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igreyphd · 7 years ago

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PORNOPTICON

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orbemnews · 4 years ago

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George Carruthers, Whose Telescopes Explored House, Dies at 81 George Carruthers constructed his first telescope from a package in 1949, when he was 10 and dwelling in rural Ohio. Fascinated by area, he devoured journal articles about area journey. If the unknown was going to be explored, he needed to be part of it. 20 years later, as an astrophysicist and engineer — one of many few on the time who had been Black — he would design a complicated telescopic machine that was used throughout the Apollo 16 mission in 1972 and produced ultraviolet pictures of the geocorona, Earth’s outermost ambiance, in addition to stars, nebulae and galaxies. “In March 1610, Galileo Galilei reported the primary use of a telescope to view mountains and maria on the moon,” Dr. Carruthers and Thornton Web page, his collaborator on the challenge, wrote in a NASA report in late 1972. “On April 21, 1972, the Apollo 16 commander positioned a considerably extra advanced optical instrument on the Earth from the moon and obtained a number of outstanding pictures exhibiting atmospheric reasonably than floor options.” Dr. Carruthers, who went on to design much more telescopes that flew aboard NASA spacecraft, died on Dec. 26 in a hospital in Washington. He was 81. His brother Gerald stated the trigger was congestive coronary heart failure. A slight, reserved man who typically rode his bicycle to work, Dr. Carruthers began at the US Naval Analysis Laboratory in 1964 and dropped at it his fascination with telescopes. He headed a staff that designed a telescopic equipment that amplified pictures from area by changing photons to electrons, which may then create electron-sensitive movie pictures. The machine built-in telescopic optics with a digital camera and a spectrograph, which disperses gentle from objects into its element wavelengths. In 1970, considered one of his telescopic creations, despatched into area on an unmanned rocket from the White Sands Missile Vary in New Mexico, proved the existence of molecular hydrogen between stars and galaxies. Molecular hydrogen, which is important to how stars are shaped, had till then been notoriously troublesome to detect. By then, Dr. Carruthers was engaged on the Apollo mission and main a staff that constructed the light-weight, gold-plated Far Ultraviolet Digital camera/Spectrograph, which the astronauts John Younger and Charles M. Duke Jr. would deploy on the Descartes Highlands. On every of their moonwalks throughout their 71 hours on the moon, Mr. Younger and Mr. Duke switched the telescopic machine on. “As soon as the astronauts set it on an object, they may transfer away and work, then come again and alter the route of the digital camera,” the area historian David H. DeVorkin, senior curator of the Nationwide Air and House Museum, stated in a telephone interview. The machine was left behind when the astronauts departed. Presumably it’s nonetheless there. “He was a terrific device builder who utilized himself to scientific questions,” stated Mr. DeVorkin, who’s writing a biography of Dr. Carruthers. “He didn’t give you new questions, however he and his science had been very sensible.” In 1973 Dr. Carruthers obtained the Helen B. Warner Prize from the American Astronomical Society because the 12 months’s excellent astronomer below 35. In 2013, President Barack Obama introduced Dr. Carruthers with the Nationwide Medal of Expertise and Innovation, the nation’s highest honor for technological achievement. When Dr. Carruthers was honored by NASA throughout Black Historical past Month in 2016, Charles F. Bolden Jr., the area company’s administrator, stated, “He has helped us have a look at our universe in a brand new method by his scientific work and has helped us as a nation see ourselves anew as properly.” George Richard Carruthers was born on Oct. 1, 1939, in Cincinnati. His father, additionally named George, was an engineer at Wright-Patterson Air Pressure Base, close to Dayton, Ohio. His mom, Sophia (Singley) Carruthers, was a postal employee. The household moved northeast to Milford, a farming neighborhood, within the Forties. “Once I was about 8 or 9 years previous, I obtained a Buck Rogers comedian guide from my grandmother, and that was, in fact, lengthy earlier than there was any such factor as an area program,” Dr. Carruthers stated in an oral historical past interview with the American Institute of Physics in 1992. “Because it was science fiction, no one took spaceflight significantly in these days, again within the late ’40s, early ’50s.” His father died when he was 12, and his mom moved the household to Chicago, the place George took telescope-building courses on the Adler Planetarium and located inspiration in articles concerning the way forward for area exploration in Collier’s journal written by consultants just like the German-born grasp rocket builder Wernher von Braun, the science author Willy Ley and the astronomer Fred Whipple. Dr. Whipple’s suggestion that there might be benefits to astronomical work from area confirmed George’s curiosity. “Many of the astronomers on the planetarium,” Dr. Carruthers stated within the oral historical past interview, “thought that was nonsense, that astronomy is completed with ground-based telescopes, and also you shouldn’t waste your time fascinated about going into area.” In October 1957, throughout his first semester on the College of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the primary synthetic earth satellite tv for pc. He and different members of the college’s astronomy membership watched Sputnik because it handed overhead. Extra essential, Sputnik’s success legitimized Dr. Carruthers’s want for a profession in spaceflight engineering. After graduating from the college in 1961 with a bachelor’s diploma in aeronautical engineering, he continued on the college, receiving a grasp’s in nuclear engineering and a doctorate in aeronautical and astronautical engineering. In Dr. Carruthers’s first eight years on the naval laboratory, his more and more subtle telescopic gadgets flew on quite a few unmanned rockets. However his Apollo 16 telescope was his most vital; he was on the Johnson House Middle in Houston throughout that mission. “We may really hear them speaking about our instrument,” he informed an interviewer for an area middle oral historical past in 1999. Mr. Younger, he recalled, “was utilizing a sight on the facet of the digital camera to level it on the Earth with a view to set the reference for the entire different targets that we had been going to be utilizing, and he verified that he had sighted the Earth and it was within the middle of his discipline of view.” Dr. Carruthers’s gadgets flew on varied different missions. One in all them noticed Comet Kohoutek in 1973 from Skylab, the primary United States area station; others flew on varied rockets, together with one which unexpectedly captured a meteor disintegrating in Earth’s ambiance; and one was aboard the Spartan satellite tv for pc that was launched by the area shuttle Discovery in 1995 to hunt the fabric from which new stars and planets type. Dr. Carruthers retired from the naval laboratory in 2002. Along with his brother Gerald, he’s survived by his spouse, Debra (Thomas) Carruthers, and one other brother, Anthony. In retirement, Dr. Carruthers taught earth and area science at Howard College, the place he had been concerned because the Nineteen Nineties as an evaluator for the college’s NASA-funded Middle for the Examine of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Atmospheres. At night time Dr. Carruthers introduced college students to the college’s Locke Corridor observatory to take a look at stars and planets from a telescope. He additionally helped highschool college students construct telescopes in a summer season outreach program on the college. “He had a really reticent persona, and also you’d have to attract him out to make him discuss,” Prabhakar Misra, a professor of physics at Howard, stated by telephone. “However when he interacted with college students — which was his ardour — he grew to become a special individual.” Supply hyperlink #Carruthers #Dies #explored #George #Space #Telescopes

