#commodore c-16

[chasedbybuildings]

IIRC, in the mid-80s my brother had one of these that was bundled with his C-16 Plus/4, except that it was black/grey. We used it to tape-record our RPG sessions until I got a ghettoblaster with a better mic. You can just about see it in the bottom right-hand corner of this photo from 1986:

Commodore 1530 Datasette

[commodorez]

FujiNet: The First Five Years – Jeff Piepmeier

Five Years of FujiNet! This is the year of new “bring-ups,” exciting advances, and more features for FujiNet, the multi-peripheral network device for vintage computer enthusiasts. FujiNet made its way onto two new platforms and will be demonstrating the compact Macintosh (68k) and the TRS-80 Color Computer prototypes. The team made firmware and hardware advances for the Apple II+/e/c/gs and Commodore VIC-20/64/16/Plus4 and will be showing the Apple II production FujiNet device. Atari 400/800/XL/XE remains a perennial favorite seeing the development of aNode Desktop and moar High Score Enabled games – you can compete with your friends and other Atari gamers! The game lobby and original multiplayer games emerged onto the scene leveraging the distinctive network device and protocol adaptors. More vendors are producing devices enabled by FujiNet’s open source licenses making FujiNet more widely available. The team is more active than ever and looking forward to reaching all vintage platforms.

VCF East XIX

[aimeedaisies]

The Princess Royal’s Official Engagements in June 2023

01/06 As Colonel-in-Chief of The Royal Logistic Corps, Princess Anne attended the Freedom of the City of Winchester Parade at the Guildhall to mark the 30th Anniversary of the Corps, followed by a Service of Thanksgiving in Winchester Cathedral. 🫡

03/06 Princess Anne departed from Heathrow Airport for Canada and was received at Calgary International Airport by the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta. 🇨🇦

As President of The Duke of Edinburgh’s Commonwealth Study Conferences, HRH met with delegates and later attended a Dinner at the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity. 🌍

04/06 As President of The Duke of Edinburgh’s Commonwealth Study Conferences, HRH attended the Opening Plenary of the Commonwealth Study Conference. She departed Calgary Airport for the United Kingdom and arrived back on 05/06 🇨🇦

06/06 As Royal Patron of Motor Neurone Disease Association, attended a Care Forum at Boughton House, Kettering. 🦠

As Master of the Corporation of Trinity House, HRH attended a Younger Brethrens’ Dinner at Trinity House, Tower Hill, London EC3. 🍽️

07/06 As Master of the Corporation of Trinity House, HRH attended the Trinitytide Anniversary Annual Court Meeting, Church Service and Luncheon at Trinity House. 🥗

The Princess Royal attended the Canadian Armed Forces Day Reception at the High Commission of Canada in the United Kingdom, Canada House, Trafalgar Square. 🇨🇦

08/06 The Princess Royal, as Honorary Air Commodore of Royal Air Force Brize Norton, attended a Parade to mark the retirement of C-130J Hercules and the disbandment of 47 Squadron at Royal Air Force Brize Norton. ✈️

Her Royal Highness, As Royal Patron of the Security Institute, HRH attended a Careers Fair at the Victory Services Club 💼

As Patron, International Students House, attended a Reception. 👨‍🎓

12/06 As Patron, of the British Nutrition Foundation, Princess Anne visited Washingborough Academy in Lincoln, to mark the 11th Healthy Eating Week for Schools. 🍎

As President of Carers Trust, HRH visited the new Facilities for Carers at the Carers’ Support Service at the Old Waterworks Office in Grimsby. 🩺

As Chairman of the International Olympic Committee Members Election Commission, HRH held a Dinner at St James’s Palace. 🍽️

13/06 Held an Investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace. 🎖️

The Princess Royal, As Chairman of the International Olympic Committee Members Election Commission, held a Members Election Commission Meeting. 🤸‍♀️

14/06 Held two Investiture ceremonies at Windsor Castle. 🎖️

Received His Excellency Sir Rodney Williams (Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda) and Lady Williams. 🇦🇬

15/06 The Princess Royal as Colonel of The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons) carried out the following engagements;

Attended the parading of the new Sovereign’s Standard to the Regiment followed by a Reception at Hyde Park Barracks.💂‍♂️

Attended a Household Cavalry Council Meeting at Hyde Park Barracks. 🐴

The new Sovereign’s Standard to The Blues and Royals was presented by HRH to HM in the Quadrangle of Buckingham Palace and was received with a Royal Salute. After the new Standard was consecrated, The Parade subsequently ranked past HM and HRH. 🚩

As President of the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, attended the Fellows’ Reception at the Royal Geographical Society. 🌍

16/06 The Princess Royal, as Colonel of The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), presided over a Conference attended by the Colonels of the Regiments of the Household Division. HRH subsequently attended the Senior Colonels’ Dinner at Clarence House. 🫡

17/06 In her role as Colonel-in-Chief of the Blues and Royals and Gold Stick in Waiting, the Princess Royal along with Sir Tim and other members of the royal family attended King Charles first Trooping the Colour Parade as monarch. 💂‍♂️

His Majesty was followed by The Prince of Wales (Colonel, Welsh Guards), The Princess Royal (Colonel, The Blues and Royals, Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons) and The Duke of Edinburgh (Royal Honorary Colonel, 1st Battalion London Guards) on horseback down the Mall towards Horse Guards Parade. Duchess Sophie, Sir Tim and the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester travelled in carriages and the Duke of Kent (Colonel, Scots Guards) followed by car. 🐎

The troops on Parade, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Livesey, Welsh Guards (Field Officer in Brigade Waiting), received The King with a Royal Salute. 🫡

After the Parade, the RF rode back to Buckingham Palace on horseback, in carriages and by car. The Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment and The King’s Troop, Royal Horse Artillery ranked past The King on arrival at Buckingham Palace. 🐴

The royal family stood on the balcony of Buckingham Palace and witnessed a fly-past by aircraft of the Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force. ✈️

19/06 The Princess Royal and Sir Tim with other members of the royal family and other members of the Garter attended a Chapter of the Most Noble Order of the Garter in the Throne Room, Windsor Castle.

They all later attended a Luncheon Party for the Companions of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. 🥪

An Installation Service was held in St George’s Chapel at which two new members were installed in the order. 🪶

20/06 As Colonel, The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons), attended a Dinner at Drapers’ Hall. 🍽️

Unofficial Attended day one of Royal Ascot with Zara and Mike Tindall, Peter Phillips and Lindsay Wallace 🐎

21/06 Unofficial Princess Anne, Sir Tim, Zara & Mike Tindall and other members of the RF attended day two of Royal Ascot. 🐴

22/06 Unofficial Princess Anne, Sir Tim, Zara & Mike Tindall and other members of the RF attended Ladies Day, day three of Royal Ascot. 🐴

23/06 Visited the Royal Highland Show at the Royal Highland Centre in Edinburgh where she met exhibitors, farmers, animals and sampled local food and drink. ��🐑🧀🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

24/06 Attended the Icelandic Horse Society British Championships and Summer Festival at Washbrook Farm, Aston le Walls. 🇮🇸🐎

27/06 Attended the opening ceremony of the World Equestrian Festival, CHIO Aachen, Germany. 🇩🇪🐎

28/06 Toured behind the scenes and met team GB at the World Equestrian Festival, CHIO Aachen, Germany. 🇩🇪🇬🇧

29/06 The Princess Royal, as President of Carers Trust, accompanied by Sir Tim, attended a Reception in London SW1. 🦽

Princess Anne as Patron of United Kingdom Sailing Academy, accompanied by Sir Tim, attended a Founders’ Club Dinner at the Corporation of Trinity House. ⛵️

30/06 The Princess Royal presented Prize Day awards at the Royal School Haslemere. 🏆

Total official engagements for Anne in June: 40

2023 total so far: 262

Total official engagements accompanied by Tim in June : 6

2023 total so far: 56

[samflir]

How computer memory should be measured

I now have a conversion utility for going from old units to new ones! You can find it at my website here: https://samflir.neocities.org/newmemory

The problem with the current units

2^10 has no significance to modern computers using 8-bit bytes. 1000 has no significance to any binary computer. These reasons alone should've ruled out the current units having ever been used. They're horribly arbitrary, and although 2^10 is a marginally better option, it's still terrible.

