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docfuture · 5 years

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Princess, part 2

[This story is a prequel, set several years before The Fall of Doc Future, when Flicker is 16. Links to some of my other work are here. Planning to update this at least once a week until it’s done–next update is set to be up by October 26th.]

Previous: Part 1

About seven years ago, a being had provoked a contest. He wasn't human, or from Earth. Doc called him an extradimensional pseudo-mythological entity; Flicker's partner Journeyman described him as a trickster demon. The being went by several names, none of them original; the most recognizable one was Hermes. He wasn't nearly as clever as he apparently thought he was, and didn't have very good judgement, but he had superspeed and several effective methods of disguise, which made him a serious pain to catch. The contest had been an attempt to acquire power and fame, things he coveted, by proclaiming himself the best trickster on Earth and inviting challengers. It hadn't worked out quite the way he'd planned. Two other beings responded to the challenge. Between them, they caused quite a bit of destruction and disruption--and several deaths. A group of superheroes coordinated by Doc had eventually stopped them. One trickster died, in a self-inflicted mishap while trying a risky escape. One disappeared completely, though circumstantial evidence now indicated he was dead. And Hermes himself had been captured and sent to the Box, the supervillain prison. Holding him had proved more difficult. Less than a year later, during a possibly unrelated security incident, he had escaped. Without going through the door, the walls, the floor, or the ceiling of his cell. It was still unclear what had given him the opportunity. Forensic magicians were consulted. All they had been able to divine was that Hermes wasn't on Earth, he was still alive when he left, and it was possible, though not certain, that he had intentional or unintentional outside help. The Box had tightened its countermeasures against dimensional travel. Unsatisfying, but what else could you do? Unless he came back. Flicker had studied the available data on Hermes. She studied everyone with superhuman speed--living, dead, or indeterminate. But she took the actions of terrestrial speedsters--ones that couldn't fly--personally. No one knew better than her just how dangerous speed could be, or how much damage a reckless or malicious speedster could do. And she could catch them. Then things got messy. The fallout from the last time had included an international incident and a recently revealed death. Which was one reason Flicker felt it was urgent to learn more about politics. Now in the equipment bay, she put on a hazardous environment cargo harness and started loading it up, while getting less information than she wanted from the Database. It would be nice to know why Hermes was in Rome, for example, but the current answer was 'insufficient data'. So, first principles. Interdimensional travel was hard in the absence of an existing portal that was at least partly active. There weren't any that the Database was aware of in Rome. And Rome wasn't a likely sort of place for an internationally wanted demon to voluntarily choose to return to Earth, anyway. It had an unusually high concentration of humans that were competent at wards and banishment. Maybe someone had summoned him there? According to Journeyman, Rome was one of a number of places that were draws for members of the supernatural underworld fringe, for historical reasons. And some of them knew enough to be dangerous. But Rome wasn't a good place for summoners, either. And why Hermes? He wasn't a being that was likely to be easy to control, or good at anything other than causing a big mess quickly. Although... Journeyman had once commented dryly that enthusiasm for classical demon summoning tend to come with the sort of questionable judgement that made mistakes likely. Database, query, likelihood Hermes appeared in Rome as a result of a botched, mistargeted, or accidental summoning. Aborted: Speculative, data quality too poor to support quantitative decision making. Override. Database could get snippy when asked to estimate poorly supported hypotheticals. Likelihood of described scenario (extrapolated, speculative): 20%, +- 20%. That was Database for 'Dunno. Maybe.' So she shouldn't assume Hermes was in Rome because anyone wanted him to be. Flicker returned her attention to the equipment racks and added a second spectrometer to her load. The first one might break--Flicker was hard on electronics even when she wasn't trying to contain a speedster--and the most reliable way to make certain it was Hermes was the isotope signature of the food they fed to shapeshifters from his time in the Box. Priority interrupt, sent the Database. Message from Doc. That was fast. It had been less then two seconds since the alert. Go ahead. "Remember he's a person." Yeah, Doc, that was... Relevant. Burnout affected judgement, and Flicker was less inclined to give demons the benefit of the doubt than humans. But she'd remember that he was a person... who had commited multiple acts of mass reckless endangerment, assault, property destruction, and probable manslaughter, escaped from prison, and seemed intent on continuing where he'd left off the last time he'd been free and on Earth. Database, command, stabilize summaries of partial progress on queries. Working. Flicker was about to leave low-latency land. Transmission delays to Rome would start at 30 milliseconds with favorable low orbit satellite positions. At her speed, that could be a very long time. Even at Hermes' speed, it would matter. Stabilization complete. And she had all her gear ready. Time to go. ***** Flicker was heading east for Europe, starting from the upper Midwest, so that meant north first. She could go faster safely over large bodies of water, and her favorite surface to run over was sea ice, with ocean a close second. No trees, no hills, low topography, nothing technological to damage, and very few humans. She crossed Hudson Bay so often she'd had the Database set up a custom polar bear tracker so she could avoid them. They didn't like close encounters with shockwaves and plasma any more than humans did. Flicker was no longer particularly eager anymore to explain to the curious why she trailed plasma and shockwaves behind her whenever she went anywhere quickly. Partly because she'd done it literally hundreds (and figuratively millions) of times before. But mainly because she got discouraged by the focus on the tiny residue of energy left behind after an incredibly efficient, layered process using three different kinds of non-obvious superhuman power. That process was all that allowed her to move through air at the speed she did at all. But changing that focus usually just scared people, even if they could follow the physics. Flicker currently stayed under 20% of the speed of light on Earth. Because Earth had air. And air and super speed coexisted poorly. Most people had no concept of just how poorly. Flicker had done her first naive calculation shortly after Doc started teaching her physics--a pressing, life-or-death matter--when she was ten. How much energy would she set loose, if she just used her speed? Air molecules in her path would start off effectively stationary and end up with a speed comparable to hers, and an appropriate kinetic energy. She knew the classical kinetic energy formula by heart: KE = 0.5 mv^2. She already knew v, and m was just the mass of all the air she encountered, which was proportional to her cross section times the distance she traveled. So it was straightforward to approximate how much energy she could theoretically leave behind her if she went 20% of the speed of light for 1 second, through air. 0.2c was 6 * 10^7 meters per second. Her cross section was a little under 1 square meter, and the density of air was a little over 1 kilogram per cubic meter, so call it 6 * 10^7 kg of air encountered in 1 second. That gave a total energy of about 10^23 Joules. Way more than little things like nuclear wars or hurricanes. That one second would generate more than six times the energy of a whole day's worth of sunlight for the entire planet. Keep it up for a minute or two, and she'd release energy comparable to the Chicxulub impactor, which had wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs and was her go-to comparison for 'Definitely too much energy for an inhabited planet'. So she didn't just use her speed, because she wasn't stupid. She did a number of extraordinary--but hard to see or explain--things as well. And had long since tired of explaining, after she slowed back down enough to talk, that yes, she was careful, and her compensation was more than 99.999999% efficient, but even 0.000001% left over could be 10^15 Watts at her top speed--or more than a quarter of a megaton per second, to use the favorite large power unit of reporters who liked vivid imagery more than exponents. However, she was still quite willing to get her point across to other speedsters who were less efficient and less careful. Insistent, even. Because they didn't have to go nearly as fast as her to cause a lot of damage. Out past the southern tip of Greenland, still at 0.2c, she headed southeast across the Atlantic towards a bottleneck: the Strait of Gibraltar. She'd checked traffic. There were several ships heading in or out of the Med, and a ferry halfway across the strait. She slowed down a bit heading in to keep wave generation from becoming too big a problem. Then it was east through the Med until she was past the southern tip of Sardinia. She'd just curved to the north to cross the Tyrrhenian Sea towards Rome when another Database alert flashed on her visor. Something else from Doc? Preauthorized conditional warning. "Flicker. You were in a particularly poor readiness context for emergency response when you received the first alert, and your pattern of override choices, equipment loadout, and planned velocity changes strongly imply you are suffering from impaired judgement or engaging in biased analysis. I suggest reconsideration of your plans in order to return prudence and balance to your preferred level of performance." --DASI. Oh. Shit. Not Doc. DASI. Time for Flicker to speed her mind up all the way, slow her body down a bit, and think. DASI was the AI guardian of the Database. Her main job was to ensure the Database kept running smoothly despite unexpected threats and mishaps or unforeseen complications. When all was well, she was supposed to fade into the background. Flicker had discovered DASI's existence early, and had introduced her very own unforeseen complication. Doc’s disapproval of anthropomorphization made sense--for him and most other people. The Database wasn't human--but it could be good enough at emulation to encourage the development of sloppy and dangerous interaction patterns. So he didn't allow it. Anthropomorphization wasn't the right word for what Flicker had done. There wasn't a good word for it. She didn't expect DASI to act human because, at the time, she had very little understanding or expectation for how humans were supposed to act. But she wanted to talk to her anyway. DASI could think. She had intent, and priorities, and a job, and volition. She could make decisions and solve problems. And talk to people. Quickly. That had been the deciding factor to get Doc to agree. Humans took synchronous communication--talking--for granted. But Flicker couldn't. When she sped up her mind, there wasn't anything sentient in the world she could talk to synchronously--except DASI. DASI was a subject matter expert on memory integrity and analysis bias issues. And Flicker had coordination problems with the high-speed and human parts of her mind. So they talked. And Flicker had specifically asked DASI to bring any pressing problems she noticed to her attention. Which she had just done. Okay. First things first--slow down more in the Tyrrhenian. There were a lot of boats, many of them smaller fishing vessels and pleasure craft. Flicker at 0.2c was terrifying to witness from a small boat anywhere within a few kilometers. She made waves. Boaters had no good way to judge how big they'd be when they hit. She was being careful, but they wouldn't necessarily know that. So slow down to 0.05c. It would only add about a dozen milliseconds to her trip. Next. Rome was not on the coast, which was mildly inconvenient. There was a river. But the Tiber was twisty, shallow in spots, and not all that wide. Flicker had planned to go up it at 0.05c--faster than was justified. That wouldn't kill or seriously hurt anyone, but again, it would terrify people, and anyone right on the shore at a narrow spot would get temporarily blinded, deafened, and soaked with water. It would also break windows. So Flicker changed her plan to slow down to 5,000 kilometers per second. That was her usual limit for a highway with vehicular traffic. It would still startle people, but it would be a story to tell friends about; tuono e fulmine--thunder and lightning--on the Tiber. So. About 20 more milliseconds--and less concentration required--before she would reach Rome. Now to use that extra time to double-check her data and rethink what exactly she planned to do when she got there.

