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coachbuildersindia · 3 months ago

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The Latest Updates in the Bus Industry: Today's Bus News

The bus industry plays a crucial role in daily transportation, impacting millions of commuters worldwide. From the introduction of new technologies to changes in policies and the launch of innovative services, staying updated with the latest bus industry news is vital for those who depend on this mode of transport. Here’s a look at some of the significant updates and today’s bus news.

Electric Buses Gain Momentum in Urban Areas

The shift towards electric vehicles has taken the bus industry by storm, with more cities across the globe investing in electric buses. The push for greener transportation has led several metropolitan areas to replace their old fleet with electric buses that promise zero emissions and quieter operations. According to today’s bus news, major cities like London, New York, and New Delhi are expanding their electric bus fleets, aiming to improve air quality while reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

In addition, several manufacturers are stepping up their game by introducing more advanced electric buses. These buses come with improved battery life, faster charging capabilities, and better passenger comfort. The expansion of charging infrastructure across cities is further boosting the growth of electric buses in the bus industry news.

Safety First: Introduction of Advanced Safety Features

With the increasing number of road accidents involving buses, governments and private companies are prioritizing safety enhancements. Today’s bus news highlights the integration of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) in new bus models. These systems include features like automatic emergency braking, lane-keeping assistance, and real-time monitoring of driver behavior. The incorporation of these technologies in buses is expected to reduce accident rates significantly.

Furthermore, the introduction of AI-driven monitoring systems that track driver fatigue and distractions is a trending topic in bus industry news. Such innovations ensure that both passengers and drivers remain safe throughout their journeys.

Impact of Government Regulations on the Bus Industry

Government policies and regulations continue to shape the landscape of the bus industry. In recent bus industry news, the focus has been on stringent emissions regulations, which are forcing bus operators to adopt cleaner technologies. Governments are offering incentives and subsidies to encourage the adoption of electric and hybrid buses, while penalizing operators who fail to meet the new environmental standards.

In addition, today’s bus news reports significant developments in regulations regarding passenger safety. New rules now mandate regular health checks for drivers, real-time tracking of buses, and compulsory safety drills for passengers in several countries. These changes aim to enhance the reliability and safety of public bus services, making them more appealing to daily commuters.

Rising Demand for Smart Buses

The bus industry is evolving with the rise of smart buses equipped with the latest technology. These buses offer Wi-Fi connectivity, real-time route updates, and digital payment options, making them more convenient for passengers. Today’s bus news indicates that the demand for such smart buses is growing, particularly in urban areas where tech-savvy commuters prefer services that integrate smoothly with their digital lifestyle.

Many city transport departments are also implementing smart bus stops with real-time information displays, reducing waiting times and improving the overall efficiency of the bus network. The combination of smart buses and connected infrastructure is setting a new benchmark in the bus industry.

Autonomous Buses: A Glimpse into the Future

Autonomous or self-driving buses are gradually making headlines in bus industry news. While fully autonomous buses are still in the testing phase, several cities are already conducting trials. Today’s bus news mentions that companies in Europe and Asia are leading the charge in developing these self-driving buses. These autonomous buses are expected to reduce operational costs while enhancing safety through precise and data-driven decision-making.

The deployment of autonomous buses could revolutionize public transport by providing consistent, around-the-clock service. However, there are still challenges to overcome, including regulatory approvals, public acceptance, and the need for robust infrastructure to support autonomous operations.

Bus Industry Recovery Post-Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the bus industry, with a sharp decline in ridership and revenues. However, recent bus industry news shows positive signs of recovery. Governments are injecting funds into public transport systems to revive the sector, while bus operators are adapting to the new normal with enhanced safety measures and flexible ticketing options.

Today’s bus news highlights that more people are returning to buses as a cost-effective and reliable mode of transport. Additionally, the rise in fuel prices has made public transport an attractive option for daily commuters, further aiding the recovery of the bus industry.

Innovations in Bus Manufacturing and Design

The bus industry news is abuzz with innovations in bus design and manufacturing. Lightweight materials, energy-efficient engines, and modular designs are becoming standard in modern buses. These advancements not only enhance fuel efficiency but also improve the overall performance and durability of buses. Today’s bus news suggests that manufacturers are focusing on building buses that cater to diverse needs, whether it's for long-distance travel or high-capacity urban routes.

Moreover, electric buses with advanced features like regenerative braking, smart climate control, and extended range capabilities are dominating the market. These innovations are setting new standards in the bus industry, encouraging more cities to upgrade their fleets.

Conclusion: The Future of the Bus Industry

The bus sector is undergoing a substantial upheaval, owing to technical improvements, government laws, and shifting consumer preferences. The latest bus industry news indicates a strong push towards sustainability, safety, and smart solutions that cater to the evolving needs of commuters.

As the industry continues to innovate and adapt, the future looks promising for bus services worldwide. Keeping an eye on today’s bus news is crucial for anyone involved in or affected by the bus industry, as the changes happening now will shape the public transport landscape for years to come.

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mymaster67897 · 5 months ago

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Fantasy Sports Revolution: Why MyMaster11 is the Top Fantasy App in India

In recent years, the world of sports has witnessed a significant transformation with the advent of fantasy sports. Among the plethora of fantasy cricket platforms, MyMaster11 stands out as the top fantasy app in India, offering a seamless and engaging experience for sports enthusiasts. This cricket fantasy app has redefined the way fans interact with their favorite sport, bringing them closer to the action and providing an opportunity to showcase their knowledge and skills.

Fantasy sports have revolutionized the sports industry, allowing fans to create their own virtual teams and compete against others based on real-life performances of players. Online fantasy cricket, in particular, has gained immense popularity in India, a country where cricket is more than just a sport – it’s a religion. With numerous platforms vying for attention, MyMaster11 has emerged as a frontrunner, offering a unique and user-friendly interface that caters to both novices and seasoned players alike.

One of the key reasons why MyMaster11 is regarded as the top fantasy app in India is its intuitive design and user experience. The platform is designed to be easy to navigate, ensuring that users can quickly create teams, join contests, and track their performance in real-time. This cricket fantasy app also offers a wide range of contests and tournaments, catering to different levels of expertise and investment. Whether you’re looking to participate in high-stakes contests or just want to enjoy a casual game with friends, MyMaster11 has something for everyone.

The rise of online fantasy cricket has also been fueled by the attractive rewards and incentives offered by platforms like MyMaster11. Users can win cash prizes, bonuses, and other exciting rewards based on their performance in various contests. This not only adds an element of excitement to the game but also motivates users to stay engaged and continually improve their strategies. Additionally, MyMaster11 ensures a fair and transparent gaming environment by employing advanced algorithms and real-time data to accurately calculate points and rankings.

Another aspect that sets MyMaster11 apart from other fantasy sports platforms is its commitment to promoting responsible gaming. The platform has implemented various measures to ensure that users play within their limits and do not fall prey to addictive behaviors. Features such as deposit limits, self-exclusion options, and detailed guides on responsible gaming are available to help users enjoy the game responsibly. This emphasis on ethical gaming practices has earned MyMaster11 a loyal user base and a reputation for being a trustworthy and reliable platform.

Moreover, MyMaster11 has a dedicated customer support team that is always ready to assist users with any queries or issues they may encounter. This focus on customer satisfaction has further solidified its position as the top fantasy app in India. The platform also offers regular updates and enhancements based on user feedback, ensuring that it remains at the forefront of the rapidly evolving fantasy sports landscape.

In conclusion, the popularity of fantasy sports, particularly online fantasy cricket, continues to soar in India, and MyMaster11 has established itself as the go-to platform for fans looking to immerse themselves in the game. With its user-friendly interface, diverse range of contests, attractive rewards, and commitment to responsible gaming, MyMaster11 truly stands out as the top fantasy app in India. Whether you’re a cricket aficionado or a casual fan, this cricket fantasy app offers an unparalleled gaming experience that brings the thrill of the sport right to your fingertips.

#top fantasy app in india

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realdataapi1 · 7 months ago

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How to Scrape Detailed Data from Uber Using Uber Data Scraping?

April 26, 2024

Introduction

In the digital age, data has emerged as a powerful tool for businesses seeking to gain a competitive edge and enhance decision-making processes. One area where data plays a crucial role is in the transportation and hospitality sectors, particularly in services like Uber and restaurants. In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore the process of extracting detailed data from Uber, focusing on ride fares, driver details, and trip durations, and complementing it with key information scraped from restaurant websites, including menu items and prices, business hours, and contact information.

Understanding Uber Data Extraction

Uber data extraction is the process of obtaining comprehensive information about rides, drivers, and trips from the Uber platform. This entails retrieving detailed data points such as ride fares, driver details, trip durations, and more.

Methods for Uber Data Extraction:

Uber Data Scraping: Utilizing data scraping techniques, experts can efficiently gather data from the Uber platform. This involves automated tools or scripts to extract data from Uber's web pages or a Uber data scraper.

Uber Data Collection: Through systematic data collection methods, relevant information about rides, drivers, and trips can be compiled into a structured dataset for analysis.

Expertise in Uber Data Analysis

Once the data is collected, expertise in Uber data analysis is crucial for deriving meaningful insights. Analysts utilize various statistical and machine learning techniques to uncover patterns, trends, and correlations within the Uber dataset.

Benefits of Uber Data Extraction and Analysis

Uber data extraction and analysis offer numerous advantages for businesses operating in the ride-hailing industry. By leveraging detailed insights derived from Uber data, companies can enhance their operations, optimize efficiency, and improve customer satisfaction. Here are some key benefits:

Strategic Decision-Making: Uber data extraction provides valuable insights into rider behavior, driver performance, and market trends. By analyzing this data, businesses can make informed decisions regarding pricing strategies, driver allocation, and service expansion.

Operational Optimization: Uber data analysis enables companies to identify inefficiencies and bottlenecks in their operations. By optimizing routes, reducing wait times, and improving driver utilization, businesses can enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs.

Personalized Services: By analyzing rider preferences and trip patterns, companies can offer personalized services tailored to individual preferences. This can include customized promotions, recommended routes, and targeted marketing campaigns.

Fraud Detection and Prevention: Uber data analysis can help companies identify and prevent fraudulent activities such as fake bookings, unauthorized use of accounts, and payment fraud. By monitoring transaction patterns and user behavior, businesses can detect suspicious activities and take appropriate action to mitigate risks.

Driver Performance Management: Uber data extraction provides insights into driver performance metrics such as trip completion rates, driver ratings, and earnings. By analyzing this data, companies can identify top-performing drivers, provide targeted training and incentives, and improve overall driver satisfaction.

Market Insights: Uber data analysis offers valuable insights into market dynamics, competitor strategies, and customer preferences. By monitoring trends and patterns in rider behavior, companies can stay ahead of the competition and capitalize on emerging opportunities.

Uber data extraction and analysis offer significant benefits for businesses operating in the ride-hailing industry. By leveraging detailed insights derived from Uber data, companies can make informed decisions, optimize operations, and improve customer satisfaction. With the right expertise in data scraping and analysis, businesses can unlock the full potential of Uber data to drive success and stay competitive in the market.

Enhancing Uber Data with Restaurant Information

In addition to Uber data, integrating information from restaurant websites enriches the dataset and provides valuable insights for analysis.

Scraping Restaurant Data

Menu Items and Prices: Extracting menu items and prices involves retrieving information about the dishes offered by restaurants and their corresponding prices.

Business Hours: Gathering business hours data entails capturing information about the operating hours of restaurants, including opening and closing times.

Contact Information: Collecting contact information involves retrieving details such as phone numbers, email addresses, and physical addresses of restaurants.

Combining Uber and Restaurant Data

By integrating Uber data with restaurant information, businesses can unlock valuable insights into consumer behavior and preferences, leading to strategic advantages in the market. This combination of datasets enables a comprehensive understanding of customer journeys and preferences, offering businesses a competitive edge in the dynamic landscape.

Insights from Combined Data

Popular Dining Destinations: By analyzing Uber ride data alongside restaurant information, businesses can identify popular dining destinations within a given area. This allows businesses to understand where customers are traveling to dine out, enabling targeted marketing efforts and strategic partnerships with restaurants.

Peak Dining Times: Combining Uber ride data with restaurant data enables businesses to pinpoint peak dining times. This insight is invaluable for restaurants, as it allows them to optimize staffing levels, manage reservations effectively, and tailor promotions to attract customers during high-demand periods.

Preferred Cuisines: Analyzing Uber ride data in conjunction with restaurant information can reveal trends in preferred cuisines among customers. Businesses can use this insight to curate menus, introduce new dishes, and align their offerings with customer preferences.

Leveraging Uber Data Extraction and Analysis

Effective integration of Uber data extraction and analysis with restaurant information requires expertise in data scraping and analysis techniques. By leveraging tools and methodologies for Uber data collection and analysis, businesses can derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making and enhance customer experiences.

The Role of Data Scraping and Analysis Experts

In the realm of Uber data extraction and analysis, the role of experts proficient in data scraping and analysis is paramount. These professionals play a crucial role in unlocking the insights hidden within vast datasets, enabling businesses to make informed decisions and drive success in the competitive ride-hailing industry.

Expertise in Data Scraping

Data scraping experts possess the technical skills and knowledge required to efficiently collect and extract data from various sources, including web pages, Uber data scrapers, and databases. They employ advanced scraping techniques to gather Uber data comprehensively, ensuring accuracy and reliability in the extracted datasets.