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fransquishco · 8 years ago

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by David Singley

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chestnutpost · 6 years ago

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We Need To Talk About Men And Miscarriage

This post was originally published on this site

Tom’s wife, Alison, was 12 weeks pregnant with what would have been the couple’s first baby when she started lightly bleeding. The couple, who asked to use only their first names, had gone away for a car show together. They drove straight home, switched cars and rushed to the hospital.

When they arrived, doctors performed an ultrasound and immediately confirmed a miscarriage. Alison was right on the cusp of her second trimester. The two of them had seen their baby on ultrasounds and listened to the heartbeat. They had told family members, and they were just starting to tell all their friends. They wanted, very much, to have a baby.

“I felt this, just, extreme sadness,” said Tom, whose first instinct was to worry he’d somehow killed their baby driving their sports car over bumpy roads. “I cried a ton right away, right there alongside my wife. It seems almost strange to say it now, but I felt angry too. I was almost mad at God. Like, why is this happening to us?”

Miscarriage, or the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks, is both highly common (according to the most conservative of estimates, about 10 percent of known pregnancies end in a loss during the first trimester) and intractably taboo.

An outpouring of media coverage, celebrity anecdotes and wrenching personal stories on the topic has helped change that over the past decade or so, but not enough. A recent survey showed that Americans said miscarriage is far less common than it actually is and were widely misinformed about its causes, attributing pregnancy loss to stress or moving heavy objects. In fact, roughly half of early miscarriages are the result of pure chance, like the embryo receiving an abnormal number of chromosomes during fertilization.

This confusion contributes to the emotional toll it can take on women: 40 percent of the women in that survey who had a miscarriage said they felt very alone, and other studies showed that up to 20 percent of women who lose a pregnancy struggle with subsequent depression and anxiety.

Far less is known — and said — about miscarriage and men, and until that changes, men like Tom, who said he had no one to really speak with about his experience, all too often grapple with the emotional fallout of miscarriage largely on their own.

“This still tends to be considered strictly a woman’s topic by a lot of people, including mental health professionals,” David Diamond, a psychologist and an associate professor with the California School of Professional Psychology who often works with people struggling with pregnancy loss and infertility, told HuffPost.

“But men have lots of different kinds of reactions, and they are affected by these sorts of things — sometimes very deeply affected,” he said.