To make an analogy with a unit we're all fine with measuring in non-metric units, we didn't redefine a year to be 1000 days long because it looks nicer. Years are still 365.25 days because time is fundamentally not base-10. Divisions of a day could go metric and in fact should, but you could not hope to make time metric beyond that. Yet this is what computer scientists have attempted to do to computer memory.

The better option

If you're familiar with the 8-bit microcomputer programming scene, you may have heard the first 256 bytes of the 6502 processor's address space being called the "zero page". This is because the most significant byte of its addresses are all 0.

From this we get the page, the fundamental grouping of bytes under the new system. For very small amounts of memory, measuring in just pages and bytes is fine. For example, the ZX Spectrum had exactly 192 pages of RAM at launch (48KB).

A page of memory is defined as the number of memory locations that can be addressed using a single byte. (2^bytewidth bytes) Note that this could vary wildly with different byte sizes. People think of a byte as strictly a grouping of 8 bits today, but byte sizes varied in early computers. The virtual computer series uses 16-bit bytes, so its 65,536 total memory locations are still only 1 page of memory. To know exactly how many bits are in a page, you need to know the byte size first, which is almost always 8 bits in modern systems.

Extensions

Obviously measuring the vast amounts of computer storage used by today's Big Data™ in units of 256 bytes is hopeless. That's where Lojban digits come in. Instead of needing to make up arbitrary prefixes as required like in the current system, just prefix a Lojban number that acts as a power to the number of pages specified.

Lojban digits are no, pa, re, ci, vo, mu, xa, ze, bi, so for 0-9. Pages could be called papages but are not, as they are a reasonable exception to the number pages as the default.

Lojban digits string together like phone numbers to form bigger numbers, so 10 is pano, 112 is papare, etc.

In an 8-bit byte system, 1 repage is 256^2 bytes, or 64KB. The Commodore 64 having 1 repage of RAM demonstrates an elegant aspect of this system, of maximum possible addressable RAM sizes being units themselves, rather than multiples of units.

8-bit addressing = 256 bytes = 1 page (MK14)

16-bit addressing = 64KB = 1 repage (Commodore 64)

32-bit addressing = 4GB = 1 vopage (32-bit processors)

If a computer has 1 unit of memory in total, the number in the unit tells you how many bytes are needed to address all of memory. If it doesn't have exactly 1 unit, then the number of the biggest unit tells you how high the most significant addressing byte will ever be + 1.

This system is extensible as far as practical purposes could ever require, and allows a reader to instantly calculate how many bytes any arbitrarily-large unit is, provided they're familiar with the Lojban digits used. It also clearly shows the underlying structure of how memory in computers is organised.

Notation

Pages are abbreviated to capital P and bytes to capital B with Lojban number prefixes abbreviated to their consonants n, p, r, c, v, m, x, z, b, s. The most significant unit is placed before the number, and subsequent page sizes are introduced with colons, before bytes introduced with a dot. Here are some examples:

431615 bytes = rP 6:149.255

12 bytes = B 12 or P 0.12

Should a byte width need specifying, add that as a number prefixed by a W to the start. The virtual computer series' RAM size could be measured as W 16 P 1.

But wouldn't non-technical people struggle with this?

Non-astronomers cope fine with our current base-24:60:60 time system and base-365.25 calendar. They'll cope fine. Non-economists also coped fine with and were resistant to changing Britain's £sd currency system and that was a pointlessly non-decimal system! The obvious benefits of the new system more than make up for any initial confusion with dealing with it. Not everything needs to be, or should be decimalised.

[ltwilliammowett]

Christmas in the southern hemisphere

We always associate Christmas with snow and cold. But what do we do when there is simply no snow and it is so damn warm? Well, the expedition of the Austrian SMS Novara, which set out from Trieste on 30 April 1857 and returned on 26 August 1859 after sailing around the world, can tell us.

SMS Novara among the countries visited (x)

The chronicler of the Novara's circumnavigation was the geologist Ferdinand v. Hochstetter (1829-1884), who was on board and sent regular reports to Vienna. Around Christmas 1857, the Abendblatt of the Wiener Zeitung of 30 October 1858, barely ten months later, read: "Sailing fast with the trade wind, we passed the Tropic of Capricorn from 16 to 17 December and on the 17th had the sun vertically above our apex [...]. Already on the 18th we saw flying fish again, the inhabitants of the tropical seas, and when Christmas week began, the time when one seeks cosy warmth by the fireside at home, the tropical warmth began for us at first with 24° C., but then rose day by day by almost a degree to 28° and 29° C., with which the bathing season, the sherbet season and the time of white clothes began again on board, and we thus also had a white Christmas." Once again it is evident that the men far from home knew how to seize the opportunity.

Dr. Ferdinand Hochstetter in his cabin on board the frigate Novara on the voyage around the world, painted by his travelling companion Maler Selleny on the ocean in 1857. (x)

"We celebrated Christmas Eve in the southern hemisphere at latitude 5°-6°, first in merry company and then each in his own way, reminiscing and thinking of home and his own. On Christmas Day, a solemn mass and afterwards, as is the custom, a festive dinner with the officers, to which the commodore, the commander and the naturalists were also invited. "There were also Christmas presents, because without telling the person concerned, the relatives had secretly given presents to the comrades, who then kept them and later gave them out to the persons.

A little later it began to rain heavily, followed by tropical nights at the equator. "For three long and hot days, from the 29th to the 31st of December, we lay between 1° south and 0° in perfect calm and had to sweat profusely on New Year's Eve and New Year's Night at 28-29° C. Nevertheless, the champagne glass rang out in lively celebration for the benefit of our loved ones and friends at home."

So no matter where you were, you tried everything to hold on to those fond traditions and memories and also to keep morale high like the others in the Expeditionary Service, the Navy or the Merchants.

[pixelartkid]

Atari Expo 2023 Chile

Atari Expo 2023, was an event dedicated exclusively to the hardware of Atari like Atari 2600 (also known as VCS) and Atari 800 (micro-Computer), and Atari ST (hardware of 16 bits).

The place of the event was on a Saturday (July 22) (in a day very rainy winter) in Biblioteca de Santiago in Matucana 151.

Some Atari Hardware like 400, 600, 800, 800 XL

There are small stands that sell some Homebrew software & Atari Merch, for example, Lost Squadron for Atari 800 XL & XE was developed in 2020 by Janusz Chabowski (Code and sprite graphic) and Michal Szpilowski (Music and SFX), this game was the winner of the ABBUC competition (Atari Bit Byte User Club since 1985).

