#chandrayaan 4

[spaceexp]

India approves 4 major space programmes, including an Indian Space Station, a Lunar Sample Return mission, Venus Orbiter Mission along with a reusable 30 ton to LEO Next Gen Launch Vehicle rocket. Doubles budget for Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight programme.

[quicktion1o1-blog]

Youtube.com/@yoursurfacegamer setup..Solo struggle

[bhaskarlive]

Chandrayaan 3 created milestone, Chandrayaan 4 & 5 will follow: Jitendra Singh

Chandrayaan 3, which scripted history in 2023 by becoming the first to land on the South Pole of the Moon, created “a milestone” that will soon be followed by Chandrayaan 4 and 5, said Union Minister Jitendra Singh on Wednesday, on the eve of first National Space Day.

On August 23, India is set to celebrate its maiden National Space Day, to celebrate the achievements of Chandrayaan at the Bharat Mandapam, Plenary Hall in New Delhi.

Source: bhaskarlive.in

[martin-james2121]

Chandrayaan 4 is to be launched in 2 phases, both LVM-3 and PSLV to be used

Following its extraordinary achievement with the Chandrayaan-3 mission, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is now preparing for its upcoming lunar mission, named Chandrayaan-4.

Unlike Chandrayaan 3, the mission will not be launched in a single phase; rather, it will involve two separate launches to deploy vehicles that will not only land on the Moon but also collect and return rocks and soil (lunar regolith) from the lunar surface to India.

While Chandrayaan-3 is comprised of three primary components – a lander, rover, and propulsion module, the Chandrayaan-4 mission will incorporate two additional components dedicated to retrieving samples from the Moon and delivering them back to Earth.

What are the components of Chandrayaan 4?

As per a presentation by Isro chief S Somnath at the National Space Science Symposium, the Chandrayaan-4 will comprise five spacecraft modules. 

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[pradeep]

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[rightnewshindi]

इसरो चीफ एस सोमनाथ ने देश को दी बड़ी खुशखबरी, जानें चंद्रयान-4 के बारे क्या कहा

ISRO Cheif on Gaganyaan: चंद्रयान-3 को चांद के दक्षिण ध्रुव पर उतारकर भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन (ISRO) ने इतिहास रचा था। भारत ऐसा करने वाला दुनिया का पहला देश है। साथ ही चांद पर मानवरहित यान उतारने वाला दुनिया का चौथा देश। चंद्रयान-3 के बाद इसरो आगामी वर्षों में अंतरिक्ष क्षेत्र में कई मिशन लॉन्च करने वाला है। इसमें चंद्रयान-4 और अंतरिक्ष स्पेस स्टेशन के साथ गगनयान मिशन भी है। इसरो प्रमुख एस…

[sarhadkasakshi]

All Preparatory Steps For Manned Mission To Moon Approved: Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw As Cabinet Approves Chandrayaan-4 Mission

Cabinet Approves Chandrayaan-4: In a leap towards greater space exploration, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw today said that India is heading towards its first manned mission to the Moon. Vaishnaw also announced that the Union Cabinet today approved the Chandrayaan-4 mission to the Moon. “Chandrayaan-4 mission has been expanded to add more elements. The next step is to get the manned mission to…

[rahulrainbow]

रूस का पहला चंद्रमा मिशन लूना-25 और भारत का चंद्रयान-3

रूस का पहला चंद्रमा मिशन लूना-25 और भारत का चंद्रयान-3 20 अगस्त 2023 को, रोस्कोस्मोस (रूसी संघ के राज्य अंतरिक्ष निगम) ने घोषणा की , कि लूना -25 प्री-लैंडिंग के दौरान चंद्रमा की सतह पर दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हो गया था। . अब पूरी दुनिया चंद्रयान-3 (इसरो द्वारा लॉन्च) पर नजर रख रही है, जो 23.08.2023 को शाम 6:05 बजे चंद्रमा की सतह पर उतरने के लिए तैयार है।  . रूस का पहला चंद्रमा मिशन लूना-25 और भारत का…

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Sources of Water and Hydroxyl are Widespread on the Moon

A new analysis of maps of the near and far sides of the Moon shows that there are multiple sources of water and hydroxyl in the sunlit rocks and soils, including water-rich rocks excavated by meteor impacts at all latitudes.