A typically different way of processing emotions

With virtually no research on how men process miscarriage, mental health experts have to rely on anecdotal experiences to understand the issue. And while it’s inaccurate to speak in generalizations about gender and mental health, experts said they recognize certain common patterns in how many men respond to miscarriage.

“Men often express many emotional reactions in different ways than women, so if a man is suffering from grief, he doesn’t necessarily cry or emote about it in a way that therapists or their wives might be looking for,” Diamond said. “They take action. They avoid. They become workaholics sometimes to cope or alcoholics. Men don’t always show their reactions as grief or loss, and sometimes the people around them — and they themselves — don’t connect that with the real source when it’s a miscarriage.”

In Tom’s case, his early tears in the ultrasound exam room almost immediately gave way to a sense that he needed to be his wife’s rock.

“I don’t want to say I felt like I couldn’t have my own emotions, because no one ever said that,” Tom said. “But I felt like I had to put them aside. She needed me to be strong for her.”

Dan Singley, a San Diego–based psychologist who focuses on men’s mental health and reproductive psychology and is the media chair for Postpartum Support International, said men in our culture are socialized to be stoic.

“One common reaction that I see with the dads who experience a miscarriage is a profound sense of guilt,” he said. “And the guilt is very often the result of the fact that he himself is struggling. He’s got a lot of anxiety and depression but doesn’t feel entitled to it — kind of like, `Hey, I’m not the one who lost the baby, so what right do I have to be taking up her emotional bandwidth with my issues?’ That dynamic gets to a much broader social phenomenon in which we train boys, adolescents and men.”

The challenge, then, is that men who are really struggling after a miscarriage often fail to get help. This is in part because they do not necessarily present their grief in a way that others recognize. Male depression often goes undiagnosed because men often show different signs and coping mechanisms from women and are generally less likely than women to seek help for mental health problems when they crop up.

And also because there is a perception that miscarriage, pregnancy, infertility — all of it — are primarily women’s issues, not men.

“It’s almost a call to action,” said Kate Kripke, a clinical social worker and the founder of the Postpartum Wellness Center in Boulder, Colorado. “We need more outreach to help men with loss and to get the right kind of support. It’s a problem, for sure.”

A difficult path for couples to walk down

Kripke said that in her private practice she has worked with many couples and has encountered a common split: For many women, the experience of miscarriage is emotional; they mourn the loss of something they already felt deeply connected to. For many men, it’s more logistical; they see a change in circumstances (my wife was pregnant, now she’s not) and a problem they try and work through by talking about next steps, like trying to get conceive again. Singley said there has not really been any research looking at this in a quantitative or even qualitative way — how common a reaction that is, to what extent it is primarily true in heterosexual couples or whether, say, a lesbian couple might experience a similar divide.

Around those different reactions, problems can arise.

“What can be tricky to help a couple understand is that that reaction doesn’t necessarily mean that the father didn’t want the baby as much as the mother wanted the baby,” echoed Kripke. “But the experience of actually being pregnant can be so different that expecting both partners to have the exact same experience around loss, particularly early on, is incredibly unrealistic.”

That is something that Jessica Psenski said she worked hard on in her relationship. She and her husband have a 3-year-old daughter and have been trying to conceive again for a year and a half. In that time, she has had three miscarriages, one that she described as particularly devastating because it came after she and her husband had an ultrasound and heard a healthy heartbeat.

“We had this experience of, after about a week or so of the initial shock and grief wearing off, he was still sad, of course, but he was almost trying to problem-solve,” she said. “Whereas I was in this place of deep, deep grief.”

The challenge, she said, has been to walk a fine line together, acknowledging that the miscarriages certainly affected both of them but specifically happened to her and in her body. Psenski said she was so stuck in her own emotions — as she put it, in her own devastation — that she isn’t sure she could have been there for her spouse to check in on him the way he needed.

But experts like Singley say what matters is that couples are able to talk about the issue and that society at large grows more comfortable with men talking about it too.

“We need to make space,” Singley said, “for a father to be upset about a reproductive loss.”

