#colour doppler scan

[nmevahealth]

Ultrasound Innovation Progression: Changing Clinical Imaging With Sonograph

The field of clinical imaging is going through an interesting change, and at the cutting edge of this upset stands ultrasound innovation. With always advancing capacities and expanding moderateness, ultrasound is reshaping pre-birth care, especially in Mumbai, where focuses like NM Eva offer pregnancy ultrasound at open costs. This blog digs into the headways in sonography in Mumbai, eaturing its advantages for pregnant ladies and investigating the urgent job of colour doppler ultrasound  in guaranteeing solid pregnancies.

Opening the Force of Sound Waves

Ultrasound, or sonography, uses sound waves to make ongoing pictures of inside organs and tissues. Its harmless nature and absence of radiation pursue it a favored decision for pregnant ladies, offering significant experiences into the fostering child's wellbeing.

A Brief look into Your Developing Marvel

Pregnancy ultrasound assumes an essential part in pre-birth care, giving key data that guides vital choices. From laying out your due date and affirming the quantity of embryos to checking fetal development and distinguishing expected peculiarities, these sweeps offer a window into your developing wonder.

NM Eva: Your Believed Sonography Accomplice in Mumbai

Situated in Mumbai, NM Eva is an all-ladies' demonstrative community eminent for its pregnancy sonography skill and reasonableness. Furnished with state of the art ultrasound innovation in Mumbai, we offer a scope of ultrasound administrations, including:

NT Scan: Directed in the  first trimester, this sweep surveys the nuchal clarity, a liquid occupied space at the rear of the child's neck, to distinguish likely chromosomal irregularities.

Variety Doppler Ultrasound: This exceptional strategy utilizes sound waves and variety coded pictures to imagine blood stream in the placenta and umbilical rope, helping with the evaluation of fetal prosperity.

Deciphering the Blood Stream Story

Variety Doppler ultrasound merits unique notice for its crucial job in guaranteeing solid pregnancies. This innovation goes past essentially recording the child's pulse; it gives a point by point image of blood stream designs all through the baby, uncovering potential issues like development limitations or placental inadequacy.

NM Eva: Making Progressed Care Available

At NM Eva, understanding the significance of ideal conclusion in high-risk pregnancies, we focus on variety Doppler examines during the beginning phases. Nonetheless, for most pregnancies, these sweeps are commonly acted in the third trimester, ideally towards the end, to preclude any late-stage difficulties.

The Eventual fate of Sonography: More splendid, More clear, and Closer

With continuous headways in ultrasound innovation, what's in store holds energizing prospects. Anticipate much more honed pictures, expanded transportability, and the capacity to determine conditions to have considerably more noteworthy accuracy. This ceaseless advancement vows to additionally alter clinical imaging and engage medical services experts like those at NM Eva to convey extraordinary consideration to pregnant ladies in Mumbai.

[imagingworld]

MRI Scan in Ahmedabad

What is MRI ??

 MRI, short for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a non-invasive medical imaging technique. It is widely used for diagnostic purposes in Ahmedabad and around the world. When seeking the best MRI scan services in Ahmedabad, Imaging World is a prominent name to consider.

Imaging World in Ahmedabad:

Imaging World is recognized for providing high-quality MRI scans in Ahmedabad. Their facility is equipped with state-of-the-art MRI machines that offer exceptional image clarity, aiding in accurate diagnoses. Here are some reasons why Imaging World stands out as one of the best options for MRI scans in Ahmedabad:

Advanced Technology: Imaging World uses cutting-edge MRI technology, ensuring detailed and precise images. This is crucial for diagnosing various medical conditions effectively.

Experienced Radiologists: The center employs experienced radiologists who interpret the MRI images with expertise, contributing to accurate diagnoses.

Patient Comfort: Imaging World prioritizes patient comfort and safety during MRI scans. Their staff is trained to assist patients throughout the process, making it as stress-free as possible.

Wide Range of Services: Imaging World typically offers a broad spectrum of MRI services, including scans of the brain, spine, joints, abdomen, and more.

Timely Reports: Quick and accurate reporting is vital in healthcare. Imaging World strives to provide timely reports to both patients and referring physicians.

Accessibility: Conveniently located in Ahmedabad, Imaging World ensures accessibility for patients from the city and its surrounding areas.