Shump top down for Atari XL/ XE

I knew some people of the Atari Community in Chile, they make Homebrew & created games for Atari.

1) Vladimir Zuñiga better known as VHZC is an enthusiastic indie game developer, he writes his games in Basic for Atari 2600, and he is a Graphic Designer, developer in Front End for Websites.

Game of the Bear 2 Much to Bear. (Atari 2600 & 7800 version)

You can play his game here: VCHZ Itch.io

2) Victor Parada, a Programmer with experience, and an indie Homebrew developer by hobby, like to create a game for Atari 800 in an optimized way and he write his games in Assembler with 10 lines only, he show me his recent project in an Atari 800 XL; Block Chaser.

You can play his game here: Vitoco Website

Block Chaser is still in its development!

3) Marcelo Waldbaum & Pedro Caraball , were the founders of Turbosoft in 1987 in Argentina with to Mauro Pieressa & Pedro Dominguez & In 1988 they founded TurboSoft in Chile and in with Coelsa company (official Atari hardware & software dealers) developed and they sold various products for Atari 800, maybe they are the first software and hardware developer in our country.

They developed:

- Loading Game with System and Error detector for Cassette (DCE) while loading a game you could play Tubo Tennis (before that Namco patented the mini-game in the loading screen for PlayStation games)

-Otari (a machine that copies cassettes)

-Cassette with 6 games for play in 1991

-Loading Software Injektor (reduce the time of load to 45 Seconds, before the cassettes, were take between 5-8 minutes to load the program

-Turbo Cartridge of 64K (between 9 to 25 games)

-Turbo VHS, you can play videogames in VHS (yes, read well in VHS)

-Revista Turbo News (1989-1991) a magazine about games and Hardwares of Atari with advertising of Coelsa.

I suggest watch the documental in Spanish of Frognum on his Youtube channel: Here

3) Robert Jaeger, the legendary indie game developer famous for making Montezuma Revenge published by the legendary Parker Brothers in 1983 for Atari 2600, 800, Commodore 64, etc, gave us a preview of his next new projects and answers us via live broadcast of our question.

Recently he launched the Version Montezuma Revenge for NES programmed by Felipe Renaud, who was written the game in Assembler (Felipe Renaud is a Chilean Programmer, who currently working at UbiSoft), Robert Jaeger has founded Normal Distribution LLC his new game company, and they made a Kickstarter for Montezuma NES in 2019, and the game packaging and Manual was designed by Alejandro Cobelli (Youtuber of "Juego del Recuerdo").

Recently Montezuma Revenge's has a new version was released on Steam, Nintendo Switch, and Mobile devices.

Also, I met with José Bargas, who is working with Robert Jaeger on an update called Director Cut, he made Montezuma Maker, a Romhack of the original with more rooms of 16 K to 32 K (an expansion of the original in resume).

Montezuma Revenge for Atari 800 was released by Parker Brothers, but in our country, we received the unfinished version, a copy, when Robert Jaeger was looking for a publisher with the Demo and finally this was filtered from the CES 1982, which was the most popular version for the Chilean users of a Atari 800. During the day I met with old friend, how I met some youtubers of my country.

[militaryleak]

Indonesian Air Force and Royal Malaysian Air Force Conduct Coordinated Patrol to Secure Strait of Malacca

The Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU) and the Royal Malaysian Air Force (TUDM) have undertaken Coordinated Patrol (Patkor Malindo Series I/2024) operations to ensure security along the Indonesia-Malaysia border, specifically in the Strait of Malacca. Indonesia deployed two F-16 C/D Fighting Falcon fighter jets from the 16th Air Squadron, 6th Air Wing at Roesmin Nurjadin Air Base. These aircraft were piloted by First Lieutenants Galih Rakasiwi and Ghazi Umar Marzuq. After taking off from Roesmin Nurjadin Air Base in Pekanbaru, the two TNI AU F-16s rendezvoused with two TUDM F-18 for a joint patrol over the Strait of Malacca. Air Base Commander of Roesmin Nurjadin, Air Commodore Feri Yunaldi, emphasized the significance of this collaboration between Indonesia and Malaysia. Yunaldi stated that the primary objective is to safeguard the airspace and waters of the Strait of Malacca, thus fostering security and stability for both nations. He highlighted that strengthening bilateral relations is crucial, given that the Strait of Malacca is one of the busiest maritime routes in the world. Ensuring its security is vital for maintaining the smooth flow of economic activities. #military #defense #defence #militaryleak

The Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU) and the Royal Malaysian Air Force (TUDM) have undertaken Coordinated Patrol (Patkor Malindo Series I/2024) operations to ensure security along the Indonesia-Malaysia border, specifically in the Strait of Malacca. Indonesia deployed two F-16 C/D Fighting Falcon fighter jets from the 16th Air Squadron, 6th Air Wing at Roesmin Nurjadin Air Base. These aircraft were…

[gmlocg]

222.) Thrust

Release: May, 1986 | GGF: Action, Shoot 'Em Up, Physics | Developer(s): Jeremy C. Smith | Publisher(s): Firebird Software, Superior Software Ltd., Silverbird Software Ltd., Hozer Video Games, Pixels Past | Platform(s): Amstrad CPC (1986), Atari 8-bit (1986), BBC Micro (1986), Commodore 64 (1986), Electron (1986), ZX Spectrum (1986), Commodore 16, Plus/4 (1987), Atari ST (1988), Atari 2600 (2000)

[ntrlily]

For people who are not rabid fans of 16bit computers (the original audience I had in mind while writing) here is some extra context I think may help(?)

8086- a line of 16bit intel CPUs. This is the ancestor of the amd64 chip most modern personal computers have (with exceptions for the apple silicon computers, people who still use 32-bit CPUs or older and some weird outliers)

ASM- assembly code. This is human-readable instructions that directly translate into machine code a CPU can read and execute. Different CPUs and operating systems will have different languages and variants, based on the architecture and purposes of these machine. This is as opposed to high level languages such as python or C# which are further abstracted from the CPU, and individual commands don't inherently translate to a single, specific CPU command.

Registers- a couple of small piece of fast storage that a CPU can access. This is where 8/16/32/64 bit CPUs differ, an 8 bit register can store 8 digits, a 16-bit register can store 16 digits, so on. On an 8086 CPU, some registers are divided into a "higher" and "lower" half, and some code accesses only one of these 8-bit halves, or it accesses both halves but uses them separately (Like using the higher half to decide what to do, and the lower half to decide how to do it.)

Interrupt- A request for the CPU to stop executing code to do a particular function. Based on which interrupt you call, and the values stored in the register at the time it is called, it will do different things like print a character, print a string, change the monitor resolution, accept a keypress, so on and so forth. This is very hardware and OS-dependent :)

Binary-compatibility- The ability of a computer system to run the same compiled code as another computer (As opposed to needing to cross-compile, or even rewrite the code entirely)

IBM PC compatibles are x86 computers that can run code for a contemporary IBM PC, as opposed to non-compatibles such as Apple computers. Semi-compatibles like the Tandy 2000 can sort of run IBM PC code but have some structural differences that cause parts of a piece of code to fail to work properly.

Apple computers have different CPUs entirely, while the PC-9800 series does use x86 CPUs. They just run a modified version of MS-DOS that's specialized for a Japanese market, and these modifications mean machine code for standard MS-DOS won't run on a PC-98.