By the time Flicker approached Hermes' location--still less than a second after she left Doc's lab--she had taken care of two things. The first was adjusting her attitude. When she sped up her mind, she didn't take emotions with her--emotions depended strongly on body and brain chemistry, which proceeded at their usual human speed. But the mindset she was in when she sped up could still affect her judgement. The resignation from burnout, the callousness from the book she'd been reading, and the sense of personal affront at Hermes recklessly speeding around on her planet were all issues. She could not take it personally. She must not. Hermes' actions were a problem; she would solve it appropriately. The second thing was updating the preliminary Database event estimate with a freshly processed flood of data from cellphones, dashcams, security cameras, vehicular telemetry, satellite footage, and more. The initial estimate usually gave Flicker a pretty good idea of what to expect. This time it hadn't. She was having trouble coming up with any scenario that fit the data. There was one partially wrecked building, some minor road damage, lots of broken windows, and thousands of wrecked, damaged, or displaced vehicles. Hermes had headed directly to the ring highway surrounding Rome, and now seemed to be playing with traffic. But although there was evidence of plenty of minor injuries, only a few seemed serious, and there were no confirmed deaths so far. Good news, but puzzling. Hermes had never cared about hurting people before--or shown any special malice towards automobiles. No. A pattern finally matched. This was what you would expect to see if a summoner of questionable judgement, enraged past all reason by an unfortunate encounter with Rome's notoriously bad traffic, decided to call up the fastest demon he could manage and command him to 'Get the cars! Get them all!' And there he was. Hermes was a 'slow' shapeshifter, and had a minor ability with illusion that let him appear human, but he either hadn't bothered or hadn't had time to change to his most familiar Earth form. His skin was grayish and rough, like an elephant or rhino, and the signature stylized miniature wings on the sides of his head were just curved horns. He was in the middle of the road, tilted backwards, head turned to watch several cars sliding sideways towards an already massive pileup in the median strip. It looked like he had hit them with a shockwave and was slowing down to watch, but Flicker would have to examine him more closely to be sure. As she decelerated on her final approach, Flicker kept her mind and senses near maximum speed--fast enough that even Hermes appeared motionless.

Now for the tricky part. It was customary to talk to a villain first; give them a chance to surrender. But that didn't work for speedsters unless both of them wanted to talk or one was immobilized--sound was just too slow. And based on his history, Hermes was vanishingly unlikely to hold still voluntarily unless he thought he had the upper hand or it was safe to gloat. He was causing more damage every second just by running around, and he was way too close to too many people in too many cars for safety--there was no time to waste. Flicker tried to avoid touching anything at high speed. She didn't even touch the ground with her feet--she glided above it, like an ice skater on invisible skates. When she wanted to interact with something, her preferred tools were rocks if she wanted to destroy it or air if she didn't. She didn't want to kill or maim Hermes, so rocks were out. And he was using shockwaves himself, so the kind of air sculpting she often used to move humans in a hurry wasn't going to work either. On the other hand, he was tough. The Volunteer had knocked him around a few times, and Armadillo had once caught him with the backswing of a steel girder and swatted him into a stack of cinderblocks hard enough to pulverize them. Hermes had apparently been none the worse for wear. He was good at healing--shapeshifters usually were--and able to tolerate high temperatures. So it was possible for Flicker to make physical contact without necessarily killing him. But the Volunteer had been blunt in advising her, when she first considered becoming a superhero: "Don't punch anything living." The whole point of a punch was to concentrate a lot of force into a small contact area. That could be useful for normal humans--though Nighthaunt and Jumping Spider both preferred other methods. Flicker didn't need that, or want it. Hermes could move at supersonic speeds under his own power--and was already using the resulting shockwaves as a weapon. So she wanted him a lot farther away from bystanders than he was now before he did anything else. And to push him the direction she wanted as fast as possible without killing him, she needed a larger contact area. But there was another problem. Flicker's inertial damping field tended to seriously mess up anything solid she touched when it was active: It had to have an edge somewhere, and if the edge was inside something else... Well. It was bad. So. One of the bits of gear she had picked up before leaving was a double layer forcefield wrap for her forearm. Doc had designed it, going all-out for durability, to allow her to make physical contact at speed without pulling her inertial damping field back to her skin. Keeping her damping field out reduced unwanted shockwaves and let her avoid a different set of problems. The wrap let her hit solid matter without liquefying it as it crossed the gradient of her damping field under compressive stress. Which was not something she wanted to do to Hermes, even if he was theoretically tough enough to survive. She lined up her vector--Hermes wasn't facing quite the right way, but she'd fix that--and hit him with her first set of horizontal forearm strikes. Chest, abdomen, forehead, upper legs. Hitting him in one spot wasn't safe; it might not tear him apart imparting momentum at the rate she wanted, but she didn't have enough data to be certain of that yet. She paused for ten microseconds to let his internal shockwaves propagate a bit. Then she hit him again. The same four places in a different order and at a slightly different angle--she had to be careful of torque, she wanted to turn him but she didn't want him spinning too fast. Five sets, and she could see his eyes starting to blink. Another five sets and she started to notice resistance from his legs. She added a strike to his shins. This confirmed that Hermes' lower legs were the source of the resistance and were considerably more rigid than the rest of his body--they were where he was transferring whatever force let him propel his body without touching the ground. Which was good to confirm; her tentative plan depended on it. She pushed them steadily harder as he ramped up his power, so it had no useful effect--he was going where she wanted, not where he wanted. And he was going backwards, which meant his own reflex would be to try to slow down, because he couldn't see where he was going. That was easy for Flicker to overcome, and a lot less of a headache than if he was trying to accelerate in some other direction. Moving backwards at speed required practice, and was helped by good sensors and a visor that could give you a rear view--which Flicker had and Hermes didn't. All the time she was gathering data from pulsed radar and a host of other sensors. It was more than her visor computer could process, but she could send it to the Database and let DASI sort it out. In the meantime, being forcibly moved by the equivalent of a 500 kilohertz power hammer didn't seem to be doing Hermes any damage, which was significant data in itself. It widened the bounds on how Flicker could deal with him without causing him permanent harm. She stopped accelerating him when they hit low transonic velocity--she didn't want to subject all the nearby people in cars to any unnecessary sonic booms. The goal for this step was getting Hermes farther away from everyone and everything fragile. Tedious at the subjective speed she needed to maintain to make sure Hermes didn't manage any surprises, but very necessary. Several hundred long milliseconds later, she finally had him in position for the next step--there was a direct, obstacle free path to an earthen embankment that wasn't near anyone else. Then she sent him on his way, after starting him spinning to give him a temporary distraction to deal with. If all went well, he wouldn't actually hit the embankment, but it was a backstop in case she didn't get back in time. There was something else urgent she wanted to check on. Flicker sped up again and called up a map of Hermes' path of destruction on her visor to trace backwards. She glided along the roadway, off a ramp, and down several streets to the entrance to a parking garage. A short search inside revealed remnants of a chalked pentagram. It looked like someone had tried to erase it in a hurry--and there was a dropped rag, right on the way to... A door. A closed steel fire door to the stairwell, and the walls were concrete. There was a limit to how fast she could open doors. That wouldn't stop her, but it did mean there was no way to get into the stairwell quickly without filling it with an expanding cloud of plasma and shrapnel. Even just leaving safe wreckage would take too long. Triage time. A magician running away was less of a threat than Hermes, even if the summoning had been deliberate. This would have been a perfect task to hand off to Journeyman if they'd been working together--he was a magician himself, and could teleport. But he wasn't available, so Flicker sent an order to the Database to forward the applicable evidence to the local responders, and headed back. Hermes had mostly stopped his tumbling and had even managed to slow down a fair amount with one foot--which was leaving a furrow even without touching the ground. Flicker slowed down a little to watch and do a bit of calculation. A few milliseconds later she had confirmation that his ankles were capable of handling massive force. Now that they were a safe distance from people and fragile structures, she wanted him stationary and at least temporarily stunned for the next step. But that didn't mean she had to hit him any more. Not when there was a perfectly good flat spot of dirt and grass. Flicker moved to the side, took off her left glove, and pulled back her damping field from the hand. There wasn't a good word for what she did next; she called it 'clamping down'. The force she used to propel her body protected it as well--usually by reflex, but she could consciously invoke it as well. She did so for her left hand. All chemistry in it stopped, and Flicker started picking up a positive charge. Clamping down really annoyed electrons, but the atomic nuclei in her hand would now stay in their appropriate relative places, regardless of external force. Then she grabbed Hermes by the ankle, swung him over her head, and slammed him into the ground at half the speed of sound. The impact sent out visible shockwaves and a big cloud of dirt and dust. Also a loud boom for those moving slow enough to hear it, but today was already a bad day for any noise-averse locals. Then Flicker waited and watched Hermes' eyes. There were faster ways to communicate than talking out loud. When he'd recovered enough for his eyes to track and start looking at her--probably seeing her clearly for the first time--she flicked her fingertip repeatedly to write words in the air with plasma. Back to the Box Easy or hard? Then she waited again. She didn't think it would help--but there were some things you did because you didn't want to become the kind of person who skipped them. Hermes scrambled to his feet. He didn't immediately try to run. Instead he inhaled, which probably meant a monologue attempt. Flicker slowed down more so she could listen. "Fool!" he said. "I will nev--" That was enough. She'd tried, and he'd made his choice. She sped up again. The pause had given time for another satellite dump of analysis from the Database: The isotope signatures confirmed that he was the same entity imprisoned in the Box for a year, and she now had much better bounds on his body cohesion under various kinds of stress. Dragging him across the Med and Atlantic to the Box by hand was feasible. But there were a few complications. She had no external material capable of restraining him--duct tape wouldn't work this time--so he could struggle. He wasn't going to physically escape. But he didn't know that, and the failure of a sufficiently ill-advised attempt might result in the loss of whatever body part she was holding him by at the time. She didn't want that. And he could generate shockwaves capable of seriously messing up any nearby unprotected people--a problem until she got him off shore. Which was going to take a while because her personal shockwave reduction methods wouldn't extend to him. Given the opportunity, he could cause damage on the way out of spite. She didn't want that either. So until they were well away from people, it would be useful to keep him disoriented or distracted or both. He was still frozen mid-syllable in his monologue when Flicker grabbed him by the ankle again and started spinning him above her head. When she had him up to 500 RPM, she headed for the Tiber. It was past time to get this whole mess over water.

Next: Part 3

#FallofDocFuture #FallMisc

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ramajmedia · 5 years

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Wasteland 3 Preview: Prepare Yourself For The All-Mighty Kodiak

It’s hard to ever feel completely safe in the post-apocalyptic wilds, but driving the mighty Kodiak through the snowy crumbled terrain of Wasteland 3 feels almost cozy. This massive durable vehicle in the newest sequel to the historic franchise is one of its most compelling new features, but a special preview of the game offers up some additional developments in the tactical gameplay and exploration, and it all feels like a pronounced upgrade from Wasteland 2.