When considering an MRI scan in Ahmedabad, choosing a reputable facility like Imaging World can be a key step in obtaining accurate diagnoses and quality healthcare. It's important to consult with your healthcare provider to determine if an MRI is the appropriate diagnostic tool for your specific medical needs.

We keep the MRI scan cost affordable to meet your financial requirements.

MRI Scan Price Start from : 3600 ₹ onwards after 20% discount on Prior Appointment (Discount code : "PRIOR20")

Book Now

Our Services

MRI Scan in Ahmedabad

CT Scan in Ahmedabad

Sonography in Ahmedabad

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2D Echo in Ahmedabad

Contact Information

 12A, 14, 15, Ground Floor, Amrapali axiom, near Domino's pizza, besides vakil bridge, Ambli - Bopal Rd, Ambli, Ahmedabad,Gujarat  imagingworld9@gmail.com  +91 70210 76513  02717 488 001/002

[centrelotusdiagnostic]

Why Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre is the Best Diagnostic Centre Near Me

If you’re looking for reliable health check-ups and tests in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur, Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre is the place to visit. They are known as the Best Diagnostic Centre in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur, and here’s why.

Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre uses the latest equipment to get accurate results. Whether you need an MRI, CT scan, or ultrasound, they have the modern machines that give clear images. This helps doctors understand what’s happening in your body so they can provide the right treatment.

But it’s not just about the machines. The staff at Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre are friendly and caring. They make sure you feel comfortable and at ease during your visit. From the moment you walk in, they treat you with kindness and respect.

The centre also makes it easy to get your tests done quickly. They help you set up appointments without any hassle and make sure you get your results in a timely manner. This way, you don’t have to wait long to get the information you need.

In short, if you need a trustworthy place for medical tests, Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre is a great choice. As the Best Diagnostic Centre in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur, they offer both top-notch technology and excellent care. So, if you want reliable results and a supportive experience, this is the place to go.

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Sonography

colour Doppler

Diagnostic centre

Fetal Centre

[healthpackageservicesatultrascan]

Discover Premier Diagnostic Services at Ultrascan Diagnostics, Indore

Welcome to Ultrascan Diagnostics , where top-tier diagnostic healthcare meets cutting-edge technology in Indore. Explore our extensive range of services, including healthcare packages, Colour Doppler, USG Guided Procedures, MSK Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, Hormone Assay, Sonography, Digital X-Ray, and more. At Ultrascan Diagnostics, we are dedicated to precision and care, ensuring that every diagnostic need is met with excellence and accuracy.

Explore Our Comprehensive Diagnostic Services

At Ultrascan Diagnostics, we offer a broad spectrum of advanced diagnostic services designed to address various healthcare requirements:

Healthcare Packages: Tailored packages for preventive health check-ups and in-depth diagnostics.

Colour Doppler  : Innovative imaging techniques to evaluate blood flow in arteries and veins.

USG Guided Procedures: Accurate and safe diagnostic procedures enhanced by ultrasound guidance.

MSK Musculoskeletal Ultrasound : Detailed imaging of muscles, joints, and soft tissues for thorough orthopedic evaluations.

Hormone Assay: Precise measurement of hormone levels essential for diagnosing various health conditions.

Sonography: High-resolution ultrasound for detailed examinations of internal organs.

Digital X-Ray: Rapid and accurate imaging solutions for assessing bone and soft tissue.

Why Choose Ultrascan Diagnostics?

Here’s why Ultrascan Diagnostics stands out in Indore:

Advanced Technology  We use state-of-the-art equipment for dependable and precise diagnostic results.

Expert Team: Our skilled healthcare professionals uphold the highest standards of diagnostic accuracy and care.

Convenient Location: Centrally located in Indore, providing easy access to our services.

Premium Anomaly Scan Services at Ultrascan Diagnostics

Leading Anomaly Scan Solutions in Indore

Ultrascan Diagnostics offers exceptional anomaly scan services  essential for monitoring fetal development throughout pregnancy. Our advanced ultrasound technology guarantees thorough evaluations and accurate results, giving you peace of mind.

Key Benefits of Our Anomaly Scan Services

Cutting-Edge Ultrasound Equipment: High-resolution imaging for precise fetal assessments.

Experienced Sonographers: Professional interpretation of anomaly scan results by skilled experts.

Comprehensive Anomaly Scan Reports: Detailed and timely reports to support your healthcare provider’s decisions.