If you have any questions about old computers feel free to ask away :) I am mostly knowledgeable about 16-bit computers, but I do have some 8 bit knowledge as well (primarily the Commodore 64) But maybe send them to @elfntr since that's where I usually post more technical computer stuff (as opposed to the more general computerposting I do here XD)

In conventional MS-DOS 8086 ASM, you display a single character by loading a value into AX and calling interrupt 0x10 so like

MOV AH,0Eh ;tells int 10h to do teletype output MOV AL,"H" ;character to print INT 10h

now, AH and AL here are two 8-bit halves of the 16bit register AX (the high byte and low byte respectively) which means that this display method means conventional MS-DOS can only use up to 256 characters-- and don't forget that this includes control characters like say, line feed, carriage return, escape, so on... not just printed characters. To display a newline in 8086 MS-DOS ASM you can do:

MOV AX,0E0Ah INT 10h MOV AL,0Dh INT 10h

(i shortened the first command compared to the original snippet because you now understand the relationship between AX, AH, and AL, dear reader. This saves a few CPU clocks :)

So you're pretty limited on the number of characters you can display.... and that's why PC-98 MS-DOS is not binary compatible with standard flavor MS-DOS XD

Like, you can display 65536 characters if you use an entire 16-bit register for the character code and use another register to call the print operation, but first you need to have a reason to do this and to actually do it.

[hydralisk98]

LEARNBLR #2, Weekend-mode engaged

New hexadecimal number system based around Latin/Cyrrilic/Greek letters so around (A,B,C,D,E,F,K,M,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z)

'Argentique'

12x12 pixel cells & ~12x12 cells grid

MINIX3

TIS-100 low-power as low as possible tech-level requirements

Microsoft BOB's Chaos as virtual assistant analogy

SVG

Free and Open Source Software community

Georgism

Syndicalism

Libertarianism

Nomad48 color palette

OpenPOWER

ITS

CTSS

Multics

IPL

Tumblr 'WIN3D' theme custom overhaul

HyperCard/HyperTalk

Hypermedia with static HTML/CSS pages

Analog and home video rental store analogies

Lisp family structural and symbolic meta-programming similarities

Swift programming language

Fish shell

ZealC easy low-level access, full transparency and in-line multimedia editing

Esolangs site's deque, mysticism and analogical turing tarpit assomptions

Wax cylinders -> 45rpm autoplay small-size vinyls -> large Laserdiscs -> middle-sized optical symbolic disks

Cassettes -> Datasettes -> MiniDiscs -> SD cards

JVM & bytecode compiler/interpreter

Minitel, Prestel, Alex & Bulletin Board Systems, SAM Coupe, Armstrad CPC, Commodore 64, CBM II, SEGA Computer 3000,

Ural computer, MIR-1, MIR-2, russian ALGOL variants, Akademset, OGAS, Soviet Electronic Data Processing, Soviet Unit Record Equipment, BK-0010, AGAT, Law on Cooperatives, Runet, Yandex, OK, VK, EVM, SM EVM, Robotron, Hungarians' TPA, fifth generation computers initative up to 2010 from Japan & Bulgaria, Didaktik, Z9001, K-202, Galaksija, Rapira, Superplan, ALGOL68 with ALGOL W elements, Karel, SAKO, AGAT Schoolgirl's Robic, Perl, Rak...

NOOR, Teuton, BASICOIS, Smalltalk, Lusus, LOGO, FOCAL, Scratch, UTF-8,

Digital Equipment Corporation's COS-310, DIBOL, DECmate III(+?) & OpenVMS

Sun Microsystems' Voyager & misc. hardware

Konrad Zuse's KG

Wolfenstein The New Order's Pflaumen brand, Arya and Tekla

Computer job ladies from all times in history

Microsoft F# & F*

OpenXanadu project

Xerox Alto

SEGA Dreamcast hardware first edition

Olivetti Programma 101

Elektronika MK-52

Transmuters from Atari

PLATO V system's TUTOR language

Pixar early CGI renders

Pouet.net and all the demoscene world

Keypad-based I/O controls?

Cyberware augmentations?

First Tier aka playable Civs: Shoshones, Morocco, Assyrians as Inuits, Mayas Civ, Portugal, Polynesia...

Second Tier aka non-playable Civs: Poland, Songhay, Persia, Carthage, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Sweden, Iroquois as Hurons, Austria, Brazil, Incas, Ottomans, Netherlands, Venice.

City-States: [to be written]

Barbarians, Rebels, Observers and more: [to be written]

Constructed world considerations such as 12-bit tribbles as smallest data unit, multilingual coding paradigm, alternate history of media formats, 16^3 (so 3 elements of 16 unique possible sub-glyph each) ideogrammic dictionary, synthetic android machines of the Stellaris' Rogue Servitor vibe, no Wilsonism or at least way less of such, electricity cars are way ahead, harmonious collaboration on technologies, more variety in ways of thinking aka spirituality and rationalism coexist better, Panian grammars strongly credited link to Turing+Church thesis, less spatial exploration, even less extroverts success compared to introverts, smaller world, more isolation in between social spheres so less harmonious as of the last few decades, less biological matters understanding, medical technologies somewhat behind by two decades, cross-dimensional idiosyncratic imports, synthetic developments ahead by ~20-40 years, free high education similar to Soviet Union / Russia's, much wild-west style software piracy space on the sidelines, many super advanced free software resources to levels like Habrahabr and beyond, synthetic service grids outpacing human agencies' controls yet keeping a neutral attitude towards humans, many disperate computer networks instead of the world wide web we know, lesser adoption of such hyperTech by the laymen as non-enthusiasts went back to some sort of early 20th century-style primitivisms, some sort of aesthetic subculture tribe diversification developments growing real strong as of the last two decades, earlier global pandemic around 1996-2000, advanced nuclear energy abundance, more cross-national collaboration + harmony, sapient-kinds inclusivity as early as the last century or the last half-millenia, longer historical record going back more than ~2000 further into their past (so like 3000 BC instead of 1000 BC here)...

So I want to make a general-purpose (if I had to choose one topic, it would be to describe symbolic computation ala 'TuringTarpit' around video rental store deque operations) programming language 'Servitor' with specific analogical media and low-tech [any medieval scroll vellum media included] constraints in mind.

[usafphantom2]

IMAGES: Australia starts Pitch Black, with 100 aircraft from 17 nations

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 08/21/2022 - 7:11 PM in Military, Military Operations

The Royal Australian Air Force began its great international Pitch Black maneuver over the Northern Territory of Australia, with the participation of 100 military aircraft from 17 nations.

From August 19 to September 8, 16 nations joined Australian forces for maneuvers aimed at improving interoperability and developing strong relationships.

This year, more than 100 aircraft and 2,500 people including military and civilians from Australia, France, Germany, Canada, Indonesia, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Korea, New Caledonia, the Philippines and the Netherlands will participate in the joint exercise.

For the first time in the history of the biennial maneuver, Germany, Japan and the Republic of Korea are expected to participate fully. Germany is participating in the exercise as part of its deployment in the Rapid Pacific, which the head of the German Air Force, Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz, described as "the largest and most challenging deployment the German Air Force has ever seen".

Exercise Commander Air Commodore (AIRCDRE) Tim Alsop said that the return of Exercise Pitch Black marked an excellent opportunity to strengthen partnerships and promote regional stability.

