insecticides that are effective against wide range of insects. In addition, decline in agricultural land and growing food demand leading to demand for efficient and highly productive agricultural processes are expected to drive the market for dimethoate.Read Report Overview @https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/dimethoate-market.htmlHowever, environmental and health hazards of dimethoate are expected to hamper the market growth. Many countries are banning the use of dimethoate in insecticides as it contaminates the ground water and may enter the food chain. For example, in Kenya the Fresh Produce Exporters Association of Kenya has banned use of dimethoate on vegetables and fruits that are produced to export to Europe. It has adverse effects on human health by affecting central nervous system and inducing other chronic diseases. It is also claimed to induce birth defects and reproductive effects in human and animals. It is classified as potent carcinogen by agencies such as EPA.North America emerged as the largest market for dimethoate in terms of consumption. Increasing demand for fruits and fresh vegetables is anticipated to drive the market in this region. North America was followed by Asia Pacific in terms of consumption. Growing food demand and declining agricultural land due to industrialization in China and India are expected to boost the market for dimethoate. China was the largest producer of the dimethoate based insecticides due to low production cost and economies of scales. The demand from Europe was very low as compared to other regions due to environmental regulations and ban on the imports that use dimethoate insecticides. This trend is expected to remain same as Europe is shifting towards bio-based insecticides. The demand for dimethoate is anticipated to grow at higher pace in Rest of the World due to increasing in food demand and availability of the agricultural land. Due to globalization fruits and vegetables are exported to North America from developing countries such as Brazil and other Latin American countries.Request Report Brochure @https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=2524Dimethoate market is highly fragmented and dominated by large multinationals. Only few global companies have presence in dimethoate market. Players are competing based on price and product differentiation. The companies are focusing on developing dimethoate based insecticides with novel adjuvant that will reduce the environmental hazards.

0 notes

angrycollectordaze-me-blog · 6 years ago

Text

Paper代写：English tea culture and English literature

本篇paper代写- English tea culture and English literature讨论了英国茶文化与英国文学。英国茶文化是英国文化的标志性特征之一，具有高贵优雅的气质，并深刻地影响了人们的生活方��和意识形态。英国虽然只有短短几百年的饮茶历史，但英国文学家却对茶叶有着深厚的感情。茶在英国经过百余年的发展，逐渐融入英国文化，之后与英国文学有机结合，成为许多文学作品中不可或缺的组成部分。茶叶带给英国文学家一种全新且丰富的创作主体。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The east India company in 1848, the royal botanic garden greenhouse director Robert? fortune came to China, he put tea tree seed in a made of special glass in the portable incubator, sneaking on the ship from China to India, so must more than tea sapling germinate in India, and then formed a large-scale tea garden. After tea was introduced into Europe, it was not so popular as coffee and cocoa, until it entered the British Isles far away from the European mainland, which miraculously set off the fashion of tea drinking, and thus produced a wonderful flower of the world tea culture -- British tea culture.

In English, the word Teatime refers to the amount of time spent drinking tea, which accounts for one in three British lives. English black tea is famous for its variety and rich contents. The main contents include:

British people in the morning to drink "morning Tea", also known as "eye Tea", namely Earlymorning Tea, sometimes before the morning Tea will also have "bedside Tea", that is, the morning when you wake up against the bed can enjoy the Tea. Morning tea is mainly black tea as the main drink, is one of the important contents of the British signature tea, it is rich and fresh in one, color and taste are quite outstanding. Legitimate morning tea to select Assam, Ceylon, Kenya and other places of black tea modulation, so the taste of breakfast tea from Ceylon, concentration from Assam, color from Kenya, it can be seen that the British morning tea is quite exquisite, the most suitable for drinking after getting up in the morning.

This is the least known British tea drinking habit, also known as "sabbatical", which lasts about 20 minutes. At 1l in the morning, British people, whether aristocrats enjoying life at home or busy working group, all take a short rest and drink a cup of tea at this time. They call it elevens, namely, light meal at 11 o 'clock in the morning, so morning tea can be regarded as a good way to relieve British people from work. Generally speaking, morning tea is the simplest part of English tea because it cannot be very complicated due to the constraint of objective conditions.

