#column radiators vertical
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bathroomforless · 8 days ago
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Upgrade your space with Bathroom4Less's exclusive range of vertical designer radiators. Our collection includes stylish vertical radiators in electric options, as well as black, white, and anthracite finishes. Whether you're looking for a sleek column radiator, a double vertical radiator, or an electric vertical radiator, we have high-quality, durable options at the best online prices. Perfect for any room, our vertical radiators blend functionality with modern design, adding warmth and elegance to your home. Shop now and find the ideal radiator to suit your style and heating needs!
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budget-radiators · 2 years ago
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The benefits of having a good quality radiator are that it can keep the room cool during summer and warm throughout the winter. Bathroom radiators also need maintenance, so that you can replace parts that are prone to failure.
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mineralsrocksandfossiltalks · 2 months ago
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Monday Musings: From Fins to Feet
About 131 million years after the first fishes appeared, the first tetrapod climbed on to dry land. Tetrapods are animals with four weight-bearing limbs (among other things but we're here to discuss limbs). Amphibians, reptiles,
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birds, and mammals are all tetrapods. Yes, you are a tetrapod.
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So where did all the tetrapods come from? Fish of course! You are a very, very derived fish.
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And those poor fish had a lot of hurdles to jump before they could exploit the resources on dry land. The biggest one was how the heck they were going to move around up there. Fish cannot support their own weight, there's no need when the water does it for you.
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In fact, marine animals in general use the water for support and will suffocate under their own body weight if beached. Water is one of the reasons whales can get so big while land animals are limited.
Skeletons had to make some major changes before they could be useful out of the water. The vertebral column of fish are adapted for the stresses of lateral stretching during swimming.
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For a tetrapod, the main force acting on it is gravity. This means the backbone needs to be modified to keep the body from sagging between the limbs like a pair of overlarge pants not held up properly by a belt. (I mean, our ancestors went through a lot of effort to lengthen the limbs to make walking easier and some people go and sag their pants like the wish to be fish all over again.)
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Not only must the spine be altered but so must the fins. They simply can't support weight let alone move that weight anywhere. That's not what they were evolved for.
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Sarcopterygian fishes, also known as lobe-finned fishes, developed early arm bones in their fins, bones other fishes lack. This allowed them to pull themselves across land (whether that was underwater or not) much like an army crawl.
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Eusthenopteron foordi is one such fish. Part of the family Tristichopteridae, it possessed very early forms of the modern tetrapod arm and leg. Its front fin was attached to the back of the skull and the limb bones were very short. These two characters combined to make movement of the front fin very limited.
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Another lobe-finned fish of note is Panderichthys rhombolepis.
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Its humerus was nearly twice the length of Eusthenopteron's and its radius was longer and wider, while its carpals shrunk.
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Its humerus was also held more horizontally than vertically, closer to the tetrapod state. However, its pelvic girdle was less derived than Eusthenopteron.
The final sarcopterygian that nailed some of the transition from fully aquatic to partially aquatic was Tiktaalik roseae.
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It has very robust bones in the pectoral fins, good for eventual bearing weight. However, it still retained the fish-like metapterygial axis, a line of bones which the fin radiates around.
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It didn't quite have a wrist yet, but its fin was flexible like a wrist which may have helped anchor it in fast currents. Although not entirely preserved, the hind limbs were nearly as long as the front limbs, a tetrapod trait.
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Then came the stem-tetrapod, Acanthostega gunnari. It possessed four limbs but the front limbs could not bend forward at the elbow and therefore could not be put in the weight-bearing position. Another remarkable thing about its feet was that it had eight toes! EIGHT! Seems a bit excessive if you ask me.
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It's pelvic girdle was fused with the sacral ribs of the vertebral column which was novel for the time. (The pelvic girdle is unattached even from itself in fish.)
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Finally, we have Ichthyostega stensioei. It had four robust limbs that could actually support its body on land for a short time.
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And that is how vertebrates transitioned from water to land...at least as we know it right now. Tune in tomorrow for some trivia! Fossilize you later!
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spacetimewithstuartgary · 8 days ago
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Statistical approach improves models of atmosphere on early Earth and exoplanets
As energy from the sun reaches Earth, some solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, leading to chemical reactions like the formation of ozone and the breakup of gas molecules. A new approach for modeling these reactions, developed by a team led by scientists at Penn State, may improve our understanding of the atmosphere on early Earth and help in the search for habitable conditions on planets beyond our solar system.
The researchers have reported in the journal JGR Atmospheres that using a statistical method called correlated-k can improve existing photochemical models used to understand conditions on early Earth.
The approach can help scientists better understand the atmospheric composition of early Earth and will play an important role as new observatories come online in the coming decades that can provide new data on exoplanet atmospheres, the scientists said.
"One way we search for potential life in space is to look for biosignatures," said Jim Kasting, Evan Pugh University Professor Emeritus of Geosciences at Penn State and co-author of the study. "For detecting that we need some kind of telescope to give us spectra of the atmosphere. And then a photochemical model like ours can help calculate the chemical condition in the atmosphere and potentially find biosignatures. And that calculation is very important for searching for life in space."
Many models used for running atmospheric calculations of early Earth and Earth-like exoplanets are based on a one-dimensional (1D) photochemical model developed at Penn State, explained Aoshuang Ji, who received a doctoral degree in geosciences from Penn State and conducted this research at the university. This 1D photochemical model simulates atmospheric chemistry along a single vertical column.
"We think it's important that we made this improvement to our photochemical model, so that this can help improve other studies and future research about the atmosphere of early Earth as well as Earth-like exoplanets," Ji said.
Ultraviolet radiation from the sun plays an important role in forming ozone in our atmosphere, the researchers said. As oxygen molecules—made up of two oxygen atoms—absorb radiation, they can break down into free oxygen atoms. Those atoms can then join other oxygen molecules (O2) to form ozone (O3). This process also shields other gases in the atmosphere from absorbing the radiation and breaking down.
But the absorption is difficult to model due to its complex structure at specific wavelengths called the Schumann-Runge (SR) bands.
"Good models for SR absorption in today's atmosphere already exist, but not all of them may be suitable for use in low-O2 atmospheres like early Earth," said Ji, who is now a NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of California, Riverside.
The current version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, for example, does a good job modeling ultraviolet radiation absorption for Earth's present atmosphere, the researchers said. But it neglects scattering—or how particles in the atmosphere deflect or redirect incoming solar radiation—which becomes important at low levels of atmospheric oxygen.
The Penn State 1D model, developed by Kasting, includes scattering but is based on an out-of-date band model, and it neglects the temperature dependence on the chemical reactions at low oxygen levels, the scientists said.
The team turned to the correlated-k approach, which has been widely used in other climate models for accurately grouping different wavelengths of the sun's energy. Using the correlated-k approach with their 1D photochemical model improved its accuracy for all oxygen levels and temperature profiles, the scientists said.
"It helps simplify the problem by grouping wavelengths into bands and assuming that within each band, the absorption properties of the atmosphere are correlated in a predictable way," Ji said. "It provides a balance—it is less computationally intensive than some other methods while still providing a good approximation of how radiation is being absorbed and scattered."
Also contributing to this work were: Kenneth Minschwaner, a professor at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Gustavo Palancar, an assistant researcher at the National University of Cordoba in Argentina; Rafael P. Fernández, a professor, and Orlando Tomazzeli, a doctoral candidate at the Institute for Interdisciplinary Science of National Research Council in Argentina; Guillaume Chaverot, a researcher at University of Geneva in Switzerland; and Mackenzie Barker, an undergraduate in the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences.
IMAGE: This image of a sunset on the Indian Ocean as seen by astronauts aboard the International Space Station shows an edge-on view of Earth’s atmosphere as seen from orbit. Credit: NASA
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castironradiatorcompany · 2 months ago
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The Beauty and Efficiency of Column Radiators
Column radiators are increasingly becoming a popular choice for homeowners seeking both style and practicality. These elegant heating solutions combine classic design with modern efficiency, making them a standout addition to any room. Let’s explore why column radiators are an excellent choice for your home.
Timeless Design with Modern Appeal
Column radiators are known for their traditional, timeless appearance, which complements both vintage and contemporary decor. Their design is reminiscent of old cast-iron radiators, but with sleek, updated finishes. Available in various colors, shapes, and sizes, column radiators effortlessly blend into any room while making a stylish statement.
Excellent Heat Distribution
One of the major advantages of column radiators is their superior heat distribution. The columns allow for a larger surface area, which helps heat spread quickly and evenly throughout the room. This means you can enjoy a warm and cozy space faster compared to other types of radiators.
Energy Efficiency
Modern column radiators are built with energy efficiency in mind. Their design maximizes heat output while minimizing energy consumption, helping you reduce your heating bills. Many models are also compatible with low-temperature heating systems like underfloor heating, making them a great choice for eco-conscious homeowners.
Versatility in Placement
Column radiators offer flexibility when it comes to installation. Whether you need a radiator for a narrow hallway, a large living room, or even a bathroom, there’s a column radiator to fit your space. Their vertical design also makes them perfect for areas where wall space is limited, allowing you to use your room’s layout more efficiently.
Durability and Longevity
Made from high-quality materials such as steel or cast iron, column radiators are built to last. Their sturdy construction ensures they stand the test of time, offering reliable performance for years to come. Unlike some modern radiators, which may need replacing after a few years, column radiators are an investment in long-term comfort and quality.
Easy Maintenance
Column radiators are relatively easy to maintain. Their simple design allows for easy cleaning, which is important for keeping dust and dirt at bay. Additionally, their robust build means you won’t have to worry about frequent repairs or breakdowns, saving you time and effort.