Proficiency in Data Analysis

Data analysis experts excel in interpreting and analyzing complex datasets, uncovering patterns, trends, and correlations that provide valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics. They leverage statistical methods, machine learning algorithms, and visualization tools to derive actionable insights from Uber data, empowering businesses to make data-driven decisions.

Familiarity with Uber's API

Understanding Uber data scraper for obtaining longitude and latitude is a distinct advantage for data scraping and analysis experts. This knowledge enables them to extract location-based data efficiently, enriching Uber datasets with valuable geographic information that enhances the depth and relevance of analysis.

Conclusion

Harnessing data from Uber and restaurant websites provides invaluable insights into consumer behavior and preferences for businesses. By leveraging Real Data API's scraping techniques and analysis expertise, businesses can unlock actionable intelligence to drive strategic decisions and achieve success in the transportation and hospitality sectors. With Real Data API's robust tools and methodologies, businesses can harness the power of Uber data extraction and restaurant data scraping to gain a competitive edge and thrive in today's dynamic marketplace. Unlock the potential of your data with Real Data API and stay ahead in the game!

Know More: https://www.realdataapi.com/scrape-uber-data-using-uber-data-scraping.php

#UberDataExtraction #UberDataAnalysis #UberDataScraping #UberDataCollection #UberDataScraper

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healthcaretoday1 · 1 year ago

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Mitigating Risks in Pharma IC Programs: Compliance and Ethical Considerations

In the highly regulated landscape of the pharmaceutical industry, maintaining a robust and ethical incentive compensation (IC) program is crucial for sustained success. Pharma IC programs drive sales teams to achieve remarkable results and present unique challenges, particularly regarding compliance and ethical considerations. This blog explores the essential steps to mitigate risks and ensure the integrity of your pharma IC programs.

Read more: https://www.anervea.com/post/mitigating-risks-in-pharma-ic-programs-compliance-and-ethical-considerations

Navigating Regulatory Complexities:

Many regulations and guidelines govern the pharmaceutical industry to ensure patient safety, data integrity, and fair marketing practices. When designing IC programs, aligning them with these regulations is imperative. Work with compliance and legal teams to understand the specific requirements that impact your IC program, such as the Anti-Kickback Statute, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and the Sunshine Act. You can avoid costly legal repercussions and reputational damage by integrating compliance considerations from the outset.

Transparency and Documentation:

Transparency is the cornerstone of a compliant and ethical IC program. Clearly outline the program's structure, metrics, and calculations, and communicate them transparently to your sales teams. Ensure that documentation is comprehensive and accessible, detailing the rationale behind incentive calculations and any exceptions. Transparency promotes trust and acts as a defense against potential misunderstandings or allegations of impropriety.

Fairness in Compensation:

Ethical considerations go hand in hand with fairness in compensation. An IC program that rewards sales representatives fairly for their efforts aligns with ethical principles and enhances morale. Avoiding incentives that could potentially drive behavior that contradicts patient well-being or ethical guidelines is essential. Strive for a balance between rewarding performance and upholding ethical standards to maintain the integrity of your program.

Regular Monitoring and Auditing:

Mitigating risks requires ongoing vigilance. Regularly monitor the effectiveness and compliance of your IC program through robust auditing processes. Utilize advanced data analytics to identify anomalies or trends that might signal potential compliance issues. Regular audits not only help in the early detection of problems but also showcase your commitment to maintaining an ethical and compliant environment.

Training and Education:

Empower your sales teams with the knowledge they need to navigate the complexities of the pharmaceutical industry ethically. Provide comprehensive training on compliance regulations, company policies, and ethical guidelines. Encourage open dialogue where sales representatives can seek guidance without fear of reprisal. Education is a powerful tool for ensuring that your team members are equipped to make ethical decisions in their day-to-day activities.

Incentives Aligned with Patient Outcomes:

To uphold ethical considerations, align your IC program with patient-centric outcomes. Instead of focusing solely on sales volumes, consider incorporating metrics that reflect patient health improvements, adherence to treatment plans, or healthcare provider satisfaction. This approach ensures ethical behavior and promotes a genuine commitment to improving patient well-being.

In Conclusion:

Mitigating risks in pharma IC programs requires a proactive approach integrating compliance and ethical considerations into every facet of the program's design and implementation. You can safeguard your company's reputation and success by navigating regulatory complexities, prioritizing transparency, fairness, and continuous monitoring, and fostering a culture of ethical decision-making.

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stevenuniversallyreviews · 6 years ago

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Episode 94: Greg the Babysitter

“We all gotta grow up sometime, right?”

Right off the bat, this episode’s greatest weakness is that we don’t see Baby Buck and the Baby Pizza Twins as we do in Lamar Abrams’s promo art. How dare we not have more baby teens?

Lack of infant variety notwithstanding, this is a great episode, if not a subtle one. Greg is no stranger to hammering out the lesson of a story, but here it’s made so explicit so often that it threatens to weaken the actual plot. Fortunately the plot does a good enough job of showing that it makes up for all the telling, but still, it’s so on the nose that Vidalia calls Greg out when he belatedly repeats the moral it in response to an unrelated statement.

(But to be clear, this is a story about growing up. Growing up is what this episode about. Gaining maturity is valuable. Emotional development is important. Taking responsibility as you age: good. Staying a kid forever: bad!)

As with Annoying Steven early in the series, this lesson is achieved by presenting us with Douchebag Greg. Douchebag Greg slums around and mooches off a single working mother, depriving her of her own food and taunting her for working to feed her child. When tasked with babysitting, he does what he wants instead of focusing on what a baby might need, and when the kid goes missing, his search includes a pit stop to the arcade to play video games.

This is the second episode where Greg is awful for the bulk of the runtime, and the first, House Guest, was so bad that it earned my inaugural “No Thanks!” rating (a brutal assessment, I know). By that metric you might think I’d dislike Greg the Babysitter as well, because boy oh boy is Douchebag Greg unlikable. But the key difference is the level of intent: even looking past the age and maturity gap between these two Gregs, the Greg of House Guest chooses to lie to his son despite seeing how hard Steven takes it, while Douchebag Greg’s actions stem from sincere cluelessness. Neither is great, and younger Greg is still old enough to know better, but ignorance is far more digestible than purposeful shadiness from this character.

Both House Guest and Greg the Babysitter stay somewhat true to Regular Greg by making him driven by love, whether it’s paternal or romantic. The problem of House Guest is that this emotional core is tainted by him wronging Steven in a way we’ve never seen before or since (compare his feigning of an injury to his negligence in Maximum Capacity, where he instead makes a mistake and is immediately regretful). Nothing in Greg the Babysitter diminishes any sense of authenticity about Greg’s feelings for Rose, because for all his flaws, he doesn’t take advantage of Rose or their relationship.

Moreover, I appreciate that his flaws come from the same character traits that kicked off this relationship, which so far has dominated his flashbacks: Greg is a dreamer and a romantic, which works great in Story for Steven, and he takes the relationship seriously, so he matures on that front in We Need to Talk, but now we see that he’s so focused on Rose that he’s ignoring every other element of life as a functioning adult.

This episode works because Greg is realistically irresponsible. His head has always been in the clouds, and now he’s in a relationship with someone that’s literally magic, so he has no incentive to reflect on himself barring a dire situation. But this episode excels because Greg’s decision to grow up has nothing to do with Steven. We get the groundwork for Rose wanting a kid, but Greg getting his act together is something he does for himself. It would’ve been so easy for this shift to be prompted by impending fatherhood, but it’s far more satisfying to see a character improve himself because he wants to, rather than out of obligation to others. It allows the moment he takes agency to be triumphant without being mixed up in a sense of begrudging acceptance of his duties.

Finally, while I still think it’s ridiculous that the Crystal Gems treat him like a total flake in Laser Light Cannon given his clear improvement since the Douchebag Greg days, it does make a little sense that beings unaccustomed to change would have a hard time getting past this first impression. If you go back and watch the second season of the series after Greg the Babysitter, it’s not hard to imagine which Greg they’re talking about. It’s a stretch, because they’ve seen plenty of evidence to contradict this impression, but if you’re looking to explain their behavior then it’s the best reason I’ve got.

Greg the Babysitter marks an unspoken milestone in the series: this is the last time we’ll ever see Rose Quartz before her web of duplicity begins to unravel. In just four episodes, we’ll learn that she bubbled Bismuth away and lied about it to everyone. In another three, we’ll hear that she shattered Pink Diamond. The veracity of that second part is irrelevant, because the truth only further proves her capacity for deceit. We’ve seen already that Rose wasn’t perfect, but this is her final appearance before the dominoes begin to fall. One last happy memory that directly leads to the creation of our show’s title character, in an episode that emphasizes how dreaming is nice, but reality will always force people to make a change.

We see way more of Rose in this swan song than we did in Story for Steven or We Need to Talk, and like Greg, her mistakes here can be attributed to cluelessness. She admits how confusing humans can be for her, particularly babies, so it’s hard to blame her for not taking good care of Sour Cream. It’s especially hard to blame her considering how excited she is for him to exhibit independence. And it’s impossible to blame her, at least for me, when she references one of my favorite dumb Simpsons jokes in regards to watching him.

The Pink Diamond revelation adds new layers to her explanation that Gems are made for specific purposes, but the funny thing is, it doesn’t add that many new layers: even before learning just how high up Rose was, we still knew she was rebelling against what she was made to do. I think the more interesting aspect of her speech is how it lines up with Bismuth’s repetition of her insistence that Gems could break away from their intended roles. Seeing Rose talk about it here, less than twenty years ago, is made fascinating by knowing she was saying the same thing thousands of years ago. For a Gem that’s interested in change, she hasn’t really changed that much. It’s one thing for her to know that and talk about it, but it’s another for us to see it in action.

I love how an episode that’s this unsubtle (about being a story about growing up, in case you didn’t catch it) manages to quietly explain why Steven exists. We see a baby, and we see Rose loves babies, and we see Rose admires the human capacity to change, and we’ll soon see that Rose herself stagnated there a little bit, but we leave it at that. Judging by the age difference between Sour Cream and Steven, it’s a few years until she and Greg make an actual decision, so it makes sense to not reference it too explicitly this early, but it’s still a direction the episode could’ve taken and I’m very glad it didn’t.

I’ve made no secret about how much I love Brian Posehn voicing Sour Cream with his regular grown man voice, so obviously the best part of this episode is his further use of that voice for Baby Cream. It’s the gift that keeps on giving, and by itself ensures that Greg’s dickishness can’t pull the episode too far down. As with Onion Friend, the strange connection between Sour Cream and Steven is left unspoken, but it’s wild to consider that this side character is a big reason why our protagonist exists. While I’d be fine with this continuing to be a quiet part of the backstory, I can’t say I wouldn’t be interested in seeing Steven and Sour Cream talk about it one day, even as a small gag.

Onion Friend was also the last time we spent any meaningful amount of time with Vidalia, and it’s neat to fill in some gaps between her debut cameo in Story for Steven and her modern iteration. Marty’s flakiness is further proven by her being a single mother from the start, but she’s clearly risen to the occasion and loves the hell out of her kid. Her patience with Greg is tested by his awfulness (and honestly makes said awfulness hard to watch, given how much is on her plate), but it speaks volumes that she’s so welcoming to the ex-friend of her ex. She’s probably the only human Greg knows in Beach City at this point, and I honestly wish we saw more of their modern relationship when we have such a vivid image of their history.

I Think I Need a Little Change might not reach the rocking heights of Comet or What Can I Do For You, but it’s catchier than either and has that wonderful twist on the double meaning of “change.” The wordplay speaks for itself, but it’s a cool trick to reveal that this musical montage is as diegetic as the other two songs: this is something he’s actually singing to people. We get a hefty break from songs after Mr. Greg, so that might be meddling with my opinions, but I think this is my favorite of the three. Puns beat electric guitar, and the song crystalizes Greg’s similarity to Steven come Change Your Mind.

And so we end Season 3, Act 2. We’ve had the aftermath of the Cluster, and we’ve had a series of slice of life episodes from this particularly magical life, but we’ll soon be back to the high-octane plotting of the Cluster Arc. It’s a bit strange that Greg the Babysitter comes between Alone at Sea and Gem Hunt, considering the Jasper of it all, but it’s nice to have this respite before we barrel towards the pivotal moment of Steven’s series-wide arc, especially when this respite tells us a lesson that’s about to become a lot more obvious in the coming storm:

Steven Universe is a story about growing up.

Future Vision!

Good thing nothing bad happened to Sour Cream, or else Greg would’ve had to pray that his space goddess's magic could bring people back from the dead. That would be a ridiculous power!

If every pork chop were perfect, we wouldn’t have inconsistencies…

Vidalia got this top from the T-Shirt Shop where she works. This top has a collar. T-shirts do not have collars. It’s unresearched nonsense like this that makes Cartoon Network put this show on hiatus so often, come on people.

We’re the one, we’re the ONE! TWO! THREE! FOUR!

While I do enjoy this episode and stand by it being great, I don’t necessarily love things that I critically find great. Greg the Babysitter doesn’t do quite enough on the emotional level to make me truly love it, considering how much time we have to spend with Douchebag Greg. I appreciate the importance of his douchebaggery, and the importance of this episode as a whole, but this isn’t an something I go out of my way to rewatch. Sorry, Baby Cream. I still like it!

