#decadephotographic

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PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY BEFORE 1840

Where did the word ‘Photography’ come from? The word photography is based on the Greek meaning of light and drawing, combining these to mean drawing with light. It was attributed to Sir John Herschel in 1839. 

1800 - Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture an imagine in a camera obscura. He used paper (or white leather - it’s not known for definite) and threaded it with silver nitrate. Even though it seemed to work at first after being able to capture the shadows of the objects placed into the direct sunlight it was reported in 1802 - 2 years later that the image formed were to faint to process and the shadows in the image darkened which resulted in the image pretty much getting ruined.  Thomas died in 1805 with no other attempts of this made due it his deteriorating ill health. 

1826/27 - It wasn’t until this year that the very first successful and oldest surviving photograph was created. It was produced by Nicephore Niepces in France who named the photograph ‘Window at Le Gras’. It was created using a sheet of pewter and the light sensitive substance was a thin coating of bitumen - a natural occurring petroleum tar which was all dissolved in lavender oil. This was then applied to the surface of the pewter and dried before being used. Traditionally the exposure was said to only be 8 hours long but these days it has been said that it would’ve in actual fact of been several days long.  

After this, Niepce and Louis Daguerre retried the bitumen process making the final quality much better and easier to view. They also managed to shorten the time of exposure but it still stood at several hours long. 

1839 - January 7th of this year the first complete practical photographic process was announced at a meeting of the French  Academy of Sciences and the news quickly spread however it was kept a secret and only a set few knew the full instructions until August of this year when the complete instructions were made public allowing anyone to use the process - The Daguerreotype Process. This process was the most commercial process until the 1850s when it was superseded by the collodian process. 

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Decade of Photography / 1970-1979

The 1970s brought some of the biggest steps in the history of digital photography. In 1972, Texas Instruments patented the first electronic camera that did not require film. While it is not known if a prototype was ever produced, this proved to be a big step into the future for digital photography.

In 1975, Eastman Kodak created the prototype for the world's first digital camera. Created by Steve Sasson, the device was never intended to be mass produced and used CCD image sensor technology.

1970

Bell Labs produced first electronic video camera.

Robert Mapplethorpe began has photographic exploration.

Bruce Davidson published the famous ‘East 100 Street’

1971

Carlos Jurado began making pinhole photography.

ntel manufacture the first microprocessor integrated on a single chip, the Intel 4004.

1972

Filmless photography patent. Willis Adcock of Texas Instruments patented a technology to make images without an analogic film.

The world most important magazine ‘Life Magazine’ disappeared suddenly.

Polaroid SX-70. Revolutionary camera to made snapshot in one step and an autentic icon of industrial design.

Kodak 110 was created, these family cameras “pockets” would endure 20 years on the market.

1973

Fairchild Image achieved to produce the first viable commercial sensor with 100x100 pixels resolution

They created the first big size chip to produce a digital image with 100 high columns to 100 of width, it means, 0.1 Megapixel.

IBM invented the Floppy Disk. With a 256 KB capacity.

1975

First Digital Camera. Steven Sasson invented this camera with a resolution of 100 lines White and black. Kodak buried the invention until 1991.

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First picture form the surface of Mars.

Canon AE1 was create. First totally automatic camera thanks to the use of one microprocessor. 5 million sale units.

1977

Susan Sontag published his collection of essays "On Photography", one of the most important texts of twenty century of photography reflection.

Konica C35AF was created - first point and shoot camera with con autofocus.

Cindy Sherman started her series “Untitled Film Stills”

1978

Electronic instant Camera. Jon S. Barret obtained the patent for a camera that printed the images in non-photographic paper.

1979

W.Eugene Smith Memorial Fund. This organization was made to gave economic support to independent photographers with human purposes.

Source : Tik Tok

Lastly just to finish off. I recently visited my grans house and before my papa died he left all his old photo slides from his old camera. with over 500 slides from late 1960s to early 1970s these will allow you to see what sort of images he and hobby photographers of that time used to take. These would be loaded into a projector in order to view the photos and the slides were pretty small as you can see from the photographs.