Adding Value to Your Home
Not only do column radiators provide warmth, but they also add aesthetic value to your home. Potential buyers or renters often appreciate stylish, functional heating systems, and column radiators tick both boxes. Installing them could enhance your home’s appeal and potentially increase its market value.
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notmuchtoconceal · 10 months ago
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On the multi-tiered dais where father sat, all was in order around him, save for where there was discord -- for around father, all was discord.
As the herdsmen could not maintain their offerings, nor the ritual purity of his martial sons, nor the contemplative awe of those scribes which troubled him, the order father maintained parted into strands of flux, and unjoined and rejoined according to the whims of sub-atomic fluctuations our instruments could not detect, but measure only in probabilities. 
A great bellow seized the room -- shaking it to its foundations. 
- Ah! I aint Columbo! Nuh-uh! I ain't a conveyor-belt douche-nozzle industrial showa fixture! I'm a good Christian Redfield. (Outta left field!) 
It was not father's voice, for he had taken to slumber upon his throne, a chocolate mousse sticky to his shorn cheeks, awash in nostalgic waves of static from a cathode ray cube of Midland Laurentian manufacture -- its primitive display screen subtly bulbous, so from some angles the image would seem to swell as though from a central porthole.
- I'm Columbine High School. I'm Columbus, Ohio! Why, I ain't Magenta, no-siree! I'm the entire country of Colombia -- what's left of it anyway!
Cpt. Haruspex was on top of father with a reassuring pat -- whenever he carried his historical meditations into wakingness. 
- It's all right, dad! Nobody's going to ban Doom! Contemporaneously, it's considered a classic! They actually teach it in schools nowadays!
Glass rained down upon his throne, cutting him with frosted sugar.
The wedge of a beam of cast-iron flew across the hall and ricocheted off Cpt. Psychorrhagia's forehead, skidding across the tile into a buffet table manned by none but two wait staff.
He stood there -- a whiplash in his atlas vertebrae, slightly dazed. He was aware the vibrations had shifted the big ugly box on its pedestal -- a charming marble column inlaid with veins of amber and gold dust, whose hand-fissured cracks had sprouted countless buds of gelatin ivy grown from the matter of a thousand pulped honeycombs.
Cpt. Haruspex -- reassurances unceasing -- slid the utility proboscis from his belt, and pinched its neck 3/4ths from the top -- to distend the radial prongs from the node at the bulb of its vertical tip :-- his hand dropping another 3/8ths to twist a concealed dial and distend the membranes by stalks and stretches across the prongs -- creating an umbrella he held between him and the debris as he twirled. 
- You can play it usin nothin but another man's prostate! You can move me around the screen on your inner-eye by makin inputs with my butthole! Pretty as a picto! It's the wonders of technology, dad!
Shards of glass shimmered in the dense, lacquered pitch of Cpt. Psychorrhagia's clumped and slickened mane.
The portal displayed two images simultaneously -- neither one program, nor the other -- and Cpt. Psychorrhagia twisted the breadth of him along the slender pivot of his waist -- glutes tightening on the final push forward off his boots -- so that he seemed to hang there, in suspended half-motion before you -- the heft of his granite ass – wet as greasy locks pressed against the sheen of his leather. He gripped with the stiffness of his heavy, powerful arms -- so powerful for such a young man -- those slender apparati so much like insect-antennae in wafts until the picture was clear, and with a smoothness similarly half-lubricated retracted his back -- to return to the noble solemnity of his watch -- his eyes always-present on father, glancing from time to time, over to you.
- Would you like to have a go at it right now, dad? You can bet your ass you can bet yours beat! Best off me bein a real rough customer! 
Cpt. Psychorrhax -- in the background -- had already fireman carried one of the injured waitstaff to safety -- and was now hobbling towards the medkit concealed inside an antique radiator with the other. 
The doors of the breakfasting hall, which father had dedicated to his morning leisure, swung open and from their oak-carved scenes of jasper-inlaid pastoral splendor, Cpt. Schreibermachen strolled forward with Cpts. Hlaford and Drythen in the rear -- and stating truthfully, it occurred only now what an odd twosome they must have been. For you had never seen either converse with one another -- only each with Cpt. Schreibermachen or with the other -- and you wondered, with a curiosity you felt alien to you -- the nature of their rapport while on patrol. What the three revealed to one another in the solitary tirades which came about henceforth in the explorations of their hidden talents.
- Splendid news, father!
Joey belted, as a cock would herald the dawn.
:-- We've received word from the grand anarchist council! 
The anarchists of your era -- were well-known for their penchant for publicly-and-outwardly-transacted central organization. 
 -- Their words, father -- are leaden with a certain flamboyance and falsity! There is much about them which is terrible, and much in their implications which is dread and stirring! They would doubtless mortify men of juvenile countenance, and send those bestial among us into fits of rage ;-– allow me to share a few of them with you now!
The words of the anarchists were fit for father's ear --
and so too for personal and public redaction. 
- Damn, Joey.
Cpt. Haruspex swung the umbrella now gently as the fan of a palm.
... Those anarchists sure do have a fancy prose style.
He whistled.
In awe of the beauty and terror of our adversaries.
... I don't think I've ever heard anyone make pronouncements quite that ungainly and dramatic before!
Cpt. Schreibermachen did not clear the air so much as crystallize.
- My being a literary scion in our homeland, Haruspex -- it would not be shocking to expect a few admirers amidst the ranks of our enemies. Poetry is, after all, the great unifier. Were our nation not already well-held in father's soft and pretty baker's hands, I would suggest after a libation and a few rounds of incense, intoxication by rule of a council of muses!
There was something about the golden hours of morning that made Joey seem even more blonde, brainless and vigorously Teutonic than the crisp, dry hues of the noon and after.     
- Scribbles? Scribbles, where'd you go?
Father didn't have his eyes in.
... I been lookin everywhere for you!
Father couldn't see shit when he don't have his eyes in.
... Scribbles? Scribbles, did you bring me my paper?
Joey received him graciously, having much left to deliver.
- Better, father! The hydra which constricts our country has rolled onto its back to expose many miles of its tract of neck! I beseech you, highest and most holy, that I your most gallant son should be best now beset upon this task! Trust in my faith to you, father! ;-- and I shall see our country prosper! I shall see you cherished by the distillations of later generations as not only a conqueror, a philosopher, a reconciler, a mystic, but a playboy, a showman and a boon to the arts! Hear my words, father! Do not strike at your son who prophesies when his every word foretells the shapes of the stars for you! You who are as the crown will shine as a crow in flight as I resculpt the veritable matter of our physiques from the cells up!
Cpt. Haruspex -- out of boredom perhaps -- continued to twirl his umbrella. Light from the membrane which enjoined the flaps streamed through the broken window and illuminated the cloudiness and imperfections of the material -- in their structures, they were as the honeycombs before they had been pulped -- the honied translucence of the leaves shuffling out cloudbursts back into kelpy mass
Cpt. Psychorrhax -- straightening his lapels -- stepped forward.
- May I approach, father?
- No.
- I speak on behalf of Cpt. Schreibermachen, sir. I have personally observed him in his preparations to grip this blight which rots our city-state by its root. He has collected, over the months between now and the last bombing -- which was not (as the odious free press which oppresses your reign reported) a bungled mismanagement of catastrophic negligence which claimed the lives of many comely and able-bodied men -- but a deliberate subversion of your will by hostile forces too alien and microbiological to be glimpsed by the naked eye.
- Whaddya you know? Why ain't Scribbles tellin me this?
- Cpt. Psychorrhax is my closest and most cherished attendant, father! As you yourself know well, the meager details and nuts and rods of the implementation -- the route tedium that comes with putting a plan into action -- these can become obscured from an aerial perspective, being tasks better-handled by those best-suited to crawl along the ground!
Cpt. Schreibermachen's hand -- which had been grasped firmly around Cpt. Psychorrhax's shoulder -- crept now downward, savoring each descent and taper of its journey across the stolid hull of his lats -- 
- That is correct, father!
(This was Psychorrhax talking now)
-- and lower still... down the small of his back --
… very much can pass for human error in the scheme of things :-- particularly in a structure as vast, ornate and precise as our ruling body.
-- where he caressed him by the back of palm --
... there can be equally little doubt, however -- that in a body as broad and yet of deceptively compacted strength as ours --
-- he came down with a smack to cup the pony-like swell of his ass.
… more than an atypical allotment of contaminants will well up! I have seen -- from Cpt. Schreibermachen's reports, no doubt --
-- his smile twists -- catlike.
... much evidence to suggest that many of the incidences of damage to supply lines and other infrastructural failures have been --
He cuts off a moan -- biting his lip.
... especially in an environment so gifted as to receive your rule -- calculated attempts by enemy forces -- less simple wear and tear from constant overuse and a history of negligence which spans backwards decades. No. It only takes a few rogue cells, father --
He gasps -- laughing now.
 -- to create a mass tumescent enough to strangle the organism whole!
Cpt Schreibermachen was laughing, too.
- Joey, don't fondle me in fronta dad -- bro
He sounded way less fuckin stupid when ya wanted to kick his ass.
... he's not gonna take me serious!
Joey was leaning in. Standing upright, he leaned in best.
- You want me to stop?
It wasn't a question. He weren't expecting an answer.
… lil bro?
Cpt. Psychorrhax ceased to breathe as he looked to him
… make me.