Top Fifteen

Steven and the Stevens

Hit the Diamond

Mirror Gem

Lion 3: Straight to Video

Alone Together

The Return

Jailbreak

The Answer

Sworn to the Sword

Rose’s Scabbard

Mr. Greg

Coach Steven

Giant Woman

Beach City Drift

Winter Forecast

Love ‘em

Laser Light Cannon

Bubble Buddies

Tiger Millionaire

Lion 2: The Movie

Rose’s Room

An Indirect Kiss

Ocean Gem

Space Race

Garnet’s Universe

Warp Tour

The Test

Future Vision

On the Run

Maximum Capacity

Marble Madness

Political Power

Full Disclosure

Joy Ride

Keeping It Together

We Need to Talk

Chille Tid

Cry for Help

Keystone Motel

Catch and Release

When It Rains

Back to the Barn

Steven’s Birthday

It Could’ve Been Great

Message Received

Log Date 7 15 2

Same Old World

The New Lars

Monster Reunion

Alone at Sea

Like ‘em

Gem Glow

Frybo

Arcade Mania

So Many Birthdays

Lars and the Cool Kids

Onion Trade

Steven the Sword Fighter

Beach Party

Monster Buddies

Keep Beach City Weird

Watermelon Steven

The Message

Open Book

Story for Steven

Shirt Club

Love Letters

Reformed

Rising Tides, Crashing Tides

Onion Friend

Historical Friction

Friend Ship

Nightmare Hospital

Too Far

Barn Mates

Steven Floats

Drop Beat Dad

Too Short to Ride

Restaurant Wars

Kiki’s Pizza Delivery Service

Greg the Babysitter

Enh

Cheeseburger Backpack

Together Breakfast

Cat Fingers

Serious Steven

Steven’s Lion

Joking Victim

Secret Team

Say Uncle

Super Watermelon Island

Gem Drill

No Thanks!

5. Horror Club 4. Fusion Cuisine 3. House Guest 2. Sadie’s Song 1. Island Adventure

#greg the babysitter #steven universe #su #steven universally #review

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astrologion · 7 years ago

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Sun in Pisces, Moon in Aries

‘Dark Horse’

You are nice, charitable, and sympathetic, especially to yourself. You are always looking out for your own interests first and you have a high regard for whom you are. It is not a matter of thinking others are unimportant, rather that you are just more important. Ease and a lot of security are what you want from life and your extraordinary intuition says you will have it. A surface that is reserved and shy hides your true intensity and ambition. You have the impulsive energy and drive of Aries plus the sensitivity and compassion of Pisces. It surprises people when you drop your modest appearance to become frank and decisive. You are not naive even though you appear to be a babe in the woods. Actually, you are a very autonomous and self-sufficient individual. You know how to get your way with charisma and delicate persuasion because you are sly, shrewd, and subtle. This is particularly true of the woman Pisces-Aries. You know automatically who to trust and who to pass by because of your amazing sixth sense. You are very impulsive as are all Moons in Aries people, and you love pleasure. Taking chances just for the fun of it may be what you love, but it might also bring you trouble. Curb your impatience and learn to slow down now and then. Your Pisces character is rather inhibited, so when the time comes for action, you may be indecisive but your Aries Moon gives you big aspirations and a need to assert yourself. In addition, not desiring to exceed those who are weaker than you are, maybe you feel a bit guilty about aggressive behavior. Others do not have to pay the price of self-fulfillment, however. It would be good to learn this. Your Sun-Moon combination is favorable to leadership jobs, especially in charitable and service-oriented groups. A career in medicine or engineering, in addition, is possible because of your keen, perceptive mind. You have an emotionally charged Aries inner character, so you could become a productive artist and your Pisces vision and creative facility are improved by self-expression. Your quick mind, appeal, and flexibility unite to help assure your success once those inhibitions have been defeated. Your real kindness of spirit and consideration will bloom after you have attended to your own needs. Your sympathy is forever with the underdog and you have strong protective instincts. Do not become condescending though, because for some Pisces-Arians, helping people can just be an ego enhancement. (http://universal-tao-eproducts.com)

The combination of your Sun sign and your Moon sign produces an inner nature that differs greatly from the outer or projected personality. Its hard to strike a balance between a sense of inward peace, and reactions that are quite impulsive, active and even aggressive. There is a blending of emotional sensitivity, adaptability and understanding that is Pisces, with the high spirit and independence of Aries. With this there is generally a strong urge for personal advancement, fame or at least recognition, but you may need greater confidence and inward incentive to realize these desires. You may possess considerable ability for personal expression if you can just make the decision to go after it. Your strength lies in your natural love of knowledge and your urge to always be well-informed. You are also very self-reliant; showing keen mental ability, the ability to think for yourself. Its important for you to avoid extremes in your life, understanding the value of moderation and self-control. You should not neglect your need to find a peaceful world and a calm approach to problems, despite natural tendencies to overdo and be rather hard-driving. In many ways you seem to be very assertive, competitive and determined, but in actual fact, you are not really as positive and sure of yourself as you appear. In some ways there is a good bit of bluff in your personality. You put a lot of romance and feeling into everything you do, expressing much enthusiasm with a most purposeful approach to life. Yours is an unusual combination in that it possesses a rare capacity for depth of feeling, imagination and vision, while it also features so much personal assertiveness and and a powerful demand for independence. (http://astrology-numerology.com)

#sun in pisces #moon in aries #pisces x aries

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jlbonline · 3 years ago

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10 Top Digital Marketing Trends to Watch Through in 2021.

The future patterns you were utilizing to direct your computerized advertising system already may now be obsolete. Realize what recent fads matter today. This previous year, computerized change turned into a reality for organizations of different types as the worldwide pandemic sped up the speed of progress by years. The future patterns you were utilizing to direct your advanced showcasing system already may now be obsolete, while altogether new issues have jumped up to order our consideration. Keep Reading Below… Purchaser needs and practices have drastically changed. In this segment, we'll investigate what's moving now, with an eye to where you ought to plan to assign spending plan in impending quarters to remain in front of your opposition - Advanced Changes in Consumer Behavior Are Here to Stay - McKinsey tracked down that the pandemic sped up online business selection by 10 years in only 3 months. Indeed, 60% of organizations across areas saw new purchasing practices over this previous year. An opportunity to rotate and stay aware of the interest for fast and simple internet requesting, curbside pickup, and contactless conveyance has passed. Presently, organizations are hoping to construct security and strength for what's to come. IBM's latest Institute for Business Value report finds that progressing to stronger foundation is a need for 52% of retail marks, close by conveying contactless portable installments (47%) and making more hearty computerized selling stages (45%). Keep Reading Below… There's no reason for sitting tight for a re-visitation of "ordinary" and, as per research from my organization, antibody and re-opening are as of now driving new online inquiry openings. Plans you had placed moving (or retired as low need) preceding the pandemic should be rethought and reprioritized. Put everything on the table – courses of events, financial plan, extension, and request of need. A few drives may should be sped up and others completely rejected. Plan now for where you need to be five years post-COVID – not where you figured the association would be at this point before it at any point occurred. - Advertisers Need to Get Ahead of Consumer Demand with Real-Time Insight - I've said it previously and will say it again – search experiences are as near constant voice of client as you can get. Keep Reading Below… Purchasers are unequivocally enlightening brands regarding their needs, requirements, and purpose in search questions and on location conduct. On the off chance that your association isn't set up to pay attention to, examine, and initiate these bits of knowledge with constant personalizations, you're passing up a gigantic chance to interface and lock in. Get individuals, cycles, and stage set up to put this most important client information to work. - Improving Content Velocity and Quality to Get the Edge - More isn't in every case better, particularly with regards to content. That is the reason any technique to scale content advertising should factor in both speed and quality in equivalent measures. In case you're placing careful work and consideration into your substance however simply ready to distribute once per month, you're passing up such countless freedoms to show up in search, social, email, and different channels when contrasted with your more useful rivals. Keep Reading Below… All things being equal, we know the basic significance of aptitude, authority, and trust (E-A-T) in content. There's no reason for producing a high volume of bad quality substance. All things considered, take a gander at what you need to improve and execute to make quality substance at scale. - Clients Are Looking to Brands to Deliver Connected Digital Experiences - In its new State of the Connected Customer overview, Salesforce tracked down that 80% of clients accept the experience they have with an organization is similarly just about as significant as its items and administrations. Regardless of whether they're visiting with an AI support bot, conversing with a client delegate on the telephone, or managing deals, clients expect that specialists will approach their data. Keep Reading Below… They expect that one cooperation will get back on track – that they will not need to start from the very beginning again in each new commitment with the brand. A similar report likewise found 62% of clients say their involvement in one industry impacts their assumption for other people. Verticals that had been more slow to the advanced change table – assembling, development, and horticulture, for instance – are being tested to stay up with retail, business administrations, and other quick movers. - Savvy Automation in Digital Takes Us Beyond Simple Replication - Search engine optimization experts and advanced advertisers are finding that essentially mechanizing undertakings to lessen excess is not, at this point enough. A key computerized pattern is that the quantity of customer cooperations and contact focuses has swelled. The volume of information we need to break down has detonated. Keep Reading Below… Therefore, profound learning, AI, normal language preparing, and mechanical cycle computerization (RPA) are generally discovering their way into SEO and advanced advertising work processes. Savvy computerization implies relinquishing the need to settle on each and every choice. It implies enabling machines to not just make a move in pre-customized on the off chance that/situations however to really find out about and become acquainted with every client in manners we, as people, essentially can't do at scale. What's more, it implies empowering those machines to make a move continuously when the client is generally responsive to customized informing, substance, arrangements, and suggestions. - First-Party Data Grows in Importance and Value - As Google intends to eliminate outsider treats, PPC and SEO experts the same are scrambling to plan for a cookieless future. Truth be told, 46% say treat devaluation is their top test in media for 2021. Keep Reading Below… As advertisement focusing on and conduct examination are set to turn out to be more troublesome, the worth and significance of first-party information is clear. Plan now for how you will deal with buyer questions and worries around security, information stockpiling, and removal. Figure out what worth you're ready to offer purchasers in return for their information. Assess the effect this pattern will have on your estimation and examination measures. - Hyperlocalization Moves Beyond Geography - The pandemic introduced an intense attention to store network issues and a far reaching want in shoppers to help nearby organizations. Keep Reading Below… While "an incentive for cash" was the top buy driver for purchasers surveyed by KPMG in late 2020, Ernst and Young all the more as of late tracked down that 69% of buyers accept that brands should decidedly change the world. This is especially significant for Millennials, 83% of whom think that its significant that the brands they decide to purchase from have values that line up with their own. Advertisers and chiefs should accomplish crafted by guaranteeing the brand's qualities are imparted plainly. As well as restricting substance by geology – sharing data about nearby milestones on your GMB profile, making one of a kind blog content by area, focusing on promotions by area – getting hyperlocal implies understanding the main thing to clients in some random area. Those qualities can be reflected back in customized advertisement duplicate, offers, email promoting, and then some. - PPC and SEO Deepen the Bond - Keep Reading Below… It's anything but enough that PPC and SEO groups essentially understand what the other is doing. Not any longer. Going ahead, paid and natural pursuit are genuine sidekicks; one should get back on track. The two groups should share a comprehension of accessible SERPs highlights and situations on the brand's most significant brands. They should work cooperatively to guarantee the most reliable inclusion on those terms while restricting expenses to amplify ROI. Keep Reading Below… Website optimization information for instance is currently giving item groups granularity into client inclinations. As Google carries out the Page Experience Update, research from our organization led as of late shows a few ventures are more ready for Core Web Vitals than others. This implies that specialized SEO, particularly for organizations that need to get ready more than others, will be need and impossible. Website optimization and PPC cooperative energy should go past sharing information and results to and fro. The current climate requires proactive arranging and a common obligation to giving the most ideal response to every shopper's need, at each progression in their excursion to buy. Perceive How to Combine SEO and PPC Data for More Powerful Results to find out additional. - Semantics, Entities and the Knowledge Graph Driving Greater Relevance - Element based SEO marks an ocean change from the watchword driven improvements of years passed by. Keep Reading Below… As Google assists its comprehension of searcher expectation with its Knowledge Graph, it is significant that advertisers and SEO experts keep pace. This is what is the issue here – we can't in any way, shape or form improve content without having in any event a base comprehension of what Google is searching for. For a fascinating read on the Knowledge Graph, look at this section by Dixon Jones. He clarifies how the Knowledge Graph functions, what substances are, and how Google utilizes Natural Language Processing in its quest for scale, variety, and educational honesty in Search and Digital. - The Way We Work Has Been Transformed - Coronavirus drove labor forces out of the workplace all at once, and there's no race to get back to the state of affairs. As per Adobe, the quantity of advertisers telecommuting at any rate 1-2 days out of every week soar from 28% to 80% from Q1 to Q3 2020. Keep Reading Below… What's more, in spite of far reaching fears that we weren't prepared for completely distant work – that it would be enormously unfavorable to organizations – 70% of managers reported that productivity either stayed stable or actually improved. The way we collaborate and innovate is changing, and the shift to remote has accelerated the flattening of organizational hierarchy in many organizations. The pandemic forced us to innovate and problem-solve quickly. It pushed us past the technological and interpersonal barriers that had kept the pace of remote work adoption relatively slow. Marketing and other professional services are among the sectors with the greatest potential for successful remote work in the future, according to McKinsey. SEO and digital marketing team leaders must make time for remote people management, in addition to the technical aspects of the job. Continue Reading Below... How to Use These Digital Marketing Trends. Trends in digital marketing and SEO give us an idea of the general direction in which something is developing, changing, or moving. They’re not a roadmap; there is no one-size-fits-all solution to the factors mentioned above. But keep an eye on them. Assess the potential impact on your marketing organization, and the business as a whole. If the last year has taught us anything, it’s that we need to be agile in our approach to people, technology, and digital trends while being prepared to respond to whatever market conditions come our way next. Read the full article

#DigitalMarketing #SearchEngine #SEO

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annieboltonworld · 4 years ago

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

To Study Marketing Channels of Different Cut Flowers under Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Nowsehra and Peshwar

Authored by Jalal Amin

Abstract

The marketing channels of different cut flowers were studied in Peshawar and Nowshera under the supervision of Mr. Jehanzeb Khan from September to December, 2015. Our country is rich in resources and has got favorable climatic conditions, which are very helpful for the cultivation of floriculture crops. Pakistan can earn its foreign exchange like India, Sri Lanka, Iran, Singapore and Thailand etc. However, effort should be made to encourage the farmers to grow floriculture crops. Many side businesses could be developed which include pots flower holding materials such as baskets, vases and chemicals etc, wrapping materials for cut flowers, fertilizers, gardens tools and implements. To encourage floriculture grower’s government must announce incentive to make this industry profitable by proving seeds, cutting or sapling etc which should be exempted from the customs duty. There is a need to establish flowers markets I the flowers growing area to reduce marketing cost of the growers.

