#cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

[wikipediapictures]

Cerebrospinal fluid

“4 vials of human cerebral spinal fluid of normal appearance, collected via lumbar puncture from the L3/L4 disk space.” - via Wikimedia Commons

[an-organized-confusion]

Roman: I want to wriiite. This is SO annoying!

Logan: You didn't get a full night's sleep, therefore your brain hasn't had a timely chance to flush/filter your CSF. In other words, you've cognitively tied your hands and... as Patton would say it, whining and being mean to yourself isn't going to change matters. Your only option is to either rest or be patient.

[Roman throws tantrum anyways.]

[siam-longings]

Case of an Hydrocephalus Internus, successfully treated by Mercury

First I want to post the following several statements from here concerning a mercury formulation called calomel ─ the author is explaining how such a toxic compound came to practically be deemed a miracle medicine well into the 19th Century: ❝How is it then that calomel, along with other metal salts, was commonly used by physicians for some five hundred years as standard therapy for almost every…

[lawlessspirit]

Case of an Hydrocephalus Internus, successfully treated by Mercury

First I want to post the following several statements from here concerning a mercury formulation called calomel ─ the author is explaining how such a toxic compound came to practically be deemed a miracle medicine well into the 19th Century: ❝How is it then that calomel, along with other metal salts, was commonly used by physicians for some five hundred years as standard therapy for almost every…

[drshalabhsharma1]

Understanding CSF Rhinorrhea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a crucial role in protecting the brain and spinal cord, acting as a cushion against injury and providing essential nutrients. However, when CSF leaks out of the nasal passages, a condition known as CSF rhinorrhea occurs, posing potential risks to health and requiring prompt medical attention. In this article, we delve into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for CSF rhinorrhea.

What is CSF Rhinorrhea?

CSF rhinorrhea refers to the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the skull base into the nasal passages. This leakage can result from a tear or hole in the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, typically caused by trauma, such as a head injury or surgery. In some cases, CSF rhinorrhea can also occur spontaneously without any apparent cause.

Causes of CSF Rhinorrhea:

Trauma: Head injuries, particularly those involving fractures to the skull base, can disrupt the integrity of the membranes that contain CSF, leading to leakage.

Surgery: Certain surgical procedures, such as those involving the sinuses or skull base, can inadvertently cause damage to the membranes, resulting in CSF rhinorrhea.

Congenital Abnormalities: Rarely, individuals may be born with defects in the skull base or the membranes surrounding the brain, predisposing them to CSF leakage.

Idiopathic: In some cases, the exact cause of CSF rhinorrhea remains unknown, and it may occur spontaneously without any preceding trauma or surgery.

Symptoms of CSF Rhinorrhea:

The hallmark symptom of CSF rhinorrhea is the persistent discharge of clear fluid from one or both nostrils. This fluid may increase with changes in position, such as bending forward, coughing, or straining. Other symptoms may include:

Headaches, particularly when lying down

Stiff neck

Sensation of fluid trickling down the throat

Recurrent or severe sinus infections

Taste of saltiness in the back of the throat

It is essential to differentiate CSF rhinorrhea from other causes of nasal discharge, such as allergies or viral infections. Unlike CSF, nasal secretions from these conditions are typically cloudy or colored.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

Diagnosing CSF rhinorrhea often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, can help identify the site and extent of CSF leakage. In some cases, a specialized test called beta-2 transferrin analysis may be performed on the nasal fluid to confirm the presence of CSF.

Once diagnosed, treatment aims to repair the site of CSF leakage and prevent future episodes. Depending on the cause and severity of the condition, treatment options may include:

Conservative Management: In cases of mild CSF rhinorrhea, conservative measures such as bed rest, elevation of the head, and avoidance of activities that increase intracranial pressure may be sufficient.

Surgical Repair: For persistent or recurrent CSF rhinorrhea treatment, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the site of leakage. This may involve endoscopic techniques or open surgical procedures, depending on the location and extent of the defect.

CSF Shunting: In rare cases where surgical repair is not feasible or unsuccessful, a CSF shunt may be implanted to divert the flow of CSF away from the nasal passages.

