#considering the lack of oxygen-producing plants/phytoplankton

[watcherscrown]

“I basically told my students, just put the sensors back in the box. We’ll ship them back to the manufacturer and get them tested because they’re just giving us gibberish,” said Sweetman, a professor at the Scottish Association for Marine Science and lead of the institution’s seafloor ecology and biogeochemistry group. “And every single time the manufacturer came back: ‘They’re working. They’re calibrated.’"

COOL

[snehagoogle]

It is said that

It is said that algae is the oldest living organism in the world which has a unique structure on earth

What does the evidence say

Which algae first came to the soil from the sea

Algae

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Algae

Algae (UK: /ˈælɡiː/ AL-ghee, US: /ˈældʒiː/ AL-jee;[3] sg.: alga /ˈælɡə/ AL-gə) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms. The name is an informal term for a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as Chlorella, Prototheca and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to 50 metres (160 ft) in length. Most are aquatic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem that are found in land plants. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of green algae which includes, for example, Spirogyra and stoneworts. Algae that are carried by water are plankton, specifically phytoplankton.

Algae constitute a polyphyletic group[4] since they do not include a common ancestor, and although their plastids seem to have a single origin, from cyanobacteria,[5] they were acquired in different ways. Green algae are examples of algae that have primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Diatoms and brown algae are examples of algae with secondary chloroplasts derived from an endosymbiotic red alga.[6] Algae exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies, from simple asexual cell division to complex forms of sexual reproduction.[7]

Algae lack the various structures that characterize land plants, such as the phyllids (leaf-like structures) of bryophytes, rhizoids of non-vascular plants, and the roots, leaves, and other organs found in tracheophytes (vascular plants). Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy. Some unicellular species of green algae, many golden algae, euglenids, dinoflagellates, and other algae have become heterotrophs (also called colorless or apochlorotic algae), sometimes parasitic, relying entirely on external energy sources and have limited or no photosynthetic apparatus.[8][9][10] Some other heterotrophic organisms, such as the apicomplexans, are also derived from cells whose ancestors possessed plastids, but are not traditionally considered as algae. Algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from cyanobacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, unlike other photosynthetic bacteria such as purple and green sulfur bacteria. Fossilized filamentous algae from the Vindhya basin have been dated back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago.[11]

Because of the wide range of types of algae, they have increasing different industrial and traditional applications in human society. Traditional seaweed farming practices have existed for thousands of years and have strong traditions in East Asia food cultures. More modern algaculture applications extend the food traditions for other applications include cattle feed, using algae for bioremediation or pollution control, transforming sunlight into algae fuels or other chemicals used in industrial processes, and in medical and scientific applications. A 2020 review found that these applications of algae could play an important role in carbon sequestration in order to mitigate climate change while providing lucrative value-added products for global economies.[12]

Algae organisms have a wonderful evolutionary system

The truth is that life has only come into existence in this world

It never came into existence anywhere else

Translate Hindi

कहा जाता है जीव जगत में सबसे प्राचीन जीव शैवाल है जो पृथ्वी में एक अनोखा संरचना का मोर है