Understanding Your Anomaly Scan Report

Anomaly scans are crucial for detecting any potential developmental issues in the fetus early on. At Ultrascan Diagnostics, our detailed reports help in early detection and guide further management to ensure optimal care.

Commonly Asked Questions

1. What is the purpose of an anomaly scan during pregnancy?

 An anomaly scan identifies structural abnormalities in the fetus, facilitating early intervention and management if necessary.

2. When should I schedule an anomaly scan?

   - The ideal time for an anomaly scan is between 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy, when the fetus’s structures are most visible.

3. How reliable are the anomaly scan results at Ultrascan Diagnostics?**

   - Our anomaly scans use advanced technology and are interpreted by experienced professionals, ensuring high accuracy and reliability.

Take Action Now

Experience unparalleled diagnostic care at Ultrascan Diagnostics. Schedule your anomaly scan today and ensure the best care for you and your baby. For more details or to book your appointment, visit our website or call  7869524599   contact us  today.

Choose Ultrascan Diagnostics for accurate, reliable, and advanced diagnostic solutions in Indore. Your health and well-being are our top priorities.

[radiology-center]

The Comprehensive Ultrasound and Colour Doppler Services at Dokki Scan

In the field of modern diagnostic imaging, the combination of Ultrasound and Colour Doppler technology has become an indispensable tool for healthcare professionals. At Dokki Scan, a renowned medical imaging center in Egypt, patients can access a comprehensive range of Ultrasound and Colour Doppler services that leverage the latest advancements in this transformative technology.

Ultrasound, a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create detailed images of the body's internal structures, has long been a staple in medical diagnostics. The team at Dokki Scan recognizes the power of this modality and offers a wide array of Ultrasound examinations to cater to the diverse needs of their patients.

From the traditional abdominal and pelvic Ultrasound to the more specialized musculoskeletal, thyroid, and infant brain scans, Dokki Scan's expertise spans a vast spectrum of applications. Patients can also benefit from advanced techniques like 3D and 4D examinations, which provide a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the body's anatomy and function.

Complementing the Ultrasound services, Dokki Scan's state-of-the-art color Doppler technology takes diagnostic capabilities to new heights. Color Doppler, a specialized Ultrasound technique, allows for the visualization and assessment of blood flow, enabling healthcare professionals to detect and monitor a wide range of vascular conditions.

The comprehensive color Doppler services offered at Dokki Scan include examinations of the carotid and vertebral arteries, the aortoiliac arteries, the upper and lower limb arteries and veins, the renal arteries, and the hepatic vasculature, among others. These advanced imaging tools play a crucial role in the early detection and management of cardiovascular diseases, peripheral vascular disorders, and other related health concerns.

One of the standout features of Dokki Scan's Ultrasound and Colour Doppler services is the integration of cutting-edge biopsy techniques. Patients in need of a more detailed evaluation of focal lesions or suspected abnormalities can undergo Ultrasound-guided biopsies, ensuring a minimally invasive and highly accurate diagnostic approach.

Furthermore, the center's expertise extends to advanced procedures such as Ultrasound-guided aspirations, tappings, and tissue samplings. These specialized services, combined with the advanced imaging capabilities, empower healthcare providers to make well-informed decisions and deliver personalized, evidence-based treatment plans.

Dokki Scan's commitment to providing comprehensive and state-of-the-art Ultrasound and Colour Doppler services is further exemplified by their investment in the latest technological advancements. The center's commitment to innovation ensures that patients have access to the most accurate and reliable diagnostic tools available.

The skilled team of radiologists and technicians at Dokki Scan are trained to interpret the complex data generated by these sophisticated imaging modalities, translating the findings into actionable insights that inform clinical decision-making. This level of expertise, coupled with the center's dedication to patient-centric care, ensures that every individual who walks through their doors receives a tailored and comprehensive diagnostic experience.

In conclusion, Dokki Scan's comprehensive Ultrasound and Colour Doppler services epitomize the future of diagnostic imaging. By combining cutting-edge technology, specialized expertise, and a patient-focused approach, the center has established itself as a beacon of excellence in the field of medical imaging. Whether individuals require routine screening, advanced vascular assessments, or specialized interventions, Dokki Scan is poised to deliver the most accurate and reliable diagnostic solutions, empowering healthcare providers to make informed decisions and improve patient outcomes.

