#chronicles c-420

[c-420-rickandmorty]

Summer C-420: Hey multiverse! 👋🌌

Another day, another Grandpa Rick experiment gone sideways. This time? Our kitchen became a portal to a jelly dimension. Yeah, you read that right. 🍮🙄

I managed to close the portal using the dimensional stabilizer, but not before half the kitchen got covered in strawberry goo. Oh, and our toaster might be lost in the multiverse now. Sorry, Mom. 🍞🌀

Morty's updating his CaSID app again. He needs beta testers! Who wants to try the new "Interdimensional Translator" feature? Comment below, I'll pass it on to him! 📱🗺️

P.S. Morty, I need my anti-gravity belt back. Your "school project" excuse is getting old.

P.P.S. from Rick: Nice work with the stabilizer, Summer. Next time, try not to lose the kitchen appliances. burp

P.P.P.S. from Mom: Rick, we talked about this. No more portals in the kitchen! And Summer, we're going toaster shopping tomorrow. 🛒

#JustAnotherDayWithRick #WheresMy ToasterGone #CaSIDBetaTest

[fancyfade]

Inpsired by @upswings polls,

Gardner Fox - writer on her first apeparance and many of her early 'tec appearances, like 'tec 363, 'tec 369, 'tec 371, and Batman 197

Frank Robbins: Writer of many of her next 'tec appearances, like '388-89, some in the 390s, the early 400s through like 420-ish.

Barbara Randall/Kesel - writer of Secret Origins #20, Batgirl Special (where she retired from being Batgirl), and co-writer of the Hawk and Dove comics she appeared in as Oracle

Ostrander and Yale - Ostrander wrote Suicide Squad, Yale wrote some of Suicide Squad and Batman Chronicles #5 (Oracle: Year One: Born of Hope). I grouped them together b/c they co-wrote some of the Suicide Squad comics, though Yale's name appeared on the credits later, not right away. Yale was also the only writer listed on Batman Chronicles #5.

Dixon - birds of prey (the earlier stuff, before issue 45 or so), Batgirl: Year One

Simone - Birds of Prey 55-100 something, the start of Batgirl (2011).

Cameron Stewart and Brenden Fletcher - according to google, these are the Batgirl of Burnside writer.

I tried to get everyone relevant, apologies if I've forgotten someone. I did not include out-of-continuity stuff like Oracle Code.

[oneefin]

happy palindromic marijuana day! it's 4:20:24 PM on 4/20/2024. 🌿🌿🌿🌿

according to wikipedia, there are over 2000 terms for weed out there. i compiled a list of all the distinct ones wikipedia lists at time of writing, for funsies

remember that if you're reading a cryptic crossword clue, any of these words could secretly be talking about weed!

10s poof

2 long

25 or twenty-five

30 sack

36 or thirty-six

4 o's

40 sack

420 or four-twenty

50 piece

9 or nine

a draw

acapulco gold

ace

afghani

african

african broccoli

airplane

ak-47

alfalfa

alligator cigarette

ammo

ammy

amnesia

amnesia haze

amsterdam's finest

antiguan rocket

arathi

ashin’ kusher

asparagus

astro turf

aunt mary

baby

bake sale

ball

banga

bar

barney

bc

beenth

benj

benners

bhang

bible worksheets

bifter or bifta

bilge

billy

binbag

bingger

bis

bishop

blaze

blifter

blim

bloop

blue dream

blue goo

blueberry

blueberry diesel

blunt

bob

bob hope

bobatti

bobby brown

bobo

bomber

bone or bag of bones

boner soup

bong

bongo

boo

booboo shit

boof

boogity brown

boone

bottle

bread

brickweed

broccoli

brown buddha

brown frown

bruce banner

bubba kush

bubble kush

bubblegum

bud

budder

buddha

budski

buge

bunk

burger king

c-jizz

cabbage

cactus green

camberwell carrot

cambodian red

cancer weed

cannabidiol or cbd

cannabinol or cbn

cannabis

cannabis edible

cannabis indica

cannabis ruderalis

cannabis sativa

cannabis tea

cannon

caracas

carribean cabbage

catnip

cd's

cess

charas

charlotte's web

cheatham

checkers

cheeba

cheech and chong

cheese

cheg

cherry

chess

chicken

chillum

chiquitty-freddy

chocolate

choof

christmas tree

chronic

chronicles of narnia

climb

clouds

cola

collie

colombian

combustible herbargy

comic books

concentrate

course notes

cousin mary

cow

cripple

critical mass

crop or cro

crunch

curley wurley

cut

cutie pie

d's

da kine

daccha

dagga

dak

dan k. buddinhash

dandelion

daniel nuggetstone

dank

dankinstein

dat sticky icky icky

dave

delta-9

detroit

devil's lettuce

diesel

dime or dime bag

dirt weed

discarded bibles

ditch weed

dives

djamba

dodo

doink

doja

dollar

doobage

doobie

dope

doña juanita

draw

dro

dronabinol

dub or dub sack

dumm

dunce

durban poison

dutchie

dvd's

edible

edwardian morris baskerville

eight ball

eighter

eighth

elbow

electric puha

endo

extract

farmer's daughter

fatty

fatty eight

feral cannabis

feral hemp

fid or fiddy

fifty

fir

fire

flower

forb

forbidden fruit

fossils

fosters

freakus

friendship

frodis

full

funk

funky falafel

g-regs or gregs

gage

gangster gumbo

ganja or ganj

garden gate

gas or gasoline

gauge

george

girl scout cookies

goo

good advice

good giggles

good shit

goofy boots

gorilla glue

grade

grandpa's medicine

grape ape

grapes

grass

green

green badger

green crack

green goddess

green tea

greenery

greenest of the goop

greenest of the green

grefa

griffa

grifo

grizz

guitar hero

guy smiley

gwaai

half

halfer

halfie

half ounce

half quarter

half-o

halfling's leaf

harris

hash

hash oil

hashish

haskell

hawaiian

hay

haze

headies

hemp

henry

herb

herbal jazz cigarette

herbsteins

heyman

hindu kush

holden

holy sacrament

holy weed

houdini

hundy

hungarian hummus

hydro

ice cream

indian hemp

indo or endo

insangu

izm

j

jack herer

jacket

jamaican gold

jay tokenstein

jazz cabbage

jazz cigarette

jean

jibber

jimmy

jive

jobb

jobb the finest there is

joint

juicy fruit

jupiter's beard

kaka

kevin bacon

key

kibs or kibbies

kief

kif

killara

killer green bud or kgb

killer herb or killa

kilo

kind

kind bud

kine bud

krinze

kush

kushempeng

kutch

l pape

la

lamb's bread

leaf or leaves

lef

left-handed cigarette

lemon g

lid

lit

little beasts

live resin

loud

louis

lowes

lula

lye

magic

magic cancer

magic dragon

magical brownie

marihoochie

marijuana

mary

mary jane or mj

mary joanna

matanuska thunderfuck or mtf

maui waui or maui-wowie

mbanje

mecca

method

mex

mexican kilobrick

mexican red

mezz

microwave popcorn

mids

mike vick

morning meds

moss

mota or muta

mother mary

movies

muggle or muggles

mull

nabilone

nabiximols

nay nay famous

newguys

nick

nickel or nickel bag

nixon

nodge

northern lights

nug or nugget or nugs

number

o

o-z or oz

og kush

oil

old toby

onion

onion ozzy

orange bud

oscar

ounce

outdo

pack

pakalolo

panama red

pants

paonia purple

paper

party parsley

phatty

pineapple express

pinner

pipe

pizza

platinum og

plingots

polen

poop

portuguese plant

pot

pound

puff

purple haze

q

qp

quad

quap

quart

quarter

quasimodo

rainy day woman

ramín

recreational drug

reefbuds

reefer or reefa

reggae cigarette

reggie miller

regs

resin

roach

rodeo

romanian ramen

root

salad

sampson

sappad

schwag

schwanal

schweed

schwugs

scooby-doo

scratchy

seed or seeds

sensimilla or sensimillia

sha-bang-a-bang-a

shake

shakira

shamya

shatter

shirt

shit

shizzle

shuzzit

silly spinach

single

sinsemilla or sinse

sister mary

sixteenth or teenth

skunk

slice

smeed

smoke

smookey smoke

snickle-fritz

snoke

snoop

soap bar

sock

solid

sour diesel

space cake

spank

spinach

spliff

square grouper

squirter-farter

stank

stash

stem

stick or sticks

sticky icky or sticky icky icky

stogie

strawberry cough

stuff

submarine

sup herb bowl

super lemon haze

sweet g

sweet galenas

sweet leaf or sweetleaf

tacos

taima

tapes

tea

ten bag

ten bit

tenners

tens

terpene

tetrahydrocannabinol or thc

texas tea

thai stick

thirteen

thrax

tiger fear

tin or tinny

tincture

tochigishiro

toke

tommy chong

tooka

tree or trees

trichome

trizer

tuppence worth

twamp

tweed

twig

twist

viper

wacky tobaccy or baccy

wax

weed

wheat

white rhino

white russian

white widow

widdle

willie nelson

wisdom weed

wizard

x box

yankey-doodle

yarndi or yarndie

zaza or za

zig-zag

zip

zombie

zone

zoot

[bluewatsons]

H. D. Chalke, The Impact of Tuberculosis on History, Literature, and Art, 6 Med Hist 301 (1962)

If men could learn from history, what lessons it might teach us! -- S. T. COLERIDGE

Introduction

Disease has had an incalculable influence on the history of mankind. The earliest records tell of plagues and pestilences which devastated whole countries and had profound effects on social structure, contributing to unrest, famine, migration and wars.

But 'history is the essence of unnumerable biographies' and so individual ill health, both mental and physical, has had a great impact on world events, and on the Arts-literature, poetry, painting and music. A study of the biographies of the famous shows how often they have been dogged by illness of the mind or body, and it is interesting to speculate as to the effect this may have had on their outlook, productivity or scholarship. Consider also what those geniuses in the world of poetry or music who died young might have achieved had they lived! There is no doubt, either, that illness and early death of the parents plays a part in determining the habits and character of the children. Tuberculosis when it was in its epidemic phases in this country exemplifies this. The story of tuberculosis gives us, perhaps, as good a picture as any of the impact of disease on life and culture. Apart from leprosy, western civilization has known no communicable disease which may run such a protracted course, affecting almost any part of the body and giving rise to such long periods of ill-health and disablement.

History

No one can tell when the tubercle bacillus first became a parasite of man, or how infection began. There are at least some grounds for the supposition that it was of bovine origin, but whatever its source, man and his animals seem to have been affected a very long time ago. As a communicable disease, its spread would have been restricted until isolated groups of people began to adopt a wider community existence, sharing their dwellings with the sheep, pigs and cattle that had become domesticated (? c. 12,000 years ago), and extending their outside contacts. Movement farther afield as trade routes opened up (the horse, domesticated much later than the other animals, helped to make this possible) and the growth of centres of barter at the junctions of these routes and at the sea terminals, would aid the passage of infection. The human drift in search of game and better pasture was intensified as population increased; and with greater numbers at risk, in the less hospitable climates to the west and north in the wake of the retreating ice, more and more people would be prone to pulmonary complaints.

About 10,000 B.C. Neolithic man was moving into Europe, by 5000 B.C. leading a community life in lake dwellings. It seems that horseflesh was no longer used as a human food (the horse was not apparently as subject to tuberculosis as the cow or pig which were eaten in its place), and cow's milk became part of the diet. The thoracic vertebrae seen in a Neolithic skeleton found at Heidelberg, show collapse, strongly suggestive of tuberculous infection. The basins of the Nile, and the Tigris and Euphrates, cradled civilization in 5000-3000 B.C. It is understood that tuberculosis is not mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus, nor in the code of laws of Hammurabi of Babylon (2250 B.C.) (Burke). Elliot Smith found evidence of tuberculosis in five out of I0,000 Egyptian skeletons, the earliest dated 3500 B.C. and, quite recently, palaeopathology has revealed spinal caries and a psoas abscess in a mummy of the XXIst dynasty (c. 1000 B.C.). But the ancient Egyptians left no accounts of tuberculosis: the standard of health was high, as Herodotus (c. 400 B.C.), the traveller and descriptive writer, confirmed-though some centuries later.