Joey knocked off Laika's cap . He had taken him beneath the back of his skull. Was devouring his face. Tasting. On his lips, and on his teeth -- the pungent spices of eggs and sausage -- coffee and the salted butter -- tasting so many amino acids on Laika's lips that were not his own -- and yet which would inevitably become ; -- and Laika looked to him, nearly limp -- that stupid look of someone who had never lost it all, and could expect much, in turn-- lips quivering as he was wolfy and sheepish.
Brux ... continued to twirl.
- No, no -- I think Laik might be onto somethin, dad -- y'know. Literate men -- they're dangerous. They get heads full of ideas. They go around -- given their ideas to other people. Soon people're out -- readin books. Lookin at other people with crazy fancies. Not doin any work. Maybe they're all readin the same book -- who knows? Maybe it's a real popular book! Maybe they wanna go around bullyin ya cause ya don't read their favorite book. They talk about the characters -- y'know. Ya don't know who they are. They use the stories -- as reference points -- like you should know. Gosh, mates -- what's even worse is when there's two people livin in the same area, and they each got their own popular book -- they never get along! All they wanna do is hound ya! They wanna know which book it is ya like more, and don't accept it none when ya say ya ain't read any book -- whaddya mean ya ain't read both their books? Whaddya mean ya haven't picked a favorite (Even fuckin stupider when both their books are by the same author, and it's somethin goofier like... I dunno. The editor or the translator or the commentor or somethin is different, and sometimes it's just the rhymes are different, or maybe there's not one or none, but sometimes it's like... wow, we readin the same story, the same characters? We gettin into some complicated shit, and you're actin like I gotta have my mind made up now. Join your club. Be on your team. Say the exact same magic words when we sit down to try'n have a dinner without killin each other ;-- Holy shit. You book people, I swear!) Like, what's the goddamn matter? I'm sure ya both got great books -- basically I've heard all the stories in em already, been talkin to so many people -- whaddya want me to do, quote it at ya? Make ya feel like we had the same experience cause we stared at the same page? Mate, why don't ya invite me back to your place? We'll read your book -- you can read it to me! We'll get some wine -- sounds sensual. Why can't that be how ya do it, mates? Why can't ya just sit down and read your books to each other instead of tryin to kill each other all the time, huh? What'd those books have to say to make you act this way, goddamn.
Cpt. Psychorrhax ;-- in the intervening moments --; had found himself once more wholly vertical. 
Father meanwhile ... had stopped paying attention.
- All right, kid. Give ya a shot.
He looked first from his nails. Then back to Joey.
... Just don't do anything too crazy. 
Cpt. Schreibermachen ...--... bowed his head.
- I promise, father --...-- to surpass every example you have set for me.
( o )
Joey took to the square – and fired his pistol at each malfunctioning light fixture so that upon the crowds a spring rain fell one day, at the points in the interwoven lattice where heat met once more the dry brown leaves. 
 - ANARCHISTS, ANARCHISTS COME OUT!
Windows caked with grime collapsed into the streets. There, sticky floors knew once more light from out the dinge of an ever-unending half-day.
- I WOULD LIKE TO SPEAK WITH YOU ABOUT THE LOGISTICS OF TRANSITIONING INTO A STATELESS SOCIETY 
The conglomerated structures which were the outflow of State Finance into the ventricles of the Imperial Palace bore the marks of Joey's wrath.
For you could see plainly the fine utility of non-contradiction which composed his thought – for to attack our allies so brazenly, no doubt – aside from further concretizing the power and influence of the Guard – would agitate any bacterial elements which had penetrated into the insulated body – inducing a heave, the channels of which might flow into the more open cesspits of Free Thought you had less cause to attack openly, for there would be more just cause for later retaliation.
– STATE AUTOPHAGY NOW
( o )
( o )
STATE AUTOPHAGY NOW
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cosmichighpriestess · 2 years ago
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-The Laws Of Karma- New Rules For Ascending Humanity-
✝️Archangel Michael Channeling ✝️
Beloved masters, many of you are experiencing the cutting edge of creative existence as you rapidly move through the remaining distortions of your old reality into a more clearly defined life and viewpoint. However, your emotional and mental awareness are still at odds and battling with the dichotomy of old and new thought forms and beliefs that are swirling around you. Symbolically, in one hand you are holding your justly earned higher vibrational awareness and wisdom as you test and validate your newly expanded senses. You are beginning to become accustomed to the many small and large miraculous manifestations that are occurring in your everyday life. 
Yet, on the other hand, you are still endeavoring to juggle the swirling mass of distorted thought forms prevalent in the common mass consciousness belief system of humanity. The Earth and humanity are deep in the throes of the remaining vestiges of the old Third- / Fourth-Dimensional reality.  Thereby, perpetuating fear, lack, separation, and the deep-seated need to control and dominate others. It is truly a cosmic dance you are in the midst of, and what we are endeavoring to do is help you find the harmonic cadence and beat which will allow you to waltz, glide and surf on the crests of the New Age waves of change; as well as modify the troughs or lows in-between.
 Have we not told you many times before: ‘This great drama all of humanity is now experiencing is not about Light or dark; good or evil; negative or positive; right or wrong, for there are many shades, interpretations and levels of truth within each of these concepts.’  What you are seeking is the middle or balanced Path. This entails bringing all the Facets of your Being: the physical, emotional, mental and etheric bodies back into harmony once more so that they are resonating compatibly, and they complement and strengthen each other. 
First, you accomplish this in what could be seen as a horizontal fashion, whereby, you reintegrate all the energetic Facets of yourself you have created within your Etheric Body and Auric Field.  You focus within on each chakra-mind center, and through your enlightened intent, you gradually reprogram each of these centers, thereby replacing old dis-empowering vibrations with new refined Memory Seed Atoms of Creator-consciousness.  As you do so, the refined energy from each center radiates outward redefining and harmonizing the attributes and qualities that pertain to each particular energy center. As we have taught before; as you harmonize these energy centers, one-by-one, you activate and reconnect the seven seals of higher consciousness,  which ignites the  Etheric Pillar of Light  or Rod of Power that runs through your physical vessel, along your spinal column. As a result, you gain access to the more rarified vertical levels of consciousness known as your Higher Self and Super-conscious Mind. By doing so, this speeds up the process of returning your “Out of Balance Cross of matter” to its “designed Spectrum of Light and Shadow” or the “Middle Path of duality and polarity.
Those of you who are deep in the midst of this transformational process at this time are experiencing many conflicting patterns of thought; however, you are learning to be an observer of the process and view your everyday drama of life from the higher vantage point of a master. You are experiencing fewer and less dramatic lows, and you are processing these more quickly, so that you may move back into your center of power.  However, it is also a critical time of testing your ability to claim what is to be your highest truth, and to maintain your balance as the waves of change ebb and flow. 
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As you become accustomed to observing your world from a loftier viewpoint, you will be able to sense the energetic probable future time lines, which those around you are creating with their positive or negative thought forms and actions. You will intuitively see what is ahead of them if they continue on their present course – possibly not the particular details but the uplifting or stressful results of their actions. Just as we cannot interfere or resolve your problems for you, you should not try to intercede for those around you. What you can do is not get caught up in their negative dramas.  You can serve best by being an unwavering example and staying firmly in the power of your heart center; each and every moment, no matter what occurs in the world around you. 
The Universal Laws of Cause and Effect, known as Karma, have always been an inherent rule of Creation, whereby all “cocreators within the material planes of consciousness” must experience what they create. The fall into the density of miscreation, whereby your auric field and bodily form were gradually permeated with the negative vibrations of fear, guilt, shame, feelings of unworthiness, and self-doubt resulted in the formation of a great Karmic Board and the mighty Wheel of Karma.
Too often those who are struggling with the early stages of Self-mastery find that they cannot stand the pressure of the dramatic changes taking place within their personal world, and so they shift back into the frequency patterns which are comfortable. Even though they are dissatisfied and unhappy with their current personal reality, it is familiar territory and they are not ready to move beyond the strong bonds of the mass consciousness belief patterns. These fragments of self  that each of you have created are very strong-willed, and for many dear Souls it is a difficult struggle to gain control of the lower self.
With the assistance of your personal Fifth-Dimensional Council of Light, before you incarnated into each lifetime, you chose the specific, negative vibrational patterns from past lives that you wished to “transform into balance and harmony.” Each of you were placed in a particular Holographic, energetic environment with specific frequency patterns, which would be most advantageous in assisting you to learn the life’s lessons you chose to rectify. In addition, you were given special talents, gifts and strong inclinations to assist you in fulfilling your life’s mission. 
The exact situations you would experience were not planned. However, it was planned for you to be exposed to situations that would give you the greatest opportunity to “heal and harmonize the imbalanced frequencies within your physical, mental, emotional and etheric bodies.”  Each Soul incarnates into the ancestral family lineage and the frequency pattern hologram that will create the “picture of reality” for your greatest opportunity: EACH SOUL  MUST AGREE TO THE CHOSEN PLAN.  
The awakening of Self from an unconscious state of Being is one of the most dramatic steps in the evolutionary process of humankind. In order to become Self-conscious, you must become aware of what is happening in your personal world. You must sharpen your thinking process and learn to live in the moment, or the NOW moment. In order to gain experience and wisdom, you must think about what you want to remember, and what you wish to retain in your memory bank. The unconscious-of-Self person drifts randomly through life, usually not thinking of what the consequences of his or her actions will be; therefore, they are seemingly tossed about by the whims of fate. As you shift from self-judgment to Self-love, it will create a resonance that extends beyond the physical body and it will begin to affect others. When it grows forceful enough, it can even assist in the healing process for those within your sphere of influence.