English name is Afternoon Tea, which is actually the carrier of British Tea culture in the true sense. British Tea enjoys a worldwide reputation by virtue of its rich connotation and elegant form of "British Afternoon Tea" -- black Tea culture, and "British Afternoon Tea" has become a symbol of British people's elegant life. The special tea sources for afternoon tea are pure tea with traditional flavor, such as darjeeling tea, earl grey tea, gunpowder green tea or Ceylon tea. If you choose milk tea, you need to pour milk before putting tea water.

The etiquette of proper English afternoon tea is very particular. First of all, the time for tea should be four o 'clock in the afternoon; Second, in the Victorian era, men had to wear tuxedos and women gowns; The 3rd, in tea party it is to wear formal dress to serve for the guest personally normally by goodwife, must just let maidservant assist, with respect to the guest thereby. Finally, there are afternoon tea snacks, usually served on three layers of dessert porcelain, with sandwiches on the first, scones on the second and cakes and fruit tarts on the third, always from the bottom up.

When tea arrived in Britain, its selling point was its medicinal properties. As a result, Chinese tea, then sold in Britain, was a magical, cure-all medicine. In 1699, a clergyman named orrington wrote a whole paper on nature and the quality of tea. In the article, he fully affirmed the good effects of tea in the treatment of diabetes, gallstones, urinary stones, kidney stones, edema, weak vision and other areas, and repeatedly recommended that everyone should drink tea instead of wine. He believed that tea can keep people awake and feel happy, and it is a kind of enjoyable drink.

When "black tea queen" -- after the catharine princess of Portugal marries British king Charlie 2 in 1662, tea and tea ceremony begin to be popularized in England, Chinese tea is changed gradually by the plant that has medicinal property for fashionable life is indicative, British high society evolves its to have a kind of exotic emotional appeal and the lifestyle of luxurious sex. "Tea" began to be active as a kind of drink. Even though the high price makes many people stop, there is still a fixed market and consumer group.

During the reign of queen Victoria, with the expansion of British colonial trade, overseas tea sources continued to increase, and the British import tariff also decreased year by year. Tea finally entered the life of ordinary people from the position of luxury. With the decline of the consumption class, great changes have taken place in the way the British people consume tea. The British are very creative in adding sugar, milk and honey to their red tea soup, and sometimes even more bizarre things like whisky, butter and eggs. The addition of other substances to tea was a revolution in tea consumption, making tea more practical. However, the British reform of Chinese tea also completed the localization of tea after the introduction, so tea drinking is more common. Around 1750, tea had become a staple of the English middle class's buttered toast breakfast.

For more than a century, tea became almost the national drink of Britain. From the beginning of medicine in the 17th century, it became a national consumer product in the 18th century. The prosperity of the consumer society, in turn, improved the taste of tea. In the 18th century, tea gardens specializing in the consumption of tea drinks appeared in the British society, necessary costumes and utensils for drinking tea appeared, and even art forms such as tea dance were born.

The real tea culture of Britain was born in the Victorian era of the 19th century. The invention of afternoon tea meant that tea drinking got rid of the status of simple food culture and gradually became a synonym of elegant life. As a leisure culture, tea drinking in turn promotes a new round of changes in the consumption pattern and social values of British society.

English afternoon tea is the most gorgeous, delicate and luxurious way to eat. In the afternoon tea activities in Britain, the requirements on the environment are extremely strict, which must reflect the close combination between the British high culture and the natural life. At the same time, the choice of afternoon tea must be high-grade tea, tea sets and meals have clear specifications. This systematic requirement represents the generation of a higher cultural form -- not a simple means to solve the problem of food and clothing, but a life style that integrates aesthetic value and practical value, and has become one of the important means of social entertainment.