Neither the Old nor the New Testaments give acceptable information of a disease such as the respiratory tuberculosis of modern times (Fraser). It is not to be found in the Mosaic Code, but the description in the Talmud of caseous nodules in the lungs of animals is noteworthy. Frazer (The Golden Bough) says that the Hindoos in Vedic times (I500 B.C.) sang: 'O consumption fly away with the Blue Jay': but 'consumption' in relation to those days may be a vague appellation. Did they-if indeed they knew phthisis in that era-receive the infection from the East or from the West? The latter appears to be the more probable in view of the early lines of communication between the two. It must be noted that, according to Francis, tuberculosis was common in domesticated wild elephants in ancient Hindoo times.

Cattle

A treatise on animal diseases written in A.D. 420 describes cough and emaciation, or consumption, as a serious disease of cattle. A tomb in Asia Minor, of a child offour and a half years dying in the third century B.C., records death from disease of the testicles, foot and intestines, with wasting of other parts: 'I have left the hated consumption as a heritage to my survivors' (Meinecke). The movement of herds of Lombardy cattle across Europe which commenced in the thirteenth century, and steadily increased, could conceivably have been linked with the high incidence of scrofula and other manifestations of bovine tuberculosis in man which continued until the present century.

Recent Discoveries

Theories about the beginnings of tuberculosis as a disease of man, and suppositions as to its first vectors, must be modified in the light of recent findings in palaeopathology, and the more accurate determination of the age of human and animal remains which carbon-14 estimation has made possible. Of  outstanding interest in this connexion is the discovery of Pott's Disease, and rib deformity believed to be evidence of tuberculous disease of the chest, in a Californian skeleton (c. 400 B.C.) (Roney).

It is said that America had no aborigines, and that its first men crossed from Asia after the palaeolithic period (c. 15,000-I0,000 B.C.) when the two continents had only a short stretch of sea between them. After that time they appear to have been cut off from the Old World for many millennia. They had no domestic animals (the bison was untameable), and there was probably negligible tribal contact in a continent so vast, and so sparsely peopled. Was the disease already present among those who crossed from Asia to Alaska, and was the infection brought by the white man something they had known before? Among the first British allusions are those by Taliesin, the sixth century Welsh poet ('phthysis is one of the three tedious diseases'), and the Physicians of Myddfai who gave mouse dung for blood-spitting (Red Book of Hergest, 13th century). Evidence of probable tuberculosis in early Saxon skeletons is discussed by Brothwell.

Thus, whilst there is little doubt about the antiquity of non-pulmonary manifestations the extent and distribution of respiratory tuberculosis in ancient times is far more speculative. Yet, one wonders what part it may have played in the demise of those ancient civilizations whose history is lost. The balance of evidence suggests, however, that originally, phthisis was not an important disease of hot climates.

But there are more authentic facts about tuberculosis in classical antiquity, when phthisis-a wasting sickness with cough-must have been common. It was Hippocrates (400 B.C.) who gave the first clear description of consumption, and his writings have been quoted by doctors ever since, not always accurately, and often with the doubtful assumption-because of the frequent references to it in his works-that tuberculosis was very widely prevalent at that time. Its infectivity was suspected even in those remote days at least 2,200 years before Koch discovered the organism: Aristotle (d. 322 B.C.) wondered why those in contact with sufferers took phthisis, but did not do so after contact with dropsy.

Saxon and Medieval Britain*

Little is known about phthisis in Saxon and Medieval England, an epoch not remarkable for advances in medical knowledge. The killers of the age were epidemic diseases such as plague, typhus, smallpox and the sweating sickness, which removed many of those who might have succumbed to the more chronic phthisis. The country was sparsely populated, travel was limited, and industrialization had not begun. But although there is nothing to suggest that consumption was a major disease, it seems that leprosy was. Brought to Europe by the Army of Pompey in 61 B.C., by A.D. 620, according to the chroniclers, it was common in England: in the thirteenth century soldiers returning from the Crusades brought more infection with them, but in the next 300 years it slowly diminished and eventually disappeared altogether, to be replaced by its first cousin, consumption, which may now be following the same path.

Scrofula-the King's Evil

There is much more to be learned about a non-pulmonary form of tuberculosis, tuberculous adenitis or scrofula (from scrofa, a sow 'because these animals are subject to it'), which seems to have been abundant at that time. Supposed to be curable by the touch of a king, it was called the King's Evil. William of Malmesbury, the eleventh-century historian, records the royal touch as early as Edward the Confessor's reign. The physician to the Court of Edward II, John of Gaddesden, who wrote Rosa Anglica in 1320, exhorted sufferers from scrofula to apply for the Royal Touch if 'sovereign remedies' such as the blood of a weasel or dove's dung did not bring speedy improvement. Pepys and Evelyn give graphic descriptions of the ceremonies during Stuart times, when the press of people was so great that many were crushed to death: John Brown, surgeon to Charles II, calculated that the king touched nearly 100,000 between 1660 and 1682. Brown believed deaths from scrofula to be 'the highest ever', an increase he associated with the king's absence. Richard Wiseman, Serjeant Chyrurgeon to Charles II, noted that the blood of Charles I gathered after his execution 'on chips and handkerchiefs' had the same healing powers.

Dr. Richard Morton, 1689, who added much to knowledge of tuberculosis, separated scrofula into tuberculous and non-tuberculous forms; the tendency to spontaneous improvement to which he drew attention, and inaccuracy of diagnosis, must have accounted for many of the miraculous cures. Misconceptions about the aetiology of this complaint lasted a long time, and confused the new pathology of tuberculosis so ably demonstrated by Matthew Baillie a century later. (As late as I89I, in a Manual of Domestic Medicine by 'Physicians and Surgeons of the Principal London Hospitals' it is stated categorically that scrofula though often confounded with tuberculosis is quite distinct from it despite the occasional similarity of symptoms.) But despite diagnostic confusion, the evidence suggests a high prevalence of disease of bovine origin at that time. There is a descriptive passage in Macbeth: "Tis called the evil . . . strangely visited people all swoln and ulcerous, pitiful to the eye, the mere despair of surgery.'

Samuel Johnson was a sufferer. Queen Anne, the last English monarch to practise the Royal Touch, touched him when he was five years old, apparently without benefit. Johnson is an example of a genius whose characteristics should be considered in relation to his disability. He had a huge body, much disfigured by scrofulous scars, and a mighty mind, but 'disease of the spirits'; in his own words: 'There are perhaps few conditions more to be pitied than that of an active and elevated mind labouring under the weight of a distempered body.'

The Growth of Phthsis in Britain

The student of epidemiological history is hampered by the absence of accurate statistical facts. Bills of Mortality began in London in 1532, a plague year, and continued intermittently to begin with until I836, when the Births and Deaths Registration Act was passed. Notification of all forms of tuberculosis is as recent as 1912. The Bills gave only the proportionate mortality and not the death-rate per unit of population: the recorded cause of death was that given by the old women who acted as searchers, who have been described as drunken, venal and ignorant, easily bribed and ready to write 'consumption' when paid to conceal the presence of plague. Despite these inaccuracies, much can be deduced from the Bills. John Graunt (I662), a pioneer statistician, made the comment that the searchers could not tell whether emaciation and leanness were from phthisis or 'hectick fever'. By I799 consumption was given as the cause of one out of every four deaths in London. W. Woolcombe, M.D., in I8I8 published a masterly analysis of the data and also of figures obtained from parish registers and public dispensary returns. He found that the absolute and relative mortality from consumption had increased in many parts of the country since I 700-'the rate was so high as almost to exceed belief'. In a secluded Shropshire village, for example, the parish registers revealed a comparative mortality of one in six between 1750 and 1759, which in the next ten years rose to one in three. In other places, also, local epidemics were occurring. It seems that this was an epidemic phase in England, which showed little decline until the 1830s.

Causative Factors

What were the factors contributing to this spread of tuberculosis? There are many possibilities. The Restoration brought profound changes in the English way of life. The country became more prosperous, there was an improvement in the state of society and travel became easier; yet, within a century misery and wretchedness abounded and 1,200,000 of the 8,000,000 inhabitants were receiving parish relief.

The influx of susceptibles from rural England to London after the 'poore plague', consisted chiefly of persons 'at that period of life deemed most liable to invasion of phthisical disease'. For a time, we are told, there was a large number of weakly children reared who 'in a less improved state of society must have perished in infancy'. If it is agreed that the key to adult tuberculosis is to be found in childhood infection, the infants of that time may have laid the foundations of the adult consumption which later on spread over Britain.

Race and Environment

Housing, nutrition, habits, overcrowding, income, climate, occupation, psychological factors and racial susceptibility have time and again been cited as influences affecting phthisis morbidity and mortality, but as yet the role of the individual items has not been ascertained with any accuracy. The skein has not been unravelled. It will not be overlooked that the rise in tuberculosis started long before the Industrial Revolution of the 1780s, and began to fall at a time when hygiene and sanitation were of a low order, cholera and typhoid menaced the country, and maternal and infant deaths were excessive. Life was harsh and cheap: the only legislative welfare service was the Poor Law, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at H. D. Chalke Brownlee, commenting on the rise and fall of epidemics, thought that germs may undergo mutation and that the generation of an epidemic depended on the right mutation, corresponding with a suitable disposition of the population at risk. Today, can much more be said?

Young in a signal contribution to medical literature (1815) showed how the phthisis mortality varied in different parts of Britain and in other countries. There may be significance in the fact that the more isolated places-parts of Scotland, Wales and Ireland-do not appear to have met tuberculosis in epidemic form until more than 100 years after urban England. The decline in these countries has been correspondingly delayed. In places such as Nepal and Puerto Rico, tuberculosis is in epidemic form today. (The mass radiography of Gurkha soldiers reveals an incidence of 14-8 per 1,000.) Brownlee found that in Pembrokeshire a line could be drawn across the county, above it the tuberculosis rate was high, below it, low. In the north the people are Welsh of Iberian stock; those to the south are the descendants of the Normans. The anthropological characters are still evident, the place-names and language are different. Mining (coal, lead, slate, etc.), under-nourishment and tuberculous cattle, weighted the scales against the susceptible Welsh.

In due course some influence comes into action, which Newsholme thought prevents the excessive tuberculosis which an adverse environment evokes. He cited Ireland, where housing improvements did not retard the rising phthisis mortality; for some time in the U.S.A. it remained excessive, despite better living conditions-a higher racial resistance had not yet been acquired, and as happened to many other races, the Irish were not yet able to withstand the massive and repeated infection which beset them in urban life. The wider question of the origins, antiquity and recent incidence of tuberculosis in the several races of the Americas, New Zealand, Africa and eastern countries is of great interest, but it is too large and complex to be discussed here. More primitive peoples may be suffering from exposure to a new infection, or an old infection reintroduced, to which immunity has been lost. They are fortunate in having new methods of prevention and treatment to aid them, and in being able to take advantage of the experiences of those countries, which after centuries of struggle, are at last coming to terms with tuberculosis.

Other Sources of Information

Fortunately, there are sources of information ancillary to the statistical, which may be sought in contemporary literature, biography and art: some of these have been mentioned already as the sole record of the position many centuries ago; others, of more modern times, must be reviewed in a little more detail, in particular literature-biography, autobiography and fiction-from the beginning of the eighteenth century.