“Future astronauts may be able to find water even near the equator by exploiting these water-rich areas. Previously, it was thought that only the polar region, and in particular, the deeply shadowed craters at the poles were where water could be found in abundance,” said Roger Clark, Senior Scientist at the Planetary Science Institute and lead author of “The Global Distribution of Water and Hydroxyl on the Moon as Seen by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)” that appears in the Planetary Science Journal. “Knowing where water is located not only helps to understand lunar geologic history, but also where astronauts may find water in the future.”

Clark and his research team, which includes PSI scientists Neil C. Pearson, Thomas B. McCord, Deborah L. Domingue, Amanda R. Hendrix and Georgiana Kramer, studied data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) imaging spectrometer on the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which orbited the Moon from 2008 to 2009, mapping water and hydroxyl on the near and far sides of the Moon in greater detail than ever before.

Locating water in the sunlit parts of the Moon uses infrared spectroscopy to search for the fingerprints of water and hydroxyl (a functional chemical group with one hydrogen and one oxygen atom) in the spectrum of reflected sunlight in the infrared. While a digital camera records three colors in the visible part of the spectrum, the M3 instrument recorded 85 colors from the visible spectrum and into the infrared. Just like we see different colors from different materials, the infrared spectrometer can see many (infrared) colors to better determine the composition, including the water (H2O) and hydroxyl (OH). The water may be directly harvested by heating rocks and soils.  Water might also be formed by chemical reactions liberating hydroxyl and combining four hydroxyls to create oxygen and water (4(OH) -> 2H2O + O2).

By studying the location and geologic context, Clark and his team were able to show that water in the lunar surface is metastable, meaning H2O is slowly destroyed over millions of years, but with hydroxyl, OH, remaining. A cratering event that exposes sub-surface water-rich rocks to the solar wind will degrade with time, destroying H2O and creating a diffuse aura of hydroxyl, OH, but the destruction is slow, taking thousands to millions of years. Elsewhere on the lunar surface, there appears a patina of hydroxyl, probably created from solar wind protons impacting the lunar surface, destroying silicate minerals where the protons combine with oxygen in the silicates to create hydroxyl, in a process called space weathering.

“Putting all the evidence together, we see a lunar surface with complex geology with significant water in the sub-surface and a surface layer of hydroxyl.  Both cratering and volcanic activity can bring water-rich materials to the surface, and both are observed in the lunar data,” Clark said.   The Moon is made up of primarily two kinds of rocks: the dark mare which are basaltic (lava like that seen in Hawaii), and andesitic rocks, which are lighter (the lunar highlands). The andesites contain a lot of water, the basalts very little.  The two rock types also contain hydroxyl bonded to different minerals, shown in the figure below.

This study sheds new light on previously known mysteries.  When the Sun is shining on the lunar surface at different times of day, the strength of water and hydroxyl absorptions change.  That led to the calculation that a lot of water and hydroxyl had to be moving around the Moon on a daily cycle. However, this new study showed that very stable mineral absorptions of water and hydroxyl show the same daily effect, but on minerals, like pyroxene, a common igneous silicate mineral in the lunar soils, they do not evaporate at lunar temperatures. The reason for this effect is instead due to a thin layer of enriched composition and/or soil particle size that is different from deeper into the soil. When the Sun is low in the lunar sky, light transmits through more of the top layer, strengthening the infrared absorptions, compared to when the Sun is high in the sky.  There may still be water moving around, but to quantify how much, new studies will need to quantify the layering effects too. Lunar rover tracks are darker in images from the Apollo era rovers, another indicator the surface layer is thin and different.

Related to the thin surface layer are the expressions of enigmatic features on the Moon called lunar swirls, diffuse patterns in visible light in several areas on the Moon. Magnetic fields are thought to play a role in swirl formation by diverting solar wind, which would also reduce hydroxyl production. A previous study led by PSI Senior Scientist Georgiana Kramer and co-authored by R. Clark showed lunar swirls are deficient in hydroxyl. The new study confirms that but also shows more complexity in that swirls are also low in water content but are sometimes higher in pyroxene content. This new study with global hydroxyl maps also shows never before seen areas that are similar to known swirls, but have no diffuse patterns seen in visible light, thus can only be seen in hydroxyl absorption. These new features may be old eroded swirls and include new types, including arcs and linear features. By mapping the Moon in new  ways like this, the lunar surface is showing it is more complex than we imagined.