Introduction

Floriculture is an ancient creative skill with imagination and an advanced science that play a very important role in the course of human civilization and its social development. In today’s stressful life, plants are becoming more highly valued for their positive influence on human behavior. Plants provide a variety of color, form texture and pattern in the landscape. Beside these intangible aesthetic values, plants furnish a close contact with nature and enhance our surroundings. They contribute to the beauty of building by softening architectural lines and emphasizing structural details. Cut flower growth is not a new phenomenon in floricultural sector of Pakistan [1,2]; however it is an infant industry as far as its growth is concerned. The resource rich local soil provides ideal agronomic conditions for production of cut flowers. Despite lack of knowledge on modern floricultural production techniques, difficulty in obtaining the latest varieties and the lack of infrastructure. The industry is continuously attracting new entrants [3]. The flower farming is an important and profitable enterprise in the agriculture sector of Pakistan. The area under floriculture is increasing day by day particularly in the area adjacent to the big cities. In fact flower farming is labor intensive as compared to horticulture crops particularly vegetables rather, it lies in between the two ends with the skilled labor force and modern farming techniques, it has been proved that the investment in this sector yields high returns for the growers [4]. Production of cut flower is going to increase day by day in Pakistan. It is related with the rising living standard, education and electronic media that have promoted this business in recent years. The production and consumption of cut flower has increased over the past decade and this increase is expected to continue [5]. Traditionally flowers are grown for aesthetic, social function and extraction of essential oils and manufacturing. But now, floriculture has been identified as a potential business due to divergence of farmers towards high-value floral crops and utilization of flower in social and industrial level. Hence commercial floriculture has emerged inside the country [6]. The use of flowers at religious and social occasion is embedded in Pakistani culture. Sizable quantity roses and other flowers such as marigold, calendula, jasmine (Motia) and sadbarg etc are showered every day on the shrine (Holly place) such as on the graves of the near and the dear ones as a gesture of loving remembrance and on the tomb of heroes and spiritual masters as a token of respect.

Traditionally flowers were used in the form of garlands at the time of saying farewell to the intending Hajjis and then welcome back home, used at wedding, on Eid festivals and welcome special guests and other ceremonies. In addition to this people different social functions like birthday parties and even used for floral arrangement in the house, hotels and offices etc. In short, the unique aspect of lowers is that they are used in fresh and dried forms and on the occasions of sorrow and joy in form of bouquets, garlands and wreaths. In Pakistan, most of the flowers are produced in winter. When, Europe skinks in the snow and most of their traditional functions are held during that period. Our country is rich in resources and has got favorable climatic conditions which are very affable for raising cut flowers. However, farmers can be encouraged in Pakistan to grow floricultural crops. Many side businesses could also be developed. These may include pots, flower-holding materials (baskets, vases and chemicals etc), wrapping material for cut flowers, transportation, fertilizer, garden tools and implements etc. all this is expected to raise income of flowers by export and by fulfilling local demands. Unemployment in Pakistan cab is alleviated by increasing per unit income and by creating more on-farm jobs, by growing cut flowers. Our growers are in better position to do this job as compared to the other field crops because flowers give more on farm jobs. It can generate a lot of job opportunities [7]. It can be a good source of foreign exchange by exporting it to different countries of the world. There is tremendous potential for the cultivation of cut flower on commercial scale due to availability of favorable soil, climatic and location in the country. This makes it possible to produce important cut flower almost round the year. In KPK, different cut flowers are grown on commercial basis. Both the supply and the demand for flowers in markets are highly seasonal. Flower prices fluctuate daily, price differentials exist between markets and within markets over the year. The variation in prices between markets can be explained by supply and the demand for flowers. The steady demand for traditional flowers comes from the use of flower for religious purposes, personal adornment, and decoration of homes. This demand is particularly strong in big cities like Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, etc as the use of flowers is part of the local culture [8]. The seasonal demand comes from two sources: religion festivals and marriage. Due to the highly perishable nature of their product, fresh cut flower growers must develop an intensive marketing strategy. Whole scale markets require larger volumes of flower and growers receive lower prices. Lynn Byezynski states that growing half an acre of flowers can easily yield $15,000. She grosses about $10,000 with less than a quarter of an acre during six months of production, by selling to an upper-scale retail florist. Usually, retail florists will offer the best prices for cut flowers, but in a small town this may not be feasible because of a lack of buyers. Field-grown cut flower production, in general, is a low-overhead business. This is buy good news and bad-because competition can develop rapidly, sometime from marginal producers for whom profitability is a low priority. It is pretty easy to keep costs low. Although direct marketing can offer the benefit of higher prices, this strategy requires additional time and expense. The range of possibilities for direct marketing includes retail florists, farmers market, bucket shops and street corners and craft fairs. Lee Sturdivant, gave practical suggestions for many forms of direct marketing of cut flowers and flower for Scale, and suggested the local, niche markets are often the best choice for small growers. Selling to local retail florists is one of the marketing strategies [9]

Objectives

The objective of the study was to present research finding to describe the basic information about respondents social characteristics, cultivated area, cut flower area and its production and marketing system.

a. To quantify the marketing margins of the growers and other marketing intermediaries and assess way to improve the producer's share.

b. To identify the present market channels adopted by the growers.

c. To suggest recommendations the basis of the findings of this research study.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive questionnaire was designed on the basis of information obtained in the informal survey. An internship report on marketing channels of different cut flowers which was conducted from September to December, 2015. Interviews were conducted informally with individual growers, contractors and retailers without using questionnaires. An effort was made to create a relaxed atmosphere in which respondents would feel free to expresses themselves. For examining the validity and accuracy of the interview schedule, it was pre-tested in the field. After pre-testing changes and modification were incorporated and interviewing schedule was finalized for data collection. The aim of the study was to assess the basic information regarding production and existing marketing system of floral crops in KPK. In an empirical Investigation, it was impossible to collect information from the whole population. Therefore, researchers often forced to make inference based in information derived from representative sample of population. The sample size and variation in data usually affect the quantity and quality of information obtained from the survey. Given the limitations in term of grower availability, cost, efforts, data management, travelling and time it was decided to interview 100 growers, retailers, and contractors in flower growing area such as Kaka sahib (Walai) of district Now shera and Shop khel and Bazyedkhel areas of district Peshawar [10]. Due to critical situation in Shop khel and Bazyedkhel area of district Peshawar the sample size was reduced to 50 respondents. The study was confined up to 23 flower's grower and 3 retailers and 5 contractors in district Nowshera and 12 flower’s growers and 2 retailers and 5 contractors in Peshawar district as shown in (Table 1). Face to face interviews were conducted on flower production in a specific field as well as general characteristics such as land owner-ship, respondent's age, education level and experience in growing floral crops [11]. There are many paradigms to determine the marketing efficiency such as productivity measure, market margin analysis, welfare analysis and structure-conduct-performance (SCP) however, for the present study analysis was confined only based line information to market margin analysis.

Market Margins Analyses

Marketing margins are the differences between prices at two market level. Marketing margins estimated on the basis of data obtained on prices at different stages of the marketing chain. Besides this, marketing margins were calculated through computing the absolute margin or price spread, which was essentially the same as the difference between the prices paid and received by each specific marketing agency. The following formula was used to compute percentage-marketing margins as earned by each market intermediary involved in the marketing of farm products.

Mm= (Ps x 100)/Sp

Where " Mm" indicates the marketing margins earned by a specific agency, "Ps" stand for price spread availed by that agency and "Sp" represented sale price of the same agency for the same commodity.

Net Margin

The net margins of a specific agency are the net earnings, which it earns after paying all marketing costs. Net e4arning of various market agencies involved in the marketing of marigold were computed with the following formula.

Nm= Ps-Mc

Where, "Nm" stands for net margins, "Ps" indicates the price spread availed by the specific agency and "Mc" represents marketing costs incurred by the same agency. The replies of the respondents were codified and the data was entered in the computer, using SPSS package. Keeping in view the specific objectives of the study data was analyzed using relevant techniques of data analyses, in statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software package.

Results and Discussion

General baseline information of Flower's Growers

In this section efforts have been made to describe and analyze the demographic characteristics of the flower's growers including age, education and farming experience of the respondents etc. Emphasis was also given to describe the farm characteristics such as farm size, operational land holding and tenancy status.

Education level of respondents

Different studies have been carried out which revealed that literacy status of farmers is an important variable, which influence the grower's receptiveness and responsiveness to innovation and resource allocation efficiency. Hence the literacy rate plays a significant role in society. Thus the level of human capital formation is generally measured through the mean number of schooling year. Data with respect to literacy status of the sampled respondents were collected on the basis of their schooling years, which were categorized in primary, middle, matric and above matric. In order to know the composition of the literate population of the respondents, it was found that about (41%) respondents were illiterate and the remaining (59%) respondents were literate having different level of education. Thirty percent off the respondents were educated at primary level education. Sixteen percent were educated above matric and the rest (12%) were at middle to matric as shown in (Table 2).

Age and cut flowers farming Experience of the grower

The age of the respondents is considered as significant factor to accept or reject the new idea or information. The respondents were categorized into three age groups viz; young (19-35 year), middle (36-50 years) and old (>50 years). It is remarkable le that majority of the respondent (70.6%) belonging to the age group of (19-35 years) and (>50 years) respectively. The result shows that the large numbers of middle age group (36-50 years) of respondents are involved in flower farming (Table 3).

Professional experience

In study area flower crops were the main source of income generation for the respondents. Two third of the respondents were well experienced in growing floral crops and also had experienced in flower marketing. It is remarkable that one third (33%) of the total respondents were recently entered in floral farming and gaining marketing experience by selling flower garlands. In the field contractors who visited field in the surrounding areas/shops. While during verbal discussion with the growers most of the farmers intend to grower floral crops in the future after gaining experience by attending field days/ training and exposure visits in the project. Cut Flower Research production & Technology Dissemination in Collaboration with SMEDA, Agriculture Research institute Tarnab, Peshawar [12].

Family size of the Sample house holds

Size of the farm household may have an important influence on the labor supply behavior of household members and the choice of occupation adopted by them [13]. As a result the information on the size of arm household was collected during the survey. The average number of adult male was found 4 with the range of 3-5 members per household.

Income source of the growers

Data regarding source of income revealed that farming was the main source of income of the cut flower growers in both districts (89%), while the remaining (11%) were involved in Govt; service, labor work and business with farming to supplement their household cash income. The tenants were mostly relay on a higher number of livestock, which they consider as their source of cash income along with farming and part time local off farm work (daily wages).

Tenancy status

Tenancy is an arrangement between landowners who lease out land and tenants, who lease in land on mutually agreed sum or share of the produce [14]. Land tenancy has an important productivity impact. The length of the time horizon for owner and tenant is bound to differ, giving rise to different Altitude towards long term investment (specially, natural resources management's investment) and crop with long gestation lags. Growers can be classified into various categories, especially with regards to land tenure. An important distinction is between land-owner, tenant and owner cum tenant were found in flower farming. Land owner is functionary who cultivated his own land by himself and tenant is one who got the land from other on lease share basis for the specific period of time on the agreed rent or share. Results indicated that more than half of the cut flower growers (55%) were land owners while (36%) were tenant and the rest of the growers were owner cum tenant in the study area. Tenancy predominated in district Nowshera. While the remaining (9%) of the respondents got land on lease particularly for flower farming (high value crop). Results also showed that the lease rents ranged from Rs.16000 to Rs.20000 per acre with a mean of just over Rs.1800/acre (Table 4).

Farm Characteristics

A. Farm size and flower area of the growers: The Farm size of land holding affects the efficient utilization of resources and types of cropping pattern a farmer will follow. However, the role of farm size has remained quite controversial [15-18] and many other researchers reported that small farms were more efficient than large ones. On the other hand, [19]; found a positive relationship between farm size and productivity. Data regarding the land holding in the research area showed that majority of the respondents (79%) had their land below substance level; 12.5 acre and (18%) possessed 12.5 to 25 acre, while the rest (3%) had more than 12 acres. This concludes that majority of the cut flower’s growers had below subsistence land holding followed by subsistence and above subsistence land holding followed by subsistence and above subsistence land holding. It is remarkable that about one fifth (17.66%) of the total operational land is devoted to cut flower crops while on the remaining operational landholding (82.34%) cereal crops as well as vegetables were grown. It was also noted that there was high significant variation within the districts regarding cut flower area (Table 5). According to respondents flower crops are more profitable and any other crop also fulfilled daily domestic needs by continue supply to market. Different types of cut flowers were commonly grown in the study area. Every type possesses different characteristics such as size, shape and color. Because of the very small size of land holding and small area of cut flower per farmer in KPK, farmers usually grow 1.19 acre of marigold and 1.21 acre of roses (Table 6). The growing of cut flower on small area by limited number of farmers has an important application for change in cropping pattern. Basically, small farmers will be less likely to change because the risk of changing area higher in the large farmers. Morai, Sadbar and Granda were the most common types of marigold which were grown in Peshawar and Nowshera district. Rose plants (Red color) are grown by few farmers in the research area of KPK as shown in (Table 7).