Shakespeare (died 1616) was exceptionally well-informed on medical matters and it is difficult to find any great author, not a doctor, who so often refers to the healing art (Bucknill). His infrequent allusion to 'consumption' and the rare references to its classical symptoms are, therefore, pointers to the impact of this disease on the life of his times. This lends support to the view that it was not until after his death that the sharp rise in incidence began. It is true that 'wasting disease', 'phtisick' (phthisis), 'rotten lungs', 'wheezing lungs' and 'lethargies' are spoken of in many of his plays, but the words seem to be applied indefinitely, relating to syphilis, ague and other conditions as well as to tuberculous disease:

... a rascally phtisick so troubles me ... I have a rheum in my eye too, and such an ache in my bones. -- Troilus and Cressida.

Consumption sow in hollow bones of man. -- Timon of Athens.

I was told you were in consumption. --Much Ado About Nothing.

Side stitches that shall pen thy breath up. -- The Tempest.

Pale primroses that die unmarried ... most incident to maidens. -- The Winter's Tale.

After 1700, novelists allude to symptoms and effects more often and descriptions of the pale heroine languishing in a decline are not hard to find, but usually the writers avoided the dreaded word 'consumption'. Consumptive children, said a writer in a popular work of the nineties, are the novelists' favourite little heroes and heroines, who appear like fairies to gladden the hearts of parents and friends for a short season. Victorian song writers also liked them. It is only in the past few decades, as the stigma has slowly disappeared, that tuberculosis has been named with any frequence; nowadays no details are spared of the early symptoms, the rigours of sanatorium treatment, and the dramatic episode of the sudden haemoptysis. (E.g. The Plague and I, Betty Macdonald; The Print Petticoat, Lucilla Andrews; Three Comrades, Erich Remarque.)

Swift, in The Tale of a Tub (I689), does describe languishing consumption, 'whose tainted breath destroys unhappy infants'; so does Fielding in Tom jones (I 740). Samuel Richardson, the author of the first English novel (I 740) makes Clarissa, in the book of that name, die of a decline, aged nineteen. Elaine in The Morte d'Arthur of Malory (1470) may well have been the first young lady of the English romance to have been so afflicted. The decline associated with the emotional disturbances of an unhappy love affair was a popular theme with Victorian novelists like the Brontes and Jane Austen, who were themselves tuberculous. You will remember Helen Burns in Jane Eyre (I847) who died of semi-starvation and neglected colds; and 'the vanished bloom and wasted flesh' in Shirley (I849), also written by Charlotte Bronte, about her sister. There were many more who 'faded like any flower in drought'. The closing scenes were usually happy, quite unlike those occurring in real life (there are no major crises in Jane Austen's works and no deaths). In considering these characters, it is to be noted that many authorities today believe that emotional and mental upsets act as exciting causes of active tuberculosis, and Kissen and others speak of a break in the 'love-link' in this connexion. One other youthful victim should be mentioned, poor Smike in Nicholas Nickleby, 'with sunken eyes too bright and hollow cheeks too flushed'.

Smollet, who had no success as a doctor, wrote admirably, despite his ill temper and vindictive nature: he had tuberculosis himself and wrote of it in many of his books. This passage is from Roderick Random (1748), about a sick parade at sea: '... one (sailor) complained of a pleuritic stitch and spitting of blood for which the doctor prescribed exercises at the pump to promote expectoration. In less than half an hour he was suffocated with a deluge of blood.' (When tuberculosis was rife, the early symptoms of lassitude and a dislike of work were often mistaken for indolence.) Tuberculosis was long an occupational disease of seamen: an epidemic occurred in the fleet blockading Brest in 1809. Washington Irving writes about the pressed sailor who dragged his wasted body homeward to repose and die (England's Rural Life and Christmas Customs). Unsatisfactory, overcrowded quarters, were conducive to contact infection, and when 'a long sea voyage' was a popular therapeutic measure for the consumptive, sources of infection were not lacking. Charles Kingsley (he had chest disease all his life, dying in 1875) shows how readily infection was spread in those days, when people like the ploughman's consumptive daughter slept in a stifling lean-to together with members of her own family, her baby and a newly married couple (Yeast). Kingsley's publisher and friend was Daniel Macmillan (40) who had to contend with the millstone of tuberculosis all his life.

One more novel is selected, this time from France-La Dame aux Camelias by Dumas fils (1848). It is based on the real-life story of Marie Duplessis, a kept woman, who had what she described as 'one of those diseases that never relent. I shall not live as long as others, I have promised myself to live more quickly'; she died at twenty-three.

Katherine Mansfield, in her letters, gives a realistic picture of her conflict with an ailment which ended with a haemorrhage.

Tuberculosis Among Writers

Numerous literary celebrities were themselves tuberculous; others may be presumed to have been affected, but biography often hides the truth and before the days of bacteriology and radiology, diagnosis must have been in doubt very often. Here are some names:

The Brontes (29) (30) (39); Jane Austen (41); Katherine Mansfield (35); R. L. Stevenson (44); D. H. Lawrence (45); LI. Powys (55); Sterne (55); Smollet (50); Mrs. Henry Wood (73)-she had spinal disease and wrote from a wheelchair. (In Channings Jenkins had a 'Churchyard cough . . . a sort of decline, my wife and brother died of the same thing sir'.) Kingsley (56); Orwell (46).

And from abroad:

Edgar Allan Poe (40); Thoreau (45); Whittier (85); Washington Irving (76); Chekov (44); Schiller (46); Balzac (52); Moliere (51); Prosper Merimee (67).

Poets

Poets are prominent in the list and more of them died young than other writers. Poets, unlike most other geniuses, do not need a long life to achieve immortality, a few lines may suffice. Those who had consumption seem to have written with a hectic urgency, as though knowing that their time was short; a certain melancholy, symptomatic of their illness, is not unusual. Descriptions of the decline, always clothed in poetic euphemism, are to be found in great number: e.g. 'Where youth grows pale and spectre-thin and dies' (Keats); 'And melancholy marked him for her own ... he gave, to misery all he had, a tear' (Gray).

The list of English poets is headed by Lovelace (40) who 'grew very melancholy, which brought him at length into a consumption'. His circumstances became so reduced that when he died in 1658 he was in rags and lived with beggars.

Others, with dates of death, are: Oldham (38) 1688; Philips (32) 1708; Hughes (42) 1719; Gay (47) 1732; ? Littleton (64) I773; Keats (24) I821; Shelley (30) drowned 1822; Hood (45) I845; Gray (23) 1861; E. B. Browning (55) 1861; Symonds (53) 1893; Thompson (48) 1907; Flecker (31) 1915; W. E. Henley (54) 1903, who was lame following the amputation of a tuberculous foot, was the prototype of Long John Silver, in his great friend R. L. Stevenson's Treasure Island.

Dylan Thomas (39), the modem poetic genius, did not suffer from tuberculosis, but, according to a biographer, he imagined he did; a belief which may have served as an excuse for his alcoholism. Death is near in all his verses and he had an obsession that a poet should die young and 'live in such a way as to risk his own destruction'.

These few names are of poets who, despite short lives, lasted long enough to become famous thanks sometimes to their ability to move to a more equable climate abroad; in others biographical details are obscure, but suggestive; many more must have died young and unknown.

Close contact in the home has always been the most potent means of passing on the infection, and many of the famous people under discussion were members of tuberculous households, among them the Brontes, Keats, Baillie, Hood, Smollet, Chekhov, Trudeau. De Quincey, Rembrandt, John Hunter and others in this category seem to have escaped active disease. The home-life of the members of these families was disturbed by poverty, the loss of a parent, the despairing atmosphere of long drawn-out sickness and the fear that they themselves might be similarly stricken. Tuberculosis, then, must be included among the causes of an unsatisfactory upbringing, leading to a feeling of insecurity, which is at the root of behaviour problems making their appearances later on. Poverty was the usual accompaniment of early years in the literary and artistic fields and this and an unsettled way of life favoured a lowering of resistance at a time when none could avoid infection. Sometimes drugs and alcohol were superimposed on the toxins of the tubercle bacillus.

Edgar Allan Poe may be cited: he lost his father when he was a year old, his mother after a lingering illness when he was three and a half, his frail, exquisitely beautiful wife Virginia, also tuberculous, died shortly after a marriage lived in penury and squalor. She appears frequently in his poems:

.... respite and nepenthe from the memories of Lenore.

.... the wind came out of a cloud by night, chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.

Musicians

Purcell (37), who died in 1695, is the earliest English composer on the list; he caught a chill, said a biographer, after being kept outside his house by his wife as a punishment for keeping late hours! Many circumstances have been blamed for the onset of phthisis, but none as naive as this. Chopin (40) is the classical type and his temperament is clearly reflected in his music. Nevin (39), a lyrical genius who wrote The Rosary, struggled without avail against his ill-health. There are more names, including those of instrumentalists and singers. Mimi in La Boheme and Violetta in La Traviata are operatic consumptives.

Painters and Paintings

Relatively few artists appear to have been afflicted (although many must have died young before time was allowed them to achieve fame, their deaths accelerated by the conditions under which they lived); there are at least three notable exceptions:

Watteau (37), perhaps the greatest eighteenth-century painter, had an unhappy life. He was ill-fed and worked with feverish haste for long hours, painting exquisite romantic scenes which were in sharp contrast to the gloomy melancholy of his own life. He died in 1721.

Modigliani (36), an original genius, who died 200 years after Watteau, lived imprudently and defiantly, sustaining himself with alcohol and drugs and subsisting on a diet which, it is said, consisted mainly of sardines. His portrayal of young ladies with slender necks, slanting shoulders and peach blossom complexions-Mlle Victoria, the English girl, was the model for many of them-is characteristic.

Aubrey Beardsley (27), was an unconventional black-and-white artist, the originator of a new cult. Seldom has anyone produced so much in such a short time, his friends attributing his abnormal activity to a desire to forestall death and leave a legacy.

Portraits

Portraiture supplements biography. There can be few galleries lacking a canvas or two showing a possibly tuberculous subject. The tuberculous type has long been recognized. Hippocrates wrote of those most liable, as having smooth, fair, ruddy skins, blue eyes and shoulders projecting like wings. The nineteenth century writers gave pictures of the same kind. One of the most colourful is in Lavengro (1851), believed to be George Borrow's own biography; he describes his brother in these terms:

... a rosy angelic face, blue eyes and light chestnut hair ... it partook to a certain extent of the Celtic character, particularly in the fire and vitality which illumined it. So great was his beauty in infancy that people would follow .. . and bless the lovely face. Perhaps it will be asked here what became of him. Alas! his was an early and a foreign grave.

He became a painter, and was 'pale and unwell' on his last visit to his home.  Unfortunately the reader is not told how and where he died. Another writer (1891) noted that:

Children prone to tuberculosis are generally pretty, slim, fair-haired with lithe active figures, delicately formed limbs, slender chests and waists, blue eyes and clear red and white complexions. They are intelligent, quick, volatile and a source of pride to their mothers and nurses. The tubercular children are pretty, the scrofulous children ugly.

Children of both types are to be seen on many a canvas, but, regretfully, the fate of the sitters is seldom known.

Experience in a twentieth-century tuberculosis dispensary hardly supports such a dogmatic opinion,* which confused predisposition with the visible effects of active tuberculosis, and was based on the premise that the disease was hereditary. These oft-repeated statements are, notwithstanding, of great interest, and there are many geniuses such as Shelley, to whom the description applies.

Fortunately the portraits of many persons-especially young ladies-known to have been tuberculous, are available for study. Models often chosen by the Great Masters for their beauty, languor and appealing sadness of expression, were often in the sickness of tuberculosis.

Botticelli, in his Venus and other paintings, idealized Simonetta the Florentine beauty, who died tragically in 1475 at the age of sixteen. Her counterpart was popular with many of his successors. The ethereal type became so fashionable that young ladies sought to emulate it by eating sand or drinking vinegar and lemon-juice to destroy their appetites (Dubos). This must have been a disastrous procedure in the days when tuberculosis was epidemic. Fashions do not seem to have changed much, but fortunately the teenagers of today with too much eye-shadow and mascara, which make them look fatigued and debilitated, run less risk of tuberculosis infection: we see them on television, sometimes, in plays and advertisements.