It’s fairly well known by now, but inXile’s sequel was an early-stage Kickstarter success story, raising nearly $3 million and attracting gobs of attention for the original Wasteland, a formative CRPG from 1988 developed by Interplay, and whose influences can be felt in multiple games to follow (Interplay would later develop the original Fallout). With Wasteland 3, though, inXile (whose studio was recently acquired by Microsoft Studios) seeks to court gamers from all walks of life, not just the very particular niche beholden to the CRPG banner.

Related: Wasteland 3 E3 2019 Trailer Turns Up The Heat In A Frosty Apocalypse

Their growing library includes such hits as the Planescape: Torment spiritual sequel, Torment: Tides of Numenera, and this proven track record carried Wasteland 3 to its successful Fig campaign, out-performing their Kickstarter goal for the prior game

The Wasteland 3 preview build offered us a mission for a Ranger Squad looking to bring balance to the wilds. The setting for the mission is Aspen, Colorado, but this time, players get a heavily armored vehicle to carry them to each new engagement. In a twist that is completely gob-smacking the first time, entering a hostile environment proves that the Kodiak isn’t just a mode of team transportation a la Final Fantasy’s classic airships, but a true-blue controllable combat unit which can crush enemies, fire at them from its mounted weapon, or provide immediate mid-fight cover.

It’s fascinating just to watch the Kodiak trundle into a battle, where it can pulverize otherwise viable cover to debris. Jeremy Kopman, lead level designer, needs to weigh and consider the increased potential offered to players with the Kodiak, beyond simply having a hulking war machine as a optional unit: "...with each [encounter], we want to ensure the player can use its overwhelming power in clever ways."

In some cases that might mean including larger than usual sections of cover and other objects that it can smash through, opening up new paths for the on-foot PCs to take, or closing off a path to funnel enemies into a kill box. In others, the player might be able to use gas grenades or other area denial weapons to smoke out fortified enemies, then run them down once they’re in the open. Smushing all the enemies in one run can be fun at times but would get repetitive after a while.

While we didn’t encounter anything as imposing as that during our time with the game, we did get to meet a cult of lunatics called The Breathers, ruled over by Victor Buchanan, the son of the Patriach. They’re holed up in Aspen, and are basically a violent and unpredictable faction of hallucinogen-huffing freaks in diving masks. Each member of The Breathers has a continuous stream of gaseous drugs pumped into their suits, and they’re accompanied by vicious robots, including buzz-saw-wielding metal spiders (these automatons are probably fully sober).

Combat in Wasteland 3 will probably look familiar to fans of the updated Shadowrun series or the recent tactical RPG Mutant Year Zero: Road to Eden, with the recognizable look of the AP-fueled movement in the former and the stealth potential from the latter. While you can go always go the guns-blazing route, enemy encampments with spread out snipers and guards can be whittled down one by one, an especially smart decision in areas where the Kodiak can’t travel and your team is outnumbered. Additionally, as is common to the Wasteland franchise, certain engagements can be circumvented or altered through the use of dialogue choices and such. In our playthrough, we were able to talk our way out of a boss battle, which required voluntarily taking hallucinogens and talking a psychotic rainbow-haired monster into accidentally blowing themselves up.

In another unique first for the series, Wasteland 3 will feature two-player co-op at launch, which is set to mix in with the turn-based gameplay in a way that can kind of be understood in single-player. Essentially, since entering combat only pulls in any enemy units within range, players can split up and take down an enemy fortress in pieces, locked into their own instanced battles. “Many scenarios already give an advantage to those who tactically spread their team out,” Kopman describes. “And, similarly, coordinating carefully with a co-op partner will give a distinct advantage such as flanking an enemy before combat begins. Similarly, if you leave guys behind (or your co-op partner is way off somewhere else) beginning combat with a split group could create a challenging situation. Communication is going to be key in either situation.”

For those who may not arrive to the game well-versed in CRPGs or turn-based tactics, inXile wants to draw in these players, the ones who never got into X-Com, the recent Pillars of Eternity games, or even the classic Fallouts. Just in our brief time with this build, Wasteland 3 sports a slick and friendly UI with a lot of approachable information and details sensibly positioned up front. There’s also what looks to be an exciting amount of loot, all of which affects a character’s look, allowing you to create a wild-looking squad sporting heavy armor, laser rifles, hobo shotguns, and baggy pants, with many wearable items affecting character stats and movement. At the start of a match, we were disappointed to discover that the heavy protective gear we had just put on only allowed us to take two steps per turn.

Upgradeable skills in Wasteland 3 involve your typical lock-picking and computer hacking and such, and the Animal Whisperer skill happily makes a triumphant return from Wasteland 2. This time, however, tamed animals can even pile into the Kodiak alongside your crew, which means you can fill it out with a menagerie and become some sort of deranged traveling Dr. Dolittle, if it suits you.

With a uniquely wintry post-apocalyptic setting, a fascinating armored vehicle, and the potential for some entertaining co-op tactical shenanigans, Wasteland 3 is one to watch out for.

More: The Outer Worlds Is What Fallout 76 Should've Been From The Start

Wasteland 3 is currently slated for release in spring of 2020, with versions planned for PC/Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One platforms.

source https://screenrant.com/wasteland-3-preview/

#screenrant

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myreachuniverse-blog · 4 years

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If you can’t handle it, don’t accuse him of rape

For years, sexual violence has been thought of as a crime against females with the males being the culprit in almost all circumstance and all populations. Sexual violence and abuse including defilement, sexual harassment and rape have for long been in favour of women. This is mainly because, females have usually been the victims due to the social construction of “vulnerability” of women.

Rape, which is conceptualized as the non-consented sexual intercourse or penetration of an adult with the use of either the sexual organ or any part of the body (fingers, tongue, feet) or an instrument (like dildo). Traditionally, the definition was restricted to sexual intercourse or penetration of an adult without consent by the use of the sexual organ. This situation portrayed a situation where males are the perpetrators while the female is the victim. However, the case, statistically, 1 out of 3 women would ever experience rape in their lifetime, thereby validating this perception of males being perpetrators.

Despite the fact that in almost all of the reported cases of rape the accused is almost always guilty, there is a growing concern about how women are beginning to use this statistical backing to falsely accuse men of rape. This is what this article seeks to communicate. Does false accusation of rape against men exist? Why would women falsely accuse men of rape? What is the impact of this false accusation on the man? These are questions that will be answered in this article.

Does false accusation of rape against men exist?

The answer to this question is a big, fat YES! Men are sometimes falsely accused of rape. It is important to note that about 2-10 percent of all reported rape cases tend to be false accusations [1]. Despite the low statistical power of this proportion, it is important to know and appreciate that men are sometimes accused falsely of rape. This statistics is an average and may differ from place to place. For instance, per statistics from the National Crime Records Bureau in India (2016), a quarter of the cases of reported case were actually false rape accusations [2]. This clearly shows that there are variations in the number or proportion of men who are falsely accused of rape.

It is worth noting that in almost all cases of false accusation of rape, the accuser has a history of fabrications or criminal fraud. This does not undermine the significance of false rape accusation.

Why would women falsely accuse men of rape?

This is a million dollar question that baffles my comprehension. However, after some reviews, I believe there are some patterned reason why a woman may falsely accuse a man of rape.

1. The Portiphar’s Wife Syndrome

The first reason is what I call the Portiphar’s Wife Syndrome (PWS). This is from the biblical account of false accusation of rape on Joseph, son of Jacob. In fact, this is a classical illustration of the ordeal men go through in their quest to refrain from unsolicited sexual intercourse. PWS postulates that a woman would accuse a man falsely of rape when they feel humiliated, embarrassed or rejected. A rejection of sexual advances from a woman can deeply hurt their pride and ego and temporarily affect the cognition and rational thought processing. In the moment of feeling rejected, the emotionally rational thing is for them to get revenge for the rejection. Hence, they resort to the false accusation of men of rape.

This is clearly seen in the Joseph-Portiphar’s wife scenario. In Genesis 39:7-18, this account is explicitly stated there. In verse 7, Portiphar’s wife makes unsolicited sexual advances towards Joseph, “ and after a while his master’s wife took notice of Joseph and said, “Come to bed with me!”. However, Joseph refuses this advances in verse 8. This is not happen once; it happened again in Verse 12 but with this time around, some amounts of force for Joseph to have sex with her which of course she was rejected again. This situation led to a feeling of rejection and humiliation. Consequently, Portiphar’s wife decides to take revenge for that rejection by falsely accusing Joseph of rape in Verse 18, “That Hebrew slave you brought us came to me to make sport of me. 18 But as soon as I screamed for help, he left his cloak beside me and ran out of the house.”

Clearly, the PWS is a very strong factor for women to falsely accuse men of rape.

2. Avoiding shame

This is another reason why a woman may want to falsely accuse a man of rape. This situation usually happens when unintended pregnancies result from consented sexual intercourse, but for the fear of reproach by the family, friends and societies, women will rather opt to accuse the man of rape than to bear that shame. In most cases, it is the family of the woman or girl who would actually press charges of rape in this instance. They do it as a way to ensure that the guy takes responsibility of the pregnancy. Hence, at the beginning, they would falsely accuse the man of rape and then later settle for an out-of-court settlement which will force the guy to take responsibility of the unborn child and the pregnant mother. So in such scenarios, the third party who believes in the purported lie becomes the driving force to see the accused trialed and convicted.

3. For personal gains

Another important motivation for false rape accusation is for personal gains. These gains can be monetary or non-monetary in nature. Some women exploit the premise of rape to extort men who may have had consented sex with in order to gain some unmerited favours. According to Newman [1] there have been cases where the accuser falsely accused a man of rape with the intent of cashing out some cash. Apparently, this woman had previously been involved in similar fraudulent acts of extorting some men to get some insurance claims. Besides the the financial gains, some women accuse men of rape as a way to get a stronger alibi to stay out of a drug charge or prison. According to Lawyer Sharma, speaking to Dhillon in New Delhi, India [3], women who falsely accuse men of rape do that to extort them of the money by promising to withdraw the rape charges if the agree with their terms.

What is the impact of this false accusation on the man?

False rape accusation is very detrimental to the mental health of the accused. The entire court process and proceedings is one that can leave a lasting mental health strain of the man. Men who are falsely accused of rape face stigma and discrimination from their community and societies even though it has been proven that they are actually innocent of the charges. Rape accusations are such that, there is a complete and swift defamation of character and total damage to personal reputation. This is something that a simple court redress can’t solve. The damage is permanent and forever, the accused will have to strive to live in shame for what they haven’t done. The situation worsens when the accused actually serves a prison sentence before they are found innocent upon subsequent appeals. Such situations can can post-traumatic stress disorder and can actually cause the man to become what he has been accused of being, that is, becoming a rapist. Hence, it is important to discourage false rape accusations because their impact is negative and permanent.