One of the changes in the Universal Laws for the New Age is that humanity has been given a Divine Dispensation ─ which no longer requires that you balance or harmonize a major portion of the negative vibrational patterns you have created before you can ascend into the entry level of the Fifth Dimension − ONLY 51%. When you have done so, you move into a gradually progressive STATE OF GRACE. Thereafter, you are assisted in moving through the remaining 49% very quickly, as you gain the wisdom of your experiences instead of wading through the lessons of cause and effect situations. Now it is important that you understand, you are being offered the gift of releasing all past life karma and any karmic debts from this lifetime as well. However, you are still responsible for the thoughts, actions and deeds that you initiate now and in the future.
 My brave ones, how bright and warm is your Sacred Fire? Does it blaze brightly and warm the hearts of others? Or is it a feeble flame, not even strong enough to warm your own heart? “Cold-hearted” is not a term associated with a true bearer of God light. 
Remember, you always have a choice: you may journey through the shadow lands with those who helped create them or you may walk with delight in the radiance of the Light of Spirit. We are always near to assist you; however, you must traverse the Path of Freedom under your own Will/Power and Wisdom. You are loved most profoundly. I AM ARCHANGEL MICHAEL
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charring58 · 2 days ago
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Fuel #museumscienceindustry @msichicago A #thermal column (or thermal) is a rising mass of buoyant air, a convective current in the atmosphere, that transfers heat energy vertically.[1] Thermals are created by the uneven heating of Earth's surface from solar radiation, and are an example of convection, specifically atmospheric convection.
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digitextechnologies49 · 5 days ago
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The Timeless Appeal of Column Radiators: A Maybrays Guide
Column radiators have become a cornerstone of modern interior design, seamlessly blending functionality with aesthetic charm. At Maybrays, we understand the growing demand for heating solutions that combine traditional elegance with contemporary performance. This article delves into the versatility and benefits of column radiators, shedding light on why they are an ideal choice for any home or business.
What Are Column Radiators?
Column radiators are a type of heating system characterized by their vertical columns, which are designed to maximize heat output while maintaining a compact footprint. Available in various sizes, finishes, and configurations, these radiators have evolved from their industrial origins to become a stylish and efficient heating solution for homes and commercial spaces alike.
Their classic design often evokes a sense of nostalgia, reminiscent of period properties, but their adaptability ensures they suit modern interiors just as effortlessly.
Benefits of Column Radiators
1. Timeless Design
One of the standout features of column radiators is their timeless aesthetic. Unlike standard panel radiators, column radiators add an air of sophistication and elegance to any room. Whether your space is a vintage cottage or a sleek city apartment, their versatile design enhances the overall decor.
2. Superior Heat Output
Thanks to their multi-column structure, these radiators provide excellent heat output, making them suitable for both large and small spaces. The columns create a larger surface area, which allows for efficient heat distribution, ensuring every corner of the room is warm and cozy.
3. Customization Options
Column radiators come in an array of sizes, styles, and colors, allowing homeowners to select a model that perfectly matches their interior design. At Maybrays, we offer bespoke solutions to cater to your specific requirements, ensuring you never have to compromise on either form or function.
4. Durability
Constructed from high-quality materials such as cast iron, steel, or aluminum, column radiators are built to last. With proper maintenance, they can serve you reliably for decades, making them a cost-effective investment in the long run.
5. Energy Efficiency
Modern column radiators are designed with energy efficiency in mind. They heat up quickly and retain warmth effectively, reducing energy consumption and contributing to lower utility bills.
Choosing the Right Column Radiator for Your Space
When selecting a column radiator, several factors should be considered to ensure optimal performance and aesthetic appeal.
1. Room Size
The size of your room plays a critical role in determining the appropriate radiator. Larger spaces may require taller or wider radiators with more columns to generate sufficient heat. Smaller rooms, on the other hand, benefit from compact designs that do not overpower the space.
2. Heat Requirements
Calculating the BTU (British Thermal Unit) requirement for your room helps identify the right radiator. At Maybrays, our experts can guide you through this process to ensure your chosen radiator delivers the desired level of warmth.
3. Style and Finish
Column radiators are available in a variety of styles, from traditional cast iron models to sleek modern designs. Finishes include classic white, matte black, and metallic tones, providing endless possibilities to match your decor.
4. Placement
Where you install your radiator can impact its efficiency. Common locations include under windows or along colder external walls to combat heat loss. Vertical column radiators are a great option for spaces with limited horizontal wall space.
Why Choose Maybrays for Your Column Radiator Needs?
At Maybrays, we pride ourselves on offering top-tier heating solutions tailored to our customers' needs. Our range of column radiators combines quality craftsmanship with cutting-edge technology, ensuring you receive a product that is both reliable and stylish.
Expert Guidance
Our team of heating specialists provides personalized advice to help you select the perfect radiator for your space. Whether you need assistance with sizing, design, or installation, we are here to ensure a seamless experience.
Wide Selection
We stock a comprehensive range of column radiators, catering to both traditional and modern tastes. From compact two-column models to grand six-column designs, our collection has something for every home or business.
Affordable Pricing
Maybrays is committed to offering competitive prices without compromising on quality. We believe that everyone deserves access to premium heating solutions, and our pricing reflects this ethos.
After-Sales Support
Our relationship with customers doesn’t end at the point of sale. We offer robust after-sales support, including maintenance tips and advice on optimizing radiator performance.
Caring for Your Column Radiator
Proper maintenance can prolong the lifespan and efficiency of your column radiator. Here are some quick tips:
Regular Bleeding: Air trapped in the radiator can reduce its efficiency. Bleed your radiator periodically to ensure it heats evenly.
Cleaning: Dust and debris can accumulate between the columns, impacting heat distribution. Use a radiator brush or vacuum attachment for thorough cleaning.
Professional Servicing: Schedule regular checks with a professional to identify and address any potential issues.
Elevate Your Heating Experience with Column Radiators from Maybrays
Column radiators are more than just a heating solution—they are a statement piece that adds character and comfort to any room. With their perfect blend of style, efficiency, and durability, it’s no wonder they are a popular choice among homeowners and designers. At Maybrays, we are dedicated to helping you find the ideal column radiator to enhance your space. Browse our collection today or contact our team for expert advice. Let us help you create a warm and inviting atmosphere that stands the test of time.
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bathroomforless · 2 months ago
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Discover Bathroom4Less's exclusive range of durable vertical designer radiators, built to last and available in a variety of premium finishes. Choose from sleek black, modern white, and sophisticated anthracite options to match any décor. Our vertical electric radiators offer efficient heating with a stylish edge, while our double vertical and column radiators provide powerful warmth for larger spaces. Designed with quality and performance in mind, Bathroom4Less radiators are perfect for any home, offering style and functionality in one.
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findxbuy · 2 months ago
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Traditional 3 Column Radiator - 1800 x 382mm - Anthracite Grey
Infuse warmth into your home with our cutting-edge traditional style 3 column vertical radiator in anthracite grey – a perfect blend of timeless elegance and modern efficiency. Crafted with precision from premium 1.5mm carbon steel, these radiators are not only built to last but also designed to impress. Standing tall at 1800mm and spanning 382mm in width, they offer versatility in placement,…
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androidappdevelopments-blog · 5 months ago
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Specializing in Metal Cladding & Custom Fabrications
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Certainly! Metal cladding and custom fabrications involve a range of processes and applications that enhance both the aesthetic appeal and functional performance of architectural and structural elements. Here’s a detailed look at both aspects:
Metal Cladding
Definition and Purpose: Metal cladding involves applying a layer of metal to the exterior or interior surfaces of a building or structure. It serves several purposes, including:
Weather Protection: Metal cladding shields the underlying structure from environmental elements such as rain, wind, and UV radiation.
Aesthetic Enhancement: It enhances the appearance of buildings, offering a sleek, modern, or even traditional aesthetic depending on the chosen metal and finish.
Durability: Metals like aluminum, steel, zinc, and copper are commonly used due to their durability and resistance to corrosion.
Types of Metal Cladding:
Standing Seam: Vertical metal panels with interlocking seams, creating a continuous appearance with hidden fasteners.
Metal Composite Panels (MCP): Sandwich panels with metal skins bonded to a core material like polyethylene, providing versatility and insulation.
Rainscreen Systems: Ventilated cladding systems that prevent moisture buildup and improve energy efficiency by creating an air gap between the cladding and the structure.
Perforated Metal: Decorative or functional panels with punched holes or patterns, used for sun shading, privacy screens, or architectural detailing.
Installation and Techniques:
Prefabrication: Many metal cladding systems are prefabricated off-site, allowing for faster installation and reduced on-site labor.
Customization: Cladding can be customized in terms of color, texture, and shape to suit architectural designs and project requirements.
Maintenance: Regular cleaning and occasional inspections are typically required to maintain the cladding's appearance and performance over time.
Custom Fabrications
Definition and Applications: Custom fabrications involve creating bespoke metal components or structures tailored to specific project needs. This can include:
Architectural Features: Custom metal staircases, railings, canopies, and signage that enhance the building’s design and functionality.
Structural Elements: Support beams, columns, and trusses fabricated to precise specifications for structural integrity.
Artistic Installations: Sculptures, art installations, and unique design elements that add artistic flair to public spaces or private developments.
Process and Techniques:
Design Collaboration: Working closely with architects, engineers, and designers to translate conceptual designs into feasible metal structures.
Material Selection: Choosing the appropriate metal alloy (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, brass) based on factors like strength, corrosion resistance, and aesthetic qualities.
Fabrication Methods: Utilizing cutting-edge techniques such as laser cutting, CNC machining, welding, and forming to craft intricate and durable metal components.