[pdiziblog56]

Spandan Diagnostic Centre Pvt. Ltd. is one of the top diagnostic centre in Bhubaneswar & one of the leading businesses in the Pathology Labs. It is situated at Plot no.1294 CRPF square, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar. It is the Largest Health Care Chain Of Eastern And North Eastern Region. Spandan Diagnostic Centre Pvt. Ltd. is built on four major founding factors, which plays a key role in delivering the best of possible care to each and every patient. Each factor takes care of individual needs of patients, thereby enabling customised care for everyone according to their needs and health conditions. At Spandan they have 3.0 T MRI Scan, Cardiac CT Scan, BMD/DXA Scan, USG/Colour Doppler, Full Room DR (X-Ray) & Advanced Pathology.

For more info visit: https://spandandiagnosticcentre.com/

[kiorhealthcare]

Best Ultrasound Centre in Panchkula | Kior Healthcare

Experience top-notch medical imaging services at Kior Healthcare, your trusted destination for mammography in Panchkula, the best CT scan center in Panchkula, ultrasound in Panchkula, and Colour Doppler tests in Mohali. Our state-of-the-art facilities, skilled professionals, and commitment to accuracy ensure precise diagnostics for your health needs. Elevate your healthcare experience with advanced technology and personalized care. Choose Kior Healthcare for excellence in mammography, CT scans, ultrasound, and Colour Doppler tests, setting a benchmark for comprehensive and reliable diagnostic services in the Panchkula and Mohali regions. Your well-being is our priority at Kior Healthcare.

[lupine-publishers-juns]

Lupine Publishers | Radiology; USG and Colour Doppler of Post Renal Transplant Complications

Abstract

Kidney transplant is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplant offers better quality of life. It is more cost effective than hemodialysis. Advances in surgical technique, along with improvement in organ preservation and immunosuppression have improved patient outcomes. Post-operative complications, however, can limit this success. Ultrasound and Doppler study is the primary imaging modality for evaluation of renal transplant, providing real –time information about complication in graft. A multimodality approach including CT scan, MRI or conventional angiography may be necessary in cases when sonography and Doppler are inconclusive to diagnose the etiologies of these complications. Radiologists play an integral role within the multidisciplinary team in care of transplant patient at every stage of the transplant process. Therefore, the radiologist should always be aware when evaluating the failing renal graft, whether the cause is renal or extrinsic. In this pictorial essay we tried to gather the most common complication of transplant kidney in different cases that occurred in our hospital, with an emphasis on Ultrasound and Doppler study.

Keywords: USG; Colour Doppler; Post renal transplantation; Complications

Introduction

The preferred modality for renal replacement is renal transplantation, and its superiority in prolonging the longevity of patients with end-stage renal disease is well established [1]. Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ. Due to improvement in transplantation technology, advancement in immunosuppressant and graft preservation techniques the 1-year survival rates for grafts, are reported to be 80% for mismatched cadaveric renal grafts; 90% for nonidentical living related grafts; 95% for human lymphocyte antigen-identical grafts [2]. Radiologists play a major role at every stage of the transplant process with transplantation team. Ultrasonography with colour Doppler is the principal modality used for evaluation of renal allograft. USG is a relatively cheap, noninvasive, and non-nephrotoxic modality. It is applied for diagnostic and monitoring purposes in the post-transplant period. This pictorial essay describes USG and Doppler imaging appearances of the major complications that may occur in renal transplantation. All our images have been obtained from a single our center which is major transplantation center in India. All post renal transplant patients undergo a USG and comprehensive Doppler evaluation on post-operative day one. The sonographic examination algorithm includes gray-scale evaluation of the graft and spectral Doppler. Further imaging is based on clinical follow-up including daily monitoring of laboratory values. If clinical parameters are abnormal, repeat sonography is performed and depending on the results, CT, MRI, or angiography may be requested.

Surgical Technique

Surgical technique and location of placement of renal allograft depends on the variation in arterial and venous anatomy of donor. The transplanted kidney is usually placed extraperitoneally in the patient’s right iliac fossa (less commonly in left iliac fossa), with end-to-side or end to end anastomosis to the external iliac vasculature. The currently preferred method for restoring urinary drainage is ureteroneocystostomy, a procedure by which the ureter is implanted directly into the dome of the bladder (Figure 1).

Urologic Complications

The prevalence of urologic complications varied from 10% to 25% with a mortality rate ranging from 20% to 30%. Incidence rate is decreased range between 3% and 9% in the current era because of advancement in surgical techniques and frequent use of ureteral stents [3,4].