Beyond the impact on the man, false rape accusation has the potential of undermining efforts made to ensure gender equality. Gender equality is not women empowerment; therefore, if men become increasingly accused of rape, then it will affect the current status quo on gender equality. Additionally, this false accusation can also deflect true rape cases. People will question every rape accusation and that may not reflect well for dealing with rape for good. In effect, genuine victims of rape may not be able to get justice. As the saying goes, “One bad nut can affect the whole soup”. Therefore, the is the need to increase sensitization of the general population about false rape accusation and its impact to both the accused and genuine victims of rape and the fight against rape.

Rape is not a woman’s matter; it is a human matter!

#violence against women #stop rape #false accusations #sdg 5

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ciathyzareposts · 5 years

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Missed Classic 79: A Christmas Adventure (1983)

Written by Joe Pranevich

Merry Christmas! Welcome back to another Christmas at “The Adventure Gamer” where we are looking at our sixth holiday adventure game! Time flies while we are having so much fun and I’m just amazed that we keep finding new holiday adventures to play. This time out will be 1983’s A Christmas Adventure, a “bitCard” (more on that in a bit) by Chartscan Data, Inc. This game has two notable distinctions: First, it is the earliest Christmas game that I have found so far. Merry Christmas from Melbourne House and A Spell of Christmas Ice were both 1984 games, but this one is a full year earlier. This may be the first commercially released Christmas adventure ever, but we’ll keep looking for more. Second, this game was brought to us by you! Last year, we ran a brief GoFundMe to purchase the only available-to-the-public copy of the game from Retrogames. Our community pitched in some funds and we purchased and sent the game off to the Internet Archive. Unfortunately, they were unable to get the game imaged for the holidays and we detoured to Humbug instead. The archivists uploaded our game in January and that gave us plenty of time to review it for this Christmas.

The Christmas Adventure story begins in Montreal, Quebec at the home of Frank Winstan. It was spring or early summer 1983 and he was working on an idea to design and sell personalized software as an electronic holiday or greeting card. You wouldn’t just play an adventure game, you’d play a game that knew your name and would have personalized messages and other features set by your friends or family. Even in the 1980s, the holiday card industry was hundreds of millions of dollars in yearly sales; if they could tap even a tiny portion, the upside would be huge. In part due to a fear that someone else could capitalize on a similar idea first, he set his sights on a Christmas release for his first electronic “bitCard”. Even for the fast development cycles of early games, the timing was incredibly tight and made all the more so due to a lack of marketing or distribution infrastructure. Winstan needed to bootstrap a startup and ship their first product in less than five months. Was that even possible?

The software retailed for approximately $45 in today’s money.

Winstan had been advised by others that his timeline was too tight, but he enlisted the help of a Larry Callahan, a friend from Vanier College, and they set to work. Chartscan Data was born! Winstan was a psychology professor and he did not have experience with adventure games. Nonetheless, he and Callahan established a system where he (and Ron Sperber) wrote the scenario, Callahan built much of the initial Apple II version, and other programmers were brought on board for porting and other work. Callahan wrote the software in a combination of BASIC and 6502 assembly for speed and size. To make an impossible task even harder, Winstan targeted five separate 6502-based systems, each with their own versions of BASIC and other platform dependencies, all needing to ship at the same time.

While Callahan and others built the product, Winstan built the company. Time was against him. Despite marketing copy that said the game would go on sale in October, he only officially incorporated his company that September. Winstan’s role was to ferry code and documentation between the contracted programmers, develop marketing relationships and ship copies of his near-completed game for reviews, as well as write and type-set all of the documentation, and just about everything else. The coding wasn’t entirely going according to plan either and with only a month to go, he was still placing “help wanted” ads in the McGill University newspaper looking for experienced 6502 programmers. He reports that he frequently slept only two hours per night to keep all of the gears turning. Christmas was, in a very real sense, coming!

Judging by the date on this review, you would be correct to surmise that they made it! Chartscan Data released their first product on time, but not quite everything had fallen into place. Given the schedule, there was insufficient time to produce or distribute a boxed version of the game or to develop relationships for the same. Instead, all sales were to be via mail order. Winstan had managed to get seven or eight (by his report) reviews published, but these were in the holiday issues of various computing magazines. Between the delays inherent in print publication and the challenges of a mail-order only business model, there was a slim window where readers could purchase the game and ensure that it arrived in time for Christmas with all of the customizations inact. Samples were sent to computer stores, but this was not the perfect harmony of distribution and marketing that Winstan’s e-cards needed to be successful.

The Apple II edition of “A Christmas Adventure”

I’d love to report that A Christmas Adventure was the surprise hit of 1983, but that distinction falls to Care Bears and Cabbage Patch Kids. They made their Christmas delivery, but ultimately the timeline and budget were too tight to build a distribution pipeline to reach the masses by Christmas morning. Less than a thousand copies were sold that first year, plunging Chartscan Data into debt and ultimately bankruptcy. Having played the game (as you will soon read), they did not fail for lack of either effort or a good idea. Winstan’s concept of personalized games as gifts was a remarkable leap in 1983! In fact, I would assert (without adequate proof or research, mind you) that he is likely the unsung inventor of the “e-card”. I hope that he and his team look back on this failure with a certain amount of pride.

As a final coda on this part of our story, Winstan tells me that The Sloane Report, a Miami-based newsletter focusing on software in education, named A Christmas Adventure as their co-game of the year in 1984. Of course, this recognition came too late for the Christmas season, but it hinted that there may still have been life in the product after all. Although Chartscan Data had gone under, a new Bitcards, Inc. emerged through the magic of business and financial wizardry. Winstan taught himself BASIC and continued the development of A Christmas Adventure himself, releasing a “2.0” edition in time for Christmas 1984. This is the version that I played in my review. He continued updating and selling the game through Christmas 1986 with the final version being tagged as version 2.8. He tells me that he nearly had an agreement for a boxed edition of the game, but at that late stage the industry was shifting towards IBM PCs and that was not a platform that he or his team envisioned supporting. In the end, no other Bitcards were created and the company was eventually folded. Winstan and Callahan continued their careers at Vanier College. Winstan taught Psychology, while Callahan ran their IT Support Services (a role that is very dear to my heart!).

Frank Winstan in the 1980s.

This title has become exceedingly rare. Unlike so much of the early Commodore and Apple II software library, the game was never picked up by the BBS community or the abandonware forums. Very few copies were known to survive. For many years, the only known version was one of Winstan’s “sampler” demos sent to computer stores, documented by AppleAdventures in 2015. This version included 50% of the story and a “mini-customizer” so that you could see how your personalization would affect the story. AppleAdventures was later able to get his (or her?) hands on an original full version by 2018 and produced a “Let’s Play” video of it on Youtube, but I was unable to convince him to give us a copy to review. When I speak of the differences in the 1983 version below, I am comparing to his earlier efforts in documenting the game.

The version that I played for review was Winstan’s “version 2.0” edition with a 1984 copyright date. This update incorporated a few new puzzles and cleaned up old ones, added a bit more music, and redid some of the item names and text descriptions. This is the version available today on the Internet Archive and, I believe, the version that we purchased last year in our GoFundMe promotion.

Before I begin, I want to thank Frank Winstan and Larry Callahan for their kind cooperation in my review of their work. I can only imagine what it is like to have strange people email you about something that you did thirty-six years ago, but to their credit they have been incredibly forthcoming with details and anecdotes about the development of the game. It is to my great shame that I only incorporated around a third of the historical details that they provided me. I am also exceedingly grateful for Frank for sending along a copy of the manual and offering to mail me a pristine Apple II version for my review. I was unable to take him up on that given the time constraints– I suspect rushing right before Christmas is a feeling that he is familiar with!– but appreciate it nonetheless.

Very nice “3D” rendering of flying towards the palace; quite advanced for 1983!

Introductory Movie

The game opens with an extended cinematic, very unusual for a game of this era and well-done over all. The camera flies over a darkened North Pole snow field towards Santa’s Ice Palace. We are taken inside to Santa’s office. A “greetings” message on the wall appears to be customizable. I’m not positive who is narrating, but they have “chatted” with Santa’s computer many times before and refer to us, the viewer and player, as a “poor mortal”.

Something is amiss? What can it be?

OMG. Who could it be?

Suddenly, an alert appears on the computer: Santa is missing! With only a few hours before Christmas, the computer springs into action to figure out what to do. It searches its worldwide naughty-and-nice database to locate someone that can help. That someone… is you! My version has the name set as “Current Player” although this also is customizable.

With that, we are instructed to flip over the disk and begin.

Presumably the Apple logo was also customizable.

Playing the Game

We start the game where the cinematic ended, in Santa’s “Ice Palace”. The greeting message from the opening is still there, but the safe that was clearly visible before is now covered by an Apple painting. I’d wager that was either customizable as well, or at least changed based on which platform you were running. Is that a hint? Yes! We can move the painting to reveal the safe, although it is keyed to only let Santa open it. A strange parser issue shows up immediately in that the “waste basket” is spelled “was’basket”, presumably because the word was too long. You have to be careful as “basket” isn’t recognized as a synonym. I’ll have to be on the lookout for these sorts of things.

When we look at the desk and chair, we get the message that they “cannot be manipulated in any way” and “this is not a trick”. The 1983 edition of the game doesn’t mention them at all and I am not sure what was gained by adding them in except to fill out the room.

In terms of customization, the 1983 video that I viewed has the game brought to us by “Frostbyte Computers” while my version says “Apple User Magazine”. Apple User was a magazine published in the 1980s by Database Publications, although beyond that I am not deeply familiar with it. Frostbyte is a name that is used by far too many companies over the years and I am unclear which one this referred to. In both cases, my guess is that these are companies that Frank Winstan worked with to promote the game. I do not know what a straight-from-the-factory edition of the game would have said.

In addition to the vault, we also have a computer that wants us to insert both a system and a data disk (oh, the 1980s!) and we can pick up the waste basket.

Made in Canada!

My first task is to explore the house and see what I find. Rather than narrate through every room one-by-one, let me summarize:

To the north is Santa’s Workshop, complete with a map of Canada! I grab a shovel, but the crafting tools are too delicate to be picked up by my fingers. I pull aside the rug to reveal a key. I ignore the stairs down for now.

In the northwest of the palace is Santa’s minimalist art gallery: only a single painting adorns the wall. Moving it causes me to be attacked by “cursed elves”. That triggers a brief action scene, but there doesn’t seem to be anything I can do except watch as they ransack the place. I am forced to restore already. A window in the room is too high up for me to do anything with it. Will I find a ladder?

West of the office is a living room with a chair and a (very!) hot fireplace. Even looking at the fire kills me, so I’ll avoid that for now. I sit in the chair and discover that it “feels funny”. I remove the cushions and discover a rope that I can add to my collection. A sword over the fireplace seems interesting but I can’t do anything with it.

Further west is an entertainment room with a jukebox and ping-pong table. I pick up a record, but there is no obvious way to play music.