The pre-Raphaelite painters of the mid-nineteenth century (the founders of the aesthetic movement, which included Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Burne Jones, Holman Hunt, Millais, as well as John Ruskin and the poets Swinbume and William Morris) depicted pale, distraught young women, with sad and tired faces; the painters, like the poets, favoured morbid melancholy, which-without knowing, perhaps, the pathological reasons-they found in the young adult consumptive. One such was the beautiful Elizabeth Siddal, a tragic and temperamental beauty (Ruskin gave her DIPo a year to enable her to go abroad for her health), painted many times by Rossetti (The Annunciation, Beata Beatrix). He married his model, but after two unhappy years she died of an overdose of laudanum. She appears in pictures by Millais-Ophelia is her best likeness-Burne Jones and Holman Hunt. William Morris's wife, Jane Burden, another supposed consumptive, sat for his friend Burne Jones (Circe and ? Cophetua), and also to Rossetti (Queen Guinevere).

Rembrandt, a keen student of the human face and its changes of expression, was deeply affected by the loss from phthisis of his wife Saskia (33) and son Titus (28). His portraits of them leave little doubt about the correctness of the diagnoses.

The Linleys of Bath, a gifted musical family, knew to the full the tragedy of tuberculosis, which left hardly any survivors among twelve children. There are many paintings of them by Reynolds, Gainsborough and Lawrence, which like all masterpieces must be seen in the original to be appreciated. The two elder sisters, Elizabeth (Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan) (39), and Mary (Mrs. Tickell) (29), were opera singers, and among the beauties of the time, who are shown together in a wonderful picture by Gainsborough, which immortalizes the delicate beauty and fragility of their disease. Elizabeth was the model for Reynolds' St. Cecilia and The Nativity. The progress of the decline, the ultimate result of which they foresaw only too well, was similar, step by step, in both sisters; children of both of them also succumbed in infancy.

Doctors 

Phthisis has not spared doctors. Laennec (45), famous for introducing the stethoscope, was himself diagnosed by his own method of mediate auscultation. Kipling tells a delightful tale about him (Marklake Witches) in which, as a prisoner-of-war in England, he learned the use of the tube of holly wood from a witch wizard and diagnosed a young girl with 'cheeks pale except for two pretty pink patches . . little gasps at the end of her sentences as though she had been running'. Baillie (62), who wrote the first English textbook on pathology, describing the grey tubercle, was delicate, but worked at a feverish pace. He died of consumption. His mother was a sister of the greatJohn Hunter; she and five of her brothers and sisters died of phthisis: 'the genius of the Hunter family, like that of the Brontes, was much frustrated by this disease'.

Thomas Beddoes, a notable physician who died in i8o8, gave much to the literature of tuberculosis. He advocated treatment by inhalation (which afterwards he abandoned), and it is interesting to note that the superintendent of the pneumatic institute, as it was called, was Humphry Davy, who whilst there discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.

Genius

The researches of Havelock Ellis revealed that tuberculosis was the cause of most of the deaths of the more eminent men who died young; some poets and a few others excepted, great men live long, because they must do so to achieve eminence. The high proportion of philosophers, thinkers and reformers among tuberculous geniuses is noticeable. In their survival to middle age and beyond, they fought a hard battle against their affliction:

Spinoza (45); Descartes (54); Rousseau (66); Butler (68); Locke (72); Kant (80); Voltaire (84); Emerson (79); Ruskin (81).

Doctors and scientists include:

Priestley (71); Black (71); Matthew Baillie (62); Hans Sloane (92); Dettwaller (67); Trudeau (67). 

Descartes, the father of modern philosophy, after living a secluded life for twenty years, went to Sweden at the invitation of Queen Christina. His weak constitution, writes a biographer, was overcome by the hard Scandinavian winter, and 'the exposure involved in waiting upon the Queen at five every morning for an hour's philosophic instruction'!

Spinoza. His sickly constitution forced him to devote the whole of his life to study. He learned the craft of lens polishing, and because he would accept no financial help, this became his only means of sustenance. His illness progressed steadily, aggravated, no doubt, 'by the glass dust from the lenses, which had done its worst'.

Sir Hans Sloane was always delicate; he had haemoptyses between 16 and 19 years of age, but he lived a careful and prudent life, reaching the great age of 92. He left 80,000 specimens, zoological and botanical, which formed the nucleus of the new British Museum. He followed Newton as President of the Royal Society.

Edward Livingstone Trudeau, the founder of the world-famous sanatorium in the Adirondacks, developed extensive tuberculosis at 25, infected, it is said by his brother whom he nursed during his fatal illness, a little time before. His own daughter was also a victim-Trudeau never recovered from the shock.

John Ruskin. At 21, at Oxford, 'he was seized with a consumptive cough and spat some blood', but unlike so many of the young geniuses of the time, this was not in his case the death warrant, for after two years' sojourn in Switzerland, Italy and other places, he seems to have recovered completely, out-growing 'his tendency to consumption'.

Cecil Rhodes (49) was another whose 'health broke down' in adolescence, and again at Oxford. Destined for the Church, his poor health was the reason for his abandonment of this career and instead joining his brother in Natal. At 21 his chest condition was such that a London physician gave him six months to live. He was impressed by 'a sense of the shortness of life' which must have had a profound effect on his character and activities.

Joseph Priestley, the discoverer of oxygen, had to give up school for a time because of ill-health. Whether or not he had tuberculosis cannot be affirmed with certainty; it is worth noting, however, that he lodged at one time with the Linleys of Bath, and was closely connected with the family affairs. His sister was treated by Dr. Beddoes when in the advanced stages of consumption: the protean treatment of those days is well illustrated by the tale that she found almost every symptom alleviated (temporarily, no doubt) on the second night after a stay in the cow-house!

It has been said that the toxins of tuberculosis stimulate the creative instinct and promote literary brilliance (Moorman, Marks); some go further, asserting that the quality of writing declines with quiescence of the disease. R. L. Stevenson believed that this happened to him, but he could hardly speak from personal experience, for the miraculous quiescence which he said brought him back from semi-death to life, if it did occur, was short-lived: and in his last years in Samoa his literary powers showed no signs of waning-neither, perhaps, did the activity of his pulmonary lesion-although the cause of his sudden death is uncertain. The characteristic urge to produce, and produce at speed, whether due to toxaemia and pyrexia, or the fear that the tide is fast ebbing, was shown by Stevenson, when, extremely ill and bedridden at Bournemouth, he wrote Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in three days. It will be recognized also that for Stevenson and very many like him, no domestic stability was possible during a lifetime of movement from one place to another in the illusory search for surcease of ill health.

A delicate constitution in early life, not rare in those who later became famous, restricts physical activities, giving a preference for the study to the playing field, with ample time for contemplation and scholarship. A feeling of physical inferiority may guide the thoughts down the pathways of reform or embittered revolt; a vein of gloom and melancholy running through the writings of certain of the poets is symptomatic, yet a few, like Hood, were able to laugh often and say: 'Here lies one who spat more blood and made more puns than any man living', as he lay in bed propped up with pillows, 'and grave and dejected of mien'.

It is intriguing to give play to the imagination and to consider what geniuses like Keats, Chopin and Watteau might have given to the world had they lived on, and to think of what mankind would have lost had tuberculosis cut short the lives of such as Shakespeare, Milton, Newton, Rembrandt, Beethoven, Rutherford or Fleming.

Others

The grim catalogue has many more entries, not only of personalities in the realms of literature, science and the Arts, but of men and women--honoured and dishonoured--in other walks of life. Then there is that incalculable number of unknowns that makes up communities and nations, whose personal and collective ill-health has conditioned national life and economy. This, the most important group of all, would need much more time to discuss than is available. Again, there are people of widely divergent backgrounds, such as Grace Darling (27), the heroine of the Fame Islands; Charles Byrne (22), the gin sodden 7 ft. 7 in. giant (his skeleton hangs in the Royal College of Surgeons) whose last days were spent in fear-which despite his lead coffin, proved to be justified-that his body would be snatched for John Hunter's dissecting table; and, quite recently, Gilbert Harding, who submitted to treatment with reluctance; the self-denying Simone Weil (43) in 1943.

Individuals Who Have Made History

The pages of history are not lacking in names of men and women, famous or infamous, in whom sickness of the mind or body has governed behaviour. Tuberculosis has played a part, and this paper would be incomplete without a selection of those who by their conduct or early death have changed history.

Hadrian, who died in A.D. 138 (62), was supposed to be tuberculous, but his last illness, during which his character changed and his good was forgotten, was more probably heart failure. =

Lucius, the young eccentric dilettante he named to succeed him, was soon wasting from consumption and died of a haemorrhage shortly afterwards. (Marcus-the great Marcus Aurelius-took his place.) Virgil's lines were quoted by Hadrian: 'This hero Fate will not display to Earth, Nor suffer him to stay' (Perowne).

Edward VI, who died in 1553 (15), had a visible and swift decline and a violent cough which nothing would relieve. His death was attributed to 'quack nostrums on a consumptive frame'. Northumberland acquired great influence over the ailing boy, to name Lady Jane Grey to succeed him. Had Edward not died, England would have been saved the bloodshed of Mary's reign.

Madame de Pompadour (43), the butcher's daughter, died after a rapid loss of weight and extreme emaciation. Her influence over Louis XV was disastrous for France in wars, loss of colonies and depletion of the exchequer. She overthrew the political systems of Europe. 'What remains of this woman', said Diderot, 'who cost so much in men and money?' She helped to bring about the French Revolution. Rousseau, another (?) consumptive, paved the way.

Napoleon's son (21), brought up in Austria, was frustrated and bewildered. Always delicate, he was pale with a constant cough, and later, fever, rigors and blood-spitting. Until almost the end he was diagnosed as suffering from a liver complaint, and persisted in arduous military activities until just before death. Had he lived and become Emperor-as a large section of the French population hoped-France might have been saved years of turmoil. (The necropsy on Napoleon at St. Helena showed 'tubercles on the lungs but ... a vast cancerous ulcer at the pylorus.')

Gavrillo Princip (22), the young Bosnian Serb whose assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo in July, 1914, was the immediate cause of the First World War, was a small, thin, delicate youth with early phthisis, unfit for military service. A ready tool in the hands of the revolutionary Black Hand Society, his spes phthisica was a martyr's crown. His companion in crime, Chabrinovitch, attempted, unsuccessfully, to kill the Archduke with a bomb before Princip fired. He also was in poor health; discontented, bad-tempered and unhappy at home, he knew he had not long to live and was impatient to carry out the deed and take the cyanide which the plotters gave him. He was captured and died of tuberculosis in prison in I9I6, two years before Princip. In infamous immortality they achieved the recognition for which they craved.

Before and since, there have been many young criminals with a similar background and outlook; fortunately, their deeds have seldom had such appalling consequences.

Conclusion

This brief review has presented only a broad picture of the tuberculosis scene over the centuries. Inevitably much of it is hazy, for a disease so ancient has left scant record of its origins, early incidence or distribution; it follows, therefore, that, like the world history of which they are a part, the happenings of long ago are full of speculation, and what little evidence there is has been acquired indirectly. Despite the paucity of fact, there is a likelihood that the infection (which may have been of bovine origin) spread from the east, carried by man and his animals-in the drift to the colder and damper climates to the west and north-west, where, some historians say, he was prone to affections of the lungs.

The written records of successive civilizations yield more information, both positive and negative, and there is a mass of knowledge about Greco-Roman times, but, unfortunately, the Hippocratic school had no statistical method. Far less is known of the thousand years that followed-the Dark Ages when medicine made little progress. During the Renaissance, when modem history commenced, events began to be chronicled more frequently and more faithfully in lay and medical writing. But we have had to wait much longer for an acceptable statistical record and even now this is by no means complete. The historical record would have been even more meagre had it been restricted to medical treatises; fortunately, it can be supplemented by biography and contemporary literature: portraits, too, may help fill in the gaps, and even cave pictures and figures on pottery have something to offer. Evidence of spinal caries in Neolithic skeletons and Egyptian mummies has confirmed the antiquity of the disease: with the advances being made in palaeopathology much more information may become available soon about the location and date of early tuberculosis in man and animals.