Conclusion:

CSF rhinorrhea is a potentially serious condition that requires prompt medical evaluation and treatment. While it can occur due to various causes, timely diagnosis and appropriate management can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for affected individuals. If you experience persistent nasal discharge or other symptoms suggestive of CSF rhinorrhea, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and management.

[drpedi07]

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within brain cavities (Ventricles).

[whumpetywhumpwhump]

Whump trope highly slept on? Cerebrospinal flyid (CSF) leaks.

In simple terms, it's signs of a skull fracture, and clear symptoms are clear fluid and watery blood coming out from the nose or ear. Progressive loss of consciousness is also another accompanying symptom. It's probably not as pretty as other whump tropes like nosebleeds or normal concussions but I just wanted to share it here.

Imagine a whumpee accidentally hit themselves (like, really really hard) and CSF keeps leaking but it's not normal blood so they're panicking and don't know what's happening to them. +progressive loss of consciousness (they faint while calling caretaker who's away!!)

So anyway, TLDR, CSF leaks.

I LOVE CSF leaks in whump!!!! Especially when the whumpee/other characters are initially only vaguely concerned, because they believe that the clear fluid is just mucus from a cold- that is, until whumpee keeps getting worse and worse, and the fluid does NOT let up.

And of course, once they realise just how severe things are, it's probably only because it's got to the point where something serious has happened- whumpee is unresponsive, seizing, etc.

More CSF leaks in whump please!!!

EDIT: might write the first Carter fic about this scenario.... thoughts?

[howtofightwrite]

How effective is clapping (boxing?) someone's ears in a fight? Like on a scale from like mild annoyance to taking someone out of a fight entirely. Something about it always seemed childish but I swear I've read something about the pressure change really messing up your eardrum and inner ear.

Boxing the ears works very well.

Your sense of balance is regulated by a fluid filled organ in your inner ear. Sensory hair cells track the way the fluid moves, or more accurately, fails to move, when your head and body move around. This is the fundamental, physiological basis, for your ability to tell up from down.

Unsurprisingly, when you get that fluid moving and doing things it's not supposed to, your body's ability to maintain your balance starts to experience some “difficulties.”

The inner ear works off some fairly reasonable expectations for how things will behave. Unfortunately, when those expectations are no longer true, for example if someone just delivered a shock of air pressure down both ear canals, it becomes surprisingly difficult to override that information.

So, when you box someone's ears, you can temporarily disrupt someone's balance, and if executed correctly, it can even cause them to crumple to the floor. Now it doesn't actually incapacitate them, and you can power through your inner ear getting slightly stirred from a hit (though, it's not going to be a fun experience. Especially if your body stumbles across the idea that your balance issues are from a poison you consumed, in which case expect to throw up. Though, if you have the ability to weaponize that, being able to literally throw up into your opponent's face is one way to offer a very clear opinion on getting your ears boxed.)

However, that's the shallow end. Boxing the ears can, as you mentioned, cause an ear drum to pop. This isn't quite as simple as it might first seem, as there are a lot of ways this blow can cause temporary or permanent damage to the ear and your ability to hear, ranging from the membrane itself being perforated (though, that's more likely if there's a sharpened object getting driven into their ear, or “ossicular dislocation,” where the bones you rely on to make the ear drum work become separated (and fixing this will require surgery.) However, it can get muchworse if enough force is applied.

There are a lot of delicate bits of bone in this part of the skull (including the malleus, incus, and stapes mentioned in the previous paragraph.) A lot of these are part of the temporal bone as a whole, but breaking parts of that can have some really unpleasant side effects including, and I'm not exaggerating (much), your brain leaking from your ear or sinuses. (Though, it's far more common that this leakage is cerebrospinal fluid, rather than the brain itself which is usually non-life threatening, and those injuries dotend to heal on their own, but in rare cases surgery is necessary to deal with CSF leakage.) Which is to say, it can get reallybad.