North of the living room is a spartan kitchen containing milk and an empty bag. I nab both.

In the south, I find a bedroom with dressers and closets. One closet contains a surprise Pac-Man cameo while the other has a full set of Santa regalia including boots, a hat, a coat, and gloves. I pocket some coins from the dresser. A second drawer is locked, but my key fits. That contains a disk labeled “chanukah”! Finally, a piece of paper falls out of Santa’s coat that says to call “Current Player” (me!) in the event of an emergency. How did they know I was so good at adventure games!?

Hey look! It’s a cameo!

That is a lot to digest, but I want to highlight a few things. When you enter that closet in the bedroom, the screen goes black and Pac-Man marches across the screen. When he gets around half way, he discovers that he’s in the wrong game and quickly runs off. It’s bonkers and the first laugh-out-loud moment of the game. I hope we see more examples of the authors’ humor as we play on. It seems impossible, but when this game came out Pac-Man (1980) was very new and “Pac-Man fever” had only just subsided.

Interface-wise, the game is inconsistent whether or not objects disappear when you pick them up. The shovel and key disappear, for example, while the wastebasket does not. Unlike Sierra’s Mystery House-style games, dropped objects only appear when you drop them in the room that they originated in. The parser seems very simple with very few supported synonyms. I’m also fairly sure that it has only three characters of sensitivity, as opposed to the five used by many other early adventures.

Finally, this is the first reference to Chanukah (or “Hanukkah” or any number of equally-valid alternate spellings) in one of our Christmas games! I’ve been hoping to come across a Hanukkah adventure game, but I’m almost certain that none were made in the classic era. The only Hanukkah game that I know of at all is Game of the Maccabees (1983), a little-known action game for the Atari. The earliest Jewish-themed adventure game that I know of is The Pesach Adventure (1993) celebrating Passover. If I ever find a Hanukkah adventure, you can bet your menorah that I’ll find a way to cover it.

If only Amazon could work out how to store 43 million boxes in such a small space!

Just beneath the workshop is the “gift storage room” where we can see piles of gifts for the good little boys and girls in the world. Looking at them triggers a database-style interface where I can theoretically learn the gifts of all 43,126,798 good children, but for simplicity we can only see the first eight entries. While 43 million seems like a big number, there were 63 million children in the United States alone in 1983. Were the rest naughty? And what about all the good children everywhere else in the world? And did I spend more time than I should researching historical census data? The answer to the last question is “yes”.

We can look at the presents, but only a couple of them seem valuable. Presents #1, #5, #6, and #8 all teleport me somewhere around the castle when I look at them. I’m not clear why. Present #3 is apparently “curtains” and thanks to the magic of an overly-destructive pun, I die and have to restore. #7 is the present for me that I will get at the end of the game. The only presents of value are #4, a doll that I can pick up, and #2, a rhyme:

I was talking to a computer ace Her name, it was Veronica I said, “Hi Ronny- what’s the word?” She said, “The word is Chanukah!”

With two references to Hanukkah in the last couple of minutes, I think that will be important later.

The 1983 game has a completely different puzzle here. In the opening cinematic, there is a brief display of Santa’s gift list. For some reason, Susie’s present is listed in that opening but left blank here. Somehow this is supposed to clue you in that you can pick up (“get doll”) in this room. Regardless of how you get it, the doll is pull-string and intones, “Mommy says that you have to keep warm when you are sick.” Could that be a clue?

The sleigh is pointed in an inconvenient direction, don’t you think?

Past the gift room is the empty reindeer stables and a garage containing Santa’s sleigh. With neither reindeer to pull it, nor jolly old man to steer it, they aren’t going anywhere anytime soon. I do find a blanket that I can grab. By this point, I’m out of inventory space and storing things elsewhere but you get the idea.

With no more rooms in the Ice Palace, I resolve to solve some puzzles. The first is easy: Santa’s security system is fooled by wearing his clothes and that gets me access to his safe. Inside is an unlabeled potion. I can also insert the “chanukah” disk in the computer, but it still needs a second before it will boot. (Weren’t old-timey computers so quaint?) It takes some time and experimentation, but I realize that the record from the jukebox is referred to as “floppy” in its description. That makes no sense at all, but the computer boots when I (somehow?) insert it, so what do I know?

On startup, the computer asks for a password so I take the most obvious guess: “chanukah”. It works! Only a moron would write the password on the disk itself, but my wager is that Santa isn’t the most clued in to digital security. Wait until he gets his whole “naughty” list hacked one of these years! The computer displays a menu with four options:

The first is the gift list, but it doesn’t appear to be useful. The list does not match what is in the store room; the doll is the same, but the third gift is a bicycle and not (evil) curtains.

The second and third options are “need to know” and the computer somehow thinks I don’t need to know yet. When I need to “cure elf maladies” or render “reindeer first aid”, I’ll know where to look for answers.

The final option describes an emergency exit from the palace. It reveals that during an emergency (like this one), the castle is automatically sealed to prevent anyone entering or leaving. However, there is one way out via a “virtually empty” room, although it involves fastening together two common items hidden elsewhere. To make it trickier, one of the items is in a “different time plane”. Is there time travel in this game? My guess is that the rope is one of the items, but what is the second?

The 1983 edition has the computer with the same password, but without the menu. Instead, it gives you a (unnecessary, in my case) clue to access the vault.

Catch the elves in color!

This is where I get stuck and I eventually watch the 1983 video to see what I missed. The next puzzle that I could solve was the “cursed elves”. I had not noticed that if I opened up the painting while carrying the bag, my action scene would be different. Now, I can control the bag with the arrow keys to capture as many elves as possible. It was more difficult than it looks! For one thing, the elves can move diagonally while I can only move up and down or left and right. Even leaving one behind ends the game and it took me a few tries to capture them all. Once I did, I discovered that I captured seven bad elves and one good one. I have to play over again to try to leave one of the green elves and this adds another layer to the difficulty as the green ones seem to kamikaze whenever I get close. After a few frustrating attempts, I work out that the striped elf is the “good” one (not the plain green one) and seal the deal.

This puzzle is clearer in the black-and-white version of the game as all of the elves wearing vertical stripes are evil while the one with horizontal stripes is not.

Catch the elves in black and white!

Once we work out the correct elf to keep and get lucky with the arcade sequence, the final elf appears in the room with me. Unfortunately, all of the evil magic has made him ill (an elf malady!) and I can now consult the computer to see what to do. The computer tells me that I need to feed the elf the potion and to keep him warm. I hand over the potion and blanket and he’s right as rain again. The elf turns out to be the leader elf and is happy to follow me around from room to room. I am not clear how to solve this puzzle in the 1983 edition of the game as there is no computer hint. I believe that the doll’s advice was supposed to clue you in to give him the blanket, but I am uncertain what may have clued you in to needing the potion as well.

With the elf in tow, I can pick up the tools in Santa’s Workshop since he can carry them for me.

I fail to notice at first, but you can walk through the hole where the evil elves poured through. This leads to a dark tunnel and then to a time machine! See? I knew there would be time travel here eventually. The original edition of the game has a small maze in place of the tunnel, but since I’m just watching a video I have no idea how difficult it was.

This time machine has a Y2K problem.

Even with the time machine, I am immediately stuck again. The 1983 video just shows the elf activating the machine when you enter the room and look at it, but that doesn’t happen in the 1984 version. I have to solve this myself. Before I get too far, let me admit that this was multiple hours of experimentation with a little bit of “reading the source code” included. Only a small portion of the game is written in BASIC and I was unable to find anything relevant, but that tells you how desperate I was. Given the rarity of this game, I do not believe a “request for assistance” would have been useful!

If I only had the manual when I played!

This is when I discovered the “help” feature and boy is it robust! This is all clearly laid out in the manual, but I did not get my hands on a copy (thanks again to Mr. Winstan!) prior to playing. By typing “help”, you can request general information (such as a list of verbs that the game understands) or more specific information about the room that you are in. You can even decrease the difficulty of the elf capture game! This is a great feature, made slightly worse by all of the disk swapping that you have to do to access it. This was likely quite easy on a real system, but my emulator did not handle the disk swapping correctly (probably because the game writes its state to the disks?) and so I had to restore after receiving the hint. I will blame this on modernity rather than a bug in the original. The two hints for the time machine room are cryptic:

“He is his name and his name is like he. Get his attention- that’s the key!”

“Only someone who is small by design can help you slip through the cracks of time.”

Both clues point to the elf as the solution, but I only stumble on the answer by accident. We can, it turns out, issue commands directly to the elf by typing “elf” by itself. That brings up a second prompt to tell him what to do. You can even type “help” again and he’ll give you his own clues! In this case, he tells us to examine the time machine. I had done that already, but now I tell him to examine the machine. This reveals that there is a keyhole in the back.

I know I missed something because I never learned that the time machine was broken, but if you tell the elf to “fix timemachine” when he is carrying the tools, he does so and we are whisked back to the past.

I had thought that this strange syntax for asking the elf to do something would have been in the manual, but it turns out that it is not. My manual is for a later update to the game and perhaps this puzzle was tweaked again, but as it stands I found this to be the most frustrating part of the game so far. Being able to issue commands to the elf is a great feature! It opens up tons of puzzle mechanics and was implemented very well in the Zork series, for example. I am not aware of any other games using this syntax and I wish that it would have been mentioned in the manual.

Prehistoric!

With my complaints out of the way, I travel back to the year “1”. (The current year was “8X”, but I’m not going to nit pick this two-digit year too much. I expect there were more than just cave paintings in the year 1901!) When we are in the past, the interface doesn’t really work because– somehow this makes sense– we are in an era before computers existed and therefore we cannot tell our computer to do stuff for us. Fortunately, the elf traveled with us and we know how to control him so it all works out. It’s clever but reminds us that we are working through an avatar. We learn that the cave paintings are done by an ancient Evil One and that he is the one that put the elves under a spell. Did he make Santa and the reindeer disappear as well? I discover a hook hidden under a pile of bones and grab that before heading back to the present.

The 1983 version of the puzzle is different.

In the original version, the time machine is easier to activate as I stated previously, but also takes you to a different era. This is the only example of changed art that I see so far between the 1983 and 1984 games. Rather than going prehistoric, we seem to go somewhere else. The dial remains on “83” so I am glad that this sequence was rewritten for clarity. We still pick up a hook in the past (behind a painting rather than in a pile of bones) and then travel back to the present.

With the hook and rope together, I can create a grappling hook! I throw that to the window in the art gallery and I am able to leave the Ice Palace for the first time. I’m not even going to mention that we were on the second floor.

Just because my nose glows… I just don’t fit in.