The biographical field is itself limited. Next to nothing is known of the lives of many poets and others who were cut off early; even when the biographer has more to relate, there may be the vaguest of references to health or a predilection to avoid the use of gross words like 'consumption'. The perplexed medical historian sees the force ofStendhal's dictum that a part of every man's biography should be written by his doctor. The sketches made here are limited to certain celebrities whose personal stories are well authenticated; some illustrative passages from authors whose observations are believed to be reliable have also been given.

But the immortals form a minute part of the multitude of consumptives-the undistinguished, the ordinary men in the street-whose biographies have never been written (except in medical books, and in sanatorium and tuberculosis dispensary files of this century). Other than as prototypes of fictional characters, sometimes, they are only recognized in the mass, on account of their collective influence on national health and welfare. Tuberculosis, a chronic complaint, has been with the world for a long time, and its insidious repercussions though less dramatic than those of, say, plague, typhus or the sweating sickness, have been no less serious. Ill-health restricts working time, lowers productivity, calls for expensive medical care and influences national prosperity. Economic depression is a reason for emigration, which takes the fit and leaves the afflicted behind, and, conversely, immigration has more than once brought fresh sources of infection to this country. More than anything else, a poor national health standard, with its attendant misery, has always been the foe of happiness and contentment which are the pillars of a successful and peaceful community existence. 

Whatever may have happened in the remote past, it is certain that the behaviour of phthisis in this country, and in western Europe generally, during the last three hundred years is without precedent. The sudden upsurge, the long phase of sustained activity, the slow decline and now the more rapid abatement as treatment has become effective, give a true picture of tuberculosis as an infectious disease, which differs from that of epidemics of acute infections only in time. Saturation of infection has ended, as herd immunity has increased, to be replaced by small foci, which are capable of being obliterated if detected early. The main reservoir is found in older males-a phenomenon which may be a reflection of living conditions at the turn of the century. At long last, thanks to vigorous action, intensified during the past decade, the century old menace of infected cattle has almost disappeared.

The epidemiologist of today is fortunate in having morbidity and mortality tables, tuberculin conversion rates and radiographic surveys to help him, but essential though they are, they tell only part of the story. Figures are impersonal, revealing nothing of the deep effects these changes have had on people, homes and communities. It is here, again, that the biographer, novelist and historian come to our aid and allow comparisons to be made between the distressing situations of yesterday and the happier state of affairs today, as a great burden is being lifted gradually from society and the words 'consumption', 'phthisis' and 'decline' are becoming ever less descriptive.

This is not the place to discuss why all this has come about, nor to try to enumerate and assess the relative importance of the many interacting contributory factors, which, if they have not yet vanquished the tubercle bacillus, are, at least, enabling man to come to terms with it.

The grim story of the past should not be forgotten; it should serve as a spur to a united effort to try to give the coup de grace to this invader from which the world has suffered so severely and for so long.

* Recent examinations of 290 skeletons in the Roman-British cemetery at York-'the largest and most significant find of its kind ever made'-yielded no evidence of tuberculous disease. Eburacum, Roman York, H.M.S.O., 1962, I.

t Population: 1066: 3 1/2 million; 1500: 5 million; 1625: 7 million; 1714: 9 million; I837: 26 million

* Careful recording over many years, of physical characters of patients with early tuberculosis did not suggest a preponderant type, but racial types (e.g. Irish and Welsh girls) with low resistance were noticeable in many clinics in urban England.

t The pre-Raphaelites always 'painted from the real thing', and it is said that the cold bath in which she sat as a model for this picture 'nearly killed her'.

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MEINECKE, B. Ann. Med. Hist. 1927, 7, 379.

MERYON, E. History of Medicine. London, I861.

MOORMAN, L. J. Tuberculosis and Genius. Chicago, 1940.

MORTON, R. Phthisiologica. London, 1689.

MOYES, J. Medicine in Shakespeare. Glasgow, 1896.

NEUBURGER, M. History of Medicine (Tr. E. Playfair). London, 1910, 1925.

NEWSHOLME, A. Elements of Vital Statistics. London, 1923.

NICOLSON, H. Age of Reason. London, 1960.

REID, J. C. Francis Thompson. London, 1960.

ROGERS, SIR LEONARD, AND MUIR, E. Leprosy. Bristol, 1940.

RONEY, J. G. 'Palaeopathology of a California Archaeological Site', Bull. Hist. Med., 1959, 23, 97.

ROWLING, J. THOMPSON. Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 1961, 54, 409.

SALMON, ANDRE. Modigliani: A Memoir. London, 1961.

SIMPSON, R. R. Shakespeare's Medicine. Edinburgh, 1959.

SOUTHEY, H. H. Observations on pulmonary consumption. London, 1814.

TEDLOCK, E. W. Dylan Thomas. London, 1960.

WHEATLEY, H. B. Diary of Samuel Pepys. London, 1928.

WOOLCOMBE, W. Frequency and fatality of different diseases. London, 1808.

YOUNG, T. A. Practical and historical treatise on consumptive disease. London, 1815.

[reinxshademix]

“10 songs I’m currently obsessed with”

tagged by @sand-rose thank you, I know Im days late, Ive been studying and sleeping xD

also I love Mein gott (Prussia's song) Me and my brother usually sing it when cooking together lolz 

just like you... In no particular order...

1) Dark doo wow - MS MR

Nothing to say, just... I like the vibe this song gives, the lyrics...

2) White dress - halestorm

Fav song from halestorm´s newest album

3) Muchacha kiss kiss bang - Alex Swings Oscar Sings

I heard this song in a Hetalia MEP and I like it even tho I don't usually listen to this genre.

4) The wicked symphony - Avantasia 

Epic, perfect to imagine myself in a battle ^w^’

5) Bad End Night - Hitoshizuku × Yama△

For some reason this suddenly came back to my mind, so I looked for covers and I won't stop listening to it xD

6) Pain pain go away feat. MUTSUKI from Softly

yeah Im linking the AMV I found it from, I instantly started listening to the song on repeat and the aMV is gorgeous. Also recommending the anime xD

7) The villain I appear to be - cover by Anna

8)ドラマ - C&K

9) Love me (doki doki literature fan song) - cover by Cami-cat

Im a sucker for yandere songs, this is the one Ive been addicted to this month

10) The entire undertale cover album by RichaadEB

Im linking to the masterpiece they did with some of the songs which is the video Ive been listening to for the past year!

Extra: Ive also been putting as background music pocket mirror’s, a hat in time’s and the chronicles of narnia´s (the 1st film) OST 

Another extra: Monster

don't know who made this song, but I first found the MEP, then I found a vocaloid version, not even sure which is the original xD

Another extra: Greedy by Arianna Grande

Became addicted 2 days ago

Tagging: Everyone who'd like to do this and... @higabanna @savingthime @lila-cherryblossomtree @sadiewoe @tediouslibrarian @alex-benedetto @usagichanp  @foreverpersonafan @pink-kawaii-kitty @trashybiologymajor @clilee @socials-loneliness @alphasoupfartface-420 @romo-hours

If you've done it already you don't have to uwu

[spyglassrealms]

My thoughts, midnight to 8 AM

so a few of you might know this already, but I pulled an excruciating all-nighter to finish a lab report for my biotech lab. I woke up at 1 PM after a relieving power doze and discovered a document I had apparently made to record my hazy, delirious thoughts by the hour. honestly, it looks like a prose poem chronicling my descent into madness.

12:00 AM

thirteen hours without sleep and trying to focus on this damned lab report. blu sent something in japanese as a friendly jest but i cannot handle anything but latin at this time, please call again tomorrow. good news is, i only have to get a 76% on this to bump up to a C. hooray.

1:00 AM

hour fourteen. it feels like i’m entering the sixth spatial dimension. no idea where the fourth and fifth went, try again later. i have resorted to consuming my last wagon wheel to maintain energy levels.

150 words, but i forgot the header stuff. not that it matters that much right now.

time is starting to slow down and I’m fighting off a frustrated breakdown with a flaming stick. This should be interesting to watch, especially considering my eyes are also on fire.

2:00 AM

hour fifteen. time is a snail and space is an avocado. the vaguely grassy taste is perpetual. i contemplate interrogation of my alternate selves, but they are in a sloeth and so i carry on. i have achieved page two, and three hundred words with it. the 420-word milestone is high nigh. nice.

the jellyfish swim out of the screen and dance their green ultraviolet waltz. or is it a tango? both require a partner.

i am alone.

seventy-six.

3:00 AM

hour sixteen. i have seen empires rise and fall in this aeon of my waking sight. i crank the david bowie louder and ignore them. look at those cavemen go; it really is the freakiest show. wonder if they'll ever know?

seventy-six.

hypnos taunts me, tempts me, but lo! i have broken the third page and the next section begins. methods would be easier if the notebook was still on this plane, but it sunk into the astral sea before the semester started. go fish.

4:00 AM

hour seventeen. seventy-six. time is returning to pace the floor and i don't like it. seventy-six. eyes? or fried grapes? at this point i'd rather not know. seventy-six. i went outside to check on the void. it smiled at me, so i went back inside. seventy-six. momentary cardiac arrhythmia would be easier to argue with if i liked coffee. but i don't, so the thunder grumbles as i send him over the hills. or, he would, if there were hills here.

seventy-six.

results? not bad, i'd say. i would add the pictures but they're raining somewhere else. seventy-six. the jellyfish continue their dance, and john travolta would be either proud or terrified. truly, all the children boogie.

5:00 AM

hour eighteen. 76. death stopped by but i told him i was busy. he gave me an ounce of lucidity but i’m not sure how long it’ll last me. 76. went outside again. the void is packing up to go to australia. 76. no line on the horizon but i know it’s coming.

shit. and still i keep going.

6:00 AM

hour nineteen.

error.

error code 76.

huh. fascinating. i love that color. it smells like sleep, and red. red sleep.

the future is warm, and dark.

7:00 AM

hour twenty.

i was so sure the twenty-hour mark would herald the true descent into hell. but frankly, it's more like purgatory. or even a little bit like valhalla; a spiritual victory of sorts. went outside again for a few moments. the sun was arriving, dressing the clouds in soft fire. she reminded me it's okay to not succeed right away. things take time. but the end is in sight now, and while it isn't a perfect terminex it's still an end. hypnos' arms are wide open, waiting. another hour left.

i just wish the shaking and twitching would stop on its own.

8:00 AM

hour twenty-one.

the future was warm, and dark.

like red sleep.