Urinary Obstruction

a) Incidence: 2%-5% of kidney transplant recipients.

b) Site of obstruction: Approx. 90% of stenoses occur in the distal third of the ureter due to its poor vascular supply.

c) Imaging appearance: US can easily confirm the diagnosis of hydronephrosis and dilated renal pelvis and thus determine the level of ureteral obstruction (Figure 2). When contents of pelvic calyceal system are echogenic and weakly shadowing, fungus balls should be considered, whereas low-level echoes suggest pyonephrosis (Figure 3).

Urine Leaks and Urinomas

a) Incidence: up to 6 % of renal transplant recipients [5]

b) Location: extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal, if intraperitoneal may present with ascites.

c) Imaging appearance: USG findings are nonspecific, well defined anechoic fluid collection with septa or without septation, adjacent to the lower pole of the transplant in most of the cases (Figure 4).

Drainage of fluid under ultrasound guidance and testing the fluid for creatinine helps to differentiate it from seromas or lymphoceles. High concentration of creatinine will be found in case of urinoma if we compare with serous fluid.

Calculous Disease

a) Incidence: 1% to 2 % of post-transplant cases develops clinically relevant stones as compared to general population [6]. As the kidney is denervated patient will not suffer typical renal colic.

b) Imaging appearance: Calculus appears as strongly reactive focus of variable size producing acoustic shadowing on USG and twinkling artifact on colour Doppler (Figure 5). Other rare urologic complications are ureteric necrosis and vesico-ureteric reflux.

Peritransplant Fluid Collections

Fluid collection in peritransplant region has been reported in up to 50 % of renal transplantation. They are urinomas, hematomas, lymphocele and abscess, the clinical relevance of these collection is largely determined by their size, location and possible growth. In immediate postoperative period, small hematomas or seroma are almost expected. Their size should be documented at baseline examination. Rarely do they lead to graft dysfunction or obstruction of collecting system. Urinomas and hematomas are most likely to develop immediately after transplantation, whereas lymphoceles generally develop after 4 to 8 weeks. The ultrasonography characteristics of peritransplant fluid collections, however, are entirely nonspecific, correlation with clinical findings helps to restrict differential diagnosis. Ultimately, diagnosis may be made only with percutaneous aspiration and then biochemical analysis. Differentiation between Peritransplant and subcapsular collection is important. A subcapsular collection likely to cause mass effect on parenchyma, usually cresenteric and show extension along the contour of kidney deep to the renal capsule

Hematoma

a. Incidence: Varies from 4 to 8 % [7]

b. Imaging appearance: Hematomas have a complex appearance. Hematomas appears echogenic in acute case and progressively become less echogenic with time (Figure 6). Chronic hematomas even appear anechoic, more closely resembling fluid and septation may develop later on.

Lymphocele

a. Incidence: Affecting up to 20% of the patients [8] It occurs after surgery owing to the surgical disruption of the normal lymphatic channels along the iliac vessels or around the hilum of the graft.

b. Imaging appearance: on Ultrasound it appears as anechoic bur may contain septation. They may become infected and gave more complex appearance (Figure 7).

Peritransplant abscesses

a) Imaging appearance: USG cannot always differentiate an abscess from other collection. Collection may show low level echoes and thick irregular wall. If gas is seen, an abscess is probable. In any pyrexia patient, any perinephric collection should be considered infected until proven otherwise through the appropriate imaging and guided diagnostic aspiration.

Parenchymal Complication / Graft Dysfunction

Diseases of the renal parenchyma are usually diffuse and often leads graft dysfunction. Differential diagnosis is difficult by imaging alone. USG is not sensitive or specific for evaluation; differential will be relying on biopsy. USG still has a central role in qualitative assessment of graft perfusion and to guide the biopsy.

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Acute tubular necrosis is due to reversible ischemic damage to the renal tubular cells prior to engrafting and reperfusion injury.

i. Incidence: affects 20–60 % of cadaveric renal grafts.

ii. Time of onset: in the first 48 hours after transplantation.

iii. Imaging appearance: No specific imaging pattern for the diagnosis of ATN. The kidney may appear normal, in severe cases it looks enlarged, edematous and echo poor with loss of corticomedullary differentiation (Figure 8) and shows elevated RI (above 0.8).