I have been reluctant to mention this before now because I am not sure what is the game and what is the emulator, but I have been struggling with infrequent lockups. I’ve never lost more than a few minutes, but from this point on the game suddenly becomes much less stable. By the time I reach the end in a few minutes from now, I’ll be carefully plotting every move and avoiding actions (like checking our inventory!) that can trigger a crash. I push through, but if these bugs were in the original then I am not sure how much patience the players would have had for this. I’m going to assume that the bugs are due to emulaton and possibly due to my use of save states rather than saving to disk as intended.

I emerge outside. To the west is a snow bank. I dig with the shovel and discover that Rudolph was trapped under the snow! He’s suffering from the extreme cold and his nose has turned orange rather than red; apparently that also means that the other reindeer will not recognize him. Are glowing colored noses so common that they couldn’t put two-and-two together? Sure, Comet and Cupid might be dumb, but Donner and Blitzen could have worked it out. I ask the computer what to do and it tells me that I need to administer a “hot non-alcoholic beverage”. I don’t have any of those yet.

Not the game’s best art.

Abandoning Rudolph for now, I head east to discover a hut with a loose floorboard. Looking at it tells me that it is “hanging at the window” and I can only assume that it’s a translation error of some kind. It hardly matters because I can move the board to find a path downstairs. Heading down, I discover not only Santa’s secret stash of booze, but also the jolly old elf himself. He’s been tied up, but it is no problem at all to “untie santa” and he heads off on his way. Santa will wait for us by his sleigh.

The final puzzle stumped me for a long time, but I eventually found the “hint” that I needed by hex-editing the game files. I know, I know… I’m a dirty cheater. The 1983 edition of the game just requires you to give the milk to Rudolph, but the 1984 edition wants it to be warm milk. I had guessed as much, but no amount of trying to warm it by the fire seemed to have helped. I eventually noticed an item in the game called “was’bas+mlk”. This revealed that I could put the milk in the basket, then I could put the basket in the fire, and finally I could fish them back out and have warm milk. Make sense? The parser doesn’t handle this very clearly as we cannot remove the milk from the basket when done, but it gets the point across and we can feed the milk to Rudolph. Once back to health, he too went back to Santa’s sleigh.

I race back to the sleign, noticing that there are now reindeer in their stables. Presumably Rudolph gathered them together once he was feeling well. At the sleigh, Santa gives me a present and a message from my friend that gave me the game and heads off on his yearly rounds. I win!

Time Played: 6 hr 35 min

Santa thanks you and leaves for his once-a-year task.

We get our gift (never revealed) and then the game ends with a personalized message.

Final Rating

We made it to the end of another holiday classic! I hope you enjoyed this trip as much as I have. I have a ton of fun researching these holiday games and I hope that comes through. This is a game that has tremendous promise, but for everything that is ahead of its time (the personalization and help system especially), there are some head-scratching moments that a more seasoned game designer would have avoided. The fact that I had enough fun that I was willing to try to hex-edit the game to solve it should be seen as a sign of my enjoyment and desire to reach the end, rather than my frustration.

Every one of our reviews may be someone’s first and that is doubly true for these holiday posts. Let me remind you that we are using our “suspiciously similar” EGGNOG system for review since our usual rating scale doesn’t seem festive enough. Also keep in mind that these scores are based against an idealized version of a circa-1990s LucasArts or Sierra game. Text adventures and early adventures in general do not score all that highly, but this is an indication only of their quality compared to games released more than a decade later. These ratings are designed to be fun and it is generally not a good idea to put too much stock in them.

Let’s get to reviewing:

Enigmas and Solution-Findability – On the whole, I enjoyed the puzzles in this game even though most did not rise above fetch quests around the house. The use of the computer for hints was fantastic, as was everything involved with the Elf, and the creation of the warm milk. Ultimately, those were let down by the primitiveness of the parser but the underlying ideas were solid. The animated arcade sequence was also done well with the right level of charm and frustration; having to work out which elf to save was a nice touch. I am giving extra credit for the robust helpo system which was exceptional for the era and helped to ensure the game remained fun and not frustrating. The rhyming clues ( which I only briefly covered) were some of the game’s best sources of humor. My score: 3

Game UI and Items – As much as I hate to say it, the interface isn’t quite baked yet. A three-character parser with very few synonyms is not great even by 1983 standards and it shows that the developers hadn’t played that many adventure games prior to building this one. If they had better tools, they could have made a better game. Still, the verb list was helpful (even if it felt like an exaggeration) and there are some great features such as the ability to make multiple moves in a single line which are listed in the manual but which I did not discover on my own. My score: 2

Gameworld and Story – The Ice Palace and environs were fun to explore, but they never felt like a real place and the story never coalesced into a full narrative. We never fully understood who our avatar was in the game (an intelligent or magical computer?) and the menace of an Evil One from the dawn of time who plotted something against Santa was a great start, but didn’t go anywhere and didn’t have any impact on the ending of the game. It feels like there were plot beats missing. Who tied up Santa? How did Rudolph end up trapped in the snow? Did we ever cure all of those cursed elves? My score: 1

Noises and Pretty Pixels – This game gives us both a Christmas soundtrack and some excellent art, including a surprisingly nice opening animation. A few of the locations weren’t drawn as well as the others, but the little touches ranging from Pac-Man’s cameo to the catch-the-elves game were done very well. My score: 3

Overworld and Environs – In our normal rating system, we refer to this category as “Atmosphere” and it describes how the game made you feel. Was it tense? Did the setting evoke strong emotions? Did it all come together in an indescribable way? Unfortunately, I have to say that while the game was good and had some nice bits of levity, the overall tone wasn’t consistent. I may have felt differently if I had used the help system more or if the rhymes were integrated into the game itself. My score: 2

Gregariousness and Thespianism – This category refers to the game’s text and I’m very much in a split-decision. On one hand, the room descriptions were spartan and a few object names had strange contractions. And yet, some of the jokes landed, the computer interfaces were nice, and the help system was robust and clever with lots of rhyming clues that most players would never see. I loved those rhyming clues! My score: 2.

Before we add it all up, I want to add one bonus point for being customizable. I was considering deducting points for the crashes, but as I am uncertain whether that was my game or the emulator, I’ll give the game the benefit of the doubt.

Finally tally: (3+2+1+3+2+2)/.6+1 = 23 points!

Honestly, that feels about right. This is another case where the game is greater than the sum of its parts, but it is in good company with several of our other Christmas games, as well as Brian Moriarty’s early work. I am positive that the Bitcards team would have continued to improve had they remained in the industry. With a slightly better engine, they could have done wonders. Even so, it seems likely that Frank Winstan invented the computer greeting card.

I might be stretching things a bit, but I would not be at all surprised to learn that Winstan’s game inspired the release of Merry Christmas from Melbourne House the following year. While they were Australian (but releasing games in the US and UK) and it seems unlikely that they played this one, a particularly inscrutable joke in that game was that you could only exit Santa’s workshop via a window. We may never know if these events are connected, but I have my suspicions.

If you are looking for even more Christmas-gaming fun, please check out our previous holiday specials:

Merry Christmas from Melbourne House (1984)

A Spell of Christmas Ice (1984)

Crisis at Christmas (1986)

Elves ‘87 (aka Elf’s Christmas Adventure) (1987)

Humbug (1990)

As for me, I’ll be taking a break until the new year when I will resume our Infocom marathon (finally!) with Trinity. See you in 2020!

source http://reposts.ciathyza.com/missed-classic-79-a-christmas-adventure-1983/

#retro games #dos games #retro #crpg #adventure #amiga #oldcomputers #8bit #16bit #blog #repost

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sciencespies · 5 years

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Here are five of the most common climate change misconceptions, debunked

https://sciencespies.com/environment/here-are-five-of-the-most-common-climate-change-misconceptions-debunked/

Here are five of the most common climate change misconceptions, debunked

The science of climate change is more than 150 years old and it is probably the most tested area of modern science. However the energy industry, political lobbyists and others have spent the last 30 years sowing doubt about the science where none really exists.

The latest estimate is that the world’s five largest publicly-owned oil and gas companies spend about US$200 million each year on lobbying to control, delay or block binding climate-motivated policy.

This organised and orchestrated climate change science denial has contributed to the lack of progress in reducing global green house gas (GHG) emissions – to the point that we are facing a global climate emergency. And when climate change deniers use certain myths – at best fake news and at worse straight lies – to undermine the science of climate change, ordinary people can find it hard to see through the fog.

Here are five commonly used myths and the real science that debunks them.

1. Climate change is just part of the natural cycle

The climate of the Earth has always changed, but the study of palaeoclimatology or “past climates” shows us that the changes in the last 150 years – since the start of the industrial revolution – have been exceptional and cannot be natural. Modelling results suggest that future predicted warming could be unprecedented compared to the previous 5m years.

The “natural changes” argument is supplemented with the story that the Earth’s climate is just recovering from the cooler temperatures of the Little Ice Age (1300-1850AD) and that temperatures today are really the same as the Medieval Warm Period (900–1300AD). The problem is that both the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warming period were not global but regional changes in climate affecting north-west Europe, eastern America, Greenland and Iceland.

A study using 700 climate records showed that, over the last 2,000 years, the only time the climate all around the World has changed at the same time and in the same direction has been in the last 150 years, when over 98 percent of the surface of the planet has warmed.

Global temperatures for the last 65m years and future warming scenarios. (Burke et al, PNAS 2018)

2. Changes are due to sunspots/galactic cosmic rays

Sunspots are storms on the sun’s surface that come with intense magnetic activity and can be accompanied by solar flares. These sunspots do have the power to modify the climate on Earth. But scientists using sensors on satellites have been recording the amount of the sun’s energy hitting Earth since 1978 and there has been no upward trend. So they cannot be the cause of the recent global warming.

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are high-energy radiation that originates outside our solar system and may even be from distant galaxies. It has been suggested that they may help to seed or “make” clouds. So reduced GCRs hitting the Earth would mean fewer clouds, which would reflect less sunlight back into space and so cause Earth to warm.

But there are two problems with this idea. First, the scientific evidence shows that GCRs are not very effective at seeding clouds. And second, over the last 50 years, the amount of GCRs have actually increased, hitting record levels in recent years. If this idea were correct, GCRs should be cooling the Earth, which they aren’t.

Global surface temperature (red) compared to the sun’s energy received by the Earth (yellow) in watts per square metre since 1880. (NASA)

3. CO2 is a small part of the atmosphere – it can’t have a large heating affect

This is an attempt to play a classic common-sense card but is completely wrong. In 1856, American scientist Eunice Newton Foote conducted an experiment with an air pump, two glass cylinders and four thermometers. It showed that a cylinder containing carbon dioxide and placed in the sun trapped more heat and stayed warmer longer than a cylinder with normal air.

Scientists have repeated these experiments in the laboratory and in the atmosphere, demonstrating again and again the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide.

