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homedevises · 6 years

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One Checklist That You Should Keep In Mind Before Attending Map Of The Garden Of Eden | map of the garden of eden

Atlantis may be the best acclaimed of allegorical destinations, but the history of cartography is broadcast with non-existent places. California appeared as an island on abundant 17th-century maps, and a 16th-century “Map of the Arctic” by Gerardus Mercator included a colossal alluring mountain at the North Pole. The Phantom Atlas: The Greatest Myths, Lies and Blunders on Maps by Edward Brooke-Hitching, out now from Simon & Schuster UK, examines the aberrant ability of allegorical places on our maps.

“This is an album of the apple — not as it anytime existed, but as it was anticipation to be,” Brooke-Hitching writes in an introduction. “The countries, islands, cities, mountains, rivers, continents, and contest calm in this book are all absolutely fictitious; and yet anniversary was for a time — sometimes for centuries — real. How? Because they existed on maps.”

Mythical islands were generally affected by mapmakers, who, for instance, could not easily boating out to the Southern Hemisphere to see if it did absolutely accept the behemothic Terra Australis continent. The Phantom Album includes Hy Brasil, afresh the accountable of a Boston Public Library exhibition, which backward on maps for bristles centuries, and had tales of a archimage who lived with huge atramentous rabbits and, later, UFOs. Although Brooke-Hitching appearance extremes of credulity, like a 40-foot “sea worm” that roamed the shores of Norway on a 16th-century map by Olaus Magnus, he additionally cites added contempo mistakes. Sandy Island was recorded in the eastern Coral Sea by a behemothic address in 1876, and it wasn’t until November 2012 that it was accounted fictional. And in the 19th century, there were still those who believed in a collapsed Earth, such as Professor Orlando Ferguson of Hot Springs, South Dakota, who in 1893 illustrated a map arguing for this collapsed appearance of the planet, which he based on biblical texts.

What makes Brooke-Hitching’s book added than aloof a accumulating of oddities is the accent on why these errors happen, and how relying on religion at the exclusion of science, or account alien letters advanced of aboriginal knowledge, detrimentally impacted centuries of exploring. Some abstracts in The Phantom Atlas, though, were aloof liars. In the 19th century, the Scottish conman Gregor MacGregor swindled hundreds of British and French investors with his letters of the imaginary “Cazique.” Some bodies alike journeyed out to this Central American locale, alone to acquisition a agrarian boscage instead of a town, and afterlife instead of a new life.

Below are a few selections from The Phantom Atlas, from erroneous civil seas of Australia, to the Garden of Eden advised on an 18th-century map.

The Phantom Atlas: The Greatest Myths, Lies and Blunders on Maps by Edward Brooke-Hitching is out now from Simon & Schuster UK.

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thandisizwemgudlwa · 7 years

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Celebrating the life and times of Nelson Mandela

31 July 2017, 09:32 NEWS24

THANDISIZWE MGUDLWA

Here, it is in that spirit that this great man must be always be in the consciousness of Africa and the world.

It is therefore, worthwhile to review the story and meaning of Nelson Mandela, the greatest leader the world has ever produced, according to many.

But the big question which must continue to ask though is, are South Africans and the rest of Africa in particular, valuing the Mandela values and living them in their everyday lives?

The question can best be answered by looking at whether or not, we are making progress insofar as addressing the societal ills and injustices that Mandela committed 67 years of his life to as a freedom fighter. This includes many other years as a student leader and community worker before his struggle days.

After his passing on Thursday December 5, 2013, the message of this global icon who best taught the world, the greatness and wisdom of forgiveness, peace, reconciliation and Ubuntu (humanity) is not been repeated often enough.

The now late world’s most loved and the greatest historical figure Dr. Nelson Mandela, would have been 99 years of age on July 18, 2017.

So really who was Nelson Mandela?

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on the 18th of July 1918 in Mvezo, Thembuland in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

He was a South African lawyer, anti-Apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

Before then, Dr. Mandela was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election in 1994.

