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biointernet · 5 years ago

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The Hourglass of Emotions

The Hourglass of Emotions

Erik Cambria, Andrew Livingstone, Amir Hussain Abstract Human emotions and their modelling are increasingly understood to be a crucial aspect in the development of intelligent systems. Over the past years, in fact, the adoption of psychological models of emotions has become a common trend among researchers and engineers working in the sphere of affective computing. Because of the elusive nature of emotions and the ambiguity of natural language, however, psychologists have developed many different affect models, which often are not suitable for the design of applications in fields such as affective HCI, social data mining, and sentiment analysis. To this end, we propose a novel biologically-inspired and psychologically-motivated emotion categorisation model that goes beyond mere categorical and dimensional approaches. Such model represents affective states both through labels and through four independent but concomitant affective dimensions, which can potentially describe the full range of emotional experiences that are rooted in any of us. Keywords Cognitive and Affective Modelling, NLP, Affective HCI LNCS 7403 - The Hourglass of Emotions

The Hourglass of Emotions Introduction Emotions are an essential part of who we are and how we survive. They are complex states of feeling that result in physical and psychological reactions in- fluencing both thought and behaviour. The study of emotions is one of the most confused (and still open) chapters in the history of psychology. This is mainly due to the ambiguity of natural language, which does not allow to describe mixed emotions in an unequivocal way. Love and other emotional words like anger and fear, in fact, are suitcase words (many different meanings packed in), not clearly defined and meaning different things to different people . Hence, more than 90 definitions of emotions have been offered over the past century and there are almost as many theories of emotion, not to mention a complex array of overlapping words in our languages to describe them. Some cat- egorisations include cognitive versus non-cognitive emotions, instinctual (from the amygdala) versus cognitive (from the prefrontal cortex) emotions, and also categorisations based on duration, as some emotions occur over a period of seconds (e.g., surprise), whereas others can last years (e.g., love). Full text PDF The Hourglass of Emotions: Download The Hourglass of Emotions