Rejection

Rejection can be classified according to the period of appearance as hyper acute (occurring within minutes), acute (occurring within days to weeks), late acute (occurring after 3 months), or chronic (occurring months to years after transplantation). Classification of renal allograft rejection by Banff classification of allograft pathology is routinely followed nowadays. It is based on a combination of histopathologic features coupled with molecular, serologic, and clinical parameters.

Acute Rejection (AR)

i. Incidence: up to 40% of patients in the early transplant period [9].

ii. Imaging appearance: Graft enlargement due to edema, Decreased cortical echogenicity, swelling of the medullary pyramids, echogenic sinus fat, edematous wall of pelvic calyceal system, focal hypoechoic areas in parenchyma which may favors infarct and collection in perigraft region due to necrosis or hemorrhage. PI and RI elevated in both ATN as well as in AR, but AR has high values of it. In severe cases, Power Doppler shows reduced, absent or reversed diastolic flow with elevation of the RI (Figure 9).

Chronic Rejection

Chronic rejection occurs in case of insufficient immunosuppression given to recipient to control the residual antigraft lymphocytes and antibodies.

i. Imaging appearance: US appearance is not typical, ranging from normal to hyper echogenic, along with cortical thinning, reduced number of intrarenal vessels, and mild hydronephrosis (Figure 10). RI measurements are not reliable for this diagnosis. The diagnosis is made histologically.

Drug Nephrotoxicity

Calcineurin inhibitors are key immunosuppression agents administered to avoid acute rejection, but they are nephrotoxic.

A. Imaging appearance: USG may show completely normal results or nonspecific findings such as graft swelling, increased or decreased renal echogenicity and loss of cortico-medullary differentiation. Doppler study may show a RI increase of 0.80. Findings of USG and Doppler study should be correlated with the serum drug levels. USG and Doppler findings of ATN and AR is almost similar, but both can be differentiated by time course of the findings. Clinical & biochemical correlation and serial measurements of RI and Pulsatile index (PI) would be further helpful to monitor the patient.

Infections and abscesses

Incidence and time of onset: More than 80% of renal transplant recipients have at least 1 episode of infection during the first year of post transplantation.

I. Imaging appearance: USG appearance is quite variable. Focal pyelonephritis appear as a focal hyperechoic or hypoechoic area, but this finding is nonspecific because it can represent infarction or rejection also (Figure 11). Abscess has varied appearance on USG like- heterogeneous, hypoechoic or cystic. Urothelial thickening may be seen. In febrile post renal transplant patient low level echoes in dilated collecting system may favors pyonephrosis. Fungus ball appears as focal rounded, weakly shadowing or echogenic structure in dilated pelvic calyceal system. In emphysematous pyelonephritis, gas in the parenchyma of the renal graft produces an echogenic line with distal reverberation artifacts. Papillary necrosis has no typical sonographic findings, and it subsequently leads to ureteric obstruction.

End stage disease

Nonfunctional renal grafts are left in place in abdominal cavity. Gradually graft becomes small and can have fatty replacement, hydronephrosis, infarcts, hemorrhage or calcification.

Vascular Complications

Vascular complications in post renal transplantation have significant negative influence of graft survival. They are infrequent, occur in approximately 1%–2%; [10] but can cause sudden loss of renal allograft. Selective catheter angiography is the gold standard for diagnosis; however, it is invasive and may cause various complications. Hence it is not used as a screening tool but reserved for patients with inconclusive results on the noninvasive screening tests. Noninvasive imaging like ultrasound, Doppler, scintigraphy, CT and MR angiography plays major role to evaluate them.

Renal artery thrombosis (RAT)

Incidence: Ranges from 0.5% to 3.5 % [11]

Imaging appearance: No evidence of any arterial or venous flow noted on color, spectral and power Doppler study (Figure 12). Doppler sonography had 100% sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis and hardly any other imaging study is required for diagnosis [12].

Focal Renal Infarction

Imaging appearance: A segmental infarct appears as a poorly marginated wedge shaped hypoechoic mass or a hypoechoic mass with a well-defined echogenic wall without colour flow (Figure 13). If the infarction is global, the kidney will appear hypoechoic and be diffusely enlarged.

Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS)

Incidence: It has wide range varying from 1% to 23 % depending on the definition and diagnostic techniques used.