एविडेंस क्या कहता है

कौन सा शैवाल समंदर में से पहली बार मिट्टी में अपना डेरा जमाया था

शैवाल

विकिपीडिया

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › शैवाल

शैवाल (यू.के.: /ˈælɡiː/ AL-ghee, यू.एस.: /ˈældʒiː/ AL-jee;[3] sg.: alga /ˈælɡə/ AL-gə) प्रकाश संश्लेषक, यूकेरियोटिक जीवों के एक बड़े और विविध समूह में से कोई भी हैं। यह नाम एक प���लीफाइलेटिक समूह के लिए एक अनौपचारिक शब्द है जिसमें कई अलग-अलग क्लेड की प्रजातियाँ शामिल हैं। शामिल जीवों में एककोशिकीय सूक्ष्म शैवाल, जैसे क्लोरेला, प्रोटोथेका और डायटम से लेकर बहुकोशिकीय रूप, जैसे कि विशाल केल्प, एक बड़ा भूरा शैवाल शामिल है जो लंबाई में 50 मीटर (160 फीट) तक बढ़ सकता है। अधिकांश जलीय होते हैं और उनमें कई विशिष्ट कोशिका और ऊतक प्रकार जैसे स्टोमेटा, जाइलम और फ्लोएम नहीं होते हैं जो भूमि पौधों में पाए जाते हैं। सबसे बड़े और सबसे जटिल समुद्री शैवाल को समुद्री शैवाल कहा जाता है, जबकि सबसे जटिल मीठे पानी के रूप चारोफाइटा हैं, जो हरे शैवाल का एक प्रभाग है जिसमें उदाहरण के लिए, स्पाइरोगाइरा और स्टोनवॉर्ट शामिल हैं। पानी द्वारा ले जाए जाने वाले शैवाल प्लवक हैं, विशेष रूप से फाइटोप्लांकटन।

शैवाल एक पॉलीफाइलेटिक समूह का गठन करते हैं[4] क्योंकि उनमें एक सामान्य पूर्वज शामिल नहीं है, और हालांकि उनके प्लास्टिड की उत्पत्ति एक ही है, साइनोबैक्टीरिया से,[5] उन्हें अलग-अलग तरीकों से प्राप्त किया गया था। हरे शैवाल शैवाल के उदाहरण हैं जिनमें प्राथमिक क्लोरोप्लास्ट एंडोसिम्बायोटिक साइनोबैक्टीरिया से प्राप्त होते हैं। डायटम और भूरे शैवाल एंडोसिम्बायोटिक लाल शैवाल से प्राप्त द्वितीयक क्लोरोप्लास्ट वाले शैवाल के उदाहरण हैं।[6] शैवाल प्रजनन रणनीतियों की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला प्रदर्शित करते हैं, सरल अलैंगिक कोशिका विभाजन से लेकर यौन प्रजनन के जटिल रूपों तक।[7] शैवाल में विभिन्न संरचनाओं का अभाव होता है जो भूमि के पौधों की विशेषता रखते हैं, जैसे कि ब्रायोफाइट्स के फीलिड्स (पत्ती जैसी संरचनाएं), गैर-संवहनी पौधों के प्रकंद और ट्रैकियोफाइट्स (संवहनी पौधों) में पाए जाने वाले जड़ें, पत्तियां और अन्य अंग। अधिकांश फोटोट्रोफिक होते हैं, हालांकि कुछ मिक्सोट्रोफिक होते हैं, जो प्रकाश संश्लेषण और ऑस्मोट्रॉफी, मायज़ोट्रॉफी या फेगोट्रॉफी द्वारा कार्बनिक कार्बन के अवशोषण दोनों से ऊर्जा प्राप्त करते हैं। हरे शैवाल की कुछ एककोशिकीय प्रजातियाँ, कई सुनहरे शैवाल, यूजलेनिड्स, डाइनोफ्लैजलेट्स और अन्य शैवाल हेटरोट्रॉफ़्स (जिन्हें रंगहीन या एपोक्लोरोटिक शैवाल भी कहा जाता है) बन गए हैं, कभी-कभी परजीवी होते हैं, पूरी तरह से बाहरी ऊर्जा स्रोतों पर निर्भर होते हैं और उनके पास सीमित या कोई प्रकाश संश्लेषक तंत्र नहीं होता है। शैवाल में प्रकाश संश्लेषक मशीनरी होती है जो अंततः साइनोबैक्टीरिया से प्राप्त होती है जो बैंगनी और हरे सल्फर बैक्टीरिया जैसे अन्य प्रकाश संश्लेषक बैक्टीरिया के विपरीत प्रकाश संश्���ेषण के उप-उत्पाद के रूप में ऑक्सीजन का उत्पादन करती है। विंध्य बेसिन से जीवाश्म फिलामेंटस शैवाल 1.6 से 1.7 अरब साल पहले के हैं।[11] शैवाल के प्रकारों की विस्तृत श्रृंखला के कारण, मानव समाज में उनके विभिन्न औद्योगिक और पारंपरिक अनुप्रयोग बढ़ रहे हैं। पारंपरिक समुद्री शैवाल खेती के तरीके हजारों सालों से मौजूद हैं और पूर्वी एशिया की खाद्य संस्कृतियों में इसकी मजबूत परंपराएं हैं। अधिक आधुनिक शैवाल कृषि अनुप्रयोग अन्य अनुप्रयोगों के लिए खाद्य परंपराओं का विस्तार करते हैं जिनमें मवेशी चारा, बायोरेमेडिएशन या प्रदूषण नियंत्रण के लिए शैवाल का उपयोग करना,