So, in a word, “yeah.” Boxing the ears works. A fairly light tap to both at the same times can completely scramble someone's sense of balance for a few minutes, and if you can land the hits, it is a valid way to create an opening for a hasty exit. The more catastrophic outcomes are extremely unlikely unless you're driving a lot more force into their skull, or get supremely unlucky.

Now, “supremely unlucky,” can still happen, and you are battering someone's skull, so boxing their ears isn't exactly, “safe,” but as intentional strikes to the head go, it's one of the less dangerous options. Then again, it's also not trying to do much to your foe.

-Starke

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[covid-safer-hotties]

Reference saved in our archive

Key Points Question What factors are associated with the acceleration of brain atrophy and progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) based on long-term longitudinal data for individuals with normal cognition at baseline?

Findings In the cohort study, 185 participants with normal cognition underwent a mean follow-up of 20 years with brain magnetic resonance imaging scans. Type 2 diabetes and abnormal amyloid-β concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid were associated with accelerated brain atrophy and an earlier progression to MCI.

Meaning These results support the importance of identifying individuals who have accelerated brain atrophy to optimize strategies to prevent MCI.

Abstract Importance It remains unclear which risk factors accelerate brain atrophy along with a progression from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Objective To examine risk factors associated with the acceleration of brain atrophy and progression from normal cognition to MCI based on long-term longitudinal data for middle-aged and older adults.

Design, Setting, and Participants Data for this cohort study were extracted from the Biomarkers for Older Controls at Risk for Dementia (BIOCARD) cohort, initiated at the National Institutes of Health from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2005, and continued at Johns Hopkins University from January 1, 2015, to October 31, 2023. All participants were cognitively normal at baseline. The participants whose structural magnetic brain imaging (MRI) of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measures were available for over 10 years were included.

Exposures Longitudinal structural MRI of the brain and measurement of CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer disease pathology (ratio of amyloid β peptide 42 [Aβ42] to Aβ40, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, and total tau).

Main Outcomes and Measures Annual change rates of segmental brain volumes, Kaplan-Meier survival curves plotting time to event for progression to MCI symptom onset, and hazard ratios (HRs) determined by Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results A total of 185 participants (mean [SD] age, 55.4 [8.4] years; 116 women [63%]) were included and followed up for a maximum of 27 years (median, 20 [IQR, 18-22] years). The groups with high levels of atrophy in the white matter and enlargement in the ventricles had an earlier progression from normal cognition to MCI symptom onset (HR for white matter, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.24-2.49]; P = .001; HR for ventricles, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.19-2.24]; P = .009). Diabetes was associated with progression to MCI (HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.06-1.76]; P = .04), as was a low CSF Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio (HR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.09-1.88]; P = .04), and their combination had a higher HR of 1.55 (95% CI, 1.13-1.98]; P = .03), indicating a synergic association of diabetes and amyloid pathology with MCI progression.

Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of middle-aged and older adults, higher rates of volume change in the white matter and ventricles, along with the presence of diabetes and a low CSF Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio, were identified as important risk factors for the progression to MCI. These results support the importance of identifying individuals who have accelerated brain atrophy to optimize preventive strategies for progression to MCI.

[stropharian-world]

It's about time I finished his character info.

I've been drawing this puppy for two years (wtf how?!) and I keep on delaying his development, but now my boy is growing and needs some proper attention from my pencil. Besides, I have way too many stories in my head and those need to come out.

Open Flesh Rick's Info Dump under the cut (long text):

Open Flesh Rick (derivative from band name) / OF Rick

This Rick never got around to discover Portal Technology. His early adult life was spent living in the garage of kind roommates, and he used his self-taught engineer and chemist skills to produce small explosive devices and recreational drugs, so he could later sell to sustain himself of rent and resources for his experiments, and music gear. 

His main and solely aspiration in life was (and still is) music: he has always wished to be in a band. 

However, in his late twenties he got abducted by an unexpected sudden visitor in his garage: this body hunter, who looked exactly like him but a few years older, didn’t leave him much of a choice but to tase him and bring him to one of the dark labs, possibly non associated with The Citadel of Ricks.