B. Existing Marketing System: Efficient marketing system is essential for sustained agricultural development. It affects both productions, income (through producer receive for their products) and consume welfare (via prices consumer pay for agriculture depend not only on farm production cost and yields, but also on what happens to the farm product from leaving the farm to reaching the consumers). There are several factors that influence the efficiency of cut flower marketing including, perishability, seasonality, quality, prices and location of the products [20]. The marketing channels in which flowers production passes through various stages to reach the final consumers have been identified. Flower marketing margins analysis has been carried out to examine the efficiency of flower marketing system in KPK.

C. Marketing channels: Awareness of marketing as concept and as a vital and dynamic element in economic development has greatly increased in the developing countries. The improvement in the functioning of commodity markets as well as the improved performance of the marketing system is now generally recognized as an important strategic element in agricultural economic development. Changes of attitude to marketing have come about particularly during the last decade, when many developing countries have had to undergo stringent economic reforms [21]. Defined marketing channels as: "A network of cooperating organization that together performs all activities required to link producers of goods and services to the end users". The existing flower's marketing channels are presented in (Figure 1). Private Organization and individuals, carryout the flowers marketing viz, wholesaler and retailers were the principal marker agencies in flower marketing system. The existing flowers marketing channels has been identified and their brief function is described here as under.

D. Producer: Flower producers were geographically dispersed in various locations of KPK. They in general, belong to farming community. In the research area, majority of the producer (50%) sold their produce in Peshawar wholesale market, situated in Ramdas bazaar and (22%) of the producers sold directly to retailers by visiting their shops/stalls and some of the retailers also visit to farmer’s fields for the purchase of flowers. It is remarkable that (19%) of the growers sold their produce in Lahore and Rawalpindi wholesale markets to fetch better price while the remaining (9%) sold flowers to contractors as depicted in (Figure 1). The reasons for sale to contractors were the lack of financial resources, no knowledge regarding marketing.

E. Contractor: Contractor can be described as merchant or middleman buying the flowers from the growers and selling in the wholesale markets. The contractors are the local men/ fellow farmers who posses enough knowledge about the market conditions. He estimated farm yield and hydration and dehydration cost etc. Result indicates that a few contractors (9%) purchased flowers from the growers and sold in Lahore and Rawalpindi whole sale markets. Some of the contractors obtained loans from shopkeepers to pay the initial installment to flower growers and to pays an advance for labor and packing materials, particularly on special occasion such as during Zil-hijj, wadding season, and Eid festivals.

F. Commission Agent: During survey, it was observed that commission agents were not involved in flowering business because of non-availability of proper market in KPK. No auctioned occurred in the market. A very small market of Marla (1361.25 sq. feet) located in Ramdas bazaar of Peshawar city in which the buyers and sellers met together and the prices were settled by bargaining with each other. The owner of the market place charged Rs.14/bundle consists of 600-800 garlands as a market fee.

G. Wholesaler: A few wholesaler purchased flowers form the growers early in the morning and sold in smaller quantities to the retailers and consumers or supply to shops/stalls to fetch better prices.

H. Retailer: Retailers do not require license, but experience is more important to enter in flower business. There were a large number of retailers in the market; as a result they faced strong competition in the buying and selling of produce. All market activities come to an end with the retailer, who buys flowers from the growers or whole-sellers by bargaining and sell it in small quantity to the consumers at their local area. The retailers did not require much capital to start the business.

I. Marketing Margins Analysis: Marketing Margin is commonly used to examine the difference between producer and consumers price, for the same quantity of a commodity. Marketing margins depend on the length of the marketing chain and the extent to which the produce is stored or processed [22]. Marketing margin may be calculated in two ways: absolute cash margins and percentage margins. The absolute cash margins are a good indicator of the trend of marketing costs [23].

J. Flower prices: In order to measure market margins, flower prices were collected at various stages in the marketing chain. It was difficult to compare various flower varieties and grades to reach with the unique solution for the price to be used. There were many complications in formulating the standard price of flowers such as day to day variation in prices, Varietals differences, grade differences in consumption and production areas. Such types of problems have been solved by collecting prices, which might cover most of the above problems. The price of flower was collected on per 100 garlands basis. Simple analyses of mean flowers prices on per 100 garlands basis by stage of time are presented as shown in (Table 8). Majority of the flower's growers received better prices from roses as compare to marigold. The wholesaler also received higher prices from rose flower as compared to marigold as shown in (Table 8). More than half of flower’s growers (53%) were benefited from price variation, because they sold their produce direct in the wholesale markets (Figure 1). In addition to this some of the rose growers sold their producer to Hakeems at the rate of Rs.1000-1200/kg rose petals.

K. Absolute Cash Margin: Marketing margins are the difference between prices at two market levels and are commonly used to examine the differences between producer and consumer prices for a commodity. Marketing margins represent the price charged by market agencies for their service including buying, packing, transportation storage and processing. Under competitive market conditions the market margins are the result of demand for marketing services and equal to minimum cost of services provided plus normal profit [24]. Absolute cash margin or price spread is essentially the same as the difference between the price paid and price received by each intermediary. The absolute cash margin to producers was calculated as the scale price of the flower/100 garlands marketed by producers. The absolute cash margin was calculated for each functionary as shown in (Table 9).

L. Share in consumer's rupee: The consumer's one rupee expenditure on a specific commodity is divided among the marketing agencies and producer. It shows that portion of consumer's rupee, which is earned by the producer or goes to various marketing agencies such as contractors, wholesalers and retailers. The share in consumer's rupee was calculated by expressing the net margin of a specific agency as a proportion of the retail price. Results indicated that rose producer received a highest portion (73%) of the consumer’s rupee followed by the retailers (13%) as shown in. Data also indicated that the contractor realized an average of (12-13%) the consumer’s rupee in case of marigold and roses, while the wholesaler received a minimum portion (6%) of the consumer’s rupee in case of roses as shown in (Table 10).

M. Marketing Cost: Marketing costs are composed of the total costs incurred on marketing of produce by each agency. One way of defining costs is as all the expenses incurred organizing and carrying out the marketing process. Another definition is the charges which are paid for any marketing activity such as, assembling, transportation, storage, grading processing, wholesaling and retailing. The most important factors, which influence marketing costs, are distance between production and consumption markets, conditions of the roads, seasonality, perish-ability, packaging, storage and processing [25]. Marketing produce was estimated at per 100 garland basis for different market intermediaries. Results indicated that the producer and contractor costs were estimated Rs.75 and 40/100 garlands respectively, while the wholesaler and retailer had cost of Rs.10 and Rs.25/100 garlands. This was because of transportation of produce from market floor to selling point and rent of shop or barrow etc. while marigold producers spend Rs.80 and 40/100 garlands. Wholesaler and retailer had the minimum cost of Rs.10 and Rs.25/100 garlands respectively.

N. Market margins Analysis: Marketing margins calculated for different marketing intermediaries involved in flower marketing in KPK are as shown in (Table 11). The above estimates reveal that the producer and retailer got the highest margin in the one step promotion of marigold, rose and produce as compared to other market intermediaries such as contractor and wholesaler as shown in (Table 11).

O. Net margin: Net margins calculated for different marketing intermediaries involved in flower marketing in KPK are in (Table 12). Producers earned the highest share (62-64%) of the consumer rupee than the other market intermediaries mainly because producers contract out their produce at immature stage to the contractors, hence gained low market margins.

P. Marketing problem: Non-availability of proper flower’s market in the locality and lack of knowledge regarding management practices and marketing were the major problem, mentioned by the majority of the flower growers in the research areas. The lack of credit was also found to be the critical problem, which affects the decision of growers. This was one of the serious problems for flowers area during summer season to fulfill high market demand.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion

From above study it is concluded that:

a) No proper policies and less educated labors involved in cut flowers marketing.

b) The extension worker and link between the marketing agencies and floriculture are not working properly.

c) Cut flowers growers had not enough money to be invested for upgraded innovation and technologies for land preparation.

d) Farmers are mostly illiterate and not in the link with the floriculture experts to aware of the good quality and certified seeds.

e) Marketing system, road infrastructure is in poor conditions.

f) Markets are away from the farm gates which is a great problem for transportation.

Recommendations

In light of the above conclusion, the following recommendations can be made:

a) The most obvious implication of the results of this study is that sound policies are needed to promote formal education among rural households as a means of enhancing rose cut flower production in the long run.

b) Policymakers should focus on enhancing farmer’s access to information via the provision of better extension services.

c) There is need to investment in land preparation technology; investments in improving agricultural labor productivity; need to promote the use of FYM. Cheap and effective pesticides would be introduced.

d) Farmers should use seed quantity recommended by the floricultures experts in order to maintain plant population at reasonable level.

e) Policy makers should also focus on the development of market and road infrastructure, and supply outlets should be located closer to the farm gate.

For more articles in Juniper Publishers | Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

#juniper publishers journals #Juniper Publishers ISI #Atmospheric Science #Environmental Chemistry #Human Ecology #Microbial Ecology

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letscomply · 4 years ago

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Foreign Direct Investment Scenario In Infrastructure India

Foreign direct investment scenario in infrastructure India- Since time immemorial there has been an unbreakable bond and connection between infrastructure and economic development of a country. It is something which is not a one-time affair but an ongoing process. As the infrastructure of a country progresses, the economic development of that country also grows. There are some of the most important sectors of infrastructure. They have been inflows of FDI. India is assumed to be one of the fastest-growing economies globally and expectedly in a few years, India will grow at a good rate of and this growth is going to increase demand for infrastructural services.

The word infrastructure includes mining, exploration, refining, cold storage, railway, road, airport, telecommunication, etc.

The exclusive jurisdiction of infrastructure was only with the public sector. So the Government came up with the new policy to include the private sector for delivering services of infrastructure. Since then, the private sector has become more very much involved in the delivery of infrastructural services and also takes care of the financing.

SCENARIO OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN DIFFERENT SECTORS OF INFRASTRUCTURE

Most of the infrastructure depends on huge amount of capital investments. The Government of India has fame such policies as to attract both the foreign and local capitalists to invest in the domestic infrastructural market. Such policies have helped the domestic infrastructure market to be an attractive destination for foreign investors. After China in 2007, India was ranked second as the most beautiful location for investments in global FDI according to the world investment report of UNCTAD. In order to increase inflows of FDI, there are certainly no policies that have been changed by the Indian Government. For example allowing 100% FDI under automatic route in some of the main sectors of infrastructure. The rest of the sectors which need prior approval minimum of 6 to 8 weeks must be kept in hand. Below are the main three sectors which play an important role for the economic development of a country:-

Click here for – Foreign direct investment from neighbouring countries

1. ROADS AND HIGHWAYS– India has 3.34 million kilometers of road network which makes it second-largest in the world and it also provides opportunities for foreign direct investments. The policies of the Government in relation to road sector have been simplified in order to attract more of foreign direct investments. The government also provides various incentives for investors of this sector. Under automatic route 100% FDI is allowed by the Government of India in sectors like Highway bridges, toll roads, vehicular tunnels, cargo handling and construction and maintenance of roads.

FDI in construction all sectors amounted to 6.4 % of the total inflows of FDI according to DIPP. Since 100% FDI is allowed Anna road sector so most of the foreign investors in India are trying to participate in the development of the projects of road sectors in the country. As a result, most of the construction companies are being provided large order books. To allow the private sector to participate in the Government made several reforms in the policy which provides incentives to those sectors. Some of the incentives are that the Government will bear the expenses of the project, duty-free import and modern equipment for road construction, declaring the road sector as an industry, simple rules for borrowing, and complete exemption from customs duties.

2. TELECOMMUNICATIONS– India has more than 903 million users of mobile phones which amounts to the second-largest globally. It also has no more than 121 million users of the internet which amounts to the third-largest globally. India is rapidly growing as a telecom market and giving a very tough competition. This contributes to 2% of the Indian GDP. The telecommunication sector is regarded as an important source for the growth of the economy. This sector also creates huge job opportunities for our youth. Indian telecom sector needs huge amount of capital investment. This sector have achieved a very great development during the last few years and it will surely continue to do so in the near future. The FDI inflows in the sector is a rapidly increasing year by year. In 2000-2001 FDI inflow in the sector was rupees 784.16 crores and it increased to rupees 3938.46 crores in 2001-2002. FDI investors in Indian telecommunication sector was Mauritius on top with more than 66.28 percentage and the next was Singapore with 14.32 percentage. The Government has approved 100% FDI in this sector.

3. POWER– Huge amount of power generation capacity have lead India to stand as fifth globally and the demand for power is growing year after year. Having an abundant supply of power production, India accounts for nearly two-thirds of the power produced in India. It consists of gas, liquefied fuel, and coal. There are some of the reserves for thermal power generation, which are 775 million metric tons of oil reserves, natural gas reserves of 1074 billion cubic meters and reserves of 59 billion tons of mineable coal. Wind, solar, hydro, nuclear, biomass, Industrial waste, etc. are some of the other important sources of power. India has one of the largest reserves for nuclear fuel for nuclear power. 100% FDI under automatic route is allowed by the Government in this sector for power trading, for distribution of electrical energy to household, for non-conventional energy generation and distribution, etc.