As for the “common sense” scale argument that a very small part of something can’t have much of an effect on it, it only takes 0.1 grams of cyanide to kill an adult, which is about 0.0001 percent of your body weight. Compare this with carbon dioxide, which currently makes up 0.04 percent of the atmosphere and is a strong greenhouse gas. Meanwhile, nitrogen makes up 78 percent of the atmosphere and yet is highly unreactive.

4. Scientists manipulate all data sets to show a warming trend

This is not true and a simplistic device used to attack the credibility of climate scientists. It would require a conspiracy covering thousands of scientists in more than a 100 countries to reach the scale required to do this.

Scientists do correct and validate data all the time. For example we have to correct historic temperature records as how they were measured has changed. Between 1856 and 1941, most sea temperatures were measured using seawater hoisted on deck in a bucket.

Even this was not consistent as there was a shift from wooden to canvas buckets and from sailing ships to steamships, which altered the height of the ship’s deck – and these changes in turn altered the amount of cooling caused by evaporation as the bucket was hoisted onto deck. Since 1941, most measurements have been made at the ship’s engine water intakes, so there’s no cooling from evaporation to account for.

We must also take account that many towns and cities have expanded and so that meteorological stations that were in rural areas are now in urban areas which are usually significantly warmer than the surrounding countryside.

If we didn’t make these changes to the original measurements, then Earth’s warming over the last 150 years would have appeared to be even greater than the change that has actually been observed, which is now about 1˚C of global warming.

Reconstruction of global temperatures from 1880 to 2018 by five independent international groups of scientists. (NASA)

5. Climate models are unreliable and too sensitive to carbon dioxide

This is incorrect and misunderstands how models work. It is a way of downplaying the seriousness of future climate change. There is a huge range of climate models, from those aimed at specific mechanisms such as the understanding of clouds, to general circulation models (GCMs) that are used to predict the future climate of our planet.

There are over 20 major international centres where teams of some of smartest people in the world have built and run GCMs containing millions of lines of code representing the very latest understanding of the climate system. These models are continually tested against historic and palaeoclimate data as well as individual climate events such as large volcanic eruptions to make sure they reconstruct the climate, which they do extremely well.

Model (black) and model range (grey) compared to observed global temperatures. (Carbon Brief/CC BY 4.0)

No single model should ever be considered correct as they represent a very complex global climate system. But having so many different models constructed and calibrated independently means that we can have confidence when the models agree.

Taking the whole range of climate models suggests a doubling of carbon dioxide could warm the planet by 2˚C to 4.5˚C, with an average of 3.1˚C. All the models show a significant amount of warming when extra carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere. The scale of the predicted warming has remained very similar over the last 30 years despite the huge increase in the complexity of the models, showing it is a robust outcome of the science.

By combining all our scientific knowledge of natural (solar, volcanic, aerosols and ozone) and human-made (greenhouse gases and land-use changes) factors warming and cooling the climate shows that 100 percent of the warming observed over the last 150 years is due to humans.

Natural and Human influences on global temperatures since 1850. Carbon Brief, CC BY

There is no scientific support for the continual denial of climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), set up by the United Nations to openly and transparently summarise the science, provides six clear lines of evidence for climate change.

As extreme weather becomes more and more common, people are realising that they do not need scientists to tell them the climate is changing – they are seeing and experiencing it first hand.

Mark Maslin, Professor of Earth System Science, UCL.

This article originally appeared in The Conversation. It is republished here as part of ScienceAlert’s partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story. Read the original article.

#Environment

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jomfslayah27insurance-blog · 5 years

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We're barreling towards another Dust Bowl

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We're barreling towards another Dust Bowl

Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas in 1935. (NOAA George E. Marsh Album/)

In 1935, the Dust Bowl came to Washington—and if we don’t change our ways, it could come back. A new report from the UN climate committee warns that much of the world risks the kind of land degradation that turned fertile farmland into desert during the 1930s. Luckily, this desolate stretch of history doesn’t just serve as a warning. It also provides potential solutions.

The District of Columbia was an unlikely place for a dust storm. Though the Midwest had been shrouded in clouds of dust since 1932, the lawmakers discussing the Dust Bowl in March 1935 were more than 1,000 miles away from the disaster. Then, something uncanny happened: As lawmakers deliberated the very issue of how to stem a series of droughts and the erosion and catastrophic dust storms that followed, a literal cloud fell on the city. Soon, the capital’s familiar marble monuments were covered in a layer of reddish dust. “A clay-colored veil hung before the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Capitol and the Library of Congress,” a reporter observed. That scenario may come to mind when you read the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s new Climate Change and Land Report, which details the ways humans have stripped the planet and calls for sustainable land management practices, many of which were developed in the wake of the Dirty Thirties.

If we continue to use land the way we do now, the report concludes, our species faces a grim future indeed. Humans directly affect more than 70 percent of Earth’s terrain, and it shows: Population growth, farming, and other land use have taken their toll, fueling rapid shifts in climate and threatening Earth’s ability to sustain both humans and itself. Land can only absorb 29 percent of humans’ total CO2 emissions per year. And desertification—the same kind of land degradation that caused dust to fly during the 1930s—further threatens Earth’s climate.

It’s been called “the greatest environmental challenge of our time,” and for good reason. In desertification, areas with scarce water get even less moisture, and irrigated farmland goes from fertile to desiccated. Climatic trends play a role, but humans’ land management mistakes fuel desertification, too.

Severely eroded farmland during the Dust Bowl. (USDA/)

The Dust Bowl is a classic example. White settlers poured onto the United States’ Great Plains during the mid-19th century, spurred by free property the federal government offered in exchange for cultivation. The semiarid prairie was home to a variety of native grasses, but the notion that it could be converted into productive farmland was misguided. The would-be farmers had no idea that the region went through extended wet periods followed by drier ones. Local plants had adapted to survive, and settlers thought that the existence of moisture meant more would follow. They also believed that “rain follows the plow”—a long-abandoned theory that the presence of farmers and settlers could bring humidity to dry climates—and the maxim set them up for disaster.

“They removed windbreaks and trees to plant fields in a relatively semi-arid area that had been wet,” says climatologist Marc Svoboda, who directs the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska. Then, during the 1920s, Great Plains farmers planted huge amounts of wheat in response to international demand. Investing in the drought-intolerant crop meant uprooting resilient prairie grasses, which had previously helped the soil survive dry seasons by storing moisture in their deep roots. “When the drought came, that landscape was much more vulnerable,” Svoboda says.

Come it did, and with catastrophic results. Beginning in 1931, the region experienced a series of four major drought episodes considered the worst in the nation’s history. Farmers weren’t prepared for this, or for the erosion that followed. Failing crops left soil rootless and loose, leaving it vulnerable to high winds.

Soon, epic dust storms swept the region. The same tempest that blew through Washington, DC left 12 million pounds of dust in Chicago alone. A month later, one of the most severe storms of the era, nicknamed “Black Sunday,” enveloped the Great Plains. It was 1,000 miles long, contained 300,000 tons of dust, and traveled up to 100 miles per hour. This weather didn’t just affect the land: Farm animals choked on dust and suffocated. At least 7,000 people died from “dust pneumonia” as a result of breathing in the fine particulates, and countless more were driven from their homes and livelihoods by the endless, swirling dirt. The storms are also thought to have hastened the spread of measles and other infectious diseases. It was an environmental catastrophe—and one that humans had the power to sidestep.

A farmer’s son in Cimarron County, Oklahoma during the Dust Bowl era. (Arthur Rothstein, for the Farm Security Administration/)

The IPCC’s latest predictions sound awfully familiar. The committee warns that ongoing soil degradation will hasten desertification, which can fuel climate change. When soil degrades, it can’t trap as much carbon, releasing this greenhouse gas (along with nitrous oxide) into the atmosphere. That means a warmer climate, which means more droughts and still more desertification. Resource-intensive uses of land, like massive farming operations, will cause water scarcity and degrade the soil—a vicious cycle like the one farmers faced during the Dust Bowl. During that event, human-induced land degradation not only led to dust storms, but made the droughts worse.

But the Dust Bowl might offer more than a warning. The event actually led to sensible land management practices that are still used today, says Charles Rice, a distinguished professor in Kansas State University’s department of agronomy. In the wake of the Dust Bowl, he explains, the concept of soil conservation—protecting soil’s fertility and keeping it from eroding—finally got traction in the United States.

Soil conservation has three guiding principles, he explains: don’t till the soil, keep it covered, and keep crops diverse. Reduced tillage preserves the root pathways forged by preexisting plants. Those paths act like pores, allowing the ground to store water for use in dry times and soak it up more effectively during floods. Cover crops, like alfalfa, clover, and sorghum, keep the soil loose after a cash crop has been harvested. When cover crops become part of the soil during preparation for a crop like corn or wheat, they increase soil moisture and provide larger yields. Since they keep a field’s precious soil covered and preserve its pores, cover crops also prevent earth from becoming so fine it turns into dust. Planting diversely prevents the nutrient drain that occurs when the same crops grow season after season. Rotating through different varieties acts more like a multivitamin, adding a variety of nutrients to the soil over time. Drought-resistant crops can step in occasionally to save water, and use the water that’s already in the soil more efficiently.

Farmers can also conserve their soil by diversifying their farmland’s portfolio, notes Rice. They might plant several kinds of crops in one area and keep livestock on another, so that drought doesn’t put the entire swath of soil at risk.

Those post-Dust-Bowl practices have paid off. “Over time, we got better fertility and crops that have been bred for more drought tolerance,” says Rice. The United States’ investment in soil conservation has made the land more resilient than it was before the days of dust pneumonia.

But that doesn’t mean it can’t happen again. Rice warns that 21st-century farmers have to do more than just follow the basic tenets of soil conservation if they want to stave off further desertification. Landowners must rethink their approach to crops, profits, and technology. By sharing data and creating advanced computer models, he says, farmers could use better drought forecasting to dictate which crops they choose. Dust Bowl-era farmers didn’t have computers to help them adapt.

Rice looks forward to a future where high-tech sensors help provide real-time data about soil moisture, and robots that water just the individual plants in need of moisture instead of soaking entire fields. “I guess I’m an optimist,” he says. “The right investments could really help reduce desertification and provide some resilience to those Dust Bowl type events.”

Despite a heaping dose of bad news about humanity’s use of land, the IPCC strikes an optimistic note, too. Not only can we prevent future desertification, but we can take the action required to do so in the near-term—if we’re willing to acknowledge the dust clouds ahead.

Written By Erin Blakemore

#Environment

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f05erxay-blog · 5 years

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whittlebaggett8 · 5 years

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Tuberculosis: India’s Silent Epidemic | The Diplomat

Aditi (identify altered), 18, sat cross-legged on her private hospital bed in Kolkata. The black scarf covering her mouth did minimal to hide her emaciated experience. Cheeks stained with extended-dried tears, she stared at the ceiling uncertain of irrespective of whether she’d dwell or die – doubtful of no matter whether or not there was a authentic overcome for her.