Rick got experimented on, by the hands of a head scientist Rick, who’s main project was to create different ways for Ricks to be able to access portal technology without being reliant on an external device. He got implanted with a bionic portal fluid containing disk, along with several bionic vertebra of his spine, all containing bionic induced portal fuid, as a replacement for his human CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid). He was brainwashed, and his neural pathways catered to access this new portal technology on command.

However, this experiment got interrupted by an explosion in the building provoked by another Rick’s rebellion’s attack on other Ricks, and after the scientist’s quick get away, Open Flesh Rick was left to die in the ruins of the lab, being nothing more than a vegetable-like failed experience.

Luckily for him, a Birdperson - Birdperson L-355 (aka Blue Birdperson), was doing a low key recon trip there, gathering tech and equipment for their own Birdpeople’s Rebellious agenda, and he happen to find this Rick, unconscious and barely alive. Being kind hearted and naive, he took Rick to his home planet, where his people provided him with care and healing, despite him not remembering anything or being able to provide any recollection of his life.

It didn’t take long for the matriarch of the Birdpeople to consider this human a liability for their planet, because whoever created that technology could easily try to retrieve him at any point - explaining that he could be considered a Person of Interest by both The Citadel / Unknown Organization and the Galactic Federation. 

He was taken to Dimension H-810, more specifically to planet Têrra H-810, for it’s resemblances to Earth, and the lack of GF jurisdiction. Blue Birdperson traveled with him in a shuttle provided by the Bird People, and stayed with him for a while. 

Emotionally speaking, he’s a very confused and traumatized person. Not only for having this unknown technology implanted in him, but because he feels like he doesn’t fit anywhere. His amnesiac status of not knowing who he is nor where he’s from, along with having his CSf partly replaced with the green fluid, making him neurologically unstable, created a such a turmoil in his mind, that left him to seek all sorts of destructive behavior, making him and his new friend Blue Birdperson to quickly drift apart. His personality is unstable, impulsive, and reckless. 

He did manage to keep on playing music, with a bass guitar he created himself. Apparently, and luckily, some of his faculties and intelligence were slowly being accessible by him, and he didn’t waste any time of making use of those - creating and selling weapons in the black market, and playing his nights away. 

Upon the opportunity to join an audition for rock bands, this conflicted with BP’s desire to keep him safe. Rick was supposed to stay low key and out of sight, and BP feared getting into a band and playing at bars would leave him exposed to possible threats, and eventually expose his own people's whereabouts. This created a rupture even further in their relationship, along with BP’s deep traditional customs, making him leave again for his home planet and dimension. 

While trying his luck in his almost non-existent musical journey, he connected with another Birdperson from that dimension, Birdperson H-810. This older man not only had no connection to his people, he despised everything related with laws and the government. And being in a band with his friend mutant Squanchy, their musical interests just hit perfectly. 

This led quickly to a band partnership and romantical relationship. Rick, not knowing who he is, not belonging anywhere, felt safe and comfortable with someone who didn’t care about origins or backgrounds. And so their story together began. 

NOTES: Rick found out his name was Rick Sanchez, due to a reading bio printed in his arm, possibly from the years he got experimented on. He proceeded to black out both his scars and bio tagged arms. 

Against a better judgment, his drugged out and wasted behavior leaves him to perform/ walk around shirtless many times, exposing his bionic portal fluid disk. Birdperson’s laid back behavior does nothing to prevent this, nor is worried of the consequences of this actions.

They have a small shitty one-bedroom apartment, and when they can’t get around to make enough money for it, they’ll sleep wherever they can, often using Squanchy’s music practice storage room to crash. Rick always keeps a small lab station wherever he lives.

It wasn’t until one day, against Birdperson’s desire of Rick to keep himself in the dark and staying who he is, they managed to collect enough credits to access a very shady technology that would resurface his memories of being abducted and experimented on. This would give him confirmation of the real responsible ones for his situation, and possibly his original dimension name.

After this revelation, whenever he gets around it, his focus shifts into trying to discover how to complete the process of the technology he has in him, and figuring out how to access it. 

