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Fernand Khnopff on ichthyology, Hypnos Thanatos on Gnathostomata, Osteichthyes, Guiyu oneiros 鬼魚 guǐyú "ghost fish" from Greek ὄνειρος “dream”

Fernand #Khnopff on ichthyology, Hypnos Thanatos on Gnathostomata, Osteichthyes, Guiyu oneiros 鬼魚 guǐyú "ghost fish" from Greek ὄνειρος “dream”

http://blog.naver.com/artnouveau19/221256149236

Fernand Khnopff and ichthyology, Hypnos and Thanatos on Gnathostomata γνάθος (“gnathos") "jaw" + στόμα(stoma) "mouth", Osteichthyes bony fish, Guiyu oneiros 鬼魚 guǐyú "ghost fish" and the specific name oneiros is from Greek ὄνειρος “dream", The Tsinghua-Lancet Commission on Healthy Cities in China

Gnathostomata /ˌneɪθoʊstoʊˈmɑːtə/ are the jawed vertebrates. The term derives from Greek: γνάθος (gnathos) "jaw" + στόμα(stoma) "mouth". Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates. In addition to opposing jaws, living gnathostomes have teeth, paired appendages, and a horizontal semicircular canal of the inner ear, along with physiological and cellular anatomical characters such as the myelin sheathes of neurons. Another is an adaptive immune system that uses V(D)J recombination to create antigen recognition sites, rather than using genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.[1]

It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.[2] In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that in males had been modified to claspers and basal plates in females, a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.[3]

The Osteostraci are generally considered the sister taxon of Gnathostomata.[4][5][6]

It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism. The mouth could then grow bigger and wider, making it possible to capture larger prey. This close and open mechanism would, with time, become stronger and tougher, being transformed into real jaws.

Newer research suggests that a branch of Placoderms was most likely the ancestor of present-day gnathostomes. A 419-million-year-old fossil of a placoderm named Entelognathus had a bony skeleton and anatomical details associated with cartilaginous and bony fish, demonstrating that the absence of a bony skeleton in Chondrichthyes is a derived trait.[7] The fossil findings of primitive bony fishes such as Guiyu oneiros and Psarolepis, which lived contemporaneously with Entelognathus and had pelvic girdles more in common with placoderms than with other bony fish, show that it was a relative rather than a direct ancestor of the extant gnathostomes.[8] It also indicates that spiny sharks and Chondrichthyes represent a single sister group to the bony fishes.[9]Fossils findings of juvenile placoderms, which had true teeth that grew on the surface of the jawbone and had no roots, making it impossible to replace or regrow as they broke or wore down as they grew older, proves the common ancestor of all gnathostomes had teeth and place the origin of teeth along with, or soon after, the evolution of jaws.[10][11]

Late Ordovician-aged microfossils of what have been identified as scales of either acanthodians[12] or "shark-like fishes",[13] may mark Gnathostomata's first appearance in the fossil record. Undeniably unambiguous gnathostome fossils, mostly of primitive acanthodians, begin appearing by the early Silurian, and become abundant by the start of the Devonian.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata

Osteichthyes /ˌɒstiːˈɪkθi.iːz/, popularly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse taxonomic group of fish that have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue, as opposed to cartilage. The vast majority of fish are members of Osteichthyes, which is an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders, and over 435 families and 28,000 species.[1] It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today. The group Osteichthyes is divided into the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 420 million years ago, which are also transitional fossils, showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and bony fishes.[2]

Osteichthyes can be compared to Euteleostomi. In paleontology, the terms are synonymous. In ichthyology, the difference is that Euteleostomi presents a cladistic view which includes the terrestrial tetrapods that evolved from lobe-finned fish, whereas on a traditional view, Osteichthyes includes only fishes and is therefore paraphyletic. However, recently published phylogenetic trees treat the Osteichthyes as a clade.

Characteristics Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones, rooted, medial insertion of mandibular muscle in the lower jaw. The head and pectoral girdles are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in the inner earcontains large otoliths. The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into anterior and posterior sections divided by a fissure.

Early bony fish had simple lungs (a pouch on either side of the esophagus) which helped them breathe in low-oxygen water. In many bony fish these have evolved into swim bladders, which help the body create a neutral balance between sinking and floating. (The lungs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were inherited from their bony fish ancestors.)[10][11] [12] They do not have fin spines, but instead support the fin with lepidotrichia (bone fin rays). They also have an operculum, which helps them breathe without having to swim.

Bony fish have no placoid scales. Mucus glands coat the body. Most have smooth and overlapping ganoid, cycloid or ctenoidscales.