The post We Need To Talk About Men And Miscarriage appeared first on The Chestnut Post.

from The Chestnut Post https://thechestnutpost.com/news/we-need-to-talk-about-men-and-miscarriage/

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liputanviral-blog · 6 years ago

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Ketika Depresi Pospartum Menyerang Pria

Liputanviral - Depresi pospartum atau stres pasca-kelahiran umum terjadi pada wanita. Satu dari tujuh wanita di dunia mengalami masalah mental setelah melahirkan. Namun, siapa sangka jika depresi pospartum tak cuma dialami wanita, tapi juga pria. Satu dari tiga pria yang baru menjadi seorang ayah mencemaskan kesehatan mentalnya setelah sang buah hati lahir. Banyak dari mereka yang berjuang membangun pertalian batin dengan bayinya. Tengok saja cerita Ross Hunt (26), seorang pria asal Inggris yang mengalami kecemasan pasca-kelahiran sang bayi, Isabelle. "Saya sadar bahwa saya tak ingin menyentuhnya (Isabelle)," ujarnya mengutip The Guardian. Hunt gagal menemukan koneksi atau ikatan batin antara dirinya dengan Isabelle. Meski sang istri mendandani Isabelle semenarik mungkin, tapi itu tak berarti apa-apa bagi Hunt. Selalu ada waktu di mana Hunt merasa tak menyukai Isabelle. Setiap perasaan itu muncul, Hunt menuliskannya dalam catatan hariannya. "Saya harap Isabelle akan mengerti kelak dan percaya bahwa saya sangat menyayanginya," kata Hunt. Hunt merupakan satu dari sekian pria yang mengalami depresi pospartum. Kebanyakan depresi pospartum pada pria tak terdiagnosis dengan baik. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kesalahpahaman banyak orang bahwa depresi pospartum hanya terjadi pada wanita akibat adanya perubahan hormon pasca-melahirkan. Andrew Mayers, seorang psikolog yang fokus pada kesehatan mental perinatal dari Bournemouth University, menampik pemahaman tersebut. "Depresi pospartum bukan cuma urusan hormon, tapi juga tentang faktor-faktor psikologis setiap individu," kata dia. Sebuah penelitian pada tahun 2017 menemukan fakta bahwa cukup banyak pria yang mengalami depresi pospartum. Sebelumnya, studi yang dipublikasikan dalam Journal of the American Medical Association pada 2010 lalu juga menyebutkan bahwa 1 dari 10 pria di dunia mengalami depresi pospartum. Namun sayangnya, meski sejumlah penelitian telah membuktikan, depresi pospartum pada pria masih belum mendapat pengakuan. Pertanyaannya, bagaimana depresi pospartum memanifestasikan dirinya pada pria? "Seorang ayah dengan depresi pospartum menggambarkan sosok yang buruk. Dia tidak ingin mengganti popok dan terlibat dengan buah hatinya," ujar Mark Williams (44), seorang ayah yang mendirikan Fathers Reaching Out, sebuah gerakan yang mengampanyekan pentingnya mengetahui gejala depresi pospartum pada pria. Williams menjadi seorang ayah untuk pertama kalinya pada 2011 lalu. Depresi pospartum yang diderita sang istri membuatnya khawatir akan kemampuannya untuk menjadi seorang ayah. Perlahan, Williams merasa bahwa perilakunya berada di luar kebiasaannya. Dia frustasi terhadap dirinya sendiri serta berusaha menghindari keluarga dan teman-temannya. Meski beberapa gejala kecemasan sama-sama terjadi pada ibu dan ayah, tapi Williams percaya bahwa depresi pospartum pada pria terasa berbeda. "Akan ada lebih banyak penghindaran, seperti terlalu banyak bekerja, mabuk, penyalahgunaan zat-zat terlarang. Itu membuat kepribadian saya benar-benar berubah," jelas Williams. David Singley, seorang psikolog asal San Diego, mengatakan bahwa pria lebih mungkin untuk mengekspresikan depresinya melalui kemarahan, agresivitas, emosional, dan kecemasan. "Mereka juga rentan terhadap penggunaan zat-zat terlarang, perilaku adiktif seperti perjudian, serta rasa sakit pada fisik seperti sakit kepala dan masalah perut," ujar Singley yang pernah merawat 40 pria dengan depresi pospartum, mengutip Psycom. Sebuah studi lain pada 2017 menemukan bahwa kadar testoreron pada pria akan berkurang setelah mereka menjadi seorang ayah. "Penurunan testosteron dan peningkatan gejala depresi ini terjadi pada seorang ayah setelah kelahiran bayi," tulis penelitian tersebut. Hormon memang berperan besar, namun para ilmuwan memprediksi bahwa faktor terkuat dari depresi pospartum pada pria adalah wanita dengan gejala serupa. Jika istri depresi, maka pria dua kali lebih mungkin untuk mengalami stres pasca-kelahiran. Hal itu ditemukan dalam sebuah ulasan pada tahun 2004 terhadap 20 penelitian sebelumnya. Ulasan itu menemukan sebanyak 50 persen pria mengalami kecemasan akibat depresi yang diderita sang istri. Stres pada ibu diidentifikasi sebagai faktor terkuat depresi pospartum pria. Read the full article

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