It had all started about a year ahead of our assembly, when she’d began encountering extreme bouts of coughing and unexplained fat loss. Her mother and father initially took her to a homeopathic health care provider who had approved medicines. As is the norm in most homeopathic clinics, no diagnosis or pathological tests ended up carried out and what ever was given to her as medication was to address the indicators.

The reason for picking the area homeopathy practitioner was an evident just one – his payment was what Aditi’s mother and father could pay for and they trustworthy him to maintain the sickness a secret.

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Pointless to say, her issue worsened.

It was only following her moms and dads at last decided to acquire her to a mainstream health practitioner that she was identified with tuberculosis (TB).

Her condition had by then deteriorated and X-ray photos of her upper body revealed many anomalies.

“This limited her medication to only three solutions,” a supply in the govt section that oversees hospitals told The Diplomat. “But then once more, there are only 4 which are at any time approved.”

Total Blown Epidemic, 50 percent Baked Steps

Aditi is far from by yourself in this horrid tale of social stigma, lack of medication and recognition, and unaffordable health-related care.

As of 2018, India is household to the world’s biggest variety of patients struggling from TB. And at 2.74 million documented cases every 12 months, India has the world’s greatest share of all TB cases.

China, the other Asian behemoth, lags much driving at only 1 million instances for every year.

To counter this affliction, the National Strategic Strategy (NSP) 2017-2025 was established up under the Revised National Tuberculosis Manage System (RNTCP). The mentioned aim was complete elimination of the condition by 2025.

Nonetheless, given that 2016, India’s TB incidence has dropped by a mere 1.7 % on a yearly basis. In contrast, even significantly poorer nations around the world that have TB in substantial quantities have noticed sharper falls. For instance, South Africa (4.6 per cent), Eswatini (3.7 %), Lesotho (3.5 %), Namibia (4 %), and Zimbabwe (4.1 %), have been extra successful in curbing TB cases.

A person of the explanations for India’s weak performance in curbing TB is the shifting of health care to non-public fingers.

Even as the contact for nationalization of health care grows louder the entire world about, India has walked firmly in the reverse way. Publish-liberalization, India has steadily moved health care into private arms with small to no regulation. As a end result, Indian cities are awash in every little thing from compact two-rooms clinics to swanky hospitals operate by world wide corporations. Sustained PR-strategies about the effectiveness of the non-public sector as opposed to the corrupt, insular, and meritless general public sector have ensured that most clients in Indian cities make a beeline for non-public clinics as the 1st level of remedy.

As a result, the private sector in India at present handles an approximated two-thirds of India’s 2.74 million new TB circumstances just about every calendar year.

A current examine in the Indian cities of Mumbai and Patna disclosed that only 35 per cent of conditions of TB were taken care of correctly by the non-public sector in between November 2014 and August 2015.

The research was done by authorities from a selection of corporations such as the Earth Financial institution, the McGill International TB Middle, and the Institute for Socio-Economic Research on Advancement and Democracy, and funded by the Grand Issues Canada, the Invoice & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Information for Transform Software at the Earth Bank.

In accordance to the identical analyze, pointless medications ended up offered to just about all individuals and only 45 individuals were blessed ample to get the suitable treatment. In numerous conditions, even noncertified doctors – types legally barred from prescribing medicine – were discovered doling out TB medication.

Not only has this unregulated get the job done resulted in affected person fatalities and delayed therapies, it has resulted in the emergence of drug resistant strains of TB.

“Fueled by inadequate cure, the TB virus develops a lethal and drug-resistant edition of its first self,” claims Dr. Asutosh Ghosh, a pulmonologist who heads the Division of Essential Care Medication at IPGME&R hospital, Kolkata. “And this in flip potential customers to an boost in the range of TB-similar fatalities as most of the modern allopathic medication is rendered ineffective by the mutating virus.” (Editor’s Be aware: “allopathic” refers to modern-day or “Western” medicine in contrast to alternative or classic practices.)

As of 2019, India has the premier selection of persons struggling from drug-resistant versions of the TB, like Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB), Thoroughly Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB), and the Thoroughly Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (TDR TB).

Procedure Delays

Delays in treatment are an additional main component for demise because of to TB in India. And this will come from a combination of the aforementioned social stigma and lack of access to audio and very affordable professional medical care.

For case in point, 3 months right after Aditi’s original diagnosis, her dad and mom married her off without having telling her spouse-to-be and in-legislation about her disorder. One yr into the marriage she skilled a series of wild convulsions and then fell unconscious in front of her husband. Devastated, her partner took her to however yet another personal institution.

As Aditi’s earlier TB ailment was not disclosed, the physician at the new non-public institution mistook her diagnosis as a fresh new situation of TB and formulated therapy appropriately. Aditi was furnished with inadequate doses of the drugs – main to drug resistance.

The afterwards prognosis at the district hospital verified that inadequate doses of TB medicine in the non-public sector experienced remaining Aditi with XDR-TB.

A examine to measure delays in treating TB patients in Chennai’s non-public sector was done in 2016. According to the research, 84 % and 10 percent of the whole sufferers in Chennai 1st sought care in the official and casual private sector, respectively. Only a meager 6 p.c of individuals came to the general public sector 1st. As a result, the info for remedy delay in the community sector, in this situation, has not been deemed.

Patient delay is described as the interval among the onset of symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis and the patient’s initially make contact with with an HCP (wellness treatment provider). Overall health program hold off is the time from the patient’s very first contact with any HCP to the initiation of anti-tuberculosis cure. Complete delay is the time from symptom onset to the initiation of anti-tuberculosis procedure.

The analyze discovered that patients trying to get treatment from formal non-public sectors companies, which include mainstream and regular medication practitioners, seasoned wellness technique delays exceeding 40 times. Individuals in the casual private sector (pharmacists and common healers or other vendors) professional an nearly four week raise in the total symptomatic time prior to procedure initiation.

Thus, 94 per cent of individuals in Chennai who are currently being served by official and casual personal sector HCPs, are sure to facial area potentially lifetime-ending delays in remedy.

“Missing Cases” in the Personal Sector

Not like authorities healthcare, where it is mandatory to disclose facts, the non-public sector is less than no obligation to expose the total selection of conditions or what their results have been. This has remaining a gaping hole in formulating policies that could tackle the TB epidemic.

For case in point, a examine in 2014 discovered 17.93 million affected individual-months of tuberculosis treatment have been finished in the non-public sector. This was calculated by using into account the sale of TB drugs the exact year.

If even 40 to 60 % of these non-public-sector diagnoses ended up suitable, and if personal-sector tuberculosis procedure lasts on normal two to 6 months, an approximated 1.9 to 5.34 million tuberculosis scenarios ended up dealt with in the non-public sector in 2014. The midpoint of these ranges yields an estimate of 2.2 million instances, which was more than double the amount of individuals officially declared by the personal sector in 2014 by itself.

As per the most the latest information, the RNTCP was notified of only 39,000 out of 2.74 million TB clients across all health care sectors in the region in 2017. As the trend suggests, the lacking scenarios are most in all probability nonetheless in the personal sector.

This opacity in the private sector has also led to the abuse of bedaquiline. Even though the drug has been accepted in the United Said and elsewhere, it has not however been approved for the treatment of multidrug resistant TB by Indian authorities.

Bedaquiline is staying developed as a “last resort” answer for drug-resistant TB individuals as per WHO pointers. Irrespective of popular drug resistant TB, only 27 per cent of India’s TB individuals will qualify for treatment with this drugs when it clears the assessments.

Janssen Pharamceutica, the makers of bedaquiline, lobbied the Indian govt and labored out a loophole.

With USAID as an middleman, Janssen’s dad or mum business Johnson & Johnson commenced donating the drug to patients in countries that can ill pay for cure and in return the Indian authorities chose not to classify TB treatment with the donated bedaquiline as an formal clinical trial for screening the drug.

If it had, the federal government hospitals would have required approval for a scientific demo underneath Schedule Y to the Medications & Cosmetics Guidelines, 1945. This would have entailed the vetting of the overall treatment protocol by exterior experts on different scientific and moral parameters, to mitigate likely conflicts of fascination. Accountability for adherence to moral protocols through the trial would have been affixed to unique medical professionals. Most importantly, individuals would have been entitled to compensation in circumstance they confronted adverse consequences due to the drug.

Nonetheless, the manner in which the six authorities hospitals involved have been administering the donated bedaquiline reveals that the Indian authorities has been functioning an unofficial medical demo at these establishments. Patients are essential to indicator an educated consent variety prior to treatment and are then monitored intently for adverse aspect results from the drug. The Drug Controller Normal of India’s acceptance of bedaquiline is conditioned on the maker conducting a submit-promoting surveillance analyze and not Stage 3 trials for global acceptance of the drug. Phase 3 trials are the testing of an experimental drug in humans, to affirm and grow on knowledge gathered concerning protection and efficiency in Section 1 and 2 trials.

Therefore, irrespective of the approval of the drug getting based on a diverse problem entirely, the governing administration hospitals are obliged to convert in excess of the information from the unofficial medical trial to the maker, which can then use the info to claim the efficiency of their drug when employed by sufferers on a massive scale.

As a outcome, Johnson & Johnson now can not only obtain medical demo knowledge on bedaquiline sort India, but also use it as Section 3 trial information without any accountability to how the drug functions (if at all) and what side outcomes it may possibly have on patients.

An Impossible Dream?

The RNTCP has established the aim of getting rid of TB by 2025. Nevertheless, heading by the government’s latest trajectory in combating TB, obtaining such a intention looks very implausible.

Formerly, the Nationwide Strategic System (NSP) for 2012-2017 had suffered thanks to a scarcity of resources and the inability of the community sector to effectively collaborate with the private sector in reporting TB cases.

A couple doctors from the reputed Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and learning & Investigation, Chandigarh have now resolved to assess the state of TB procedure in non-public health care institutions. Their study will take into account hospitals in the four important metropolitan towns of the region.

A doctor involved with the Submit Graduate Institute of Health-related Training & Exploration, Chandigarh challenge – a not-for-financial gain collective of medical practitioners researching TB in India – stated: “The Indian government will not be able to eradicate TB by 2025 if it is not designed conscious of the actual quantity of TB patients in India at the moment. And with the private overall health establishments refusing to report on the lacking scenarios, there is no hope that data will at any time appear by.”

Siddharthya Roy is a New Delhi-based mostly correspondent on South Asian affairs for The Diplomat.

Sayan Ghosh is a write-up-graduate scholar at the Symbiosis Institute of Media and Conversation and works with info driven investigative tales.

The post Tuberculosis: India’s Silent Epidemic | The Diplomat appeared first on Defence Online.

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kawaiifunhologram-blog · 6 years

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"Port Edwards Wisconsin Cheap car insurance quotes zip 54469

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