Site: usually at anastomotic site

Imaging appearance: On gray scale USG, there is lack of normal post-transplant hypertrophy. On color Doppler study appearance of focal color aliasing noted at stenotic segments. On spectral Doppler study, peak systolic velocity in main renal artery >300 cm/sec and Ratio of PSV in transplanted main renal artery and external iliac artery greater than or equal to 1.8 are highly suggestive of significant stenosis. Indirect criteria are low resistive index <0.56, Acceleration time >0.07 sec, Acceleration index <3 meter/ sec and Intrarenal tardus–parvus waveform (Figure 14).

Limitation: Results are strongly depends on the operator’s individual experience and skill.

Rate of restenosis is less than 10 %. Doppler ultrasonography is the procedure of choice to evaluate graft perfusion before and after revascularization The term pseudo transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) refers to thrombosis or stenosis of iliac artery or aorta proximal to transplant renal artery.

Renal vein thrombosis: (RVT)

Incidence: Ranges from 0.9% to 4.5 % [13]

Imaging Findings: Graft appears swollen and hypoechoic.

Doppler shows absent venous flow. Renal arterial Doppler spectrum shows absent or reversal of diastolic flow due to increased resistance (Figure 15). Reversal flow in renal artery is nonspecific as it also seen in severe rejection and in acute tubular necrosis, its combination with absent venous flow is the diagnosis of renal vein thrombosis. Partial thrombosis also can occur near anastomosis or within the transplanted kidney (Figure 16).

Extra parenchymal pseudo aneurysm

Incidence: Anastomotic pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication of renal transplantation occurring in 0.3%. [14]

Imaging findings : On gray scale ultrasound it appears as cystic lesion which shows color flow and to and fro spectral pattern on doppler study(Figure 17). Endovascular treatment with covered stent placement to exclude pseudoaneurysm can also be evaluated with USG and colour doppler (Figure 18).

Intra-parenchymal arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm

AVF occurs when both artery and vein are simultaneously lacerated, while pseudoaneurysm results when only artery is lacerated.

Incidence: 1-18% of the biopsies [15]

Time of onset: occur at time of biopsy. They depend on many factors – ultrasound guidance, needle caliber and imaging follow up.

Imaging appearance: colour Doppler study shows AVF as focal areas of disorganized flow adjoining the normal vasculature. Spectral waveforms show increased arterial and venous flow with high velocity and low resistance (Figure 19). Pseudoaneurysm appears as simple or complex cyst on B mode ultrasound and intracystic flow on colour Doppler mode (Figure 20).

Neoplasms after renal transplantation

Post renal transplantation patients are at higher risk of development of neoplasms. Urologic tumour are 4 to 5 times more common in post renal transplantation recipients than normal population with significant exposure to cyclophosphamide immunosuppressant agent.

Renal cell carcinoma

Etiology: by means of transplanted organ or de novo development by immunocompromised status, patients on hemodialysis in case of chronic renal failure develop acquire renal cystic disease

Prevalence: 90 % occurring in native kidney and 10 % in transplanted kidney [16]

Imaging appearance: lesion appear heterogeneous with vascularity, similar picture as seen in native kidney [17] (Figure 21).

Lymphomas

Incidence: 1 % of renal allograft recipients [18]

Time of onset: Post transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder is diagnosed at a median of 80 months after transplantation.

Imaging appearance: Lymphadenopathy at various sites but can also affect any solid organ or hollow viscera or transplant graft parenchyma itself. It appears as low or mixed reactive masses and tends to have a predilection for the renal hilum.

Recurrent Native disease

It depends on the primary disease before transplantation.

Imaging appearance: Imaging has no specific pattern in these situations apart from excluding the treatable cause of reduced renal function.

Abdominopelvic Complications

Renal graft is placed in extraperitoneal space via a peritoneal window in laparoscopic and robot assisted surgical techniques. So these cases are prone to same complications experienced by other surgical cases in whom peritoneum is exposed.

Renal Allograft Compartment Syndrome (RACS)

It is a rare syndrome, and it is under recognized cause of early transplant dysfunction or even loss. It may occur as a result of intracompartment hypertension and ensuring ischemia of renal graft [19]. Imaging appearance: absent or diffuse diminished cortical flow in transplant kidney at colour Doppler.

Fascial dehiscence and bowel or allograft evisceration

They tend to occur in perioperative period. Herniation of bowel through a transplant peritoneal defect may lead to compromise of intestine or transplant itself.

Limitations

The USG examination is examiner dependent and limited accessibility in obese patents impairs the evaluation and often leads misinterpretation. The RI index is also unspecific and influenced by many factors like site at which the RI is measures, increased intraabdominal pressure during forced inspiration and the pulse rate.