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Photography of the 1970′s

In 1972, the idea for an electronic camera that didn't require film came out, but a prototype wasn't made until 1975, by Eastman Kodak and Steven Sasson. It weighed 8 pounds, captured black and white images on a cassette tape with a resolution of .01 megapixels but wasn't the most practical. It was never intended to be mass produced but was still a big step forward for digital photography. In the 60's Kodaks 'Kodachrome' colour film was available, but it wasn't until the 70s that it actually became affordable for most people. It was the most popular camera for normal, everyday folks who weren’t serious photographers but enjoyed taking photos. The company’s most popular camera was the Instamatic, which had been introduced in 1963. However, in 1972, the company introduced the more streamlined Pocket Instamatic, which took 110-format film and could fit easily into a pocket. In 1970, the first solid-state video camera was released by Bell Labs. In 1972 the Polaroid SX-70 came out - the first fully automatic, motorized, folding, single lens reflex camera which ejected self-developing, self-timing instant colour prints

 A very famous photograph called 'Napalm Girl' by Nick Ut was taken after an attack during the Vietnam War in 1972, when they accidentally dropped on its own troops and civilians. Children ran from the area and the most iconic part is the little girl who stripped off her burning clothes.

The 1960s and 1970s were eras known for social revolution, art and creativity, completely changing the history of art, music, fashion and film as industries. These decades also gave the world several photographer-masters to look up to: from Diane Arbus, Richard Avedon, Gary Winogrand, Helmut Newton, Annie Leibovitz to Robert Mapplethorpe.

Below is the photograph of the first ever African American cover girl for Vogue.

 http://photography.lovetoknow.com/Timeline_of_Digital_Photography_Technology

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Photographic events in the 1950s

1952- A low-budget polarised 3-D film called Bwana Devil premieres in the late November and triggers a short winded 3-D craze that fades by 1954.

1953- The Leica M3, a 35mm rangefinder camera was introduced by Ernst Leitz and over 220,000 units were sold making it the most successful model of the M series.

1957- the first Asahi Pentax SLR was produced, being the earliest Pentax cameras, this was a pivotal development in modern photography.

1957- Russell Kirsch from the U.S National Bureau of Standards created the first digital computer acquisition of scanned photographs.

1959- Throughout the 50s, Germany and Japan were competing in camera production. Japan made the more affordable, practical cameras whereas Germany created the more reliable, professional cameras. But when Japan released the Nikon F they were put in lead of the industry, leaving Germany behind to plan their catch up. The Nikon F is known as the most significant SLR in 35mm history.

1959- The first fully automatic 35mm film camera is introduced by AGFA, the Optima.

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Photography Decade (1870 - 1879)

1871 

Gelatin emulsion was invented by Richard Maddox

Photographer William Henry Jackson took a number of photos on the Yellowstone Expedition, his work led to the creation of the National Parks

1873

Hermann Wilhelm Vogel dicovers dye sensitisation

1876 

Ferdinand Hurter & Vero Charles Driffield began systematic evaluation of sensitivity characteristics of photographic emulsions 

1878

Heat ripening of gelatin emulsion was discovered.the sensitivity as greatly increased and made it possile to have a very short “snapshot” exposures.

Eadweard Muybridge has make a high speed photographic analysis of a galloping horse which he done by using a row of cameras with trip wires.

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photographic decade from 1990

- Kodak develops the Photo CD system and proposes the first “ worldwide standard for defining color in the digital environment of computers

- Adobe release Photoshop 1.0 making it the second digital editing program available for Macintosh computers and an important milestone in the digital photography timeline.

- Logitech introduces the Dycam Model I and Fotoman digital cameras. It was a true digital camera capable of capturing 320 x 320 pixel black and white photos. The camera had 1 MB of internal memory that could store up to 32 photos. It had a 8mm fixed-focus lens with a shutter speed range of 1/30 to 1/1000 second. The camera came with a cable to download these photos to a computer and sold for $995.

1991 

-Kodak released the first professional digital camera system marketed towards journalists. / film body adapted with a 1.3 megapixel/ It sold for $13,000. 

-Fuji releases the DS-100 digital memory card camera. This camera had a 390,000 pixel imager and a 8-24mm F/2 power zoom lens. It recorded images to a digital image card and sold for around $5,000.

1992

The National Center for Supercomputing Applications release Mosaic the first internet photograph browser another important event along the digital photography timeline.

1994

-Olympus introduces  world’s first digital camera capable of uploading photos using a modem to another camera or computer. It had a built in zoom lens and an image resolution of 768 x 576 pixels. Selling at about $4,000 this camera was also one of the first cameras to store images on an external PCMCIA card.

- SanDisk and Kodak released the first CompactFlash Memory Card. Kodak releases a 1 MB version of the card in early 1994 and SanDisk releases 2-24 MB versions of the card later that year.