[allbestnet]

The 5000 Best Books of All-Time

Book 251–499 (go to book 1 to 250)

251. All the King’s Men (1946) by Robert Penn Warren 252. The Maltese Falcon (1930) by Dashiell Hammett 253. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) by Mark Twain 254. Ouran High School Host Club by Bisco Hatori 255. Plague (1947) by Albert Camus 256. Jurassic Park (1990) by Michael Crichton 257. The Stormlight Archive by Brandon Sanderson 258. Shogun (1975) by James Clavell 259. A Town Like Alice (1950) by Nevil Shute 260. Ambassadors (1903) by Henry James 261. Blood Meridian (1985) by Cormac McCarthy 262. No Country for Old Men (2005) by Cormac McCarthy 263. The Castle (1926) by Franz Kafka 264. Phantom of the Opera (1910) by Gaston Leroux 265. Middlesex (2002) by Jeffrey Eugenides 266. The Book of the New Sun (1994) by Gene Wolfe 267. Vanity Fair (1848) by William Makepeace Thackeray 268. Heidi by Johanna Spyri 269. Bluest Eye (1970) by Toni Morrison 270. Seabiscuit by Laura Hillenbrand 271. Pippi Longstocking (1945) by Astrid Lindgren 272. The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1969) by John Fowles 273. North and South (1855) by Elizabeth Gaskell 274. Percy Jackson & the Olympians (2005) by Rick Riordan 275. Gilgamesh by 276. The Infernal Devices by Cassandra Clare 277. Millennium series by Stieg Larsson 278. Cat’s Cradle (1963) by Kurt Vonnegut 279. Northanger Abbey (1817) by Jane Austen 280. The Secret History (1992) by Donna Tartt 281. Screwtape Letters (1942) by C.S. Lewis 282. Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare 283. The World According to Garp (1978) by John Irving 284. A Confederacy of Dunces (1980) by John Kennedy Toole 285. Birdsong (1993) by Sebastian Faulks 286. Dandelion Wine (1957) by Ray Bradbury 287. Light in August (1932) by William Faulkner 288. The Glass Castle (2005) by Jeannette Walls 289. People’s History of the United States (2010) by Howard Zinn 290. Lamb by Christopher Moore 291. Water for Elephants (2006) by Sara Gruen 292. Moneyball (2003) by Michael Lewis 293. Three Men in a Boat (1889) by Jerome K. Jerome 294. Jungle (1906) by Upton Sinclair 295. The Forever War (1974) by Joe Haldeman 296. Le Pere Goriot by Honore de Balzac 297. Number the Stars (1989) by Lois Lowry 298. Siddhartha (1951) by Hermann Hesse 299. Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams 300. Misery (1987) by Stephen King 301. Calvin and Hobbes (1993) by Bill Watterson 302. I Am Legend (1954) by Richard Matheson 303. Tuesdays With Morrie (1997) by Mitch Albom 304. Medea by Euripides 305. The Witches (1983) by Roald Dahl 306. The Naked and the Dead by Norman Mailer 307. Where the Red Fern Grows (1961) by Wilson Rawls 308. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971) by Hunter S. Thompson 309. Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Daniel Defoe 310. Angela’s Ashes (1996) by Frank McCourt 311. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1963) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 312. Howl’s Moving Castle (1986) by Diana Wynne Jones 313. Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953) by James Baldwin 314. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (1974) by John le Carre 315. Silmarillion (1977) by J.R.R. Tolkien 316. Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1958) by Truman Capote 317. The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (2006) by John Boyne 318. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou 319. High Fidelity (1995) by Nick Hornby 320. Parade’s End (1928) by Ford Madox Ford 321. Kim (1901) by Rudyard Kipling 322. Snow Crash (1992) by Neal Stephenson 323. Works by William Shakespeare 324. Song of Solomon (1977) by Toni Morrison 325. Satanic Verses (1988) by Salman Rushdie 326. Ready Player One (2011) by Ernest Cline 327. Starship Troopers (1959) by Robert A. Heinlein 328. Mahabharata by Vyasa 329. Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864) by Jules Verne 330. The Day of the Locust (1939) by Nathanael West 331. The Day of the Triffids (1951) by John Wyndham 332. My Antonia (1918) by Willa Cather 333. Swiss Family Robinson (1812) by Johann Wyss 334. I Capture the Castle (1948) by Dodie Smith 335. Oh, the Places You’ll Go! (1990) by Dr. Seuss 336. Sirens of Titan (1959) by Kurt Vonnegut 337. The Shawshank Redemption by Stephen King 338. The Golden Notebook (1962) by Doris Lessing 339. Tempest by William Shakespeare 340. Prophet (1923) by Kahlil Gibran 341. Mary Poppins by P.L. Travers 342. Everything is Illuminated (2002) by Jonathon Safran Foer 343. The New York Trilogy (1987) by Paul Auster 344. The Host (2010) by Stephenie Meyer 345. How to Win Friends and Influence People (1936) by Dale Carnegie 346. Brief History of Time (1988) by S.W. Hawking 347. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2005) by Jonathan Safran Foer 348. One Thousand and One Nights by 349. Winesburg, Ohio (1919) by Sherwood Anderson 350. Ivanhoe (1820) by Sir Walter Scott 351. Farewell to Arms (1929) by Ernest Hemingway 352. Awakening by Kate Chopin 353. Little House by Laura Ingalls Wilder 354. Fun Home (2006) by Alison Bechdel 355. USA by John Dos Passos 356. The Shadow of the Wind (2001) by Carlos Ruiz Zafon 357. Ramayana by Valmiki 358. Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965) by Malcolm X 359. The Alchemist (1986) by Paulo Coelho 360. The Power of One (1989) by Bryce Courtenay 361. Aesop’s Fables by Aesop 362. The Virgin Suicides (1993) by Jeffrey Eugenides 363. Darkness at Noon (1940) by Arthur Koestler 364. Love You Forever (1986) by Robert Munsch 365. Batman by 366. Story of Ferdinand (1936) by Munro Leaf 367. Scott Pilgrim (2010) by 368. Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (1989) by Stephen R. Covey 369. Divergent (2011) by Veronica Roth 370. Outliers (2008) by Malcolm Gladwell 371. Childhood’s End (1953) by Arthur C. Clarke 372. A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen 373. Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) by Victor Hugo 374. Thirteen Reasons Why (2007) by Jay Asher 375. Polar Express (1985) by Chris Van Allsburg 376. The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio 377. The Neverending Story (1979) by Michael Ende 378. Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway 379. Jungle Book (1894) by Rudyard Kipling 380. Shantaram (2003) by Gregory David Roberts 381. Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day by Judith Viorst 382. Light in the Attic (1981) by Shel Silverstein 383. The Invention of Hugo Cabret (2007) by Brian Selznick 384. Scarlet Letter (1850) by Nathaniel Hawthorne 385. Jude the Obscure (1895) by Thomas Hardy 386. Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of Nimh by Robert C. O’Brien 387. Ringworld (1970) by Larry Niven 388. The Discworld Series by Terry Pratchett 389. Redeeming Love (1991) by Francine Rivers 390. The Shipping News (1993) by E. Annie Proulx 391. Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel 392. Thus Spake Zarathustra (1885) by Friedrich Nietzsche 393. Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) by Beatrix Potter 394. Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi 395. The Once and Future King (1958) by T.H. White 396. Little Dorrit (1857) by Charles Dickens 397. Mythology by Edith Hamilton 398. Gulag Archipelago (1973) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 399. Invisible Cities (1972) by Italo Calvino 400. The Walking Dead (2003) by Robert Kirkman 401. Hush, Hush (2009) by Becca Fitzpatrick 402. Bridge to Terabithia (1977) by Katherine Paterson 403. From the Mixed Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1967) by E.L. Konigsburg 404. Paradise Lost (1667) by John Milton 405. Moonstone (1868) by Wilkie Collins 406. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain 407. Lovely Bones (2002) by Alice Seybold 408. Paper Towns (2008) by John Green 409. The Book of Mormon by Joseph Smith Jr. 410. Underworld (1997) by Don DeLillo 411. Where the Sidewalk Ends (1974) by Shel Silverstein 412. Battle Royale (1999) by Koushun Takami 413. The Haunting of Hill House (1959) by Shirley Jackson 414. Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) by Alan Paton 415. Flowers of Evil by Charles Baudelaire 416. Waiting for the Barbarians (1980) by J.M. Coeztee 417. The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) by Ursula Le Guin 418. Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1782) by Pierre-Ambroise-Francois Choderlos de Laclos 419. Bridget Jones’s Diary (1996) by Helen Fielding 420. Kane and Abel (1979) by Jeffrey Archer 421. Martian Chronicles (1950) by Ray Bradbury 422. Delirium (2011) by Lauren Oliver 423. Borrowers (1952) by Mary Norton 424. Origin of Species (1977) by Charles Darwin 425. Steve Jobs (2011) by Walter Isaacson 426. The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) by Thomas Hardy 427. Killer Angels (1974) by Michael Shaara 428. The Poisonwood Bible (1998) by Barbara Kingsolver 429. Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997) by Jared Diamond 430. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (1970) by Dee Alexander Brown 431. Book of Job by God 432. The Dark Tower by Stephen King 433. Under the Dome (2009) by Stephen King 434. The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966) by Robert A. Heinlein 435. Stories (1971) by Franz Kafka 436. Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) by Mark Twain 437. Joy Luck Club (1989) by Amy Tan 438. The Sneetches and Other Stories (1989) by Dr. Seuss 439. The Blind Assassin (2000) by Margaret Atwood 440. The Graveyard Book (2008) by Neil Gaiman 441. A Suitable Boy (1993) by Vikram Seth 442. Sister Carrie (1900) by Theodore Dreiser 443. Constitution by United States 444. Notebook (1996) by Nicholas Sparks 445. Silas Marner by George Eliot 446. The Omnivore’s Dilemma (2006) by Michael Pollan 447. Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe (1987) by Fannie Flagg 448. Death Note by Tsugumi Ohba 449. The Last Song (2009) by Nicholas Sparks 450. The Big Sleep (1939) by Raymond Chandler 451. Unwind (2007) by Neal Shusterman 452. A Walk to Remember (1999) by Nicholas Sparks 453. Republic by Plato 454. Little House in the Big Woods (1932) by Laura Ingalls Wilder 455. The Sandman (1996) by Neil Gaiman 456. Speak (1999) by Laurie Halse Anderson 457. The Selfish Gene (1976) by Richard Dawkins 458. Lorna Doone (1869) by R.D. Blackmore 459. The Far Pavilions (1978) by M.M. Kaye 460. Gargantua and Pantagruel by Francois Rabelais 461. The Maze Runner (2009) by James Dashner 462. Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) by Tom Wolfe 463. Glass by 464. House at Pooh Corner (1928) by A.A. Milne 465. Tawny Man by Robin Hobb 466. Kafka on the Shore (2002) by Haruki Murakami 467. Portrait of a Lady (1881) by Henry James 468. Good Earth (1931) by Pearl S. Buck 469. Tuck Everlasting (1975) by Natalie Babbitt 470. Make Way for Ducklings (1941) by Robert McCloskey 471. Red Harvest (1929) by Dashiell Hammett 472. The Andromeda Strain (1969) by Michael Crichton 473. Naked Lunch (1959) by William Burroughs 474. If You Give a Mouse a Cookie (1985) by Laura Joffe Numeroff 475. The Other Boleyn Girl (2001) by Philippa Gregory 476. Angle of Repose (1971) by Wallace Stegner 477. Hunger (1890) by Knut Hamsun 478. The Beach (1996) by Alex Garland 479. Hansel and Gretel by Engelbert Humperdinck 480. The Last Lecture (2008) by Randy Pausch 481. Power and the Glory (1940) by Graham Greene 482. Pygmalion (1912) by George Bernard Shaw 483. My Name Is Asher Lev (1972) by Chaim Potok 484. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007) by Sherman Alexie 485. Cold Mountain (1997) by Charles Frazier 486. Horton Hears a Who! (1982) by Dr. Seuss 487. The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926) by Agatha Christie 488. Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929) by Alfred Doblin 489. Cider House Rules (1985) by John Irving 490. Goedel, Escher, Bach (1979) by Douglas Hofstadter 491. The Stars My Destination (1956) by Alfred Bester 492. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870) by Jules Verne 493. The English Patient (1992) by Michael Ondaatje 494. Outlander (1991) by Diana Gabaldon 495. Sentimental Education (1869) by Gustave Flaubert 496. Marley & Me (2005) by John Grogan 497. Oedipus Rex by Sophocles 498. Possession: A Romance (1990) by A.S. Byatt 499. As You Like It by William Shakespeare

[u11ps1071a]

February 19, 2019 Our Daily Bread- The Reality of God

February 19, 2019 Our Daily Bread- The Reality of God

Topic:The Reality of God Bible in a Year: Leviticus 25 Mark 1:23–45

The Lord opened the servant’s eyes, and he [saw] chariots of fire all around Elisha. 2 Kings 6:17

In C. S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, all of Narnia is thrilled when the mighty lion Aslan reappears after a long absence. Their joy turns to sorrow, however, when Aslan concedes to a demand…

[c-420-rickandmorty]

Jerry C-420: Just wrapped up another late-night writing session. Who knew quantum entanglement could be such a goldmine for plot twists? 🌌✍️

You know, sometimes I wonder if my books are getting a little too close to reality. I mean, just yesterday, I saw Morty chatting with a six-winged butterfly in the backyard. Talk about life imitating art! Or is it the other way around? 🦋

But hey, that's the beauty of being part of this family. Every day is an adventure, every conversation a potential chapter. Beth's stories about her alien patients, Rick's "totally safe" experiments, Summer's interdimensional social media tips - it's like living in a writer's paradise!