[lonelynpc]

Anon bc it's a stupid question:

Why do u see stars when u hit ur head?

there are no stupid questions! this is actually a really interesting question!

welcome to another episode of lonelynpc getting the chance to be a nerd.

so, you only see "stars" if you hit the back of your head or stimulate part of the back of the brain on impact. it's actually one of the things i see being done incorrectly in fics a lot.

to understand why you see stars, you need to know a bit about the structure and function of the brain:

your brain is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which cushions it and stops it from colliding with the skull.

(simply put, it's why we don't get a concussion when we stop suddenly and rattle our brains around in our skull due to inertia. CSF absorbs the shock.)

the CSF creates a buffer between the brain and the skull. it has several other functions but protection is one of the primary functions.

the occipital lobe is located at the back of your head. this is the visual processing centre of the brain and contains the visual cortex.

basically, sensory input to the eyes travels to the retina which sends that to the back of the brain via the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus, reaching the visual cortex which receives the images flipped — the left side receives images from the right visual field, the right side receives images from the left — then processes it. that's a lot of words to just say your eyes see something, the retina sends it to the back of your brain, and the visual cortex goes, "ah, yes, image."

seeing stars is actually known as a phosphene, which is seeing light or colour without visual stimuli. this can occur in a number of situations, it can happen when you have low BP, use psychedelic drugs, don't have visual stimulation for a long period of time, or with magnetic, electrical or mechanical stimulation.

the most common phosphenes are when you rub your eyes, mechanically stimulating your retina — this is known as "pressure phosphenes".

mechanical stimulation is what happens when you hit your head.

when you hit the back of your head, the force of the hit causes your occipital lobe to pass through the CSF and continue down, colliding with the skull. this mechanically stimulates the visual cortex and causes phosphenes.

(it's sort of your brain going, "oh fuck, i'm supposed to do something here, i've been stimulated," and just putting on a light show despite not having any sort of visual stimuli.)

i hope that makes sense, let me know if it doesn't and i'll add more!

[spooniestrong]

If you’ve never had a CSF, thank your lucky stars ⭐️

Excellent I will drink my medicinal coffee https://www.instagram.com/p/CnQQdE4v9Q3/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[houseofbrat]

Did Kate have emergency brain surgery?

Remember this?

Back in 2011, Kate was suspected of wearing hair extensions.

The spokesmen at St. James Palace--clearly better than the current crop at Kensington Palace--said it was a scar.

Shimmering in silver, the Duchess of Cambridge conducted her first solo engagement as a royal yesterday – and displayed a hitherto unknown childhood secret. Underneath Kate’s stylish half-up, half-down hairstyle a prominent three-inch scar could be seen on the side of her left temple. A spokesman for the Duchess at St James’s Palace confirmed last night that it was the result of surgery as a young child. ‘The scar related to a childhood operation,’ they said. The palace declined to discuss what kind of operation because it was, they said, a private matter.  Senior royal sources also confirmed that it had been ‘a very serious operation’ but declined to comment further.

Some people speculate that Kate had a VP shunt placed during this surgery.

What Is a VP Shunt? A ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a thin plastic tube that helps drain extra cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain. CSF is the saltwater that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. Why Are VP Shunts Placed? VP shunts are placed to treat hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus (hi-droh-SEF-eh-less) happens when CSF does not drain out of the hollow spaces inside the brain (called ventricles) as it should. VP shunts drain the extra fluid and help prevent pressure from getting too high in the brain.

How Do VP Shunts Work? Most shunts have two catheters (small, thin tubes) connected by a valve. One end of the upstream catheter is in a ventricle. The other end of the downstream catheter is in the peritoneal (pair-et-NEE-ul) cavity. This is the space inside the belly where the stomach and the bowels are. The shunt is all inside the body, under the skin. The valve opens when the pressure in the brain gets too high. This lets fluid drain from the brain into the peritoneal space. From there, the extra fluid is absorbed into the bloodstream.

[...]