CONCLUSION

After independence, more than 60 years have elapsed but still India is regarded as a developing country for long term growth attitude. however, there are some barriers to disclose such as an enhancing inequality between modern India, urban India, and backward rural India. This behavior is put under control that is if India code distributes equally its resources among rural, urban, and coastal areas India would be regarded as the most powerful country. Provided a better improvement in infrastructure, this economic growth will be easier for India to attain in the near future. It must improve rail, road, electricity, port, and telecommunication skills as it has tremendous potential to do so. The budget passed by the Government must include support to the above sectors so as to improve can add value to the economy of the country. Having attained a valuable position globally, India must not feel satisfied because so more needs to be done in order to ensure that in the near future India will pause a world-class infrastructure. Foreign Direct Investment Scenario In Infrastructure India

Thus we can say that FDI is an important part of economic F a country. Allowing every I FDI investment in infrastructure can attract major FDI inflows in the economy that will help in increasing employment opportunities and decreasing optimum returns and expanding output. The influence of FDI in the infrastructural sector can be used to fill the investment gap and relaxing exercise workforce in the country. Thus the economy of a country can generally receive benefits of globalization and particularly FDI for utilization of investments in the infrastructural sector and filling the investment gaps. FDI infrastructural sector can help the country to acquire advanced technological knowledge and apply it to the infrastructure and generating capital.

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inputgarlic92 · 4 years ago

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The Best Method to Setup Limits In Between Each of Us and Our Social Applications

Our usual smart phone end user touches her or his cell phone twenty-six hundred instances daily, as stated by a report by a findings firm. And that is just the common user, the study found that extreme cellphone users use their devices a lot more than fifty four hundred occasions every single day. Activities like writing, lightly tapping, and sliding the smart phone’s display screen counted for a touch. Apple some time ago revealed their device end users unlock their mobile phones 85 times every day. That’s roughly six or seven times each and every hour. When there is one development from each one of these studies, it this our smart phone is an certain component of our lives right this moment and if all of us usually do not established healthier boundaries with that, the impact can be hazardous. All of our mental wellness is a factor of a range of variables. One particular variable at this time may be the bad utilization of mobile phones. Anxiousness, despression symptoms, sleep disorders, inability to concentrate, no reassurance are some results of a cellphone addiction and unhealthy social media experience. There are a variety of actions and feelings which were worth noticing in this regard: An incessant would need to tap into and then touch her or his smart phone and the programs frequently. Strong thoughts of envy generated by social media articles of other participants and often the continuous need to examine one by one. Consistent poor evaluation and competitiveness with others online lives and posts. Withdrawal symptoms the instant the smartphone is not available. Finding our cell phones maybe even if not considered necessary thanks to habit to find if they're any brand-new announcements and email. Fear of losing updates in case one has not seen all updates and posts. The frequent tracking turns into a basic need to feel hooked up. Counting the number of likes in the threads as it becomes admired to the users self esteem. In order to increase addiction, all developers need to do is bind a end user's behavior (like yanking a switch) with a variable incentive. You draw a handle and instantly collect whether an attractive incentive or nothing at all. Addictiveness is usually strengthened when the pace of compensation is more changeable. Products and ınternet sites use sporadic adjustable gains all over their goods mainly because it is beneficial for commercial enterprise. Yet in other occasions, slot machines emerge by accident. For example, there is absolutely no vicious corporation behind most of email who intentionally chose to make it a slot machine. Not a soul makes money when millions read their inbox and nothing's there. Nor did Apple and Google's designers wish phones to work like slots. This appeared by chance. However now, companies like Google and others have a responsibility to cut down these types of effects simply by changing intermittent variable gains into lesser obsessive, more constant ones considering enhanced model. For instance, they may encourage users to set constant times throughout the day or week for if they wish to examine slot machine programs, and correspondingly adjust once new announcements are sent to line up with these times. So here are some healthy practices with respect to our cellphonesThe Right Approach to Generate Limits In Between Us and Our Social Media In recent times the number of times a smart phone user uses their cell is around two and five thousand times every single day, that innovative study quite frankly brought up a giant alert all over the market sector but not just for cell phones, but also linked to our very own health and wellbeing. Actions like writing, lightly tapping, and swiping the smart phone’s screen counted for an impression. Apple last summer confirmed their device end users unlock their individual smart phones ninety times each day. That is just about six or seven instances each single hour. If there is a single breakthrough from each one of these researches, it this that our cellphone is an certain component of our activities today and if we usually do not define healthier limitations with it, the consequences could be adverse. Much of our mental wellness is one factor of several variables. One particular variable at this moment may be the bad practice of cell phones. Panic, sadness, sleep issues, failure to focus, absolutely no satisfaction are some results of a cell phone obsession and poor social media activity.

There is several habits and emotions that will be worth noticing in this regard: An incessant user would need to tap or touch her or his cellphone and all the programs frequently. Long lasting feelings of envy put together by social media content of many other people and often the endless necessity to examine all of them. Daily dangerous evaluation and competitiveness with other individuals on-line lifestyle and threads. Drawback symptoms the minute the cellphone is not close by. Reaching out for our mobile phones even if it's not appropriate as a result of custom to find if they're any fresh announcements and texts. Fear of missing notifications in case one has not viewed all improvements and articles. read here The frequent reviewing transforms into a need to seem interconnected. Checking the quantity of likes in the articles since it transforms into loved to the users personal worth. If you would like to boost addiction, all tech designers should do is bind a user's action (like pulling a switch) with a variable benefit. You pull a handle and immediately receive whether an attractive bonus or nothing. Addictiveness is usually maximized when the amount of prize is most changing. Software and ınternet sites sprinkle frequent adaptable rewards around their products simply because it is best for commercial enterprise. However in various other situations, slot machines arise by surprise. For instance, there is absolutely no vicious corporation causing most of email who consciously thought we would make it a slot machine. No company profits when millions examine their email and is empty. Neither did Google and Apple's designers desire cell phones to work like slots. The idea arose by chance. But now businesses like Apple and Google have a responsibility to diminish these issues by transforming irregular adjustable rewards into much less addicting, more constant ones considering enhanced structure. For instance, they can inspire consumers to set estimated moments each day or week for when they like to examine slot machine applications, and then adapt the moment new announcements are sent to align with these occasions. So here are some healthy and balanced habits with respect to our mobile phones and social media which will help develop overall health Don't check your phone for the very first couple of hours immediately after getting up. Searching for latest notifications and emails is not how you want to start your morning. It'll only boost your stress and anxiety. In case you are not in decent mental health or are going through a awful phase or time and observing other folks write about about their spectacular activities is taking you further down, please make sure to steer clear of social media. Place emphasis on setting up your own great genuine lifestyle and exceptional mental health and consequently thoughts of jealousy and constant bad assessment will end up being prevented. You will be able to celebrate in others happy testimonies on and off social networking. cellphones experience a radiation rate. Pay attention and use appropriately. One of the notifications on an phone can be found under configurations. It advises you to use a headphones or a speaker option during a phone call to reduce radio frequency direct exposure, to keep cautiously the phone over 5mm from the human body to make sure exposure levels remain low. Turn all phones off 60 mins before sleeping to experience greater quality sleep. In the event that you rest with the cell phone next to you, you can also place the phone on plane setting, which usually helps prevent the rays from the cellphone. Get traditional and go through an uplifting book prior to going to bed. You will sleep a lot better. Depending on your daily life and work schedules, include fixed times to examine your announcements and facebook messages, if you can, rather than frequently trying for your cellphone. For example, it may be once every couple of hours based on your daily activities and job. Do a smartphone detoxification once in a while according to your plans. Have smartphone free hours throughout the day to ensure you get used to it and won't be restless with your cellphone once isn't available. I actually truly imagine technology is excellent. Innately it is unbiased by nature. Its how we work with it that may make all the difference. Any time all of us utilize it to inspire our very own life a lot more and make it more efficient, connected and easier, we are using it favorably. We are all vulnerable to cultural acceptance. The need to belong, to be accepted or valued by our peers is probably the greatest human aspirations. But now our social affirmation can be in the palm of tech companies. Each and every one innately answers to social acceptance, however, many demographics, like students, are more susceptible to it than other people. That is why it's so crucial to acknowledge how effective manufacturers are if they make use of this vulnerability. The moment I get flagged by my pal, I picture him carrying out a cognizant decision to tag me. However I don't identify how a business like Google thought about his doing that initially. If all else fails, you may without exception take the gigantic alternative and erase some social apps from your phone. Particularly for internet sites like Instagram, you can even sign in from the web if there is an issue you really need to check without finding the need to tap open the app at a moment's warning and get lost in your News Feed. You be in charge of your tech. Don't let it influence you. If perhaps you are intrigued with how much time you're spending on your mobile phone, social content, streaming video, or making use of your products in general, occasionally it requires more than self-control to end. If you only like to enjoy 30 minutes on Whatsapp or really want to limit yourself at 1 or 2 Netflix series, set up that period. Allot precise windows in your life for the web actions you care about. The minute that window is finished, put the products down. Another strategy to develop halting hints is certainly to set an alert for if it is time to absolutely finish, and put your clock or smartphone over the room so you have to get up to turn it off. Alone a tool is designed to aid in a number of ways. All of us are not designed to end up being slaves of our smart phones nonetheless it is supposed to give us have greater days.

#smartphones #social media

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vulgarismo · 4 years ago

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Give Strength to the Roots of Faith - Enhancement of Existing Consumers

There is inflexible opposition inside the jewellery retail enterprise and every day modifications in customers call for and wishes. With the trade of patron conduct you shall deal with preserving customer. Jewellery Design Competition Efforts to sell and promoting are not running because it was earlier. You have to spend lot of money on advertising and marketing and other advertising and marketing polices. In such a scenario, it is pertinent that the shops iron out their inefficiencies which will maximize income, more so considering that they are the ones who are in direct contact with the cease consumers. The question is how to respond to this project, stay competitive and benefit market proportion.

Do you comprehend that you may increase your sale without spending money on advertising and marketing. How might you, sense if you can construct a one to one dating with every and each client to the point in which they may work as advertising executive in your enterprise? Earlier the shopkeepers waited for brand spanking new client to step into his save but have been now not taken into consideration their existed customers. Converting of time now shopkeepers apprehend their old customers are as critical as seeking new. It costs much less to sell to existing client whom you have already got than to sale new patron, so Give electricity to the roots of religion.

Keep in touch with existing customers:

Always stay in contact along with your existing clients. Remember it is easier to maintain an existing patron than to acquire a brand new one. Make them experience special by using imparting them "unique client handiest" offerings. Maintain a follow-up agenda for customers. Remind them which you are there to assist them with their destiny purchases. Use your records base to keep track of customers' alternatives and tell them about new arrivals.

Focus on existing clients:

The Customer is king so greater attentively pay attention them. Don't neglect them; concentrate over their demands so it will be clean to recognize what they need.

Make the client your emblem ambassador. Keep in notice all theirs compliments and their delight on your products, their variety, packaging or show, ask them to get it batter. Most humans won't mind doing this, specifically if what they've said is completely honest. You could say some thing like: "Thank you to your compliment! Can you please placed that during writing for me so that I might also use it as a testimonial to expose my potential clients?"

Not most effective take their guidelines manual your consumer approximately your product, Help customers when they looking for your advices i.E. "what might be the correct present for his or her fiancées

Don't Avoid present patron : Once I wanted to shop for a present for my sister's wedding ceremony. A quite simple woman got here to keep, no one desired to wait her. I asked them why you're ignoring her. They whispered that she may be very talkative and fussy. After a while a New salesman attend her concentrate her calmly. He understood her preference and maThere is inflexible opposition within the jewellery retail enterprise and every day modifications in clients call for and desires. With the trade of consumer behavior you shall give attention to maintaining consumer. Efforts to promote and merchandising are not working because it was earlier. You must spend lot of money on advertising and other advertising polices. In the sort of state of affairs, it's miles pertinent that the outlets iron out their inefficiencies to be able to maximize income, more so thinking about that they may be those who're in direct contact with the stop purchasers. The query is how to respond to this task, continue to be aggressive and gain marketplace share.

Do you realise that you may boom your sale without spending cash on advertising. How would you, feel if you could build a one to 1 relationship with each and every patron to the point where they may paintings as advertising executive for your business? Earlier the shopkeepers waited for brand new client to step into his store however were no longer considered their existed clients. Converting of time now shopkeepers apprehend their vintage clients are as critical as searching for new. It charges less to promote to current client whom you already have than to sale new customer, so Give electricity to the roots of faith.

Keep in contact with existing customers: Always stay in contact with your present customers. Remember it's miles simpler to keep an current consumer than to acquire a new one. Make them sense unique by way of presenting them "special consumer best" offerings. Maintain a comply with-up schedule for customers. Remind them that you are there to assist them with their future purchases. Use your statistics base to keep tune of customers' preferences and inform them approximately new arrivals.

Focus on existing customers: The Customer is king so greater attentively pay attention them. Don't forget about them; listen over their needs so it is going to be smooth to understand what they need.