1995

 - first digital camera that could also take movies with sound/ movies were limited to only 10 seconds long/ 

 -  first digital cameras with an LCD display.

- Canon and Kodak jointly released the EOS DCS series of digital cameras intended for professional use. Canon also released the the EF 75-300mm F4-5.6 IS lens. This was the first still camera telephoto lens that had built in image stabilization technology.     

1996 -first camera to use a Compact Flash card for storage.  

-  first “Cyber-shot” digital camera   used a .3 megapixel (310,000 pixel)  640x480 pixels. It had 4MB of internal flash memory and could store up to 108 JPEG images. (30 images in fine mode.)

1997

Was a breakout year with Hitachi coming out with the MP-EG1 the first digital camera that captured movies in the MPEG format.  

-Olympus releases the Camedia D-500L. The D-500L had a 1024 x 768 pixel CCD imager and a 50mm to 150mm F/2.8 lens. It retailed for $799 and was the first non-SLR digital camera to use a TTL (through-the-lens) viewfinder.

1997

first camera with a docking station to link to the computer. This camera had a retail price of $550 and used a 640 x 480 pixel CCD sensor with a 55mm fixed focus lens

1998

first camera with Lithium batteries. This allowed continuous feedback as to how much battery life was left as well as eliminating the “memory” problem typical of NICAD rechargeable batteries.  / first cameras to have a 14X zoom lens with built in image stabilization and a key event in the digital photography timeline. With a 37mm to 518mm effective focal length the camera set a new standard for what today would be referred to as “super zoom” cameras. It had a 1024 x 768 pixel CCD sensor and sold for around $700.

1999

 -Photohighway.com started the first photography site on the internet where photos can be uploaded directly from a digital camera 

-   first DSLR (digital single lens reflex camera). It had a 2.74 megapixel   image sensor/ weighed about 3.75 lbs. /cost $6,000/. It also used the standard Nikon F-mount lenses which allowed film photographers could use many of the lenses they already owned. Nikon continued using an APS-C image sensor, known as the “DX sensor” in their digital SLR’s from 1999 to 2007.

-Nikon also releases two 2 megapixel cameras capable of producing smaller photo quality prints. The Coolpix 900 came with a zoom lens while the Coolpix 700 had a fixed focal length lens.

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History decade and Photography decade 1980′s

History Decade 

- On 29th July 1981 - Britain’s Prince Charles marry Lady Diana Spencer. about 750 million peeople were waching it. 

- “Pac-Man” the video game arcades in October 1980 and beame almost an instant success.The company sold more than 100,000 arcade units within 15 months. The first name was “Puck-man” and it came from the Japanese “Paku” or “to chomp��.

-  The IBM PC ( Manufacturing mainframe computers) in 1981 debuted with first personal computer ‘5150′ , the machine weighed about 25 pounds (11kg) , which was considered compact at the time.

- First compact-disc player Sony CDP-101 debuted on 1st of October 1982 and the system was launched in Japan.

- Nintendo’s Game Boy launched in Japan on 21th of April 1989 and it instantly revolutionzed the gaming world by allowing users to play anywhere as long as they had a pair of AA batteries. it sell more than 118 milion game boy’s.

-3D printing - 1980′s -  The first designs were stereolithographic, at first, led by Charles Hull’s system of using light to cure liquid polymers. But by the end of the decade, manufacturers were using laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, and even laminate layering.

Photographic Decade 

- ‘Afghan Girl’ famous image of 12 year old Sharbat Gula appeared on the June 1985 cover National Geographic. The photo was taked by famous photographer Steve McCurry and now is the most famous image in the world.

- Autofocus -  Originally invented by Leica in the 1970s, this technology didn't take off until the early 1980s. The first autofocus 35mm SLR was Pentax's ME-F, which was released in 1981, and had focus sensors in the camera and a motorized lens. Other camera companies followed suit and released their own autofocus systems, but the next breakthrough came in 1985 when Minolta released its autofocus system, which moved the drive motor from the lens to the camera body.

- Smart Cameras :  In the late 1970s and early 1980s, compact cameras that were able of making image control decisions on their own were introduced. These "point and shoot" cameras calculated shutter speed, aperture, and focus, leaving photographers free to concentrate on composition.

-  Adobe Photoshop -  Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll, but the first Initial release was on 19th of  February 1990.             Photoshop was developed in 1987 by the American brothers Thomas and John Knoll, who sold the distribution license to Adobe Systems Incorporated in 1988.