"With the participation of 17 nations, the Pitch Black exercise will allow the RAAF to work with our allies and partners, sharing tactics and procedures that will increase interoperability between our forces.

“Several countries are participating in Pitch Black for the first time, and we welcome you to the exercise and the magnificent Northern Territory.”

“Pitch Black is a great force employment exercise, conducted by fighter combat scenarios. This year, significant efforts have been made to advance air-to-air refueling capacity among many of the participating nations," said AIRCDRE Alsop.

“Air-to-air refueling is a force multiplier, providing essential range for our combat aircraft. Working with the participating nations aims to increase our strength projection and maximize our capacity."

“We would like to thank the Northern Territory community for their continued support and interest in the Pitch Black Exercise and welcome all international participants in the exercise.”

The exercise will include day and night flights and the Australian Ministry of Defense is working to minimize the impact on the local community and the environment.

The exercise will be carried out in the Northern Territory with forces based mainly on Darwin and Tindal RAAF bases and supporting elements at Amberley's RAAF Base.

Tags: Military AviationPitch BlackRAAF - Royal Australian Air Force/Royal Australian Air Force

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Fernando Valduga

Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, he has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has works published in a specialized aviation magazine in Brazil and abroad. He uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation.

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[katnissmellarkkk]

Alrightttt, I’m on a roll so we’re going onto chappy five 🥳🥳🥳😎😎

I know the movies made the Capitol — re: basically only Effie and maybe Caesar — have those ridiculous made up accents but .... I actually feel like the description of the Capitol accent in the book is supposed to be like the Kardashians or Paris Hilton’s voice. 🤷🏼‍♀️

“Why do these people speak in such a high pitch? Why do their jaws barely open when they talk? Why do the ends of their sentences go up as if they're asking a question? Odd vowels, clipped words, and always a hiss on the letter s. no wonder it's impossible not to mimic them.” Like this is a pretty good description of how Kim Kardashian and her sisters talk. And Suzzy C did say she was inspired by the juxtaposition between war news footage and ridiculous reality television shows so... I think my theory of the Capitol all talking like they’re on the Real Housewives of LA is pretty valid.

Just imagine Paris Hilton as Effie and Nicole Richie as one of her preps

Lolololol this whole section of waxing is reminding me to go get my legs waxed 😭😭😭 straight up calling me out here, Suzanne

I like how Katniss says her stylist “apparently has no interest in seeing her until the prep team has addressed obvious problems.” Like you can tell from her narration she was expecting to feel the same was about Cinna that she does about Effie and her prep team.

The “gritty loam that takes off dirt and three layers of skin” is probably just a strong exfoliator 😭😭😭 my girl knows nothing about quality skincare 🤧🤧 someone build a Panem Sephora

She mentioned them waxing her underarms.... girl, did you have hairy armpits before this? Idk why this revelation is new to me

“Grease her down!” Just sounds wrong 😅😅😅😅 I need to stop being annoying omg I’m like a twelve year old

Hmm it’s funny to me that Katniss refers to Octavia as plump. You’d think in a place like the Capitol body image and weight would be very important. Unless it’s like back in the old, old days when being overweight was a sign of wealth. Which would make more sense so this was an unnecessary thought process curtesy of Samantha

Katniss faking a smile and thanking her prep team shows she does know how to play the game and fake it better than she says.

So ... okay, hear me out, I’m not trying to get over the top or make this into something it’s not but ... the whole stylists / Cinna coming into the room and staring at her naked is a little weird. Especially considering Cinna isn’t Lenny Kravitz who’s like a bit older than her but actually like a twenty-something year old dude.

But okay, here’s the thing I was getting at ... Cinna’s one of the best people in this series and you can’t deny that. Even if you find him boring, he’s still one of Katniss’ closest people. Also he’s probably gay. But like ... what about the other stylists? I don’t wanna be that person who makes everything more than it is, but like, this scene just sounds like a perfect opportunity for some Capitol creep to assault a teenager idk I’m probably making a mountain out of a molehill just ignore Samantha okay.

That’s nice that he complimented her mama though 🥰🥰🥰

So Katniss calls District Twelve the least desirable district but ... doesn’t District Eleven suck too? Like she also later says District Twelve is the smallest and the poorest but doesn’t she also say Rue is worse off than her and Prim? Make up your mind, Suz.

Cinna claims he asked for District Twelve but did he really get an option? 😅 If it’s his first year and Katniss claims the newbies get them anyway 🤷🏼‍♀️ Samantha is once again, reading too much into this.

Awww, Katniss is thinking about how long it would take for her to assemble this fancy meal at home 🤧🤧🤧 it would take her days and the Capitol just has the necessary resources at their disposal and they just takes it for granted. And yes, I’m aware this is supposed to be calling all us readers out who take so much for granted I know. We’re the Capitol.

“How would I spend the hours I now commit to combing the woods for sustenance if it were so easy to come by?” It’s honestly so sad but so vital to her character that Katniss has zero hobbies or real free time. Her life is about surviving. She doesn’t get to live or enjoy very much of her time. She dedicates everything to keeping Prim — and her mother — alive, sacrificing everything a teenage girl should be doing. Sacrificing even the things the other girls in her world get to do. She mentions the merchant girls and the Seam girls who are more experienced romantically and sexually and socially than her. Because she doesn’t get to be a kid or innocent or even happy, in order to focus on her and her family’s survival. And the things she does enjoy, like spending time with Gale or dancing with Prim (mentioned in Mockingjay) she downplays in case they’re taken away, because nothing good is secure in her eyes. 🥺🥺🥺

Okay but what did Katniss’ facial expression give away that Cinna knew exactly what she was thinking? Or is she just less emotionless than she and Haymitch both claim? Ironically I think they’re the only people who call her emotionless which can easily be chalked up to their self-hate and terrible self-esteems.

Katniss is so afraid they’re gonna make her be naked for the parade 😭. Honestly though they’re children that’s so creepy that they’re even allowed to make 15/16/17 year olds be naked in a parade. I mean I know they kill kids every year but isn’t there like child pornography laws in Panem? 😭

“You’re not afraid of fire, are you, Katniss?” Is so foreshadowing 😭😂😅😎 Caesar Flickerman’s voice “Katniss Everdeen, the girl on fire!”

Honestly though Cinna is smart to make Katniss recognizable in the arena by leaving her with simple makeup. I know and the sky is blue we all know this already beating the dead horses until the farmer comes home.

“It crosses my mind that Cinna's calm and normal demeanor masks a complete madman.” It’s true though 😅😅😅😭😭 he was always a rebel. I actually think he may have asked for District Twelve after Katniss volunteered, because he saw the potential in her. Poor Peeta. Baby, I’m rooting you for even if no one else is.

Also I always found it a bit .... curious? That Peeta had a female stylist and Katniss had a male one? Not just because of the required nudity, you’d just think men would do better as a boy’s stylist and a woman would make a better girl’s stylist. So yes, my whole Cinna was interested in District Twelve because Katniss seemed like a good symbol for a rebellion idea seems very plausible.