शैवाल श्रेणी  के जीव जीवों में एक अद्भुत विकास व्यवस्था है

सच्चाई तो यह है इस दुनिया में ही हुआ है जीवन

कहीं और हुआ ही न

[sandovalenst1000]

Food and the Realities Behind How We Use Our Oceans

Stemming from the world’s seemingly ever growing population, analysts also trace increased stress on the world’s food supply and production in comparison to today to be even greater, with the demand for food projected to increase by 60% by 2050 to feed a world population of 9 billion people (Breene, 2016). However due to decreasing biodiversity and struggling sustainable agriculture alongside other valuable food markets, today’s processes for feeding our world are no longer able to be continued for long term success as a society. Currently, projections display that, for the same food yield markets produce today, only half of the world’s population in 2050 can be fed (Breene, 2016), leading many to be living in hunger, or chronic undernutrition. Chronic undernutrition is defined as when an individual is living in a state where they “cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs” (Miller, 2018, p. 285), despite most people living in low income situations only having access to high-carbohydrate vegetarian foods or cheap sugary processed foods, like wheat or corn, and living in chronic malnutrition. Chronic malnutrition leads to many developmental problems for children that last into a lifetime, such as blindness from vitamin A deficiency (Miller, 2018, p. 286), and a total of at least 27 million children affected by deficiencies in the core nutrients of vitamin A, zinc, iron, and iodine. Poverty is ultimately the root of undernutrition and malnutrition, which does not allow human beings the ability to afford nutritious food to sustain basic needs, and leads to lack of food security.

With agriculture accounting for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions and 70% of freshwater withdrawals (Breene, 2016), energy and resource use must be taken into account, leading to a larger shift from industrialized agriculture to organic agriculture. Organic agriculture reduces the use of synthetic materials in farming, prevents soil erosion, uses crop rotation, utilizes biological means to sustain crops, does not use genetically modified seeds, increases renewable energy usage, reduces fossil fuel use, produces less air & water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, supports local economics, and uses no growth hormones for livestock (Miller, 2018, p. 289). In the United States, 13,000 farms are USDA-certified organic and, while these products tend to cost more from the utilization of more labor, consumers have shown an increase in buying organic products. Due to an increased consumption in meat and fish products, factory farms and fish farming are used to meet the consumer demand, leading to usage of growth hormones and unnatural feeding habits. In response, increased support of organic products and farming has emerged from consumers as they find out about how their food is being produced to meet mass demand. However, organic production can cause surface and groundwater pollution and increased erosion from practices necessary for organic farming. Despite some of the possible negatives of organic farming, the positives far outweigh the negatives. Benefits of organic farming include building organic matter (fungi) in soil, reducing water pollution, reducing erosion, using less energy, being more tolerant to weeds, more likely to survive in drought, cutting greenhouse gas emissions, being more profitable, and being able to match conventional yields (Miller, 2018, p. 313).