Make the customer your brand ambassador. Keep in be aware all theirs compliments and their delight in your merchandise, their variety, packaging or show, ask them to get it batter. Most humans won't mind doing this, particularly if what they have got said is absolutely honest. You could say some thing like: "Thank you on your compliment! Can you please put that in writing for me so that I may additionally use it as a testimonial to reveal my potential clients?"

Not handiest take their hints guide your purchaser about your product, Help customers once they looking for your advices i.E. "what would be the perfect present for their fiancées

Don't Avoid present customer : Once I desired to shop for a gift for my sister's wedding. A quite simple lady got here to keep, no person wanted to wait her. I asked them why you are ignoring her. They whispered that she may be very talkative and fussy. After a while a New salesman attend her listen her frivolously. He understood her choice and made sale of 60000 $ necklace to her. It turned into a tremendous wondering task executed by means of him and it taught me that if new costumers are gold then antique costumers are precious like diamond.

Astonish customers with perks: Offer incentives to current clients for greater referrals, like a discount off their next buy, or freebies. Such true feedback can beef up your potential customer's religion on your merchandise and attract them on your save.

Various forms of perks work by pulling in the clients for later purchases and make your showroom the most customarily used store.

Attempt for add-on sales, as soon as the primary buy is performed-which is when your purchaser is most prone.

According to specialists, the rule of the thumb is that the value of an add-on sale should not be more than 25% of the unique sale value, thereby disposing of the want for a prime buy decision. For instance, if the original sale changed into for 10,000 $, it's far least likely that an upload-on sale of really worth greater than.2000$ will click. Despite the reality that customers can be propelled in the direction of a 2nd buy, they still have a mental restrict as to the quantity they will dispense. Use words like "incidentally" or "via the manner" to 'melt' your offer. For example, "Thank you for deciding on our product.

Also pushing for upload-on sales too early inside the name may positioned the consumer off and you could even become dropping the unique sale. Remedy: Sell first and inform later-in no way try to up-promote until the first order is closed. . Lease out jewelry to benefit popularity You can offer your jewelry on lease against a deposit for ordinary customers? This concept on gaining reputation inside the west with some of on line and offline retailers presenting its clients collection of designs to select from. This lets in the cease clients to effortlessly procure jewellery in their preference in case there's a unique event; or just permits them continue to be at par with dressmaker tendencies. Retailers can work upon a scheme in particular for the marriage and festive season for their hooked up consumers.

Old affords you gold: More frequently than now not, new consumers tend to stick to their elders alternatives. Psychologists call this because the reputation quo bias. This fame operates in Indian jewelry market with gold jewellery being the everlasting piece of desire.

Why is it that people select their modern-day rank in spite of an possibility of improving their software via attempting out something exclusive? The cause is the uncertainty issue concerned in a new store. When it involves gold jewellery, there may be a comfort stage for the customers via preferring their heritance showroom,.

So treat your current customers well s they will make their entire technology your patron.

Greet clients on special event: Jewellery customers generally tend to expose their most personal details while purchasing and despite understanding in advance the occasions of birthday celebration, majority of the outlets aren't stricken to send a bouquet or a greeting card. Even otherwise, no follow-up thank-you card is dispatched, even though maximum purchases are in upwards of five-figures. So do not mince words, however honor your commitments

"Ours may be the only enterprise that has little regard for after-income service and for maximum, it is not anything more however a wide synthetic smile after the charge is received,"

A true customer support which includes provision of care to clients from pre-carrier to after sales service can placed you in advance over your competition and result in them to maintain shopping for from you.

Therefore deal with your existing consumer as an critical element and partial of your enterprise. They are the one who will offer prosperity for your commercial enterprise in return of your efforts and will add many extra clients in your business chain by using persuading others.De sale of 60000 $ necklace to her. It changed into a high-quality thinking task finished with the aid of him and it taught me that if new costumers are gold then vintage costumers are treasured like diamond.

Astonish clients with perks: Offer incentives to present customers for extra referrals, like a discount off their subsequent buy, or freebies. Such proper remarks can fortify your potential purchaser's religion in your products and appeal to them to your store.

Various kinds of perks paintings with the aid of pulling within the clients for later purchases and make your showroom the most often used keep.

Attempt for add-on sales, as soon as the primary buy is accomplished-which is when your customer is maximum vulnerable.

According to specialists, the guideline of the thumb is that the price of an add-on sale ought to now not be extra than 25% of the unique sale value, thereby getting rid of the want for a major purchase choice. For example, if the original sale turned into for 10,000 $, it is least in all likelihood that an upload-on sale of worth greater than.2000$ will click on.

Despite the reality that shoppers can be propelled in the direction of a 2nd purchase, they nevertheless have a mental limit as to the quantity they will dispense. Use words like "by the way" or "through the way" to 'soften' your provide. For example, "Thank you for choosing our product.

Also pushing for add-on income too early inside the name might positioned the client off and you may even come to be losing the unique sale. Remedy: Sell first and inform later-never try and up-promote till the first order is closed.

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makingmediameta · 7 years ago

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Keyword Definition: Motivational Posters

Motivational Poster: an image with accompanying text intended to influence a viewer’s attitude or behavior, particularly to motivate a viewer to reach a particular level of performance or display a particular characteristic through the use of emotional appeal.

“Hang in there, baby!”

“You miss 100% of the shots you don’t take.”

“Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels.”

Motivational posters can be seen everywhere from the classroom to the work place to your very own phone. These posters can be physical or digital, but they all display a quote (like the ones above) set against a photograph or illustration. The purpose of these posters is to influence their audience’s attitude or behavior, often to achieve a particular level of performance. Motivational posters are so ingrained into American society that certain motivational designs and quotes have undergone thousands of remakes and parodies—take for example the image of the “Hang in there, baby!” cat above which was remade in a Simpson’s episode! Yet even though motivational posters may seem cliché, they have not always been the norm, especially in regards to motivating employees in the workplace.

Seiders, Motivational Aesthetics, and Mathers & Company

Prior to the twentieth century, advertising and propaganda depended largely on text and written rationale, following a Victorian tradition that largely distrusted images as a form of persuasion. Magazines rarely featured pictures, except those that elucidated complex technical issues explained in the articles. At the turn of the century, image began to take on a more important role in American society, especially the use of posters. Posters had previously been considered an irrelevant, feminine medium, but in 1915, the U.S. National Safety Council began a nationwide poster campaign, followed by the U.S. government’s propaganda campaign during WWI (Gray, 77). These campaigns began to legitimize the use of posters as a professional medium.

Following the war, the business community adopted the same illustrative practices to promote efficient work environments that the national government had use to promote “national service and patriotic sentiment” (Gray, 78). Seth Seiders’ Mather and Company was the first private company to create a nationwide poster business in 1923, capitalizing on the dawn of the humanist approach and industrial psychology, which were both being implemented by managers in the workplace. “New literature proposed that management should take into account the worker's emotional needs, aspirations, and desire for ‘fellow feeling’— meaningful relationships with workmates—in its effort to win over the worker's allegiances, mitigate industrial conflict, and increase efficiency” (Gray, 79). Seider saw this new movement as an opportunity to market posters and pamphlets that appealed to worker’s emotions in a way that created a positive environment, motivated workers to improve efficiency, and “advertise(d)” the behaviors which managers expected from their employees (Gray, 80). Seiders’ business contributed to a new culture of visual education in which image began to supercede text as the main form of advertising and public information dissemination in the twentieth century (Gray, 80),

“At the height of its success in the late 1920s, Seider claimed that (Mathers) was supplying over 40,000 firms… (whose) customer base stretched from coast to coast in the insurance, commerce, transportation, cannery, communications, banking, sales, coal, and rubber industries,” according to an article about Seider’s business practices by David A. Gray (Gray, 77). The posters themselves embodied artistic movements of the turn of the century, and incorporated bold colors and images accompanied by instructive text (see example below). This developed the start of what Seider called motivational aesthetics, the combining of motivational texts or quotes with appealing images.

Mosby’s Great Performance Company

The next significant evolution in motivational posters was in the 1980s and 1990s with the introduction of Mosby’s Great Performance Company. This company had its start in the health care industry, but eventually developed motivational posters whose main purpose was worker incentive. These posters are recognizable by their photography images framed by a black border with a motivational quote or word written in the bottom center. These posters were a result of trends in “foreign competition, corporate downsizing, new emphasis on quality, and racial and gender tensions,” but were targeted towards manager performance rather than hourly workers like posters in the past, introducing a new definition (Smithsonian Libraries). Today these posters are some of the most recognizable in the motivational aesthetic canon.

Motivational Posters Outside of the Workplace

Motivational posters are also frequently used in classrooms and educational settings for the same purpose as when they are used in work environments; to influence behaviors and attitudes. The behaviors that increase efficiency, collaboration, and productivity in a company are the same ones that create a harmonious educational environment. A differentiation must be made, however, between motivational posters used in educational settings and educational posters. Educational posters’ purpose is to educate by presenting new or complicated information in an easily accessible and visually appealing way--similar to an infographic-- whereas a motivational poster is focused on behavior and attitudes. Both educational and motivational posters fall under the larger category of visual education and are similar mediums, but they differ in the messages that they deliver.

Motivational posters have been proven to encourage healthy decisions like taking the stairs or buying healthier beverages when placed in strategic locations, operating in a manner similar to propaganda by encouraging public consciousness (Tay). Additional evidence of motivational posters’ relationship to health will be discussed in more detail later in the article.

Online Motivational Posters

With the dawn of the internet, and especially social media platforms like Instagram and Pinterest, motivational posters have taken on new form as digital images. These images may not be physical “posters” per say, but they do fall under the same categories of motivational aesthetics.. Images from the Internet have the ability to be downloaded, printed, shared, viewed, commented on, liked, and displayed on desk tops, lock screens, or any other digital platform that you can think of, changing the way in which motivational posters are viewed and interacted with.

The format of motivational posters online varies greatly, but the majority still adheres to the traditional motivational text/image format. Dennis Tay analyzes what he considers the previously unexplored area of online motivational posters in his article “Metaphor construction in online motivational posters.” In his sample of 900 online motivational posters selected at random from the three top-searched online results for “motivational posters,” only 4.8% relied on visuals alone (Tay, 110). This statistic reinforces the importance of text/image combinations when distinguishing motivational posters from other online images. Tay also brings up the topic of demotivational posters, a subset of online images produced in a style that parodies traditional motivational poster formats but that include negative text. (Tay, 110).

Newer forms of media circulating on the internet are memes, humorous images, videos, or pieces of text that are copied (often with slight variations) and spread rapidly by Internet users. Often memes take the forms of images with text written over them, in a similar aesthetic approach as a motivational poster. However the differences between the two forms of media lie in their messages and purposes; memes are intended to connect audience members to one another by allowing them to share in a joke, feeling, or emotion while a motivational poster is intended to influence attitudes or behavior. Some memes are intended to influence attitudes and behavior, but because they extend beyond this purpose and have their roots in humor, they cannot be categorized with motivational posters.

“Do They Really Work?” Societal Effects of Motivational Posters

It is difficult to determine whether or not motivational posters achieve their attended effect of improving the workplace environment. Studies of motivational posters focus on their history or content, but not specifically on their overarching societal effect. Yet since motivational posters have continued to be used in the workplace for close to one hundred years and have evolved to such a degree, they must be making some sort of impact.

In the author’s opinion, the power of motivational posters lies predominantly in their appeals to emotion. Pathos is one of the strongest rhetorical devices, and since motivational posters typically invoke idealized images and text, they play into this rhetorical strategy. They can also satisfy the emotions of the manager or person who puts them into place by allowing the person to feel as though they have done something to improve the lives of their employees or audience, resulting in positive reinforcement for the action. Motivational posters powers also have a basis in psychology. In the book Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation : The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance, authors Sansone and Harackiewicz discuss how it takes a balance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to optimize both performance and experience (Sansone & Harackiewicz, 3). Too much extrinsic motivation can dissuade or eliminate intrinsic motivation (Sansone & Harackiewicz, 3). Motivational posters are classified as extrinsic motivation because they are displaying a message that is external to the viewer. However because of the text’s motivational nature, posters can also inspire intrinsic motivation by empowering the audience into feeling that their life is in their own hands, they have an internal locus of control.

Despite their name, motivational posters do not always motivate viewers in a beneficial fashion. Online motivational posters are frequently used by health and fitness bloggers in a recent trend called “fitspiration,” a combination between “fitness” and “motivation.” Images with tags like #fitspiration or #fitspo, a.k.a. fitspiration content, is defined by researchers Lea Boepple, B.A. and J. Kevin Thompson, PhD as “content promoting fit/healthy lifestyles…includes objectifying images of thin/muscular women and messafes encouraging dieting and exercise for appearance rather than health, motivated reasons (Boepple & Thompson). Oftentimes this content takes the form of traditional motivational posters, with text overlaid against an image of a lithe, young woman. In a content analysis of fitspiration websites by the same authors plus Ata and Rum, the authors analyzed the images and text found on these websites shared many of the same qualities as pro-anorexia or “thinspiration” websites which have been linked to poorer body image and higher likelihood of disordered eating (Boepple et. al.). In a similar study published in Cogent Social Sciences in 2016, Hefner et. al. found that fitspiration images on microblogs like Instagram and Twitter were related to disordered eating symptomology because of their encouragement of dieting and restrictive eating (Hefner, et. al.) From studies such as these, we can the particular way in which motivational posters combine image and text to influence our attitudes, behaviors, and even our health.