I know I know I know I read wayyy too much into this stuff sometimes a cigarette 🚬 is just a cigarette 🚬

Katniss being relieved when Peeta shows up 😭😭😭 because even if she won’t admit it and even if she won’t let herself trust him, she still sees him unconsciously and completely against her will as a comfort because they’re in this thing together in a way, even if they’re supposed to try and kill each other

And honestly, it’s such a like... relatable feeling? To feel alone and nervous and uptight and then someone who you recognize — even if you maybe aren’t even friends with but you at least know — shows up and you just instantly feel less alone. I’m totally looking at this through shipper goggles and I’m not even ashamed you all knew who’s blogging you were reading ight? 😂🤣🤷🏼‍♀️

“He should know about fire, being a baker's son and all.” And he’s gonna learn a lot more about it when he falls in love — for real, falls in love, not a childhood infatuation — with the girl on fire. 🥰🥰🥰

But also, I love this particular line on a reread because it totally is an indicator towards their future. Like Peeta knows about fire, he’s experienced with how to handle it, and later on, he becomes the only person who truly comes to understand Katniss, who represents fire, in a way that no one else could ever imagine.

Hmmm, Katniss’ point of view here, talking about how Portia and Peeta’s team seem all giddy and air-headed and it’s only Cinna who seems reserved makes me rethink my previous imaginings of Peeta’s stylist. Maybe she’s just a Capitolite idiot and nothing like Cinna. And my baby got a raw deal here then too. Good thing Haymitch loves him more. Just kidding 😅😅😅

But also I wanna know why Cinna is hesitant to accept congratulations for his and Portia’s idea? Wasn’t he at least lowkey excited about it when he pitched it a page ago?

Their horses are coal black 🐴 😅. I like that they went the whole nine yards with the theme. Nothing but the best for the kids on Death Row.

Aww Katniss asking Peeta what he thinks about being set on fire is so sweet and pure for some reason. I just find their commodore here cute ok

“I'll rip off your cape if you'll rip off mine” this is literally their first friend type of interaction and it’s so pure y’all leave me be I’m emotional for them

🙃 Also lowkey reminds me of “I’ll show you mine if you show me yours.” Everyone look away ok I’m sorry

Peeta’s shady/annoyed Haymitch comment and Katniss’ joke at his expense 🤣🤣😂🤣😂😂🥲🥲☺️🥲🥲 they’re bonding it’s so presh

“And suddenly we're both laughing.” I hope they laugh a lot together post-canon 🥲🥲🥲. If they can make the other laugh during their terrible circumstances, then they can make the other laugh anywhere. 🤧 Except in Thirteen because he’s hijacked and she’s certifiable and they’re both so used and abused and 🥺🥺🥺🥺

Okay I have to say, Suzanne Collins really builds up a lot for certain events and then just like grazes over the actual action of said event? Like she builds towards the tribute parade but then kind of rushes through off the actual event itself? It’s a common theme in her writing. And I don’t like it at all ngl.

Oh wait she doesn’t actually rush the parade events the paragraph before just looked like she was about to I jumped the gun 🤣😂🤭 but what I said is still completely true for many events in these books sorry not sorry

I’m definitely reading too much into it but the fact that District One — the favorite of the Capitol — gets snow white horses and District Twelve gets coal black horsies kind of ... seems to imply something .... 🤭

Cinna just lets out a sigh of relief “it worked” like ... way to fill your tributes with hope, dude. “Yeah, you’re totally safe, don’t be scared-OH THANK GOD THAT WORKED I wasn’t actually sure you wouldn’t blow up.” But actually this answers my previous inquiry about why he seemed hesitant I guess he wasn’t even sure this wouldn’t burn them up that’s nice 🤭🙃

It’s a literal trial by fire *cue drum hit* 🥁 aww, I just cracked myself up 😭

“Then he gently tucks a hand under my chin. "Remember, heads high. Smiles. They're going to love you!" This is caught halfway between being very Capitol-y and very father-brotherly and idk which way to take it but it’s kind of cute 🤭

“For the first time, I look at him and realize that ablaze with the fake flames, he is dazzling.” This is such a significant line because Katniss isn’t saying Peeta is technically good looking (like when Haymitch said they were decently attractive) or someone else thinks he’s good looking (i.e Gale, her mother and lowkey Finnick) but she’s saying she herself thinks he’s attractive. Girl, your crush is showing.

"I think he said for us to hold hands," says Peeta.” I’m sure Cinna actually did say that but this just seems like a very good opportunity for Peeta to hold the hand of the girl he has a massive crush on. 😭😭😭

Okay Cinna gave a thumbs up so he actually was saying that but can you imagine Peeta’s excitement right now?

I mean, yeahhhh, there’s the certain death looming over him too but like live in the moment, babe. 🥰😘🤗👌🏻

I like that Katniss says the crowd is at first like 😳😳😳 before they start cheering like they’re thinking “what are these backwoods, hillbilly kids doing this year?”

“At first, I'm frozen, but then I catch sight of us on a large television screen and am floored by how breathtaking we look. In the deepening twilight, the firelight illuminates our faces” okay they both have to be pretty naturally attractive people objectively, because you illuminate my face without much makeup and no one is gonna be cheering.

“Remember, heads high. Smiles. They're going to love you! I hear Cinna's voice in my head. I lift my chin a bit higher, put on my most winning smile, and wave with my free hand.” I wonder what the true difference is for Katniss between Cinna and Effie saying this to her? Maybe it’s that Effie is just outright mean to her sometimes whereas Cinna shows her nothing but kindness from the start and expresses sympathy and understanding? It’s probably that he’s already earning her trust versus Effie who’s just cruel I’m not over her comments on the train ok

“I'm glad now I have Peeta to clutch for balance, he is so steady, solid as a rock.” Right from the start, Katniss refers to Peeta as solid and steady. Idk, I feel like this is something that the movies really misses along the way. Katniss wasn’t always strong or confident at all and Peeta, at least publicly, exuded those qualities pretty well. Samantha’s complaining again ™️ 💁🏼‍♀️🤦🏼‍♀️

Also this is just outright foreshadowing how Peeta will eventually become her rock. Or that he will be soon painted a rock ... pick and choose which way you wanna go with this. 🤷🏼‍♀️💁🏼‍♀️😅🤣

“As I gain confidence, I actually blow a few kisses to the crowd.” Okay, see I feel like Peeta really gives Katniss confidence in herself. If he’d been there in District Thirteen and they’d done propos together, she probably would have been a thousand times better.

But also this makes me think Katniss actually has it in her to be a charismatic, confident, alluring celebrity. She just chooses not to. 🤗🤗🤗

But this also reminds me of “She has no idea the effect she can have” okay imma move on and stop focusing on every little detail

I say that every chapter 🤧😅

“The pounding music, the cheers, the admiration work their way into my blood, and I can't suppress my excitement.” Say whatever you want, Katniss is still such a girl underneath it all. She gets excited over people liking her and cheering her on. And I know it’s because it increases her chances of getting sponsors but still

Honestly Peeta trying to showcase Katniss and let her take the spotlight is so selfless and indicative of his ultimate plan to help her win but also ... I can see how Katniss would believe it’s too good to be true and he’s messing with her. That he’s just playing the game to earn her trust, get her guard down and manipulate her later.

See, Peeta is actually framed at the start like the typical, standard YA love interest turned villain. In majority of YA books, at this point the boy is kind and sweet and helpful to the girl until she trusts him completely and then he turns on her and uses everything she gave him to destroy her. But the difference is, Katniss refuses to truly trust him and she is guessing his game incorrectly at every step. And then it’s revealed that it was never a game and he truly isn’t messing with her and everything he’s done that’s seem too good to be true and not even remotely plausible has actually been genuine and heartfelt and that, my friends, is why Peeta is above all other YA love interests. Because Everlark is actually the foil to many of the cliches. That was a long speech over some incoherent thoughts I’m so sorry if you suffered through that.