British tea art is the external manifestation of British tea culture, and British tea ceremony is the spirit carried out in the process of tea art, which can be combined with the philosophy of life. The combination of tea art and tea ceremony is the result of highly unified material and spirit. What can truly reflect the essence of British tea ceremony is exactly the British people's requirements for tea sets and basic etiquette.

At the same time, in addition to strict tea drinking standards, British tea culture also has certain requirements on the environment for drinking tea. What British people advocate is the elegant life of aristocrats. The afternoon tea party is a social occasion for people to judge their personal culture, and it is also the best way to study social etiquette and show the elegant demeanor of gentlemen and ladies. Men are dressed formally and appropriately, and tea sets are handled gently to ensure the quietness of the tea room. Women speak with grace and poise, and when people pass by, they move politely and smile. In a formal afternoon tea party you can fully feel the impact of English literary temperament and personal cultivation.

Therefore, in addition to the content of tea art and tea ceremony, British tea ceremony is also reflected in British culture, which is the reason why a country really has "tea ceremony". Peculiar to the British afternoon tea culture is a reflection of the national spirit, the British landmark elegant, noble entirely concentrated in the nation is elegant and luxuriant tea ceremony, even brilliant history already not, but the cohesion in the pursuit of quality of life in the tea culture and the traditional remembrance, also one of the British people blood, can not erase.

Compared with China and Japan, Britain has only a few hundred years of tea drinking history, but British writers have a deep affection for tea. After more than a hundred years of development in Britain, tea gradually integrated into British culture, and then organically combined with English literature, became an indispensable part of many literary works. Tea has brought British writers a new and rich creative subject.

Keats wrote of lovers waiting for their tea, nibbling at their toast and waiting for it to cool with a sigh. Byron called tea "the tears of China." he was "moved by the tears of China -- the goddess of green tea. According to the biography of byron, he kept his tea habit even when he went to Greece to fight in the armed forces: "as soon as he got up in the morning, he went to work. Then have a cup of tea and ride out on business. When you come back, eat some cheese and fruit. Read by night." Of course, black tea is not his only choice. When referring to Chinese tea, he often mentions two types: black tea and green tea:

I actually

Sadly, blame the Chinese green tea,

The fairy of tears! She's better than Cassandra the witch

Much more effective, because as long as I drink it

Three cups of pure juice shall make my heart glad,

So they had to turn to wuyi's black tea;

It's a pity that drinking is bad for you.

And drinking tea and coffee makes people take themselves too seriously.

In a long poem written in 1820 by Shelley, a famous poet of the same period, Letter to Maria Gisbome reads:

The medicine man complained about the drink, and I

Will drink in spite of counsel, when death comes

We will flip a coin to decide who will die first for tea.

Tea is holy, prose is beautiful, so what will be the combination of tea and prose? English prose leaves us with the pleasant, leisurely, wonderful memory of drinking tea. "The four seasons of essays", formerly known as The Private cca shut of Henry Ryecroft is George? gissing prose masterpiece, narrative is a hermit Henry ? lake loft indulged in The books, The natural scenery and memories of The past life, The author recorded The time of afternoon tea and tea, character, The etiquette, etc, expressing his feelings for tea tea and family atmosphere and touches.

"One of the bright moments of my day is when I come back from my afternoon walk a little tired, and take off my boots and put on my slippers, and hang up my outdoor coat, and put on my comfortable, family coat, and sit in my deep soft armchair, and wait for the tea tray, or at tea time, these are the most pleasant and restful feelings I have. With the appearance of the teapot, the rich fragrance wafted into my study, how wonderful. What comfort the first cup brought to my heart, and how leisurely I drank it afterwards; What warmth it brings after a walk in the cold rain! Looking at my books and pictures at the same time, enjoying the happiness of having them. I look at my pipe; Or, with an air that seemed thoughtful, I prepared to pack tobacco. As a matter of fact, the leaf is no longer after tea -- it is itself a mild and sensible thing -- so soothing, so suggestive of human thought."