Finishing Touches: Applying finishes such as powder coating, anodizing, or patination to enhance appearance and protect against wear.
Benefits:
Customization: Allows for unique design solutions that meet specific project requirements and reflect the client’s vision.
Quality and Precision: Fabricated components are crafted with high precision, ensuring structural integrity and longevity.
Integration with Other Materials: Custom fabrications can be integrated seamlessly with other building materials, enhancing overall design coherence.
Conclusion
Metal cladding and custom fabrications play crucial roles in modern architecture and construction, offering aesthetic appeal, durability, and functional benefits. From protecting buildings against the elements to creating bespoke architectural elements, these techniques showcase the versatility and innovation inherent in metalworking industries.
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risingpakistan1947 · 5 months ago
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Neom City | The Future of Urban Innovation in Saudi Arabia
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Neom City, which is a futuristic project situated in the uncontaminated places of the land of Saudi Arabia, is a suspense of the capabilities of modern urban planning. This burgeoning metropolis envisages being a tech-oriented, eco-friendly, and innovative abode. Positioning its goal for renewable energy sources in the mainstream and exemplary technologies as a way to accomplish the smart city notion makes Neom stand out. The city of Neom's merit lies in its green concept and conservation pattern. The city is constructed with the aid of green areas, renewable energy sources, and an efficient system of waste management that is oriented on the happiness and bliss of people and the planet at the same time. Witnessing the progression of a technologically advanced metropolis to Neom the promising city of symbiosis plays a crucial role in the world as we are heading towards the urbanization stages. The construction moves forward in Neom City Saudi Arabia and seeing how this futuristic utopia emerges into an active and economical hub of assets and cultures, will be very entertaining. Bringing together the characteristics of the past and present in a novel way, Neom emerges as a place that may revolutionize city planning altogether in a way we haven’t considered before. Neom City Saudi Arabia | A Visionary Concept Neom is not just a city; it is an ambitious venture aimed at blowing away those limits of humans' capabilities. Neom came to life in 2017 as part of the Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 plan that aimed to diversify the kingdom's economy and remove the kingdom from oil dependency. This global center was created with a focus on innovation, technology, and sustainability. Embodying an area of 26.500 square kilometers, the plan is going to be implemented strategically in the junction of three countries – Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt – along the Coast of the Red Sea, attaining access to the markets in Asia, Europe, and Africa unsurpassed. 10 best most famous places to visit in Dubai Contrary, to that, Neom City, Saudi Arabia, comes up with the idea of sustainability and smart infrastructure. Its goal is to go with the case of setting new standards for urban development and preservation of the culture at the same time. While traveling throughout a flourishing city, visitors have the opportunity to witness how these divergent features of mass transit successfully co-exist and provide the perfect framework enabling development and progress. Pillars of Innovation At the core of the city lies a commitment to innovation, made up of several sectors which act as pillars to support and shape the city structure and social order. The other column is energy, where Neom is revolutionizing the way we harvest and utilize energy. From the fact that the city receives so much solar radiation and wind, it invests hugely in solar farms, wind turbines, and smart battery storage systems, trying to attain 100 percent of renewables. This emphasis on clean energy ensures not only carbon emissions reduction but also energy security and resilience in a time of worldwide transition in the energy sphere. 10 best places to visit in Qatar Mobility and transportation are also some of the main features of innovation of Neom. In the light of growing urgent necessity for sustainable and efficient transit systems, the city authorities begin work on the creation of driverless cars, high-speed railways, and vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. To achieve this, Neom intends to embed these technologies into its urban space, consequently decreasing traffic jams and time spent commuting and improving mobility. Besides that, the city is looking into the possibility of using hyperloop systems that can make long-distance travel and trade connections region-wide a new reality. In the scope of digitalization, Neom City, Saudi Arabia, included the rich potential of information technology to establish a connected and smooth urban environment. From smart grids and IoT sensors to blockchain-based governance systems, the city is employing digital infrastructure to optimize the use of resources, proffer public services at a higher level, and foster ecosystems of innovation. Digital inclusion is the main mission of Neom, providing each resident with high-speed internet, internet literacy programs, and e-government services to ensure future digital economy participation for all residents. Economic Catalyst Neom City, Saudi Arabia, beyond its technical power, envisions an account of a world economic power that is famous for expanding growth and employment across the world on an unmatched scale. By engaging in critical partnerships with key businesses, startups, and research establishments it is the city that plants the seeds of global innovation and entrepreneurship via an ecosystem that continuously transcends geographic borders. A myriad of companies looks forward to Neom's Special Economic Zone which is characterized by officials who are ready to work within a favorable regulatory framework, a low tax burden, and a streamlined bureaucracy to tap into the opportunities of this thriving hub of innovation. Bujh Khalifa | The tallest building in the World The provision of assistance to startup founders and startup accelerators by the city allows entrepreneurship flourishment in the city so that those innovative ideas can be turned into operation and then further expanded. Neom's dedication to knowledge-sharing and skills enhancement allows both local and foreign talents to gain knowledge and access the best mentorship programs, business incubators, and networking pools, so competition and economic prosperity will provide a nurturing environment allowing innovation to flow. Moreover, Neom City in Saudi Arabia is visionary, as this leadership understands that the protection of natural resources is the basis of long-term economic development. The city can avoid ecological risks and develop new job-making areas within and outside the economy, based on the main investments in renewable energy, car technologies, and green infrastructure. Neom's approach to sustainability does not only involve green issues but also concentrates on society and economics, which includes plans to develop equality social cohesion, and inclusivity in its population, which is diverse.
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Cultural Melting Pot Neom City, Saudi Arabia exhibits this by creating an atmosphere that is highly conducive for people to come from different parts of the world. This metropolis with its open policies, and modern infrastructure may come home to a diversity of cultures, languages, and traditions as well. This diversity will cause an intricate life map, where the locals and travelers can go in different ways of living while staying in the city limits. An active cultural mingling pot demands a creative arts and amusement industry. The Neom City in Saudi Arabia could turn into a creative area in which all international artists migrate, known as a fusion of a global array of influences. The city's cultural venues would not only offer traditional music and dance performances but also involve the creation of brand-new installations. They would cater to the interests of different kinds of people; therefore, everyone could find something to enjoy. Food is the world’s language, and the city of Neom would talk it fluently. Psych out how pleasant it is to be walking in streets that are crowded with eating places around the world. If you yearn for exotic street food from Asia, or enticing delicacies from Europe, or indulge in an amalgamation of flavors across cultures, Neom City would be a gastronomic quest needing to be embarked upon. Constructing a community that sets the tone in a cultural mix is necessary. A city considering building Neom in Saudi Arabia might bring in policies to promote harmonious living based on understanding, coexistence, and respect for differences among its diverse residents. The city would sponsor cultural celebrations, community events, intercultural exchange programs, and neighborhood gatherings to create spaces for people with different backgrounds to feel welcome and respected. Challenges and Criticism A crucial aspect of Neom City, Saudi Arabia is the risk of its environmental damage. Building a large-scale urban development in a fragile desert system can be detrimental to the local environment by endangering wildlife, water resources, and air quality. Critics become anxious about the depletion of natural habitats and rising water consumption, as well as pollution from construction sites and transportation. The usage of renewable energy sources as a foundation for a project is indeed praiseworthy, but it may not fully compensate for the ecological footprint of the project if not adopted with due diligence and monitoring. The next urgent problem is the dislocation of local communities and the possible cultural heritage loss. The construction of the Neom City, Saudi Arabia, and the accompanying infrastructure projects may cause indigenous populations of the area to relocate upending their culture and access to traditional lands. On top of that, fast-paced urbanization together with the increased influx of foreigners will bring about certain social tensions and conflicts over resources, jobs, and cultural heritage. The developers of Neom need to engage with local communities, take heed of their rights, and involve them in the planning process so that their needs are adequately reflected in the plans. Additionally, the geopolitical significance of Neom City, Saudi Arabia, cannot be ignored. Located at a strategic intersection of three countries, the growth of the city would have domino effects on the region's politics, economics, and security. Neom's heavy dependence on foreign investment and expertise poses some crucial questions of compliance with the norms of sovereignty and control over key assets and resources. Completion Date of Neom City, Saudi Arabia The deployment of NEOM City, Saudi Arabia is a major and complicated issue that needs several stages and takes years to realize. Progress goes on in the construction and development of different parts of the city, but some challenges like financing, logistics, and legality can cause changes in the completion period, which is difficult to estimate beforehand. however, the city streets are now being worked on and the goal is to have the rest of the city done by 2039. Neom City, Saudi Arabia - The Future of Smart Cities Neom, Saudi Arabia's futuristic city under construction, has an impressive area of 26,500 km2(10,200 sq. mi), which allows you to look at it from the point of view of the universe. Such an entire area will host varied districts incorporating both a floating industry complex and a global trade center undertaking different functions. Neom futuristic idea as an aggregate shows the intention of crossing the boundaries and rethinking urban development through an unprecedented approach. The floating industrial complex is another fascinating feature of Neom's concept that makes it stand out. Through the use of an untraditional method, the city's farsighted vision is demonstrated by a quest for new options for a city's infrastructure and economy. Moreover, Neom as a global focal point with an exciting potential for international connectivity and economic growth can be seen as an important part of the global trading system. The Neom City, in Saudi Arabia, scheduled for 2039, will set the foundation for the ambitious futuristic city that will be defined by a new urban landscape. The city is not only the world's technology and practice but also makes focuses on innovation and new industries. The aim of making the town a smart one through the adoption of renewable energy sources makes it a symbol of not only environmental protection but progressive urban planning. Furthermore, joining AI and robotics into daily life in Neom City, Saudi Arabia many times shows a society where automation boosts efficiency but at the same time raises several questions regarding the future of work and human contact. Besides making life easier, this tech hub will bring to the fore cultural issues of how such technologies may reform society’s traditional values and norms in surprising ways. Along with the excitement as the goal of the Neom City project becomes more and more real, we also cannot help but step back and think about the consequences of such a tremendous level of technology integration in the designed space. Read the full article
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aussiesolartech · 1 year ago
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Solar Tech Systems | aussiesolartech.com.au
Solar tech systems harness and convert solar radiation into various forms of energy. They include photovoltaic (PV) technologies that directly convert sunlight into electricity; concentrating solar-thermal (CSP) technologies that generate power by using mirrors to concentrate sun’s heat; and electrical grid systems that integrate PV and CSP technology with traditional and other renewable sources.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems
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Solar tech systems photovoltaic (PV) convert the Sun’s radiation into electricity. They can be used for homes or large electric utility and energy generation purposes. Individual solar cells produce only a small amount of power, so they are combined into modules and arrays to generate larger amounts. NREL researchers are working to improve the performance of PV cells so that they can meet the growing demand for clean, renewable energy.