“It's not until we enter the City Circle that I realize I must have completely stopped the circulation in Peeta's hand. That's how tightly I've been holding it.” Awww he is her rock 😭🤧🥺

"No, don't let go of me," he says. The firelight flickers off his blue eyes. "Please. I might fall out of this thing." Okay this part is so cute and so blatantly setting Peeta up as her main love interest omg 😅 this isn’t the least bit subtle or disguised. But first off, the fact that Katniss is also Peeta’s stability here too 😭😭😭 and second of all, she takes time to notice his blue eyes against the firelight? She was attracted to him from the very start, y’all. That’s indisputable. 👌🏻😎🤧

“It's not really fair to present us as a team and then lock us into the arena to kill each other.” I agree with you, baby, it’s not fair at all. But you two take care of that situation nicely. Or not. Y’all do start a dang war. 🤭🤭🙃🙃

It’s rather ... ironic that it’s District Twelve’s chariot of them all that is pulled up and stopped directly in front of President Snow’s mansion. I know it’s a book, certain details like this are definitively contrived, I know get over it. 🤦🏼‍♀️💁🏼‍♀️

So uh. Snow is a small thin man? Why do I suddenly imagine Danny Devito as Snow 😅😅😅😅🤣🤣🤣🤣 y’all know he’d kill the role

“The darker it becomes, the more difficult it is to take your eyes off our flickering.” Okay, this is such a great line and it’s so significant to the rest of the series? The fact that Katniss — and Peeta, let’s not forget our boy — became symbols of the revolution. Like this line is deep if you think about it. The worse things in Panem got, the more the civilians looked towards Katniss and Peeta for hope 🥺🥺🥺🥺🥰🥰🥰🥰

Omg now after Songbirds and Snakes, we know the national anthem. I’m sorry, babies, that you have to endure that I’ll get you out of there 🙉🙉🙉

I feel like in part, the Capitol camera crew — Cressida, Pollux .... Pollux’s brother... is that you here???? — put so much attention on District Twelve because it would create some resentment and competition between them and the careers 🤭🤗

“I notice a lot of the other tributes are shooting us dirty looks, which confirms what I've suspected, we've literally outshone them all.” Insert Gretchen Wieners “I can’t help that I’m popular!” 😅😅😅😅😅

“I realize I'm still glued to Peeta and force my stiff fingers to open. We both massage our hands.” — they were hanging on so tight 😭😭😭😭

“Thanks for keeping hold of me.” He’s so sweet ☺️☺️☺️ I love him even if he’s kind of an idiot sometimes but so is Katniss so let’s not point fingers

“I'm sure they didn't notice anything but you. [...] And then he gives me a smile that seems so genuinely sweet with just the right touch of shyness” Omg I know Katniss views this as him trying to manipulate her but the fact that he’s actually just admitting the way he’s felt for years is so 😭😭😭😭 if only you’d spit it out sooner, Bready

“he gives me a smile that seems so genuinely sweet with just the right touch of shyness that unexpected warmth rushes through me.” She literally has a crush on her fellow tribute and her first line of defense is to decide he out to get her for making her feel this way 🤣😭🙃

“The more likable he is, the more deadly he is.” The more my crush grows, the more deadly he becomes. I know I’m reading this with shipper goggles but guess what? I’m unashamed. 🤷🏼‍♀️🤷🏼‍♀️🤷🏼‍♀️🤷🏼‍♀️ who feels guilty for reading this book with an Everlark bias not this girl right here 🙋🏼‍♀️🙋🏼‍♀️🙋🏼‍♀️

“I stand on tiptoe and kiss his cheek. Right on his bruise.” Okay first off, she says cheek here but according to a chapter ago, she claimed the mark was on his jaw... so in other words, she’s incredibly short. If a medium height guy has a bruise on his jaw and she has to stand on her tip toe to reach it... well... hashtag LittleKatniss

And second off.... can you even imagine how Peeta must feel. He genuinely complimented her here, the girl he has had a crush on forever, and she responds by kissing his cheek. He was probably really happy at this moment. And also this probably played further into his buying into her false display in the arena. That here we have her clutching his hand, smiling and laughing with him and kissing his cheek. Idk what I was trying to say necessarily but I made myself sad wow way to go me 🥺🥺🥺🥺🤧🤧🤧

Anyways! Those are my very over the top and too detailed thoughts! Hope you enjoyed if you read this! 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳🥳😎😎😎😎😎😎😎🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰

[gdcee]

Yeah, okay, probably no one else besides me cares about how old 18th century naval officers should be. Anyway, I was curious, so I trawled through Wikipedia and found roughly 100 British navy officers who achieved flag rank before 1800.

Histograms under the cut

First question to answer - how old is James?

The official timeline puts him at 28 when he was promoted, and therefore 20 during the prologue when he was a lieutenant. However, I’ve also seen some people state that James was meant to be played as someone in their late teens during the prologue (17 or 18) and thus would have been 25/26 when he made Commodore.

I don’t feel that this interpretation is any less valid than the “official” timeline (since neither Disney nor the filmmakers have explicitly confirmed exact dates), so I’ll present James’s age at Lieutenant and Commodore as a range.

Lieutenant: 18 - 20 yrs

Is this range too young for a Lieutenant? Let’s see:

The numbers in brackets at the bottom are the age range for each bar. And the height of each bar obviously denotes how many officers became Lieutenants at the specified age range.

And no, your eyes do not deceive you, there was indeed one individual who was a Lieutenant at 13 - 16. That dubious honour belongs to Joshua Rowley, who joined the Navy when he was 10 and served under his father, Admiral William Rowley (who evidently believed that 13 was plenty old enough for Josh to become a Lieutenant).

Anyway, we can see that most officers were commissioned as Lieutenants when they were 18 - 21, so Lieutenant James Norrington being between 18 and 20 years old works just fine.

Commodore: 26 - 28 yrs

Just from eyeballing the chart, one thing is apparent. Most officers became Commodore between the ages of 39 and 46.

Even at the youngest estimated age of 26, James would not have been the youngest person to be given the rank of Commodore (that honour goes to Augustus Keppel, who was appointed Commodore of the Mediterranean Fleet when he was 24). It certainly wouldn’t have been unthinkable to make a 26 - 28 year old officer Commodore, but yes, even at 28, James would have been younger than was typical.

BONUS ANALYSIS - THE WORST FATHER-SON FIELD TRIP EVER (c. 1707)

baby!James: 5 - 7 yrs (!!)

As you can see, most officers were boys or teenagers when they joined the Navy, with a small number joining as young as 8. Which is still older than James’s presumed maximum age of 7 when his dad brought him along for the pirate hunting field trip.

CONCLUSION

What the fuck is wrong with you, Larry??!