Are There Any Risks From VP Shunts? VP shunts are generally safe, but there are some risks during and after the surgery. There can be bleeding, or an infection can develop. VP shunts do not work forever. When the shunt stops working: * The child can have another buildup of fluid in the brain. * Another surgery is needed to fix it. Problems with a VP shunt happen even with regular care and at unpredictable times. The shunt can get worn out or move as a child grows. A shunt also can get infected, which can be very serious. It's important for families to follow the surgeon's instructions for when to call and when to go to the ER. This way, treatment for an infected or worn-out shunt can start as soon as possible.

Rebecca English's article continues:

John Scurr, consultant surgeon at the Lister Hospital in London, said it was unlikely to have been the result of a tumour. ‘I really doubt it was any serious medical condition and I would say it is as a result of an arteriovenous malformation – a birthmark – being removed, ‘ he said. ‘It is remarkable, given the measurement, that no-one has noticed before.’

Katie Nicholl has a different surgery story regarding Kate when she was at Marlborough:

In her book Kate: The Future Queen, royal expert and biographer Katie Nicholl relays the story, which is just terrifying. Apparently, during Kate's time at Marlborough, she discovered a lump on the left side of her head. The school called Kate's mom, who promptly took her to the doctor. That doctor ordered an emergency operation to remove the lump. "I can remember the incident and her having an operation," Ann Patching, who worked at Marlborough for years, told Nicholl. "I don’t recall anything happening on the hockey pitch [field] that had anything to do with the lump. Catherine had the operation during her term time. She was back at school very soon afterwards. As usual, nothing was too much of a big deal for her. You could never accuse Catherine of being a drama queen, but Carole was very worried, as any mother would be." The evidence of Kate's emergency operation is still around today, in the form of a scar on her hairline that you can still spot in pictures of the Duchess.

So, is the real medical issue that Kate had an emergency admission to a hospital on 28 December 2023? Had an emergency operation and then went home thinking everything was fine.

Then a few weeks later she had serious, post-op complications and had to go back into have things re-done at The London Clinic? In an emergency situation?

That the Spanish reporter was correct she was in a coma, intubated, and with doctors fearing that she would die?

"Water on the brain," aka hydrocephalus is a serious issue and can kill.

Of course, still have to wonder if there were prior contributing factors such as "overwork."

[wizardofrozz]

CT-2697 Sawbones

It’s backstory time! Saw’s time on Kamino was not fun but it does shape who he ends up becoming and I thought it was finally time to put together a cohesive summary. So here we go...

warnings(!): trauma, slight medical horror, violence

Sawbones was part of a batch of cadets that were assigned to be trained as medics together. From oldest to youngest based on CT numbers: CT-2525 “Quarter” (who belongs to @hetalianskywalker​ ), CT-2697 “Sawbones”, CT-6116 “Kix”, CT-7007 “Jax” (who Hannah and I made together lol), and CT-9181 “Aiden” (who is another one of my OCs).

When Sawbones was a cadet, around the physical age of 12, he started to suffer from debilitating migraines that were so bad that Kix would end up crammed into a pod with Saw as he sobbed, begging for the pain to stop until he finally passed out. His batch tried to keep it a secret from the Kaminoans but the pain eventually got so bad that Saw would almost pass out in the middle of training. Once it was obvious something was wrong, Saw became the subject of a long list of experiments. Eventually, Saw found out that his cerebrospinal fluid pressure was too high, which was what was causing the migraines. 

Sawbones wasn’t always the angry, harsh medic he eventually became. Saw was a very soft-spoken, curious little kid that laughed more freely than most of his batch mates. Even before his batch found out they were going to be trained as medics, he loved to learn and specifically loved science. When he started to struggle with migraines is when his batch started to notice a difference in his personality, which wasn’t a surprise. High CSF pressure can cause changes in personality.