Early History of Adobe Photoshop program :

Thomas Knoll, a PhD student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display grayscale images on a monochrome display. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light & Magic employee, who recommended that Thomas turn it into a full-fledged image editing program. Thomas took a six-month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program. Thomas renamed the program ImagePro, but the name was already taken. Later that year, Thomas renamed his program Photoshop and worked out a short-term deal with scanner manufacturer Barneyscan to distribute copies of the program with a slide scanner; a "total of about 200 copies of Photoshop were shipped" this way.

http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/28/photos/gallery/80-moments-from-the-80s/index.html

https://www.thespruce.com/brief-history-of-photography-2688527

https://www.wired.com/2012/12/the-decades-that-invented-the-future-part-8-1981-1990/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop#Early_history 

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Photography in the 1920s

In the 1920s camera design begins to change, wood is replaced with metal bodies. Mass production methods reduce costs and cameras are made at more affordable prices so photography become more popular with the general public.. Camera styles become more austere and black predominates with black leather bellows and black leatherette bodies brightened with nickel or chrome plated parts. Aluminium starts to be used in pressings and castings.

Significant Advances:

1922 - Kodak makes 35mm panchromatic motion film available as a regular stock.

1923 - The 16mm amateur motion picture format is introduced by Kodak. Their Cinie-Kodak camera uses reversal film and all 16mm is on an acetate (safety) base.

1923 - Harold Edgerton invents the xenon flash lamp for strobe photography.

1925 - Leica introduces the 35mm format to still photography.

1926 - Kodak introduces its 35mm Motion Picture Duplicating Film for duplicate negatives. Previously studios used a second camera alongside the primary camera to create a duplicate negative.

Cameras of this era:

Houghton Ensign Focal Plane roll film Reflex, 120 SLR camera, c1925

Houghton Vest Pocket Ensign, folding strut braced camera, c1926

Kodak No. 1 Autographic Junior camera, c1922

Kodak No. 2 Folding Automatic Brownie camera, c1916-1926

Kodak Vest Pocket Autographic camera, c1920

Kodak Box Brownie, C1901 - 1933

Houghton Ensign Ensignette 2 1/4B Junior, 120 roll film collapsing strut camera, c1920

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Decade of history- photographical 1850-59

1851- Fox Talbot makes first instantaneous photographs using electric spark illumination

- The father of photography

1852- Talbot patents a prototype of photo-engraphing

1854- Photographic Society of London founded; they publish the first issue of the »Journal of the Photographic Society

- Ambrotype, a positive collodion image, patented in US

1855- Ferrotype process (tintypes) introduced to US

‘The ferrotype process was a variation of the collodion positive, and used a similar process to wet plate photography. A very underexposed negative image was produced on a thin iron plate. It was blackened by painting, lacquering or enamelling, and coated with a collodion photographic emulsion’ 

1856- Photojournalism of Crimean War by Roger Fenton, James Robertson, and Carol Popp de Scathmari

-Thomson takes the first underwater photograph at a depth of 5 feet

1857- Felice Beato and James Robertson begin photographing the Indian Mutinies; Beato photographs conflicts in China and Japan

1858- At the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition, Oscar Gustav Rejlander exhibits »The Two Ways of Life« a combination print made by assembling images from several negatives onto one print

1959- Sutton panoramic camera patented

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Photographic History from the 1930′s

In 1931, Harold (”Doc”) Edgerton developed strobe photography at MIT. He is well known for transforming the stroboscope into a common device in photography.

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Decade Photographic: 1940′s.

The first Polaroid camera was presented/demonstrated by Edwin H. Land on February 21st, 1947.

On November 26, 1948, the first Land camera was sold for $89.95 at a department store in Boston, Massachusetts. The Model 95 Land camera became the prototype for all Polaroid Land cameras to be produced in the following 15 years.

This was a major landmark in the history of photography. 

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Decade Photographic

We were asked to find out Photographic events that happened in the decade that we were given. I couldn’t find that much but what I did find was pretty interesting.

1890 - Jacob Riis publishes “How the other half lives” images of tenement life in New York City.

1891 – Gabriel Lippmann announces a "method of reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference".

1891 – William Kennedy Laurie Dickson develops the "kinetoscopic" motion picture camera while working for Thomas Edison.

1895 – Auguste and Louis Lumière invent the cinématographe.

1898 – Kodak introduces the Folding Pocket Kodak.

1898 - Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film.