After tea arrived in England, it was not only a "friend of MUSES", "nectar of gods" or a source of inspiration for poets, but also sought after by many novelists. It is said that "tea drinking covers almost all English novels". This is an exaggeration, but the fact is enough to prove that English novels are full of tea fragrance and tea culture.

The Pickwick Papers, by Charles Dickens, a famous Victorian novelist, has been used 86 times, far more than other works. Dickens's account of a monthly meeting of the brick street chapter of the church temperance union is so impressive that Mr Weller, the hero, is transfixed when he sees that they can drink so much tea. The description not only expresses people's enthusiasm for the temperance movement at that time, but also affirms the special role of tea in the temperance movement in Britain.

Tea is not only a kind of drink and food, but also a kind of art work. It is also a history of culture, medicine and literature. Through tea, we can see a country's art, culture, literature and so on. Tea from the east to the west, from China to Britain, experienced a rocky road, like the growth process of life, and eventually mature. In Britain, tea was first a "medicine", then a luxury for the aristocracy, and finally a necessity for the national drink, which has evolved into the popular black tea culture in the world today. This process is long but adds to the beauty of Britain's history, culture and society.

要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due工作客服QQ：800020041或者Wechat：Abby0900吧。

0 notes

tejasamale · 7 years ago

Text

Dimethoate Market to Achieve Significant Growth in the Near Future

View Report Preview: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/dimethoate-market.html

Growing food demand across the globe is expected to drive the market for dimethoate based insecticides. There is a need to protect crops, fruits and vegetables from insects to improve the per hectare production and fulfill the ever growing demand for food. Insects are getting adapted to the conventional insecticides hence organic compounds such as dimethoate are used in the insecticides that are effective against wide range of insects. In addition, decline in agricultural land and growing food demand leading to demand for efficient and highly productive agricultural processes are expected to drive the market for dimethoate.

However, environmental and health hazards of dimethoate are expected to hamper the market growth. Many countries are banning the use of dimethoate in insecticides as it contaminates the ground water and may enter the food chain. For example, in Kenya the Fresh Produce Exporters Association of Kenya has banned use of dimethoate on vegetables and fruits that are produced to export to Europe. It has adverse effects on human health by affecting central nervous system and inducing other chronic diseases. It is also claimed to induce birth defects and reproductive effects in human and animals. It is classified as potent carcinogen by agencies such as EPA.

North America emerged as the largest market for dimethoate in terms of consumption. Increasing demand for fruits and fresh vegetables is anticipated to drive the market in this region. North America was followed by Asia Pacific in terms of consumption. Growing food demand and declining agricultural land due to industrialization in China and India are expected to boost the market for dimethoate. China was the largest producer of the dimethoate based insecticides due to low production cost and economies of scales. The demand from Europe was very low as compared to other regions due to environmental regulations and ban on the imports that use dimethoate insecticides. This trend is expected to remain same as Europe is shifting towards bio-based insecticides. The demand for dimethoate is anticipated to grow at higher pace in Rest of the World due to increasing in food demand and availability of the agricultural land. Due to globalization fruits and vegetables are exported to North America from developing countries such as Brazil and other Latin American countries.

Dimethoate market is highly fragmented and dominated by large multinationals. Only few global companies have presence in dimethoate market. Players are competing based on price and product differentiation. The companies are focusing on developing dimethoate based insecticides with novel adjuvant that will reduce the environmental hazards.

Request to view Sample Report: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=2524

Raw material procurement is among major critical success factors in the market. There are many Chinese players with small to moderate production capacities. Some of the major players in this market include Chengdu Huaxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Bio Agro Chemicals, Rallis India Ltd, Sunfarm Agrochemicals Limited, Shenzhen King Quenson Industry Co., Ltd., United Phosphorus Limited and Qingdao Unico International Trade Co., Ltd. among others.

0 notes

tejasamale · 7 years ago

Text

Dimethoate Market: In-Depth Qualitative Insights, Historical Data and Verifiable Projections about Market Size

View Report Preview: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/dimethoate-market.html

Request to view Sample Report: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=2524

0 notes