The Hourglass of Emotions NLP References 1.Minsky, M.: The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind. Simon & Schuster (2006)2.James, W.: What is an emotion? Mind 34, 188–205 (1884)3.Dalgleish, T.: The emotional brain. Nature: Perspectives 5, 582–589 (2004)4.Broca, P.: Anatomie comparée des circonvolutions cérébrales: Le grand lobe limbique. Rev. Anthropol. 1, 385–498 (1878)5.Papez, J.: A proposed mechanism of emotion. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 7, 103–112 (1937)6.Maclean, P.: Psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain). Electroencephalogr Clin. Neurophysiol. suppl.4, 407–418 (1952)7.Ledoux, J.: Synaptic Self. Penguin Books (2003)8.Vesterinen, E.: Affective computing. In: Digital Media Research Seminar, Helsinki (2001)9.Pantic, M.: Affective computing. In: Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, vol. 1, pp. 8–14. Idea Group Reference (2005)10.Cambria, E., Hussain, A.: Sentic Computing: Techniques, Tools, and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht (2012)11.Cambria, E., Grassi, M., Hussain, A., Havasi, C.: Sentic computing for social media marketing. Multimedia Tools and Applications 59(2), 557–577 (2012)12.Cambria, E., Song, Y., Wang, H., Hussain, A.: Isanette: A common and common sense knowledge base for opinion mining. In: ICDM, Vancouver, pp. 315–322 (2011)13.Cambria, E., Havasi, C., Hussain, A.: SenticNet 2: A semantic and affective resource for opinion mining and sentiment analysis. In: FLAIRS, Marco Island, pp. 202–207 (2012)14.Cambria, E., Benson, T., Eckl, C., Hussain, A.: Sentic PROMs: Application of sentic computing to the development of a novel unified framework for measuring health-care quality. Expert Systems with Applications 39(12), 10533–10543 (2012)15.Charles, D.: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. John Murray (1872)16.Ekman, P., Dalgleish, T., Power, M.: Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. Wiley, Chichester (1999)17.Scherer, K.: Psychological models of emotion. The Neuropsychology of Emotion, 137–162 (2000)18.Parrott, W.: Emotions in Social Psychology. Psychology Press (2001)19.Prinz, J.: Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion. Oxford University Press (2004)20.Douglas-Cowie, E.: Humaine deliverable d5g: Mid term report on database exemplar progress. Technical report, Information Society Technologies (2006)21.Kapoor, A., Burleson, W., Picard, R.: Automatic prediction of frustration. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 65, 724–736 (2007)22.Castellano, G., Kessous, L., Caridakis, G.: Multimodal emotion recognition from expressive faces, body gestures and speech. In: Doctoral Consortium of ACII, Lisbon (2007)23.Averill, J.: A constructivist view of emotion. Emotion: Theory, Research and Experience, pp. 305–339 (1980)24.Russell, J.: Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Rev. 110, 145–172 (2003)25.Osgood, C., Suci, G., Tannenbaum, P.: The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press (1957)26.Russell, J.: Affective space is bipolar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, 345–356 (1979)27.Whissell, C.: The dictionary of affect in language. Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience 4, 113–131 (1989)28.Plutchik, R.: The nature of emotions. American Scientist 89(4), 344–350 (2001)29.Frijda, N.: The laws of emotions. American Psychologist 43(5) (1988)30.Freitas, A., Castro, E.: Facial expression: The effect of the smile in the treatment of depression. empirical study with portuguese subjects. In: Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face, pp. 127–140. University Fernando Pessoa Press (2009)31.Mehrabian, A.: Pleasure-arousal-dominance: A general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in temperament. Current Psychology 14(4), 261–292 (1996)32.Fontaine, J., Scherer, K., Roesch, E., Ellsworth, P.: The world of emotions is not two-dimensional. Psychological Science 18(12), 1050–1057 (2007)33.Cochrane, T.: Eight dimensions for the emotions. Social Science Information 48(3), 379–420 (2009)34.Lazarus, R.: Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford University Press, New York (1991)35.Lewis, M.: Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In: Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, vol. 2, pp. 623–636. Guilford Press (2000)36.Scherer, K., Shorr, A., Johnstone, T.: Appraisal Processes in Emotion: Theory, Methods, Research. Oxford University Press, Canary (2001)37.Tracy, J., Robins, R., Tangney, J.: The Self-Conscious Emotions: Theory and Research. The Guilford Press (2007)38.Ma, C., Osherenko, A., Prendinger, H., Ishizuka, M.: A chat system based on emotion estimation from text and embodied conversational messengers. In: Int’l Conf. Active Media Technology, pp. 546–548 (2005)39.Alm, C., Roth, D., Sproat, R.: Emotions from text: Machine learning for text-based emotion prediction. In: HLT/EMNLP, pp. 347–354 (2005)40.Lin, W., Wilson, T., Wiebe, J., Hauptmann, A.: Which side are you on? identifying perspectives at the document and sentence levels. In: Conference on Natural Language Learning, pp. 109–116 (2006)41.D’Mello, S., Craig, S., Sullins, J., Graesser, A.: Predicting affective states expressed through an emote-aloud procedure from autotutor’s mixed-initiative dialogue. Int’l J. Artificial Intelligence in Education 16, 3–28 (2006)42.Danisman, T., Alpkocak, A.: Feeler: Emotion classification of text using vector space model. In: AISB (2008)43.Strapparava, C., Mihalcea, R.: Learning to identify emotions in text. In: ACM Symp. Applied Computing, pp. 1556–1560 (2008)44.D’Mello, S., Dowell, N., Graesser, A.: Cohesion relationships in tutorial dialogue as predictors of affective states. In: Proceeedings of Conf. Artificial Intelligence in Education, pp. 9–16 (2009)45.Grassi, M., Cambria, E., Hussain, A., Piazza, F.: Sentic web: A new paradigm for managing social media affective information. Cognitive Computation 3(3), 480–489 (2011)46.Zeki, S., Romaya, J.: Neural correlates of hate. PloS One 3(10), 35–56 (2008)47.Cahill, L., McGaugh, J.: A novel demonstration of enhanced memory associated with emotional arousal. Consciousness and Cognition 4(4), 410–421 (1995)48.Bradford Cannon, W.: Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement. Appleton Century Crofts (1915)49.Barrett, L.: Solving the emotion paradox: Categorization and the experience of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10(1), 20–46 (2006)50.Krumhuber, E., Kappas, A.: Moving smiles: The role of dynamic components for the perception of the genuineness of smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 29(1), 3–24 (2005)51.Lewis, M., Granic, I.: Emotion, Development, and Self-Organization: Dynamic Systems Approaches to Emotional Development. Cambridge University Press (2002)52.Csikszentmihalyi, M.: Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Perennial (1991)53.Minsky, M.: The Society of Mind. Simon and Schuster, New York (1986) About this paper Cite this paper as: Cambria E., Livingstone A., Hussain A. (2012) The Hourglass of Emotions. In: Esposito A., Esposito A.M., Vinciarelli A., Hoffmann R., Müller V.C. (eds) Cognitive Behavioural Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7403. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Publisher Name Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Print ISBN 978-3-642-34583-8 Online ISBN 978-3-642-34584-5 eBook Packages Computer Science The Hourglass of Emotions See also:

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fireflyluna · 4 years ago

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Pennsylvania Bid Bonds

The below article is a good intro to bid bonds. Bid bonds, as you are mindful, are bonds used in the construction industry. These bonds ensure that if somebody quotes on a task, and is granted the agreement, then they will go forward with carrying out under the regards to the contract.