TOP TWO IMAGES: Top: Black and white image of the Moon from Moon Mineralogy Mapper data. Bottom: Map of water on the Moon. The different colors represent different shapes to the water absorption and correlate with rock type. The dark Mare tend to have check-marked shape absorptions that are shallow. The blue are broader and deeper absorptions characteristics of feldspars with water absorption strength increasing toward the poles. The center portion of the image is the Earth facing part of the Moon. The left and right quarters are the far side of the Moon (-180 to +180 degrees longitude). The bottom of the image is the south polar region and the top is the north polar region. The vertical striping is due to different orbits of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft viewing the surface in different geometries. Credit: NASA/PSI/R. Clark.

LOWER IMAGE: Map of hydroxyl on the Moon. The color correlates with absorption band position with blue at shorter wavelengths and red at longer wavelengths (from 2.72 to 2.83 microns in the infrared). For comparison the visible spectrum ranges from 0.4 micron (blue) to about 0.7 micron (red). The shorter wavelength OH positions correlate with clay minerals and the longer ones with sulfate minerals, although these positions are not unique. Higher spectral resolution data than the M3 instrument delivered are needed to make definitive identification of the hydroxyl-bearing minerals. Credit: NASA/PSI/R. Clark.

[thinkingofyours]

Latest Space Missions: NASA and ISRO Updates!

Exciting times in space exploration! Both NASA and ISRO are making significant strides with their latest missions.

NASA’s NISAR Mission: The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission is set to launch in early 2024. This joint Earth-observing satellite will monitor changes in Earth’s land and ice surfaces, providing critical data on natural hazards, climate change, and environmental management. Recently, NISAR successfully passed rigorous thermal vacuum tests, proving its resilience in space-like conditions.

ISRO’s Venus Orbiter Mission: ISRO is gearing up for its ambitious Venus Orbiter Mission, aimed at exploring Venus’s atmosphere and understanding its transformation from a potentially habitable planet to a hostile environment. This mission will provide valuable insights into planetary evolution and climate dynamics.

🌕 Chandrayaan-4: Following the success of Chandrayaan-3, the Indian government has approved the Chandrayaan-4 mission. This innovative lunar exploration initiative will further India’s capabilities in space exploration and contribute to our understanding of the Moon.

👨‍🚀 Axiom Space Ax-4 Mission: ISRO is also preparing for the Axiom Space Ax-4 mission, which will see the first Indian astronaut in 40 years. Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla is undergoing intensive training in the US to handle emergencies during the mission.

Stay tuned for more updates as these missions progress and bring us closer to unraveling the mysteries of our universe! #SpaceExploration #NASA #ISRO #NISAR #VenusMission #Chandrayaan4 #AxiomSpace

[dreamsoftheabyss]

star wars this, ahsoka that, There are 4 Million People watching the Chandrayaan-3 Landing go join them already

[newseee]

Within walking distance

Indian spacecraft Chandrayaan-3 has completed another milestone as it flew into Rhodesia with the aim of landing on Zabili. The lander module Vikram successfully separated from the propulsion module of this spacecraft on Thursday. It is preparing for the historic moment of landing on the surface of the moon.

After successful separation from the propulsion module, the message sent by the land module was received by the ISTRAC center in Bangalore. ISRO announced on Twitter that the lander sent a message saying "Thanks for the ride, mate". After this process is completed, the lander module will now orbit Zabili on its own. ISRO said that the de-orbit-1 process will take place at 4 pm on Friday. After that on 20th again de-orbit-2 procedure will be done...

[bhaskarlive]

Cabinet approves Chandrayaan-4, first module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2028

Expanding the Chandrayaan series, the Union Cabinet on Wednesday approved the fourth mission to the Moon and also gave a green signal for the building of the first unit of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2028.

The Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved Chandrayaan-4 to develop and demonstrate technologies to help astronauts return to Earth after successfully landing on the Moon.

Source: bhaskarlive.in

[hindiindia]

Chandrayaan-3: ISRO ने दी जानकारी, आज इस समय लैंड की Chandrayaan-3:

Q.Chandrayaan-3 के बारे ��ें जानने से पहले जाने चांद के बारे में 

• चाँद धरती का एक चंद्रमा है जो हमारे ग्रह, सूर्य के चारों ओर घूमता है। यह पृथ्वी से करीब 384,400 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर है और इसका आकार धरती के आकार का करीब 1/4 है। चाँद की सतह पर गाड़े गए खदान और गाड़ी गई खुदाई विज्ञानियों को इसकी गहराई, संरचना और भौतिकी के बारे में बहुत सी जानकारी प्राप्त करने में मदद करती है। Reed More

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