NREL also conducts research to ensure that PV systems are properly sized to match their owners’ electricity usage. This includes determining how much electricity is needed and deciding what time of day the system should be operating so that it can take advantage of peak sunlight hours. Currently, most off-grid PV systems include batteries to allow them to continue producing electricity during cloudy conditions.
Concentrating solar-thermal (CSP) systems
CSP technologies capture the sun’s heat to drive a conventional steam turbine generator. They are often paired with thermal energy storage systems to provide flexible and dispatchable electricity.
Solar energy is focused by mirrors onto a receiver or engine that converts the thermal energy into electricity using a Rankine or Brayton cycle. There are two major types of utility-scale CSP: power tower and linear concentrator.
Power tower systems use a network of sun-tracking mirrors that focus sunlight on the top of a central tower where a heat transfer fluid is heated to over 600oC. The steam drives a conventional turbine-generator to produce electricity.
Linear concentrator systems use parabolic trough collectors to concentrate sunlight into parallel tubes filled with a heat transfer fluid. These systems can either operate without storage, or with a thermal energy storage system like molten salt.
Sun-tracking systems
Solar tracking systems are designed to orient solar panels toward the sun as it rises and sets. This can lead to a significant boost in power production, which is why it’s worth the additional expense of installing these systems on your rooftop.
There are several types of solar trackers, with a single-axis solar system offering the most cost-effective solution. These trackers move on one axis and are aligned northsouth and east-west. These are also known as vertical single-axis trackers or VSATs.
Dual-axis trackers are more expensive and require additional maintenance.
However, they can improve your solar energy output by up to 40%. These are often used in commercial applications. They have a more complex control system and are based on a computer-based algorithm. They can be more prone to failure than static solar panels.
Perovskite solar cells
Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have high efficiencies and are currently being extensively researched. However, they are not yet ready for commercialisation. This is because they have stability issues and need to be improved, optimised and scaled for large areas of device.
The stability of these solar cells can be improved by adding tin to the mix. Tin is in the same column as lead on the periodic table and has a similar ionic size, so it can replace lead without negatively impacting the performance of the cell.
The NREL’s research in this area includes examining how the structure of a perovskite cell can be altered to improve stability. Another focus is improving the fabrication process for these devices. This includes reducing the number of heating and coating steps, and using roll-to-roll processing.
Cadmium telluride solar cells
Cadmium telluride solar tech cells use a thin semiconductor layer to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. They are more efficient than crystalline silicon panels and can operate in higher temperatures. They can also withstand more moisture.
The Ohio-based companies First Solar and Toledo Solar make cadmium telluride solar panels. Their products compete with crystalline silicon systems, which represent the majority of the world’s solar panels.
The cadmium telluride industry is less vulnerable to supply chain interruptions than the crystalline silicon sector, Mansfield said. The materials needed per panel are relatively small, and better ways to refine them could maximize their availability. The industry is also less dependent on foreign supplies, and can use byproducts from mining ores. It is less carbon-intensive than crystalline solar technology, and can recycle end-of-life modules.
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phxhomeremodelingaz · 1 year ago
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Laundry Room Remodeling in Mesa, Arizona
Mesa Laundry Room remodeling
REady to revamp your laundry room?
Welcome to the solution you've been waiting for! 
Look no further if you're eager to infuse your laundry room withmore functionality & style. 
Say goodbye to dreary laundry days and hello to a laundry room that radiates energy and positivity. 
Lets discuss your remodeling needs and see if we are a good fit!
Lets talk about what's important to you:
PLEASE CONTACT ME
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improved laundry room remodeling in mesa, aZ
Transforming your laundry experience through laundry room remodeling in Mesa, Arizona, can turn a tedious chore into an enjoyable and efficient task. A well-designed laundry room offers several benefits that can enhance your laundry routine.
When bringing brightness to your laundry room in Mesa, you can rely on our expertise in Phoenix Home Remodeling. We specialize in home remodeling and follow a design-build model, ensuring your laundry room meets your functional needs and reflects your style. 
We handle the entire process, from conceptualizing the design to executing the construction, ensuring seamless coordination and effective communication. Eliminating the hassle of dealing with multiple contractors and streamlines the entire remodeling journey.
If you're ready to enhance your laundry experience and transform your laundry room in Mesa, contact us today. Our expert team is ready to assist you in creating a functional and stylish laundry room that will brighten up your daily chores. 
Don't miss out on the opportunity to enjoy a stress-free remodeling journey – call now and take the first step towards a more enjoyable laundry routine!
Schedule Your Phone Consultation
Elevating Laundry Experience in mesa, arizona
Schedule Your Phone Consultation
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What Your Mesa Neighbors Are Saying
"Easy to work with this team. I've worked with many contractors over the years and I must say this is the first time I've ever really been impressed. 
They showed up daily on time, worked hard the whole time they were there, listened to what we wanted, did an awesome job, completed on time as promised, fairly priced and cleaned up their job site daily.
Would definitely recommend and will use them again if needed.  Thanks to Jeremy for reaching out to my request, and thanks to Mark and Ben for helping us create our dream shower!!"
Dawn G.
Mesa, AZ
"This was my first experience with a remodel. Phoenix Home Remodeling redid both of my bathrooms and they look amazing!!
Great attention to detail, reasonable prices, and they finished within the estimated timeframe. Jeremy and Mark were so easy to reach with questions and they responded very quickly, usually within the hour.
I don't think you could find a more organized remodeling company! Thank you!!"
Kimberly C.
Mesa, AZ
"We have done lots of remodels and by far PHX home remodeling was that best by far.
You can set you clock by when they will be here to work, to the minute.
Oh and the work was excellent. Would highly recommend them"
Mike P.
Mesa, AZ
"Deciding to remodel my house interior was a major decision. The scary part of this decision, I lived out of state in NY. I was fortunate enough to still have my first house I purchased while living in AZ.
After reviewing various contractors, I felt the most comfortable with Phoenix Home Remodeling. I have to admit that this was the most stress free, easy going process I ever experienced.
I was able to keep in contact with Ben even with a 3 hour time difference. I was informed about the progress of my project by phone and was also sent photos. The final results of my remodel were above my expectations. My place looks great! Thanks to Ben and his crew."
Kelly G.
Mesa, AZ
View 90+ homeowner reviews from 3rd party websites
We are Licensed, Bonded & Insured.  ROC# 313636
average cost to remodel your laundry room
Basic upgrades typically start at $8,000, but costs can range up to $32,000 based on the extent of the remodel.
Consider upgrading your laundry room with high-quality finishes like granite or quartz countertops, tiled floors, and new cabinetry. While these additions may increase costs, they offer enhanced durability and longevity. Most remodels fall within the $13,000-$22,000 price range.
At Phoenix Home Remodeling, we prioritize transparency and accuracy in our pricing. Our comprehensive cost catalog and in-house estimator ensure no major surprises, giving you peace of mind that your investment will be well-spent.
Transform your laundry room into a stylish and functional space! 
Contact us today for a streamlined and transparent pricing experience.
Don't wait... let's start your dream remodel now!
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Schedule Your Phone Consultation
Are Laundry Room Upgrades a Good Investment in Mesa?
Investing in laundry room remodels in Mesa can bring valuable returns. With modern appliances and well-designed space, you can save time and energy while enjoying a more inviting environment for your laundry tasks.
Research the area's specific needs to make informed decisions that maximize the investment potential. Whether you're looking to sell or rent your property, presenting a clear and coherent message about the benefits of these upgrades will help you make a compelling case.
Take the first step towards enhancing your property value and daily routines. Take advantage of the benefits of investing in a modern, efficient, visually appealing Mesa laundry room.
Schedule you consultation now!
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Schedule Your Phone Consultation
Schedule Your Phone Consultation
Receive a phone call at the perfect time for you by scheduling your phone consultation.
Our Admin Manager will review your remodel needs, provide advice, answer your questions, and give a price estimate. If it's a good fit at the end of the call, we schedule the in-home evaluation, and then provide a written proposal.
Schedule Your Phone Consultation
Why a Phone Consultation First?
Laundry room services in mesa, arizona
If you're looking for top-notch laundry room remodeling services in Mesa, Arizona, Phoenix Home Remodeling is here to bring your dream space to life. Our expert team specializes in laundry room remodeling and can transform your current space into a haven of functionality and style.