Under the African National Congress (ANC) government, his point of focus was on the dismantling the legacy of Apartheid system through tackling institutionalized racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Although these struggling are still being fought in South Africa, it fair to say he indeed kick started this process with a certain amount of success, as today South Africa get get along much better as often can be seen in sporting events for an example.

Politically, an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the ANC from 1991 to 1997, after being released on February 11, 1990 by then Apartheid last standing president, FW de Klerk.

Born to the abaThembu royal family of the Thembu Nation, Mandela quest for freedom was to consist of a painful and yet courageous jouney. this included imprisonment, which also led to his poor health that would affect him greatly later in his life.

The break away from his family while his children were still young, his organisation and his legal career to name a few proved his sincerity to free his people from colonial oppression and Apartheid.

"No one in my family had ever attended school [...] On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. That day, Miss Mdingane told me that my new name was Nelson. Why this particular name I have no idea."

— Mandela, 1994

Intending to gain skills needed to become a privy councillor for the Thembu royal house, Mandela began his secondary education at Clarkebury Boarding Institute in Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in Thembuland.

Made to socialise with other students on an equal basis, he claimed that he lost his "stuck up" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and developed his lifelong love of gardening.

Completing his Junior Certificate in two years, in 1937 he moved to Healdtown, the Methodist college in Fort Beaufort attended by most Thembu royalty.

The headmaster emphasised the superiority of English culture and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native African culture. He also made his first friendship outside the Thembu dominated province of the Eastern Cape, which was a Sotho language-speaker.

Mandela also spent much of his spare time long-distance running and went on to become a metro boxer later in Johannesburg. And in his second year Mandela became a prefect..

Mandela began work on a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree at the University of Fort Hare, an elite black institution in Alice,also in the Eastern Cape.

There he studied English, anthropology, politics, native administration, and Roman Dutch law in his first year. The plan was that he would become an interpreter or clerk in the Native Affairs Department.

Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman, K.D. Matanzima, as well as Oliver Tambo, who was to becomee a close friend and comrade for decades to come.

Continuing his interest in sport and recreation, Mandela took up ballroom dancing, performed in a drama society play about Abraham Lincoln. He also gave Bible classes in the local community as part of the Students Christian Association.

Although having friends connected to the ANC and the anti-imperialist movement who wanted an independent South Africa, Mandela avoided any involvement at this stage.

He became a vocal supporter of the British war effort when the Second World War broke out. Helping found a first-year students' house committee which challenged the dominance of the second-years. And at the end of his first year he became involved in a Students' Representative Council (SRC) boycott against the quality of food, for which he was temporarily suspended and then expelled from the Fort Hare University.

Mandela left the university without receiving a degree.

At the University of South Africa (UNISA) now in Johannesburg, he graduated for his first degree.

Living in Johannesburg in the 1940s, and staying with a cousin in George Goch township, Mandela was introduced to the realtor and ANC activist Walter Sisulu, who secured him a job as an articled clerk at law firm Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman.

The company was run by a liberal Jew, Lazar Sidelsky, who was sympathetic to the ANC's cause.

Mandela, became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League in 1944 the the likes of Anton Lembede, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo among others.

And after the Afrikaner nationalists of the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of Apartheid (Separate Development), he rose to prominence in the ANC’s 1952 Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and later oversaw the 1955 Congress of the People.

In the 1950s he was to experience a series of imprisonments a a human rights lawyer and politician.

In 1952 he was chosen as the National Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance Campaign with Maulvi Cachalia as his deputy.

In 1952 he also formed his lawyer firm and was joined by Oliver Tambo, in what became Mandela/Tambo Attorneys.

Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty.

In 1952, Mandela had prophesied. He said, "I will be the first black president of South Africa".

In the 1950s, Mandela was also in the forefront of promoting alternative and adult education to what the apartheid regime were offering Black people. This was after in 1953, the government implemented the Bantu Education Act, which meant an inferior education system for Black people.

Along with freedom, education would become one of Mandela's top priorities till his passing.