Guiyu oneiros, the earliest known bony fish, lived during the Late Silurian, 419 million years ago).[4][5] It has the combination of both ray-finned and lobe-finned features, although analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to lobe-finned fish.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes

Guiyu oneiros is the earliest articulated bony fish discovered. The generic name Guiyu is a transliteration of the Mandarin 鬼魚 guǐyú "ghost fish" and the specific name oneiros is from Greek ὄνειρος "dream". Fossils of Guiyu have been found in what is now Qujing, Yunnan, China, in a late Silurian marine strata, about 419 million years old. Guiyu remains have been found articulated, missing only the caudal fin. The living fish is estimated to have been 33 cm long.[1][2]

Guiyu was described by Chinese palaeontologist Min Zhu and others in 2009, based on a near-complete articulated specimen. It was described as a basal lobe-finned fish with anatomical features of both ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes, although, analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to the class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes).[3] Guiyu sheds light on the early diversification of bony fishes. This clade, the osteichthyans, splits in two clades: the lobe-finned and the ray-finned (Actinopterygii) fishes. According to new data from Guiyu, this split occurred no later than 419 million years ago, during the early Devonian period. Guiyu had spine-bearing pectoral girdle, a feature which can be found in primitive gnathostome vertebrates. Other early bony-fish with remarkable features include Andreolepis, Lophosteus, Psarolepis, Ligulalepis and Dialipina.

Guiyu is part of the Xiaoxiang fauna which is rich in fossils representing a marine ecosystem. Found in the late Ludlow-aged Kuanti Formation, the remains were dated using conodonts as index fossils. The Xiaoxiang fauna also includes galeaspids, placoderms and acanthodians.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyu_oneiros

The Lancet‏Verified account @TheLancet More ''By 2030, China is estimated to have an urban population in excess of 1 billion people, spread across 221 cities of more than 1 million people.'' Lancet editors introduce new commission on #HealthyCities in #China @Tsinghua_Uni

The Tsinghua-Lancet Commission on Healthy Cities in China: unlocking the power of cities for a healthy China Published: April 17, 2018 Executive Summary Increasingly, people leave the countryside to pursue better opportunities in cities. Nowhere has urbanisation been more rapid and pronounced than in China. This Lancet Commission, led by Tsinghua University in Beijing, examines the particular challenges and opportunities for health in China’s cities, with regard to health risks, health promotion, environmental health, and health-care delivery. For cities to be active participants in China’s aspiration as an ecocivilisation, there needs to be increased participation in health-related activities by stakeholders, with fuller integration of health into all civic policies. From this dialogue should come shared goals that are assessed regularly, and research on interventions to improve health for people who live in cities.

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Healthy cities: key to a healthy future in China

William Summerskill, Helena Hui Wang, Richard Horton The Lancet Full-Text HTMLPDF Commission

The Tsinghua–Lancet Commission on Healthy Cities in China: unlocking the power of cities for a healthy China

Jun Yang, José G Siri, Justin V Remais, Qu Cheng, Han Zhang, Karen K Y Chan, Zhe Sun, Yuanyuan Zhao, Na Cong, Xueyan Li, Wei Zhang, Yuqi Bai, Jun Bi, Wenjia Cai, Emily Y Y Chan, Wanqing Chen, Weicheng Fan, Hua Fu, Jianqing He, Hong Huang, John S Ji, Peng Jia, Xiaopeng Jiang, Mei-Po Kwan, Tianhong Li, Xiguang Li, Song Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Lu Liang, Qiyong Liu, Yongmei Lu, Yong Luo, Xiulian Ma, Bernhard Schwartländer, Zhiyong Shen, Peijun Shi, Jing Su, Tinghai Wu, Changhong Yang, Yongyuan Yin, Qiang Zhang, Yinping Zhang, Yong Zhang, Bing Xu, Peng Gong The Lancet Published: April 17, 2018 Full-Text HTMLPDF

http://www.thelancet.com/commissions/healthy-cities-in-China?utm_campaign=tlwchinacities18&utm_content=69882427&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook

EU Food Health‏ @SciFoodHealth Feb 16 FOOD 2030 report highlights successful EU research & innovation outcomes on Food and Nutrition Security which will play a crucial role in future-proofing our food systems & achieving #FOOD2030EU objectives. #FoodInnovation http://www.fit4food2030.eu/news/

https://twitter.com/SciFoodHealth/status/964431428325752832

EU Maritime & Fish‏Verified account @EU_MARE Apr 17 More Scientific data are paramount to understand #OurOcean. The European Marine Observation & Data Netwrok brings together over 150 orgs to collect & make accessible marine data. Learn more about @EMODnet at http://europa.eu/!UV66dC & explore the data portals at http://www.emodnet.eu

https://twitter.com/EU_MARE/status/986220306112110593

https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/marine_knowledge_2020_en

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