Whether you desire a more spacious layout, improved storage solutions, or enhanced efficiency, our team will work closely to bring your vision to reality. A laundry room should be more than just a functional space; it should also provide satisfaction and enjoyment.
From start to finish, we'll guide you through the remodeling journey, offering personalized solutions tailored to your unique requirements. Our skilled designers will collaborate with you to create a laundry room design that optimizes space, maximizes organization, and incorporates elements that reflect your style.
We prioritize clear communication, timely project completion, and exceeding our client's expectations. We aim to ensure that every aspect of your laundry room remodeling project is executed with precision and excellence.
So, if you're in Mesa, Arizona, let us help you create a laundry room that meets your functional needs and brings you a sense of satisfaction and joy every time you step into it.
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4-Step Laundry Remodel Plan
#1  Schedule Call
The first step is to schedule a remodel phone consultation.
See if we are a good fit on this page and then schedule a call to learn about the project and each other.
#2 In-Home Evaluation
If initial call goes well, we schedule an in-home  evaluation.
At the in-home appointment, we discuss your remodel needs, take measurements, and then send you a written proposal.
#3 Planning & Design
You sign the feasibility, planning, & design agreement and start your design process.
We work together on your project scope, designs, and price so everything is planned out before the construction starts.
#4  Construction
You sign the construction agreement and we start your home remodel project, while keeping you in the loop the entire time.
We complete your dream space to enjoy and share with your friends, family & neighbors!
Check out our process to see if it is a good fit: How our remodel process works
mesa laundry room remodeling experience
Mesa, Arizona, is a vibrant city located in Maricopa County. It is the third-largest city in Arizona and offers a range of attractions and amenities for residents and visitors alike. Mesa is known for its beautiful desert landscapes, outdoor recreational opportunities, cultural attractions, and a thriving community.
When it comes to home improvement, one area that can significantly enhance the experience of living in Mesa is laundry room remodeling. The laundry room is often overlooked, but a well-designed and functional one can greatly improve efficiency and convenience.
If you're considering a laundry room remodeling project in Mesa, Arizona, now is the perfect time to take action. Don't wait any longer to enhance your home and improve your laundry routine. 
Take the first step by consulting with our professional remodeling services in Mesa, Arizona.
cities we service
We provide Laundry room remodeling in Mesa, Laveen, Ahwatukee, Tempe,  Gilbert, Chandler, and Sun Lakes.  
We service these specific zip codes in Mesa, Arizona: 85202, 85210, 85204, 86206, 85208, 85209, and 85212.
We help with kitchen remodels, bathroom remodels, shower remodels and much more!
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laundry room remodeling FAQs
What is the average completion time for a laundry room renovation?
The average completion time for a laundry room renovation can range from a few days to a few weeks, depending on the project's complexity and scope.
Are there energy-efficient options for laundry room appliances?
Yes, you can. Soundproofing can help minimize noise transmission and create a quieter environment.
Can I install a soundproofing system to reduce noise from the laundry room?
Yes, there are energy-efficient options available, such as Energy Star certified appliances, front-loading washing machines, high-efficiency washers, gas dryers, and utilizing optimal load sizes and cold water washing.
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Seasonal Fluctuations of Synechococcus spp. Abundance, Photo-assimilation, Growth Rate and Fluorescence Properties at the Individual Cell Level in the Sargasso Sea
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Authored by:  Rodolfo Iturriaga
Abstract
A seasonal study of Synechococcus spp. abundance, photo-assimilation, growth rate, and fluorescence properties were performed at the individual cell level during the BIOWATT-II Project in the Sargasso Sea. Investigations were carried out during four cruises in different seasons in 1987. Synechococcus spp., cell abundance, carbon photo-assimilation, growth rate, and fluorescence emission were higher in the upper 80 m during most of the seasonal periods observed with the exception of the summer cruise. A similar trend followed the nitrogenous nutrient (nitrite plus nitrate) concentrations and chlorophyll fluorescence patterns. Strong vertical mixing events are common during the spring, followed by an increase in solar irradiance, the development of a thermocline at 30-40m, and a drop in the nitrogenous nutrient concentrations in the upper 120m. These conditions intensified toward the summer when a nutrient depleted mixed layer occurred above a well-defined thermocline near 40m. Synechococcus spp. cell abundance, carbon photo-assimilation, growth rate and fluorescence intensity all declined over the summer months. During periods of higher solar irradiances and depleted nitrogenous nutrient concentrations, the fluorescence emission intensity was lower in cells collected from the upper 60-80 m of the water column. By comparison, higher fluorescence values were displayed by cells collected from the same cast at depths of 100-160 m. where nitrogen nutrient concentrations were detectable, but light limited growth rate. The fluorescence excitation spectra of Synechococcus spp. cells sampled at all depths and seasons, showed higher ratios of phycourobilin (PUB) to phycoerythrobilin (PEB) comparable to Synechococcus clone WH-8103. Synechococcus spp. population abundance, growth rate, and fluorescence intensity appeared to follow the seasonal trend of nitrogenous nutrient availability determined primarily by vertical mixing events.
Keywords: Synechococcus spp.; Abundance; Photo-assimilation; Growth Rates; Fluorescence; Individual cells study
Abbreviations: PUB: Phycourobilin; PEB: Phycoerythrobilin; CPS: Counts per seconds; PAR: photosynthetic available radiation
 Introduction
One of the main objectives of the BIOWATT-II project was to investigate the seasonal changes on the physical forcing that set-in motion the bio-optical processes in the northern Sargasso Sea. The winter cooling and storms drive deep vertical mixing as well as nutrient replenishment. A phytoplankton bloom typically follows the re-stratification of the upper water column [1,2]. Synechococcus spp. have been found to occur abundantly and widely distributed in the ocean and its photosynthetic properties, growth rate, trophic fate and relevance in marine ecosystems have been described in the literature [3-18]. Several methods have been explored to determine Synechococcus spp. growth rates. Using techniques independent of grazing effects, such as the frequency of dividing cells, Campbell and Carpenter [8] reported growth rates between 0.42 and 0.86 d-1 in oceanic waters and 0.73 d-1 during February in the Sargasso Sea. Growth rates between 0.5 and 1.2d-1 determined by epifluorescence nuclear-track micro autoradiography were reported by Iturriaga and Marra [11] during a transect along the 700W between 320N and 260N in the North Atlantic and the Sargasso Sea. Other techniques, such as size-fractionation, dilution rates and eukaryotic cell inhibitors (to minimize grazing effects) have been used to determine picoplankton growth rates in the Sargasso Sea and other oligotrophic ocean regions [13,19,20-22].
Field and laboratory data have suggested that picoplankton photosynthesis, including coccoid cyanobacteria, saturate at low irradiance (Morris and Glover, 1981) [5,9]. However, observations with cultured Synechococcus  clone WH-7803, indicated that photosynthetic activity was possible at high irradiance levels [23]. In a field study in the Sargasso Sea, Prézelin et al. [24], reported that the PE content of the Synechococcus  populations increased with decreasing light and, or increasing nitrogen nutrient availability as their capability to harvest photons throughout a large portion of the photic zone with a maximal contribution near its base [14,20,24]. Other methodologies have used the fluorescence properties of Synechococcus  spp. to estimate their concentrations, pigment composition, and photoadaptive state. Synechococcus  have also been studied at the individual cell level by microphotometry (Campbell and Iturriaga, 1980), optical tweezers [25], and flow cytometry [12,26]. Fluorescence excitation spectra from microphotometry-enabled the fingerprinting of the phycobilliprotein chromophores of individual Synechococcus  spp. cells from field samples with high precision, accuracy and spectral resolution. During the BIOWATT-II investigation, individual action spectra facilitated the sorting of the prevalent Synechococcus  spp. cell type by their PUB:PEB ratios, as well as to determine the fluorescence emission intensity at the excitation maxima of these two chromophores on single cells from the surface to a depth of 160 m. Despite the abundant information on Synechococcus  spp. in ocean waters, most of the observations have been conducted either on bulk populations and during sporadic spatial and temporal sampling. In this study, we examined seasonal fluctuations in Synechococcus  spp. abundance, photo-assimilation, growth rate, and fluorescence properties at the same geographical site in the northern Sargasso Sea.
    Methods
Water sampling and incubations were performed in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean at 720W, 340N during a series of four cruises: OCE-1 (March 4-8, 1987), OCE-2 (May 17-21, 1987), OCE- 3 (August 22-25, 1987), and OCE-4 (November 30-December 02, 1987) aboard the R/V Oceanus. Water samples were collected in the upper 300m with a rosette sampler equipped with a CTD, Go-Flo bottles, and bio-optical instrumentation. Coccoid cyanobacteria cell abundances were determined via direct cell counting using a Zeiss epifluorescence microscope as described by Watson et al. (1977) and Hobbie et al. [27]. Nitrogenous nutrient concentrations (NO-2 and NO-3) were determined using standard autoanalyzer methodology. Dawn-to-Dusk carbon fixation rates in the euphotic zone were measured in situ using the C14 technique. Water collection and sample preparation followed the trace-metal clean procedures described by Fitzwater et al. [28]. Synechococcus spp. carbon fixation and growth rates in individual cells were determined by epifluorescence nuclear-track autoradiography as described by Iturriaga & Marra [11].