See the below article for more excellent info. You can see the initial short article here: https://swiftbonds.com/bid-bond/pennsylvania-2/

Pennsylvania Bid Bonds

What is a Bid Bond in Pennsylvania?

A bid bond is a type of surety bond, that guarantees that the bidder will enter into the contract and complete the contract according to its terms. It provides assurance to the project owner that the bidder has the ability and capability to finish the job once you are selected after winning the bidding process. The basic reason is that you need one so that you get the contract. But the bigger question is why are more owners/developers requiring a bid bond in the first place? The simply explanation is risk. Given the uncertainty of the marketplace, which includes long-term contractors closing shop, to municipalities filing bankruptcy (or just slow paying), has led to owners being afraid that their contractors will be unable finish the work. So, they require a some protection.

Just fill out our bond application here and email it to [email protected] – click here to get our Pennsylvania Bid Bond Application

A bid bond is issued as part of a bid by a surety bond company to the project owner. The owner is then assures that the winning bidder will take on the contract under the terms at which they bid.

Most bid bonds contain a bid percentage (usually five (5%) or ten (10%) percent, is forfeited if you don’t accept the job).

How much does a Bid Bond Cost in Pennsylvania?

Swiftbonds does not charge for a bid bond (with two exceptions, see below). The reason that we don’t charge for a bid bond is that we will charge for the contract bond if you win the bid. The cost of a surety bid bond can vary widely depending on the amount of coverage that is required (see below).

Two exceptions for bid bond charges: 1) We do charge for Overnight fees 2) We will charge you if there is NOT going to be a bond on the contract.

How much do bonds cost in PA?

Bond prices fluctuate based on the job size (that is, it’s based on the cost of the underlying contract). The cost of a bond is estimated through a couple of back-of-the-envelope calculations. In general, the cost is approximately three percent (3%) for jobs under $800,000 and then the percentage is lower as the contract amount increases. We work diligently to find the lowest premiums possible in the state of Pennsylvania. Please call us today at (913) 286-6501. We’ll find you the very best rate possible for your maintenance bond or completion bond. Things that can affect this pricing are the perceived risk of the job, the financial position of the entity being bonded, plus other factors.

Bond Amount Needed Fee 2-3% >$800,000 1.5-3% >$1.500,000 1-3%

These rates are for Merit clients, Standard rates are higher

How do I get a Bid Bond in Pennsylvania?

We make it easy to get a contract bid bond. Just click here to get our Pennsylvania Bid Bond Application. Fill it out and then email it and the Pennsylvania bid specs/contract documents to [email protected] or fax to 855-433-4192.

You can also call us at (913) 286-6501. We review each application for bid bonds and then submit it to the surety that we believe will provide the best bid and bid bond for your contract. We have a excellent success rate in getting our clients bid bonds at the best rates possible.

What is a Pennsylvania Bid Bond?

A bid bond is a bond that assures that you will accept the work if you win the contract. The bid fee (usually 5% or 10%) is a forfeiture that is paid when you win the bid, but then decide not to take the work.

Find a Bid Bond near Me

Typically, a bid bond and payment and performance bond are done together in the same contract by the surety. This way, the owner of the project is assured that the project can be completed pursuant to the terms of the contract and that it will not be liened by any contractor. This is risk security for the owner of the project.

Who Gets the Bond?

The general contractor is the entity that gets the bond. It is for the benefit of the owner (or in the case of government contract work, the governmental entity). It’s the general contractor that has to apply for the bond and be underwritten before the bid bond is written by the surety. This is also known as bonding a business.

We provide bid bonds in each of the following counties:

Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York

And Cities: Philadelphia Pittsburgh Harrisburg Lancaster Erie Allentown Scranton Bethlehem Wilkes-Barre State College

See our Rhode Island Bid Bond page here.

More on Bid Bonds https://swiftbonds.com/bid-bond/.

Learning More About Applying and Finding The Right Bid Bonds For Your Needs

Bid Bonds can be complicated to apply for, especially if you don’t understand how they work. Most individuals consider this as insurance, but it’s actually a type of guarantee that the principal will perform their work properly for the obliged. Insurance companies usually offer a Surety Bid Bond, but you cannot call it insurance because its function is different. Most individuals will require you to get a bid bond before they consider your services as it is a form of guarantee to them.

If you’d like to consider applying for a bid bond or other bonds, you must understand how they work. We will provide you information on the importance of Bid Bonds and how they actually work.

The Importance Of A Surety Bid Bond

Bid Bonds will always be in demand to protect the public because it is a kind of assurance that your obligations and duties will be completed. Most states require you to get a license surety bond to ensure that your company will adhere to state code and laws and you get a contract bond to guarantee that a public project will be completed. A Surety Bid Bond is meant for the obliged since they are the ones that are being protected, but it will also benefit you because the clients will trust you and your work. There are thousands of bonds right now and the type of bond that you are trying to find will depend upon your situation.