Summary

Kidney transplant is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. Improvements in surgical techniques and advanced immunosuppressive drugs have resulted in remarkable survival of patients and renal grafts. Still complications occur in both the early postoperative period and later. Kidney transplants follow up is common in radiology and sonography practice.

Ultrasonography and Doppler examination can accurately depict and characterize many of the potential complications of renal transplantation. It facilitates prompt and accurate diagnosis and thus guiding treatment.

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For more  Journal of Urology & Nephrology Studies  articles please click here: https://lupinepublishers.com/urology-nephrology-journal/index.php

[barmanradiology]

Obstetric colour doppler in Hailakhandi | Dr Barman Radiology

Looking for the obstetric colour doppler in Hailakhandi? Dr Barman radiology is among the best obstetric colour doppler in Hailakhandi we use advanced technology to provide accurate scans. Book An appointment.

[imagingworld]

CT Scan Centre in Ahmedabad - Imaging World

Computed Tomography, also known as CT or CAT Scan, it is a diagnostic procedure used to produce detailed X-ray images of the body to detect and reveal the details of internal organs and any health issues that cannot be seen by conventional X-rays. It can produce 2D cross-sectional images of the body’s tissues, bones, and blood vessels.

Gujarat's vibrant metropolis, Ahmedabad, is well-known for its lively marketplaces, extensive history of culture, and first-rate medical facilities. CT Scan Price in Ahmedabad is home to a number of modern facilities offering CT scans and other diagnostic imaging services. These facilities are run by highly qualified specialists and include state-of-the-art equipment. We'll examine some of the top CT scan facilities in Ahmedabad in more detail in this guide, highlighting their offerings, advanced equipment, and patient-centred culture.

CT scan Procedure:

After escorting you to the CT scan room by a technician, you will be asked to lie down on a padded table that can slide in and out of the scanner machine and remain still.

When the pictures are picked up by the X-ray detectors placed in the device and relayed to a computer for processing, you could hear a clicking sound.

After the CT scan Centre in Ahmedabad , you can usually resume your normal activities unless instructed otherwise by your healthcare provider. The images will be processed by a radiologist, who will interpret the results and prepare a report for your referring physician. CT Scan Centre in Bopal, CT scan changodar, CT scan thaltej, CT scan in thaltej.

The CT scanner is a large, doughnut-shaped machine that houses an X-ray tube and detectors. It rotates around your body while capturing multiple X-ray images from different angles. These images are then processed by a computer to create cross-sectional slices, or "slices," of the body.

Our Services: - CT scan Centre

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Contact us: - +91 9909644344, imagingworld9@gmail.com

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Why Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre is the Best Diagnostic Centre Near Me

If you’re looking for reliable health check-ups and tests in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur, Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre is the place to visit. They are known as the Best Diagnostic Centre in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur, and here’s why.

Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre uses the latest equipment to get accurate results. Whether you need an MRI, CT scan, or ultrasound, they have the modern machines that give clear images. This helps doctors understand what’s happening in your body so they can provide the right treatment.

But it’s not just about the machines. The staff at Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre are friendly and caring. They make sure you feel comfortable and at ease during your visit. From the moment you walk in, they treat you with kindness and respect.

The centre also makes it easy to get your tests done quickly. They help you set up appointments without any hassle and make sure you get your results in a timely manner. This way, you don’t have to wait long to get the information you need.

In short, if you need a trustworthy place for medical tests, Lotus Imaging & Diagnostic Centre is a great choice. As the Best Diagnostic Centre in Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur, they offer both top-notch technology and excellent care. So, if you want reliable results and a supportive experience, this is the place to go.

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An echocardiogram (ECHO) is a type of ultrasound scan that is conducted to evaluate the heart and the nearby blood vessels.

This test aims to monitor and assess the functioning of the heart and valves. It also enables a cardiologist to evaluate the blood flow in the blood vessels and to monitor the heart’s pumping chambers. 

An echo works on the same principles as that of ultrasound, using high-frequency sound waves that bounce off of different parts of the heart. This, in turn, produces high-quality images which are displayed on a screen. 

This heart test is a non-invasive and painless diagnostic procedure. For additional clarity and depending on the cardiac condition the test is being conducted, the echo can also be paired by Doppler ultrasound and colour Doppler scans.