Saw spent a lot of time being tested on as his symptoms got worse. The migraines continued to hinder his ability to train to the point that there was a good chance he wouldn’t leave Kamino. Saw had repeated spinal taps along the length of his spine and various instruments used to measure the pressure in his skull. He went through numerous brain scans, eye exams, and breathing treatments as he continued to deteriorate. It wasn’t until he had a seizure for the first time that the Kaminoans finally operated on him, removing a piece of his skull near his ear. When the surgery didn’t help, they eventually removed some of the excess fluid and created a treatment to stop the overproduction of fluid. Once he was older, Saw realized that all the things he had been put through were unnecessary, the Kaminoans could’ve fixed him and they didn’t. He was nothing more than an experiment to them. 

During these treatments, he still participated in training when possible, sticking close to his batch but he didn’t miss the looks he got. The cadets whispered about him, wondering what was wrong with him? Saw’s personality was changing and that’s where his anger really started to grow. He became cold, his curious expressions shifting to something more calloused, and he started to lash out. Most notably, when another cadet thought it would be funny to tease him and poked the back of Saw’s neck, the spot where he recently had a spinal tap. Saw didn’t even remember moving until he came back to himself, straddling the cadet with his hands around the other trooper’s throat. Kix pried him off the other cadet but that was only the beginning of some of the worrisome things Kix and the rest of their batch started to notice. 

Saw caught up in the training department once his CSF pressure was back to normal and his trainers noticed that despite being a bit behind the rest of his generation, he was an exceptional medic, having memorized the anatomy for more than a dozen species. Sawbones was also an above-average marksman, scoring within the top percentile repeatedly. Saw’s trainers eventually petitioned for him to be assigned to a battalion when the time came and the request was approved. 

It took until after joining the wolfpack that he went from CT-2697 to Sawbones. A name he earned for an extremely gruesome procedure he performed in the field as well as his tendency to perform the tasks/objectives that others may have shied away from. Sawbones may have been a medic but he also did some terrible things in the name of the Republic. 

A/N: I plan on doing another post about Sawbones and Keda’s relationship and how they meet. I also have a SFW and NSFW alphabet done for Saw if anyone’s interested 👀

Tags: @dukeoftheblackstar​ 

[drshalabhsharma1]

Understanding CSF Rhinorrhea: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment in India 

Introduction to CSF Rhinorrhea

Our brain and spinal cord are surrounded by a protective fluid called cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a cushion. Sometimes, due to injury or other factors, this fluid can leak out of the skull and flow through the nose, a condition known as CSF rhinorrhea.

Causes of CSF Rhinorrhea

The most common known cause of CSF rhinorrhea is head trauma. It can also occur after certain surgeries or due to conditions like a tumor.

Recognizing CSF Rhinorrhea Symptoms

How do you know if you might have CSF rhinorrhea? One significant sign is clear, watery fluid dripping from the nose. Unlike regular nasal discharge, this fluid is usually tasteless and non-sticky, which are key CSF rhinorrhea symptoms to be aware of.

The Importance of Prompt Medical Attention

If you suspect CSF rhinorrhea, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. The leak exposes the brain to potential infections which can be serious and even life-threatening, making CSF leak treatment a priority.

CSF Rhinorrhea Diagnosis Process

Diagnosis often involves imaging like a CT scan or MRI to locate the source of the leak, which are essential steps in CSF rhinorrhea diagnosis.

Treatment Options for CSF Rhinorrhea

Treatment varies depending on the severity and cause. Minor cases might heal on their own, whereas larger leaks may require surgical intervention either by an open approach or an endoscopic approach. The surgeon may use tissue grafts, synthetic materials, or a combination of both to seal the breach and reinforce the protective barrier. Advances in medical technology have made these procedures, crucial aspects of CSF rhinorrhea treatment in Delhi, increasingly successful and less risky.

Conclusion: The Significance of Addressing CSF Rhinorrhea

In summary, CSF rhinorrhea is like a leak in the barrier between the brain and nose, allowing brain fluid to escape through the nose. Prompt diagnosis and treatment significantly improve outcomes for individuals with CSF rhinorrhea. Ignoring the symptoms or delaying medical attention may increase the risk of complications.

[drpedi07]

Bacterial Meningitis Score for Children Calculator

The Bacterial Meningitis Score for Children predicts likelihood of bacterial (versus aseptic) meningitis in children.