The Primary Purpose Of A Surety Bid Bond

Bid Bonds are a three-party agreement between the principal, the obliged and the surety company. The principal is the employer or company which will perform the work and the obliged is known as the project owner. Construction companies will almost always be required by law to acquire Bid Bonds if they’re chosen for a public project. The government will require a construction company to get a host of bonds before they work on a certain project. The bond will ensure that the sub-contractors and the other workers will be paid even if the contractor defaults. The contractor will cover the losses, but when they reach their limit, the duty will fall to the surety company.

How To Apply For A Surety Bid Bond

Bid Bonds are provided by insurance providers, but there are standalone surety businesses that focus on these products. A surety company must be licensed by a state Department of Insurance.

It won’t be easy to apply for a bond since the applicants will have to go through a process that is comparable to applying for a loan. The bond underwriters will look into the credit profile of the applicant, their financial history and other key factors.

It means that there is a chance that you won’t be approved for a bid bond, particularly if the bond underwriters see something from your credit rating that makes them think you will be a risk.

How Much Will You Spend?

You cannot put an exact cost on a Surety Bid Bond because the cost is affected by numerous factors like the bond type, bond amount, where it will likely be issued, contractual risk, credit history of the applicant and more. There are thousands of different bonds available today and the cost will depend on the bond that you want to get. The amount of the bond will be a factor because you could select a $10,000 bond or a $25,000 bond or higher.

If you already have a credit history of 700 and above or very near this number, you can be eligible for the standard bonding market and you will need to pay 1 to 4 percent of the Surety Bid Bond amount. It means that if you obtain a $10,000 bond, you only have to pay $100 to $400 for the interest.

Your Application For A Bid Bond Could Be Rejected

There is a possibility that your bid bond request will be refused by the surety company since it will depend upon the information that they can get from the background check. If the surety company thinks that it will be a risk to give you a bid bond, they will deny your application. Your credit history is one of the most important factors to be approved for a bid bond because if you have a bad credit history, it shows a risk of default on the bond.

You CAN get a bid bond even if you have a bad credit score, but most likely you will pay an interest rate upwards of 10 to 20 percent.

If you plan to get a Surety Bid Bond, make certain you understand what is required prior to deciding. It is not easy to apply for, but if you know more about them, it will be a little bit easier to be approved.

A Deeper Take A Look At Bid Bonds in Building If granted, a Quote Bond is a type of surety bond utilized to ensure that a specialist bidding on a project or job will get in into the contract with the obligee.

A Bid Bond is provided in the quantity of the agreement bid, with the identical requirements as that of an Efficiency Bond.

Everything About Bid Bonds in Construction The origins of our organisation was closely connected with the arrangement of performance bonds to the contracting market. It found that the personal specialist usually was insolvent when the task was awarded, or grew to end up being insolvent earlier than the challenge was finished.

The standing of your surety firm is very important, due to the fact that it guarantees you that when you have troubles or if worse involves worst you'll have a dependable partner to rely on and get assistance from. We work just with T-listed and a-rated companies, most likely the most dependable corporations in the market.

Normally no, they are different. Bid bonds mechanically turn into efficiency bonds in case you are granted the contract.

What Is A Construction Surety Bond? The origins of our business was thoroughly connected with the provision of performance bonds to the contracting market. Even if some jobs do not require cost and efficiency bonds, you will need to get bonded lastly due to the fact that most of public efforts do need the bonds. The longer a little professional waits to get bonded, the more durable it will be because there will not be a observe report of meeting the mandatory requirements for bonding and carrying out bonded work.

It's your pre-authorized bond limits. Bond strains accept single and combination limitations. The only limit is the most significant bond you might get for one specific task. The aggregate limitation is the entire amount of bonded work offered you possibly can have without hold-up.

The Significance Of Quote Bonds near You Arms, generators, radio towers, tree elimination, computer systems, softward, smoke alarm, decorative work, scaffolding, water towers, lighting, and resurfacing of present roads/paved locations. Quote bonds in addition function an additional warranty for project owners that a bidding specialist or subcontractor is qualified to perform the job they're bidding on. There are 2 causes for this.

https://swiftbonds.com/bid-bond/pennsylvania-2/

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biointernet · 5 years ago

Text

The Hourglass of Emotions

Time symbolism

Time is… The Full History of Time Time in physics and time Science Symbolism of Melencolia I by Albrecht Dürer Time and Text

DADA Time

The Hourglass Figure:

#BioInternet #Emotion #Hourglass #HourglassofEmotions #Intuition #MentalModel #metamodel #NLP #Science #TheHourglassofEmotions #TimeScience

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