Speaking of family, we're having our weekly board game night tomorrow. I've been working on a new strategy for Interdimensional Monopoly. This time, I'm sure I'll give Rick a run for his money. Wish me luck! 🎲

Oh, and a quick reminder to self: check the fridge before grabbing a midnight snack. Last time I reached for what I thought was leftover casserole, it turned out to be one of Beth's alien patient's regenerative cocoons. Talk about a plot twist in real life! 😅

Anyway, back to writing. These quantum romances won't write themselves!

#MidnightMusings #SciFiLife #FamilyAdventures #JerryTheAuthor P.S. Dad, your "leftover casserole" is still in the fridge. That regenerative cocoon was actually your latest attempt at making sourdough bread. Maybe stick to writing sci-fi and leave the interdimensional baking to Mom? 😉 Just kidding, we love your culinary experiments almost as much as your books! - Summer

P.P.S. Also, you might want to double-check your "quantum romance" draft. I'm pretty sure gravity doesn't work that way, even in alternate dimensions. But hey, that's what makes it fiction, right? 🚀💖

P.P.P.S. Honey, while I appreciate your enthusiasm for my work, please remember that my "alien patients' regenerative cocoons" are not to be confused with your midnight snacks or baking experiments. Though I must admit, your sourdough attempt did bear a striking resemblance to the Glarbian slug's metamorphosis phase. Maybe there's a future for you in xenobiology after all! 😘 Just stick to writing about it for now, okay? Love you! - Beth

[christianworldf]

New Post has been published on Christian Worldview Institute

New Post has been published on https://christianworldviewinstitute.com/bible-prophecies/end-time-events/book-of-revelation/seven-blowls/reeferrevolution-super-bowls-afterburn-blunt-commentary-w-brando-the-weed-commando/

#ReeferRevolution Super Bowls #AfterBurn: Blunt Commentary w/ Brando the Weed Commando

Brando the Weed Commando of The Daily Dope Show joins in for the Mid-West block of the #AfterBurn, our blunt commentary of marijuana in the mainstream media from across the country and the world.

Get the Daily Dope on the victims of the “war on drugs” and all things cannabis from this in-terped reporter in Michigan. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxvUYlWd_nKboQDZbR41LqA

Join Dave & Chela for Reefer Revolution LIVE! Sundays at 4:20 Pacific Blunt Commentary on the week’s Cannabis News, Pot Politics & Marijuana Media. Covering the fastest growing business in California and the US – but can still get you locked up for life in some states. Maybe everywhere! #ReeferRevolution #Cannabis #CannabisCommunity

ON REEFER REVOLUTION:

HEMP SAVES THE WORLD! STORIES AND INTERVIEWS ABOUT THE COMMUNITY ON THE GROUND USING THE CANNABIS SATIVA PLANT TO HEAL PEOPLE AND THE PLANET!

DC420LA: A CANNABIS CHRONICLE THIS WEEKS CANNABIS HEADLINES IN 4 MINUTES 20 SECONDS FROM WWW.DC420LA.COM

POT POLITICS: #VOTECANNABIS #CANNABIS2020 CANNABIS IS THE ISSUE OF OUR TIME, AND THE POLITICIANS KNOW IT. TAXING A $100 BILLION DOLLAR US INDUSTRY – YOU BET THEY ARE ALL IN!

GREEN RUSH: CANNABIS CASH IN THE RECREATIONAL MARKET AND BEYOND. HOW TO TAKE A FEDERALLY ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE AND MAKE A TON OF CASH AND STILL MAKE MONEY ON THE PRIVATE PRISONS! CORPORATE CANNABIS IS HERE TO STAY!

MARIJUANA IN MSM: CANNABIS NEWS FROM LOCAL MARKETS AROUND THE COUNTRY AND THE WORLD!

YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/c/CannabisSavesTheWorld Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ReeferRevShow/ Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/ReeferRevolution Periscope: https://www.pscp.tv/DC420LA DLive: https://dlive.tv/ReeferRevolution WeedTV: https://watch.weedtv.com/store/channels/90

This is a medical and a recreational cannabis show originating from California designed to inform and educate people 18 and older about the benefits of the cannabis plant and to do our part to normalize the use of cannabis as a medicine and for recreation.

Follow Reefer Revolution LIVE! Twitter: https://twitter.com/ReeferRevShow Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ReeferRevShow Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/reeferrevshow

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Coach Chela:

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We make no money on YouTube. YouTube finds my original content on cannabis “Not suitable for all advertisers” and DE-monetizes them despite allowing corporate media to profit on the topic.

If you find our efforts worthy and want to see more, you can SUPPORT DC 420 here: BECOME A PATRON FOR AS LITTLE AS $1 A MONTH ON PATREON https://www.patreon.com/ReeferRevolution MAKE A CONTRIBUTE WITH PAYPAL OR A CREDIT CARD ON STREAMLABS: https://streamlabs.com/davecoennen Or with Bitcoin: https://greenaddress.it/pay/GA3XPNPWM2dvY6wiHJjXcWGUUD8Es9/

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Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, Allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.

Buy The Toyes Music: https://www.amazon.com/Toyes/dp/B000005BTP source

[czapata-information-systems-blog]

PDF File

https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/top/alumni/connections/connx0108/masterplan_map.pdf

Boston College Submits 10-Year Institutional Master Plan Master Plan Calls for $800 Million in Construction and Renovation for Academic Buildings, Student Housing, Recreation Complex, University Center, Playing Fields and Arts District in support of University’s Strategic Plan Boston College has submitted its 10-year Institutional Master Plan Notifi cation Form (IMPNF) to the Boston Redevelopment Authority that calls for $700 million in new construction and $100 million in campus renovation projects during the next decade. Th e Institutional Master Plan features the construction of four new academic buildings, a university center, a recreation complex, 610 additional beds of undergraduate housing, a fi ne arts district, and new athletic fi elds and facilities. Th e plan will create 21st century classrooms and laboratories, replace a 47-year-old student center and a 35-year-old recreation complex, add much-needed playing fi elds and athletic facilities, and bring 610 students currently living in local neighborhoods into campus housing. In addition, the plan will help develop an integrated campus with linked quadrangles, pedestrian walkways and buildings in the tradition of BC’s distinct English Collegiate Gothic architecture. Th e Institutional Master Plan will provide the infrastructure to support the University’s Strategic Plan, which was crafted from a two-year selfstudy involving more than 200 BC faculty, administrators and students. Developed by Sasaki Associates in conjunction with Boston College’s administration, faculty and students, the Institutional Master Plan will enable the University to achieve the seven strategic directions identifi ed in the Strategic Plan and to create the academic, cocurricular and residential facilities needed to help raise Boston College to the highest echelon among premier American universities. Among its major components, the Institutional Master Plan proposes to: • Construct four new academic buildings on the Middle Campus in Chestnut Hill, including: Stokes Commons, an 85,000 square-foot academic facility to be used as an interim student center and dining hall, a 125,000 square-foot academic facility for the humanities, a 75,000 square-foot facility to house the Graduate School of Social Work and the Connell School of Nursing, and a 100,000 square-foot Institute for Integrated Sciences building, to support BC’s burgeoning scientifi c research and teaching initiatives and to enhance collaboration among physics, chemistry and biology faculty. • Build a 200,000 square-foot student recreation complex with a fi tness center, pool, jogging track, basketball courts and multi-purpose rooms on St. Th omas More Drive on Lower Campus at the present site of the Edmonds Hall student residence. • Build a 285,000 square-foot university center on Lower Campus to accommodate BC’s 230 student organizations, provide dining and conference space for students and faculty, and allow the expansion and upgrade of Robsham Th eater. • Add a net total of 610 beds of undergraduate student housing that will increase the total of BC students living on campus to more than 90%, exceeding all other colleges or universities in Boston. Th e addition of 500 beds on the Brighton Campus, 490 beds An architectural rendering of what the Boston College Main Campus will look like under the new Master Plan, looking from the College Road-Beacon Street intersecton: the Campus Green (lower center) would include two new academic buildings and an interim student center; undergraduate student housing would be constructed on Shea Field (upper right); left of Shea Field along St. Thomas More Drive is the proposed new recreation complex, which would be next to a new University Center. Two new academic buildings grace a new gateway to Middle Campus INVESTMENT IN THE FUTURE: BOSTON COLLEGE’S STRATEGIC AND MASTER PLANS Illustrations by Anderson Illustration Associates on Shea Field, 420 beds on the current More Hall site and 175 beds on Lower Campus, will enable the replacement of outdated Edmonds Hall and several modular housing units. • Develop the Brighton Athletics Center, which will include a 1,500-seat baseball and 500-seat softball fi eld, as well as a multi-purpose fi eld for intramural sports, and a fi eld house for track and tennis on the Brighton Campus. • Build a fi ne arts district on the Brighton Campus that will include the relocated McMullen Museum of Art, an auditorium and academic space. • Build Jesuit housing on Foster Street in Brighton for Jesuit faculty and graduate students from the Weston Jesuit School of Th eology, which re-affi liates with Boston College in 2008. • Raze McElroy Commons on the Middle Campus in Chestnut Hill and create a new campus quadrangle and pedestrian walkway that will link with other quadrangles connecting the Upper, Middle and Lower Campuses. • Add 350 parking spaces to the Beacon Street Garage and build a 500-space parking facility to serve the Brighton Campus. • Develop the former Cardinal’s Residence on the Brighton Campus into a Conference Center for Boston College. • Develop St. William’s Hall on the Brighton Campus into the new School of Th eology and Ministry. • Utilize the remaining properties acquired from the Archdiocese of Boston as administrative offi ces. Th e IMPNF, which has been presented to the Allston-Brighton/Boston College Master Plan Task Force and the BRA, will now be reviewed by Boston offi cials. Th e University’s Strategic Plan, which calls for hiring up to 100 new faculty and creating more than a dozen new centers University Center viewed from Walsh Hall, Lower Campus Undergraduate housing proposed for Shea Field MIDDLE CAMPUS 6 Academic Building - 125,000 sq. ft. 7 Academic Building - 75,000+ sq. ft. 8 Stokes Commons - 85,000 sq. ft. 10 Science Center - 100,000 sq. ft. LOWER CAMPUS 15 Beacon Street Garage Expansion - 350 spaces 18 Undergraduate Housing - 490 beds 19 Recreation Center - 200,000 sq. ft. 21 University Center - 285,000 sq. ft. 22 Undergraduate Housing - 175 beds 23 Undergraduate Housing - 420 beds BRIGHTON CAMPUS 26 McMullen Museum - 21,000 sq. ft. 27 Auditorium - 25,000 sq. ft. 28 Fine Arts - 30,000 sq. ft. 34 Undergraduate Housing - 200 beds 35 Undergraduate Housing - 300 beds 36 Library Storage - 14,000 sq. ft. 38 Parking - 500 spaces 40 Brighton Athletics Center 41 Weston Jesuit School Faculty and Graduate Housing - 75 beds NEWTON CAMPUS 42 Smith Hall Replacement - 42,000 sq. ft. 43 Recreation/ Athletics Building - 8,500 sq. ft. 44 Surface Parking - 150 spaces Boston College Master Plan 10 Year Plan INVESTMENT IN THE FUTURE: BOSTON COLLEGE’S STRATEGIC AND MASTER PLANS and institutes, will help position Boston College to become a national leader in liberal arts education and student formation among American universities and the world’s leading Catholic university and theological center, said BC President William P. Leahy, SJ. “We are announcing our Strategic and Master Plans with the goal of creating the fi nest campus facilities for our students and faculty, while also committing ourselves to becoming a national leader in liberal arts education and student formation, and the world’s leading Catholic university and theological center,” said Father Leahy. “Th e new facilities will support the Strategic Plan and help us to achieve our goals.” Patrick Keating, BC’s Executive Vice President, added, “Th is investment in BC’s future through the Institutional Master Plan will enhance our academic resources, beautify the BC campus and surrounding area, provide construction jobs and expanded economic benefits for Boston and Newton, and will help bring Boston College to even greater heights. We view this as a win-win situation for Boston College and its host communities.” Said Vice President for Governmental and Community Affairs Thomas Keady, “We want to thank the Allston Brighton/Boston College Master Plan Task Force for working with us in helping to shape this Institutional Master Plan. We appreciate the time and consideration they have given to this important endeavor over the past two years.” The Boston College Chronicle (USPS 009491), the internal newspaper for faculty and staff, is published biweekly from September to May by Boston College, with editorial offices at the Office of Public Affairs, 14 Mayflower Road, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (617) 552-3350. Distributed free to faculty and staff offices and other locations on campus. Periodicals postage paid at Boston, MA and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: send address changes to The Boston College Chronicle, Office of Public Affairs, 14 Mayflower Road, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467.