When thinking of biodiversity loss, many only think about the earth’s natural biodiversity, but due to consumer demand, the genetic variety of agriculture has decreased, which is referred to as agrobiodiversity (Miller, 2018, p. 298). In the United States agricultural market, 97% of the food plant varieties available in the 1940s do not exist anymore (Miller, 2018, p. 298), with many foods projected to produce from only one or two varieties in the near future.

In regards to biodiversity, aquatic biodiversity is found most in coral reefs, estuaries, and near coastal regions, in addition to ocean bottoms, due a variety of producers, habitats, and food sources. Aquatic biodiversity gives our earth the economic ability of fishing & tourism, protein and seafood for human nutrition, provides natural barriers to natural disasters, and oceans generate oxygen & absorb excess heat & carbon dioxide. Aquatic biodiversity is suffering from habitat disruption, invasive species, and pollution from human actions. Specifically, shallow, warm-water coral reefs are the home to about 25% of the world’s fish species (Miller, 2018, p. 255), but are under great threat from warming and the acidification of oceans from greenhouse gas emissions through coral bleaching, which is a process caused by rapidly warming ocean waters that strips colorful algae from shallow tropical corals and leaves white coral, weakening or killing corals (Miller, 2018, p. 255). Ocean acidification additionally is killing off the base of marine food webs, the phytoplankton, which will begin to have a greater effect on the larger ecosystem as well. In terms of invasive species, species such as the lionfish or Asian carp put extra pressure on native species for competition in territory and food, usually not faring well for native species, due to invasive species having limited or no predators in their new ecosystem. Human pollution has caused oxygen-depleted zones in coastal regions worldwide, increasing algal blooms and reducing oxygen access for organisms (Miller, 2018, pp. 258-259), in addition to microplastics, partially decomposed plastic, and toxic chemicals harming animals.

Fishing, while considered a natural and historically-significant way of using our ocean, is now harming the earth’s aquatic ecosystem through overfishing and fishing practices, such as purse-seine fishing and drift-net fishing. For example, drift-catch fishing utilizes large nets up to 50 feet deep and 40 miles long that kill bycatch, or unwanted fish, but additionally kill other marine mammals and sea turtles and stresses organisms that rely on decomposing bycatch for nutrients (Miller, 2018, p. 261). Human activities frequently kill marine animals that were not intended, such as sharks or sea turtles, while some markets find those animals appealing. Through regulations and laws, fishing as a commercial practice is more regulated and is turning towards supporting sustainably produced seafood, in addition to sustainably farmed seafood from aquaculture. In the United States, fisheries are held up to National Standard guidelines from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration from the Magnuson-Stevenson Fishery Conservation and Management Act, which was passed to prevent overfishing, replenish overfished species, provide sustainable seafood, and promote benefits associated with sustainable fishing practices (NOAA Fisheries).

Additionally, wetlands are also being protected, typically by zoning laws in the United States and by requiring federal permits to fill wetlands more than 3 acres (Miller, 2018, p. 273). Currently, mitigation banking is practiced, which is a policy that allows destruction of existing wetlands as long as an equal or greater area of the same type of wetland is created, enhanced, or restored (Miller, 2018, p. 273), despite created wetlands proven to not provide the ecological services required of them to be functional. Protecting areas such as wetlands and oceans are difficult due to many actions having an unknown effect on biodiversity, in addition to most ocean areas being outside of any federal jurisdiction and known as open-waters. Federally implemented actions have typically shown improvement on protecting targeted biodiversity and ecosystems.

Word Count: 1166/1100

Question: How has sustainable fishing proven to affect consumer demands and mindsets on seafood consumption?

Bibliography

Breene, Keith. “Food Security and Why It Matters.” World Economic Forum, January 18, 2016. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/food-security-and-why-it-matters/.

Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. Living in the Environment. 19th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2018.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Laws & Policies.” NOAA. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Accessed March 23, 2020. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/laws-policies.