The spectral fluorescence properties of Synechococcus spp. were determined on individual cells using a Zeiss Microphotometer system. A detailed description of this methodology is described in Campbell and Iturriaga [29] & Iturriaga and Bower [30]. An average of ten random individual excitation spectra from cells collected at each depth was utilized to determine the intensity of the fluorescence emission of the phycobiliproteins chromophores, as a function of the 490nm and 543nm excitation wavelengths respectively. These two wavelengths represent the maximal absorption of PUB centered at 490nm and PEB at 543nm. PUB does not fluoresce, but transfers excitation energy to PEB that fluoresces at 575nm. The excitation spectra were scanned continuously from 400nm to 600nm. The emission intensity of these two wavelengths was measured at 575nm and the outputs of the 490nm and 575nm excitation wavelengths were processed independently to calculate the PUB:PEB ratios. The microphotometer system is equipped with excitation and emission monochromators of high precision and spectral resolution. The fluorescence intensity of each action spectra was recorded continuously at a resolution of 1nm by the microscope photomultiplier and registered as counts per seconds (CPS) on a computer. The precision, spectral resolution and sensitivity of the system is comparable to a research benchtop spectral fluorometer.
    Results and Discussion
Environmental Conditions
During the OCE-1 cruise in early March, surface water temperatures (20oC) were the lowest observed for the four cruises and no significant mixed layer was apparent in the upper 160m. The photosynthetic available radiation (PAR) levels of 1%, due to cloudiness, fluctuated between 80 and 100m, higher chlorophyll fluorescence values remained in the photic zone decreasing below 50m. Previous to the OCE-2 cruise in mid-May, an increase in solar irradiance, coupled to a rise of the upper surface water temperature initiated the formation of a mixed layer above 30- 40m depth, chlorophyll fluorescence decreased in the surface waters, as well as the nitrogen concentrations. The chlorophyll fluorescence maximum appeared between 90-105m, a depth where nitrogenous nutrients were more abundant and PAR was a growth rate limiting factor. By the time of the OCE-3 cruise in mid-August, the solar irradiance continued to warm the surface waters, reaching temperatures up to 27oC. A nitrogen depleted mixed layer set above a well-defined thermocline near 40m and a chlorophyll fluorescence maximum set at approximately 100m depth. During the OCE-4 cruise in early December, solar irradiance and PAR levels were the lowest observed in all cruises and nearly half of the values of those observed during OCE-1. An intermediate deep mixed layer located close to 150m with nitrogen replenished surface waters, temperatures reached 23oC and, chlorophyll fluorescence values followed a pattern similar to those observed during OCE-1.
The seasonal fluctuations of solar radiation and atmospheric forcing’s upon the upper ocean were the main criteria used to determine the BIOWATT-II study site [1,31]. The north Atlantic region corresponding to the BIOWATT-II study site is characterized by deep convective winter mixing that supplies nutrients to the surface waters. During the spring, the increase of solar irradiance and surface waters temperature induces stability to the water column, resulting in the annual spring phytoplankton bloom with the typical spring phytoplankton blooms, followed by a nutrient depleted well defined mixed layer and thermocline above 40m depth during the summer (Figures 1-2) (Table 1).
Synechococcus spp. cell abundance
The abundance of Synechococcus spp. ranges between approximately 103 to 105 cells mL-1 in oligotrophic and mesotrophic regions of the ocean. In stratified waters maximal numbers have been observed in the upper 100m depending on region and season. Coccoid cyanobacteria show a distinct seasonality in some temperate regions in the world’s ocean (Waterbury et al., 1987) [2,4,7,13,14,32]. During the BIOWATT-II investigations, higher cell concentrations were observed during OCE-1, OCE-2 and OCE- 4 in the upper 60-80m with values ranging from 1.0 to 2.7 x 104 cells mL-1. Synechococcus abundances ranged from 1.0 to 0.4x104 cells mL-1 at depths of 80m to 160m (Figure 3). During OCE-3 (summer) Synechococcus abundances dropped to approximately half that observed during the other seasons.
Seasonal carbon photo-assimilation and growth rate
Traditionally, the photosynthetic rates of Synechococcus spp. have been determined for the “picoplankton” fraction (<3 microns) via size fractionation analysis, this size fraction accounts for approximately 60% of the total primary production in oligotrophic waters with high specific growth rates [6,10,19,20,24,33]. However, specific growth rates of coccoid cyanobacteria and their contribution to the total primary production may be lower than previously thought, because the picoplankton fraction may contain variable amounts of other photoautotrophs, including Prochlorococcus spp. [8,11].
The environmental factors affecting the photo-assimilation rates within the picoplankton include spectral downwelling irradiance. Field and laboratory data have demonstrated that the picoplankton fraction, including coccoid cyanobacteria, efficiently utilize the blue to green regions of the visible light spectrum [14]. Based on individual cells in situ carbon-specific photo-assimilation and growth rates of Synechococcus spp. in the Sargasso Sea, Iturriaga and Marra [11] reported carbon fixation rates between 3.4 and 11.8 fgCcell-1h-1, with specific growth rates ranging between 0.5 to 1.2 d-1, with contributions to the total primary production ranging from 60% to 95%. The highest growth rates were observed in the upper 20m of the water column. During the OCE-1 and OCE-4 cruises, the highest carbon photo-assimilation and growth rates were observed in the upper 30-40m. These two sampling periods corresponded to the seasons when the deepening of the mixed layer was also associated with ventilation of nutrient-rich deep water (18oC isotherm) [2]. These two seasonal periods contrasted to the conditions observed during the spring (OCE-2) and summer (OCE-3), that were characterized by higher irradiances, higher water temperatures, water column stratification, and lower nitrogenous nutrient concentrations. During OCE-3, photo-assimilation and growth rates of cells located between 60 and 80 m were nearly double the rates of cells in the upper 40m (Figure 4).
The lower growth rates observed in nutrient-depleted surface waters during OCE-3, suggests that Synechococcus spp. cells have the capacity to contribute to carbon photo-assimilation processes at extremely low nitrogen concentration levels in the oligotrophic ocean. Utilizing a highly sensitive nitrite plus nitrate measurement technique [15], indicated that Synechococcus spp. have an affinity to extremely low nitrogenous nutrient concentrations and are able to utilize this resource at the nM concentration range. While the nitrate concentrations in the upper 40m were below the limit of detection, the Synechococcus cells were still capable of carrying out photo-assimilation processes as suggested by Glover’s (1988) findings.
Seasonal fluorescence properties of Synechococcus spp.
Fluorescence excitation is a powerful technique that is commonly used to determine chromophore identities and their cellular concentrations. This technique has found wide applications in chemical and biological studies [34,35]. During this investigation several hundred fluorescence excitation spectra were collected on individual Synechococcus spp. cells sampled from the upper 160m. Each one of the Synechococcus spp. spectra analyzed displayed higher PUB:PEB ratios, a distinctive characteristic of the Synechococcus WH8103 clone. Similar PUB:PEB ratios have been reported on individual cells sampled from the Sargasso Sea by microphotometry [29] and dual beam flow cytometry [12] (Figure 5).
During OCE-1 and OCE-4, the fluorescence intensity output and the PUB:PEB ratios displayed smaller variations from surface to depth than those observed during the OCE-2 and OCE-3. The seasons corresponding to the (spring and summer cruises) were characterized by higher irradiances as well as depleted nitrogenous nutrient concentrations in the upper water column. The lower fluorescence output and PUB:PEB ratios observed for cells collected in the upper 40m during OCE-3, as compared to the higher fluorescence output of cells collected from 100-160m during the same cast could be interpreted as a photo-adaptive response to higher irradiance levels at the surface and lower at depth. However, the lower fluorescence intensity output and lower PUB:PEB ratios observed for cells in the upper 100m during the spring (OCE2) and summer (OCE-3) could also be attributed to photoadaptation to higher irradiances and/or a reduction in cellular pigments caused by cell nutrient starvation. In a study conducted in the Sargasso Sea, Prézelin et al. [24] reported that the PE content of Synechococcus populations increased with decreasing light and/or increasing nitrogen availability. Using a technique capable of measuring nitrite plus nitrate at nM levels Glover et al. [18,24] reported a relationship between nitrogenous nutrient concentration, fluorescence response, and photo assimilation of Synechococcus at very low levels. Studies performed with Synechococcus cultures and natural populations suggest that changes in phycobiliprotein pigments are a consequence of photoadaptation (Palenik, 2001) [12,24,29,36]. The capacity of Synechococcus to utilize some of their phycobilliprotein pigments as a nitrogen reserve has also been debated [37,38]. This is an interesting aspect to be considered, however it was beyond the scope of this investigation.
    Summary
In the Sargasso Sea, high wind stress regimes are common events during the late fall and winter seasons in the geographical area of the BIOWATT-II study site. These events deepen the mixed layer to approximately 200m depth providing nitrogenous nutrients to the photic zone. During OCE-1 (early March) and OCE-4 (late November early December) cruises, higher nitrogenous nutrient concentrations were found throughout the water column. By comparison, lower concentrations observed in the upper water column during OCE-2 (mid May) and OCE-3 (mid- August). In general, higher Synechococcus spp. abundances, photoassimilation, growth rates and fluorescence yields were observed in samples collected from the upper 80-90m when nitrogenous nutrient concentrations were detectable. During the spring and summer periods, both characterized by higher solar irradiance and lower nutrient levels, Synechococcus spp. abundances, photoassimilation, growth rates and fluorescence yields declined in the upper ocean. These observations suggest that the Synechococcus spp. abundances appeared to be regulated by nitrogenous nutrient availability rather than by temperature or solar irradiance.
Despite the abundant information regarding Synechococcus spp. in oceanic waters, most of the data has been collected on bulk populations. The observations performed during BIOWATT-II were conducted at the cellular level and expand the knowledge of Synechococcus spp. population abundances, photo-assimilation, growth rates and fluorescence yields in the oligotrophic ocean.
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