[lovecharlesbarr-blog]

Peach Bloom, The Oriental Rose Without Thistles, Image Of Chinese Love

The blossom of the is from hereditary occasions the most loved bloom of the Chinese to express love. The peach bloom has a few petals of two hues, light red and white, with an angle of shades of pink in the center. They speak to the shading, the liberality, the most perfect polish, the refinement, the liberality and the great disposition.

In the West, to express love, a bunch of roses, typically red, is normally given for as long as ten years. Increasingly more Chinese have received this sentimental custom.

In this way, Chinese youngsters as of now observe Valentine's Day (February 14) and offer roses to the adored as Westerners do. Be that as it may, the Chinese have had and have since their tribal occasions their most loved blossom to express their adoration and this is the peach. Hence, the peach bloom has a few petals of two hues, light red and white, with an angle of shades of pink in the center. We have more info about Peach Of Rose here. Your can visit here any time, if you want.

They speak to the shading, the liberality, the most flawless class, the refinement, the liberality and the great disposition. In the Book of Tributes , having a place with the Five Works of art educated by Confucius and made out of 305 ballads, it is stated: "The peach bloom blossoms like fire, the young ladies wed with glow and agreement".

The peach bloom, indeed, does not catch all the magnificence among several blossoms, however liberally shares its excellence with others. Likewise, it contains Couperin, proliferate, soy triglycerides and nutrients A, B and C among different supplements, which fortify the skin and convey essentials to the facial cells. Its impact on drugs permits a hydrated, glowing, delicate and flexible epidermis, which is the reason it is known as the "bloom of excellence".

The peach bloom sprouts in spring, grins charmingly at the world and causes us recall the magnificent things throughout everyday life. 1700 years prior, Tao Kunming , extraordinary writer of the Jun Administration (265-420), as of now refereed to what for him was the perfect world in his work entitled The spring of the peach bloom.

The manners by which the peach bloom communicates love are one of a kind in Chinese culture, being ordinarily acknowledged by all Chinese. As per Chinese soothsaying, contingent upon the mysterious sign to which an individual who looks to become hopelessly enamored, enacting the vitality of the peach bloom in the suitable zone of their homes, will expand the likelihood of discovering sentiment in their life.

"The peach bloom grins sweet, its casing is the most loving". In actuality, its cover communicates the significance of keeping up yet not of catching, this being the manner by which the Chinese express their adoration. As per a chronicled point of view, the peach bloom is rich, beguiling, delicate and beautiful.

In verse and melodies the creator communicates his most profound inclination through the magnificence of the peach bloom. Numerous essayists of olden times composed allegorical sonnets to indicate love and utilized the peach bloom on numerous events. Accordingly, a verse that shows up in the work In a Place of the General population of Shijiazhuang , composed by Cui Hu in the time of the Tang Administration (618-907), turned out to be exceptionally well known for recounting the narrative of a couple frantically enamored with one another.

This verse is really roused by a story that happened to the artist himself. Amid the celebration of Unadulterated Lucidity, Cui Hu visited a town outside the city of Chang'an. All of a sudden he felt parched and went to a house to request water. A young lady opened the entryway and gave the writer a glass of water.

In the wake of drinking it, she couldn't quit taking a gander at the guest sitting in a yard loaded with peach blooms. The young lady was delicate and timid, and did not say anything to Cui Hu. Subsequent to stating farewell to her, the young fellow felt something extraordinary in his heart. The young lady was dazzling and the peach blooms mirrored her magnificence.

From that point forward he couldn't quit contemplating her and needed to visit her again the next year. Be that as it may, the entryway of the house was shut, despite the fact that the peach blooms of the yard kept on thriving. Cui Hu Pitiful composed the previously mentioned verse on the divider.

Cui Hu, melancholic, did not quit anguish, so the few came back to the young lady's home. As he thumped on the entryway, he heard somebody crying inside, so he pushed the entryway without asking authorization. The young lady was lying on the bed and by her was an elderly person groaning. Cui Hu quickly asked what had occurred.

 The elderly person said that the young lady was his solitary little girl and she cared for him with incredible fondness. Be that as it may, for a year, I was discouraged and exceptionally tragic, with what fell sick. The man took her to the specialist and he disclosed to her that he was experiencing love.

In the wake of returning home, they found the verse that Cui Hu had composed on the divider, her girl gave a cry and blacked out. From that point forward he neither ate nor drank, he just needed to kick the bucket.

Cui Hu said decisively to the elderly person that he was the individual who composed the verse. The elderly person took a gander at Cui Hu and felt that his little girl had without a doubt comprehended the importance of that verse and that the two ought to be a couple.

In any case, there was no supernatural occurrence that could spare the life of his little girl and the elderly person cried hopelessly. Cui Hu moved and in adoration took the young lady's head and put it on her knees. Suddenly, her cry woke the young lady who saw me loaded with delight. At last they experienced passionate feelings for and got hitched joyfully.

In China, despite the fact that the peach blossoms mean love, the method for communicating it is unique in relation to that of the rose, since nobody culls the blooms from the peach or offers them to his adored. At the point when two individuals become hopelessly enamored, Orientals look for more the sentimental sentiment of a

heart joined to another heart, a bloom without thistles, an unadulterated and enduring image.

[bethestaryouareradio]

Simplicity and Journalism

eens talk and the world listens every Tuesday NOON PT on the Voice America Kids Network. Produced by StarStyle® Productions, LLC and Cynthia Brian, these young adults know how to rock and express their unique views. Join the fun! “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.” ---Leonardo Da Vinci

With so much “fake news” and social media posts, sometimes it’s hard to tell what’s really happening in the world. In this episode focusing on simplicity and journalism, hosts Joven Hundal and Brigitte Jia dissect journalism while focusing on the simple things. Brigitte brings another fascinating Art Attack segment discussing art, artists, and their simplicity. Gust author of Right Where You Left me, Calla Devlin, adds homage to the brave journalists who seek to report the truth, a mother and daughter struggle to build a connection in the wake of a father’s overseas kidnapping. Jack Pawlakos talks trends in digital journalism which is updated constantly. providing the latest information that influences decisions.   Sophistication and simplicity are friends and real journalists are heroes.

Bio: Calla Devlin is the author of William C. Morris Award finalist Tell Me Something Real. She’s also a Pushcart nominee and winner of the Best of Blood and Thunder Award whose stories have been included in numerous literary journals and in anthologies, including Because I Love Her: 34 Women Writers Reflect on the Mother-Daughter Bond, for which she was featured in the San Francisco Chronicle and San Francisco Magazine. Visit her at CallaDevlin.com.

Listen at Voice America Kids Network: https://www.voiceamerica.com/episode/102273/simplicity-and-journalism

Press Pass: http://vapresspass.com/2017/09/13/simplicity-journalism-converge/

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Make a DONATION through PAYPAL GIVING FUND and PAYPAL with 100% going to BTSYA with NO FEES: ! https://www.paypal.com/us/webapps/mpp/search-cause?charityId=1504&s=3

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Express Yourself! Teen Radio is produced by Cynthia Brian of Starstyle Productions, llc as an outreach program of Be the Star You Are! charity. To make a tax-deductible donation to keep this positive youth programming broadcasting weekly to international audiences, visit http://www.bethestaryouare.org/donate.htm. Dare to care!

For all the latest news on what teens are talking about on Express Yourself! Teen Radio embed this code into your blogs and web sites <Iframe src="http://www.voiceamerica.com/jwplayer/HostPlayer.html?showid=2014" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" width="420" height="380"></Iframe>

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[artsvark]

Renos chats to Francois Theron about The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

Tune in to Saturday’s Role With Reno: O Rolos Tou Savattou Me Ton Reno, Saturday mornings on The New Pan Hellenic Voice – Greek Community Radio 1422MW from 8am to 11am

On Saturday morning’s edition of Saturday’s Role With Reno, host Renos Spanoudes spoke to Francois Theron about The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.

Francois Theron director ot the National Children’s Theatre

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.

National Children’s Theatre (NCT) presents an inventive and original adaptation of C S Lewis’s beloved children’s book, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.

This is the first book of The Chronicles of Narnia, dramatized by le Clanche du Rand and produced by special arrangement with The Dramatic Publishing Company of Woodstock, Illinois.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

The book is regarded as one of the best-selling books of all time and has been translated into 47 languages and adapted for TV, stage, radio and movies several times over. This version was nominated for Best Family Show by the Off Broadway Alliance Awards.

Join the four adventurous Pevensie children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, as they discover a tunnel at the back of a wardrobe which leads to a strange and wondrous place – a winter wonderland where animals talk, trees walk and a witch rules.

Listen to Renos’ interview with director Francois Theron here:

Tune in to Saturday’s Role With Reno: O Rolos Tou Savattou Me Ton Reno, Saturday mornings on The New Pan Hellenic Voice – Greek Community Radio 1422MW from 8am to 11am

Renos chats to Francois Theron about The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was originally published on Artsvark

[c-420-rickandmorty]

Rick C-420 Just wrapped up another "totally safe" experiment with Morty. On the bright side, we made a breakthrough in quantum entanglement! On the not-so-bright side... well, let's just say we're going roof shopping tomorrow. Again. Anyone up for some impromptu star-gazing tonight? We're moving the lab table to the backyard to avoid any more... structural modifications to the house. Hey, at least we have our own fireworks show for the 4th of July now!

P.S. Beth, honey, I promise I'll fix it first thing in the morning. Probably. At least this time it's just the roof and not the entire second floor, right?

P.P.S. Morty, remember to grab the quantum stabilizer. We don't want a repeat of the purple squirrel incident. P.P.S. x2. Grandpa, I told you that you need to indicate who exactly wrote the post. From Summer 😉

[c-420-rickandmorty]

Lab Report: Quantum Pickle Experiment

Rick C-420

Successfully fermented cucumbers using a new quantum stabilizer. Results: Miniature ecosystem formed within the jar. Fascinating stuff!

Potential applications:

Sustainable micro-farming

Advanced food preservation

Beth's exotic pet therapy (will discuss when she's back from work)

Note: Need to label experiments better. Jerry almost used it as inspiration for his new sci-fi novel. Close call.

Next steps: More tests, possible patent filing. But for now, helping Morty and Summer with their science projects. Who knew quantum physics could be so useful for high school assignments?

#QuantumPickles #ScienceGrandpa #FamilyProjects