[si-national-portrait-gallery]

Commodore Esek Hopkins, Robert Pollard, c. 1782, Smithsonian: National Portrait Gallery

Size: Sheet: 20.5 x 12.3cm (8 1/16 x 4 13/16") Medium: Engraving on paper

https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_S_NPG.75.28.2.f

[anne-lister-adventures]

Wednesday, 20 May 1840

5 3/4

12 ½

An hour cleaning As[Ann’s] head very fine morning Reaumur 16 3/4º at 6 a.m. breakfast at 9 1/4 to 9 3/4 at which hour Reaumur 18 3/4º and Fahrenheit 74º on the window seat in glimmer of sun – Madame T-[Tchekmareff] had sent for us to go to the church 1/2 hour ago – Declined – Said not dressed – La benediction des eaux – Reaumur rose to 20º and Fahrenheit to 77º before 10 – 

Madame T-[Tchekmareff] sent Captain R.[Royal] N.[Navy] Pfouffanoff for us, and we went at 10 to see the Benediction – In a corner of the Jardin Public at the fountain or tank of water – The R.[Royal] N.[Navy] had arranged very nicely with flagstaffs and banners a sort of enclosure of the tank, and the thing was pretty – We kissed the cross and were gently sprinkled with the Eau Bénite – Then walked about the little garden that Mr. T-[Tchekmareff] takes pains with – Gained from the ramparts – Fine view over the Caspian – 

The gardens in the Old City of Baku (c. 1875 to 1900). (Image Source)

Then walked about Monsieur and Madame T-[Tchekmareff] and a Persian with us – Peeped down up the Fountain du Khan – A well descended to by a longish flight of stone steps – Then went into the Khan Bath – Square building outside domed dome resting on 4 pointed arches –

And 4 arched carpeted (divanned) rooms, and four lesser square rooms one at each corner and in these one could have vapour baths – The one I went into too hot to stay in – Tank in the middle under the centre of dome – Open a little to admit light and let out steam or bad air – Several people there lying or sitting on the divans – All dressed – Tolerably clean and tidy place – 

And then went to the Metched (Mosque) and ruined Palace of the Khan – The Mosque built A.H. 378 by Faruch Issar Shah – The square under the dome = 5 yards or nearly now a store Magazin of musquets swords and soldier’s cloth done up in barrels which supposed till explained to be barrels of powder went to top of Mosque – The flat bitumen covered roof round of dome done with blue tiles vernis – Fine view – 

The Bibi-Heybat Mosque before it was demolished. Shown here in a painting by Viggo Peter Olaf Langer "Mosque in Shikhov" (1911)

The Palace finely situated commanding the Town – A cloistered court (the divan) and handsome remain of the Hall of Judgment – Longed to have the Palace repaired for the residence of the Commandant – 

The Khan’s Palace in Baku (c. 1875 to 1900). (Image Source)

Back chez le Commandant to dine at 2 1/2 – Indian came – Wore 2 turquoise rings – I took one on trial at 5/- Silver – Home at 4 for about 1/2 and then back to Madame T-[Tchekmareff] sat about an hour and then she went with us (always à pied – No carriages going about here – Streets too narrow and up hill and distances too short) to pay our visit (return the call of the 1st evening) to Mr. and Madame Pfouffanoff – One gentleman (of the Douane) and his wife thence – 

Tea – Excellent little round cakes of flour and beurre fendu – Like English cream cakes – The house allowed to the Commodore as I call him par la bonté de Monsieur le Commandant otherwise their only house is the brig – Nice terrace from which fine view of the Town – 

All below the ruined bomb-struck minaret to which Madame P-‘s[Pfouffanoff’s] house is very near – The minaret near our lodging is that of the principal mosque which according to a Persian inscription (over one of the doors or somewhere) was repaired 800 years ago – 

The fine large round Tower close above the seashore is the Tour de la Fille so called because a Khan in love with his daughter imprisoned her there and she in despair threw herself down and was killed – Very ancient Tower – The promontory jutting out into the sea before us, just above the old ruined Caravanserai some of the old walls of which just seen above the water, is called the island of Bailofrinok (pronounced Bāh-ĕĕ-lŏ-frēē-nŏk) and beyond it is the island of Nargen, and the speck just visible beyond is Wolf island – 

View of embankment and Maiden’s Tower at Baku (c. 1875 to 1900). (Image Source)

Then in the distance sweeping round towards Baku is the promontory and District of Abscharon – A few drops of rain – Magnificent rainbow the arc quite perfect and fainter arc but perfect on this side of it – Never saw this phenomenon of double rainbow before? – 

Home at 7 5/’’ – Rained as we returned and had rained for 1/4 hour – A mere step from our lodging – 500 soldiers in the fortress – 4000 inhabitants in the Town and these included 14,000 inhabitants in the Town and environs – About 20 government employés here – 

Fine day but windy – North and South West the prevailing winds here – Sat writing out all but the first 5 lines of p.[page] 200, and pp.[pages] 201, 202, and first 8 1/2 lines of p.[page] 203 till 12 tonight –

[symbols in the margin of the page:]         ✓c

[in the margin of the page:]            Indian from Lahore – the 2 rings 10/- Silver

Page References: SH:7/ML/E/24/0108 and SH:7/ML/E/24/0109

[ltwilliammowett]

The Fourth Rate

The fourth rate is a two decker line ship with 46-60 guns. If you look at it closely, they only really appear from the middle of the 17th century onwards, but they also existed from 1626 onwards. However, the ships there were not rated according to their guns but according to their crew size and it is therefore difficult to regard a fourth rate as such. But already at the beginning of the 18th century the admiralty noticed that the fourth rate could not keep up with the other ships of the line.

Model of a fourth rate, with 60 guns, made by unknown c. 1660 (x)

And so the 60-gun class almost disappeared completely by the end of the 18th century. The 50 gun class also had its difficulties, but remained on the Admiralty's books until the end of the 18th century with 16 examples. And six new ones were even taken into service.

Early in 1807, an incident occurred in Chesapeake Bay when several British sailors, some of American descent, abandoned their ships besieging French vessels and joined the crew of the USS Chesapeake. The commander of HMS Leopard, a fourth rate, Captain Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, then demanded permission from the American frigate under the command of Commodore James Barron to search that ship in order to arrest and punish the deserters. When Barron refused, Humphreys opened fire. Taking the Americans completely by surprise, Barron surrendered and a British boarding party began searching the frigate, apprehending four deserters - three of whom were Americans, the fourth, Jenkin Ratford, was British. The prisoners were taken to Halifax, where Ratford was tried and hanged. The Americans were originally sentenced to 500 lashes, but the execution was suspended and they were offered to be returned to the United States. The incident had some political consequences and almost resulted in a war between the United States and Britain. Painted by Ronny Moorgat (x)

The Antelope, Diomede and Grampus 1798-1802 and finally three more for the War of 1812, from 1813-15, the Salisbury, Romney and the Isis. The Navy also had East India ships rebuilt in 1795, but more out of necessity because of a lack of ships than because they liked them so much.

The Earl of Abergavenny was actually an East Indiamen which became a fourth rate with 56 guns between 1803-1804 and served as a privateer to the Admiralty. Before she was returned to the East India Company.Painted by Thomas Luny 1801 (x)

As they were now rather unsuitable as ships of the line, even if they carried two decks. They were used as patrol ships or flagships for frigate squadrons. But one or the other also cut a good figure as a privateer. And they could also be used in the rather low water conditions of the Baltic Sea. Their armament was usually around 22, 24pdr on the main gun deck and 24, 12pdr on the upper gun deck. Unfortunately, her sailing characteristics were rather poor and therefore she was a rather unpopular command.

All in all they were a rather poor warship and were therefore used from the 1810s onwards in the East Indies where they were quite successful. But even here their numbers declined steadily and by the 1820s they had disappeared completely.