Motivational posters have evolved in style and persuasiveness since their introduction to the American workplace in the 1920s, but their messages and purpose remain largely the same. With the rise of new technologies, motivational posters have transcended physical forms and found new relevance as digital images shared throughout the Internet. Whether they are used seriously or parodied, motivational posters affect the social world in a manner that is unique to its particular medium by combining text and image to influence attitudes and behavior.

Works Cited

“American Enterprise Exhibit: Posters.” The National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Libraries, americanhistory.si.edu/american-enterprise-exhibition/new-perspectives/work-incentives/posters.

Boepple, Leah, et. al. “Strong is the new skinny: A content analysis of fitspiration websites.” Body Image, vol. 17, 2 Apr. 2016, pp. 132–135. Social Sciences Citation Index, eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=3dc002a5-79ba-46e2-9393-9632c60eb20f%40sessionmgr4008&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=000377728500016&db=edswss.

Boepple, Leah, and J. Kevin Thompson. “A Content Analystic Comparison of Fistpiration and Thinspiration Websites.” International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 49, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 98–101. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=9f0fe3ef-5043-48fa-861a-18cb1a6804a5%40sessionmgr120&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=112198047&db=pbh.

Gray, David A. “Managing Motivation: The Seth Seiders Syndicate and the Motivational Publicity Business in the 1920s.” Winterthur Portfolio, vol. 44, no. 1, 2010, pp. 77–121. Art and Architecture Source, eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=1f6f3a9c-5d78-478e-9a9c-292c71c23366%40sessionmgr102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=505319260&db=asu.

Harackiewicz, Judith M., and Carol Sansone. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation : the search for optimal motivation and performance. Academic Press, 2000. UF data base, eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=fbd0552f-7ccc-4ba4-9ba5-3c89933557b1%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=ufl.020328511&db=cat04364a. (ebook)

Hefner, Veronica , et al. “Mobile exercising and tweeting the pounds away: The use of digital applications and microblogging and their association with disordered eating and compulsive exercise.” Cogent Social Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, 2016. Directory of Open Access Journals, doaj.org/article/e70a44e9c39043e9921f92aa6e50bf62 .

Tay, Dennis. “Metaphor construction in online motivational posters.” Journal of Pragmatics, vol. 112, Apr. 2017, pp. 97–112. Science Direct, www-sciencedirect-com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/science/article/pii/S0378216616305665.

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annieboltonworld · 4 years ago

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Price Policy of Drinking Water in Tunisia: Panel Application

Authored by Terzi Chokri

Abstract

This paper focus on policy of drinking water demand with application on Tunisian panel data. We estimate a model which explains consummate volume by the five slices of tariff corresponding to the progressive pricing. Long term results show that prices UP1, UP3 and UP5 has no effects on the preservation of the resource. Contrary to these three prices, UP2 and UP4 can be represented as a regulating mechanism. Concerning the global short run results, we notice that the coefficients of the prices UP1, UP3 and UP5 are negative what explains that these prices have an incentive effect. For the interregional short term results, price UP1 coefficient is negative and significant which mean that the proportion of the households which consume less than 20m3 is important within every governorate. The price UP2 which affect positively and significantly the consummate volume of drinking water represent a regulating mechanism.

Introduction

The management of drinking water demand can take numerous forms of the direct measures of regularization of the water use, until indirect measures aiming at the voluntary behavior. The non-tariff policy consists in calls launched to the public by awareness campaigns with educational programs and of similar initiatives which ended in deep modifications in the human behavior towards the preservation and towards the use of the water. The management of the demand constitutes the new policy of the World Bank regarding the resource management in water. In this approach, the instrument price can guide us in a rational use of the resource in water. Indeed, the price appeared as an incentive mechanism which urges the users to use the water in a more effective way. Besides, the price encourages the distribution companies of water to improve their qualities of the services, to satisfy the preferences of the consumers by the technical and financial means. So, a good management of the resource in water requires the adoption of a mode of pricing which allows supplying in a regular way the water to the various users with quantity and with quality satisfactory. This mode of pricing also allows avoiding any kind of overexploitation and the degradation of resource. A policy of sensible pricing has to answer at least four types of consideration: a use as effective as possible of the existing production capacity, an expansion of the capacity according to an evolution ofthe demand which is in touch with the real cost of the committed resources. The realization of the financial equilibrium and finally the considerations of social equity in the management of the resource in water. So the objective of the present paper will then be to analyze the policy of the drinking water in Tunisia.

Pricing of the Monopoly

In the case or the technological and economic specificities are based on services of water and purification of a natural monopoly, the organization of the market drives to a valuable fixation above the marginal cost (to avoid that the company makes losses because of the presence of the important fixed costs). However, the fixation of a high price for produced quantities cannot be the situation which corresponds to the social optimum. To save itself of such inefficient situations, the government has to take care of the property of the monopoly. So, the public authority can choose to produce itself the service what allows to reach the optimum Paretien (pricing in the marginal cost). But it should be noted that it is possible for the public authorities to attribute the management of the service to a private enterprise while regulating (use contracts-objectives). However, since it is difficult to oblige the company to produce at a competitive price (in the marginal cost), the government is in the obligation to subsidize the company by fixed transfers allowing them to cover its losses. One of the main objectives of the government aims at the fact that the services of the water assure the access for all to a drinking water of satisfactory quality for the consumers. At this stage, social approaches of pricing are possible and often practised (as the supply of free collective water, the payment of a part of the invoice either a pricing by stages croissants, with the supply of a quantity limited by low-priced drinking water).

Pricing and Demand in Water

Generally, the demand in drinking water is relatively inelastic with regard to the price. This is justified by the fact that the water is an essential good where there is no substitute for the most part of the users and is considered as the complementary good for a lot of consumer goods. In the practical case, it is difficult to estimate a function of demand of drinking water, because of the systems of current pricing and the impossibility to arrest quantitatively the water consumption of the households (the individual data are rare, there is a multitude of modes of management). The used scales of pricing are generally not linear, they are presented or under a shape binomial (a fixed part and a variable part according to the consummate volume) either multinome (progressive or decreasing pricing). The economic theory considers a function of demand which integrates the demands of the goods substitutes and complementary and also the constraint of income. Generally, the price of the water is not exogenous in the consummate, but especially endogenous volume because of the influence of the volumes distributed on the costs of potabilisation some water. The theory suggests that the whole price list is included in the function of the demand of the drinking water, but this is excluded for practical reasons. In this context, the literature which is interested in the development of the model of the function of demand of the drinking water, aim at testing empirically the hypothesis according to which: with which price (average or marginal) the consumers react when the water is sold by a scale multi-block [1-4]. Proposes a simple procedure which consists in incorporating at the same time the average price and the marginal price into the equation of the demand. The marginal price represents the price of the slice of consumption which exceeds the last block in which took place the consumption. On the other hand, the average price is obtained by calculating the average of the average prices of every slice of consumption. This average price includes all the fixed and variable costs [5]. Suggests taking into account the intra valuable structure - marginal; by including a said variable of difference in the estimation. This variable corresponds to the difference between what pays actually the consumer, and what he would have paid if his total consumption had been priced at the marginal price. The value of this difference will be positive under a progressive scale, and negative under a decreasing scale. The variable difference measures in theory the returned effects engendered by the fare structure. For a progressive or decreasing price list by slice, the difference having respectively the effect of a tax (economy realized for the consumers) or of a subsidy. The approaches proposed by specification of the demand presented up to here show some gaps. Indeed, they do not integrate into the problem of maximization of profit of the consumers the choice of the block in the structure of pricing. This choice appears as endogenous in the diversion of the demand in water. For that reason, the search for a function of demand of drinking water stays always an objective to achieve by several studies.

According to [6], the analysis of the demand of drinking water is especially focused on needs. The quantity of consummate water and the prices depend particularly on the evolution of the population, as well as on their lifestyle. The researches for the estimation of a function of demand of drinking water are rare and have especially an exploratory character, because the consummate quantities of water are often disconnected from the real costs committed by distribution companies. Among the works which were interested in the estimation of the function of demand of drinking water, we can quote the works which are given by [7]. And which put in relation the consumption and the price through an in section transverse analysis. Besides, and from a study concerning the demand of drinking water, Point (1993) puts the point on the problem of sharing of the resources between the various users. To do it, he takes into account three categories of use, the commercial, industrial and domestic use. The results show that the elasticity price becomes established around -0,167 with regard to the average price, for the department of the Gironde in France [8]. Insist on new aspects of the consumption. In this context the estimation of the request of the drinkable water supply, on all the territory in Tunisia, and for the domestic use in 2004, led to a function the elasticity of which was around - 0,42 with regard to the average price.

Price of Drinking Water in the Domestic Use

Generally, the origin of the problem of the price of the water for the households is essentially due to the part of the level of the price of the water with regard to income. In this case, the principle of solidarity in the field of the drinking water has to be made by the creation of the dimensions of integration of the considerations: social, environmental and economic. Let us note that this solidarity between small and big consumers aims at reducing the average price of the water for the small consumer with regard to the average price for a big consumer. The progressive pricing which takes into account the diameter of the meter, the size of the connecting to the subscriber and the volume of consummate water, ignores the socioeconomic characteristics of the subscriber. These characteristics present a fundamental factor to realize a social solidarity in the consumption of the drinking water. But this does not prevent that this pricing engenders some advantages. Indeed, the theory shows that a progressive pricing, can create an important financial transfer when the group of big consumers is brought to support 75% of the total costs for 50% of the total consumption, while the group of small consumers could pay only 25% of the total costs. In this case, the earnings by the small consumers become half of the normal price which they would have paid in principle, and the transfer between these two categories of consumers concerns 25% of the total costs of the water. The fact that the first low-priced slice concerns only few households and not all represent a criticism of the progressive pricing. However, for the poor and numerous families, the passage of a slice of consumption in another one becomes perfectly possible. In this case the role of the social slice in the social considerations of the households disappears. Because of this criticism of a progressive pricing, several countries look for solutions suited to reach certain social goals. In Tunisia, an envisaged solution consists in the use of a system in five slippery slices which stipulates that only the households the consumption of which does not exceed the ceiling of the fifth slice could benefit from a first low-priced slice. This procedure allows creating a phenomenon of incentive for the consumption of the resource. In other words, the pricing for the superior slice can involve a significant additional cost for certain users capable of covering the cost for the lower slices. The price of the superior slice is 5,8 times worth that of the lower slice. Besides, in some developing countries, the ceiling of the first slice varies with the number of people in the household. In this case, we get closer to the social pricing.

Empirical Validation

Model

The policy of the price of the drinking water in Tunisia was essentially based on a progressive pricing by slice of consumption. The objective of this strategy is to rationalize the consumption of the water which is very useful for the humanity. The application of a progressive pricing in the management of the water on all the Tunisian territory leads to a principle of regulation to manage well and preserve at best this rare resource. In this theme, we estimate an econometric model with the aim of distinguishing price slices affected by every governorate.

Where CV is the consummate volume, UPJ are the unit prices of the five slices, i = 1.....,21 represent the Tunisian governorates t = 1997,....... , 2012 and is the time.

Results and Discussion

The estimation of the model concerns the effects of long and short-term of every slice of price on the consummate volume. The application of unit root test in panel data (IPS, ADF and LLC) shows that all our variables are not stationary in level and become stationary after one differences which mean that are I(1). The result of this test led to us to test the cointegration of our model. Pedroni cointegration test confirm the presence of cointegration in our model then the long-term relationship exists between the variables. In this case, our model is a VEC one and it can be estimated using FMOLS, and ARDL specification method Table 1.

The estimation of the basic model showed that the five prices are significant in short term. The coefficients of the prices UP1, UP3 and UP5 are negative what explains that these prices have an incentive effect on the structure of consumption of the drinking water. On the other hand, the prices UP2 and UP4 represent no effect on the consummate volume. However and for a long-term tendency, prices UP1, UP3 and UP5 has no effects on the preservation of the resource Table 1. Contrary to these three prices, UP2 and UP4 can be represented as a regulating mechanism of the consumption in long term of the drinking water. Now, we focus in the interregional analysis to study the effects of different prices on 21 governorates of Tunisian territory Table 2.

*Significant at 10% **Significant at 5% *** Significant at 1% According to (Table 2) above, it appears the error correction term is negative and significant for all governorates which confirm the long term relationship. The price UP1 coefficient is also negative and significant for all governorates, this mean that the proportion of the households which consume less than 20 m3 is important within every governorate. The price UP2 affect positively and significantly the consummate volume of drinking water in the majority of the governorate. This price seems representing a regulating mechanism in short term as for the long term. All other prices are globally not significant for the majority off governorates.

Conclusion

The regulation of the management of the drinking water, the pass by the creation of fare structures which present a number of important elements to be taken into account. The search for the equity (between the various categories of consumers and between the consumers of the same category), and the necessity of getting itself the sufficient global recipes to face financial commitments in term of protection of the resource, stay objectives to achieve. It of other term, fare systems have to end in the acceptance and in the consumer confidence and it by the distribution of a quality improved to avoid any notable danger of health. The choice of organization and regulation of the public services of drinking water and its impact on their quantity, the quality, and their price, are a priority concern of public decision-makers. The objective of the regulation being to reach an effective management of the services. Indeed there are three main criteria to estimate their performance. The first criterion is the static efficiency which defined by the absence of wasting in the resource management, and by the minimization of the costs of service. The second criterion is the efficiency allocative which requires that a rare resource is assigned to the users so that the economic value of this resource is maximized. The third criterion is the productive or technical efficiency which is a dynamic process which depends on efforts of adaptation of the developer (training of the workforce, the investment the research and development of which ... etc.), to reach has a lower production cost.

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