"Education is the great engine of personal development. It is through education that the daughter of a peasant can become a doctor, that the son of a mineworker can become the head of the mine, that a child of farmworkers can become the president of a great nation. It is what we make out of what we have, not what we are given, that separates one person from another." Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom

To sum it up, Mandela called on each person to rise above his or her limitations.

On 25 March, 1961 Nelson Mandela was appointed the honorary Secretary of the All-African National Action Council during the All Africa Conference attended by 1, 400 delegates from 145 institutions. The conference was held in Pietermaritzburg.

Mandela who at first was appointed its honorary secretary and later became head of Umkhonto weSizwe (the Spear of the Nation), a militant ANC organization which used sabotage (destruction of property) and other tactics Mandela used to undermine the Apartheid government.

Although initially committed to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party Mandela co-founded the militant MK in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against government targets.

The ANC agreed to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Traveling there in secret, he met with Emperor Haile Selassie I, and gave his speech after Selassie's at the conference.

After the conference, and joined by Oliver Tambo who was now based in London, Mandela travelled to Cairo, Egypt, admiring the political reforms of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and then went to Tunis, Tunisia, where President Habib Bourguiba gave him £5000 for weaponry. He proceeded to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Senegal, receiving funds from Liberian President William Tubman and Guinean President Ahmed Sékou Touré.

When he left Africa for London, England, he met anti-apartheid activists, journalists and prominent leftist politicians.

Returning to Ethiopia, he began a six-month course in guerrilla warfare, but completed only two months before the ANC asked him to come back to South Africa and finish what he had started.

He was arrested in a police roadblock outside Howick on 5 August while returning from KwaZulu-Natal, where he had briefed ANC President Chief Albert Luthuli about his trip.

And in 1962 he was arrested, convicted of skipping the country without permission and inciting workers to strike.

While still on in prison, in another trial with his senior comrades, he faced a trail on conspiracy to overthrow the government, and in 1964 was sentenced for sabotage to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. He and his comrades were incarcerated on Robben Island.

"I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realised. But, My Lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."

— Rivonia Trial Speech on the Dock, 1964

Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, and later with few other comrades went to Pollsmoor Prison and then Madiba finished his sentence at the Victor Verster Prison, Paarl. In the 1980s an international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife.

Becoming ANC President, Mandela went on to publish his International Best-Seller autobiography Long Walk to Freedom around 1995 after successfully leading negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish Apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in-which he led the ANC to victory.

Mandela was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse ethnic tensions.

At his inauguration world leaders from all corners of the globe were present to witness this historical moment. Also, among the invited guest by Mandela, were his former prison warders.

Later, as president, he had tea with the wife of the architect of Apartheid, Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd, and also reconciled with many other apartheid leaders including P.W Botha.

During his inauguration speech Mandela said,

"Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world.

The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement!

Let freedom reign.

God bless Africa!

Thank you."

- Nelson Mandela Inaugural Speech, Pretoria, May 10, 1994

Furthermore, as President, he established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses.

Dr. Mandela’s government introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services.

Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho.

Mandela was also Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999.

He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy Thabo Mbeki, subsequently becoming an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation, the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund, including other foundations which later emerged.

Madiba, as he is affectionately known by his Clan name, gained international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-Apartheid stance, having received over 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Soviet Order of Lenin. There are many other awards & honors he received while incarcerated.

Also, streets, halls, parks, schools, train stations and other facilities have been named after him in many countries across the world.

Dr. Mandela will always be held in very high esteem in South Africa where he is called as Tata meaning Father; he is often described as “The Father of the Nation”.

Other remarkable feet in the great journey of Madiba is that in 2003 he donated his Robben Island prison number of 46664 to the global fight against AIDS.

He later on launched in London, another world campaign called 'Make Poverty History'.

Coming into office in 2009 President Jacob Zuma spearheaded the mission to have the United Nations declaring Madiba’s birthday on July 18, as the Mandela Day.

Every year on 18 July — the day Nelson Mandela was born — the UN joins a call by the Nelson Mandela Foundation to devote 67 minutes of our time to helping others, as a way to mark Nelson Mandela International Day.

For 67 years Nelson Mandela devoted his life to the service of humanity — as a human rights lawyer, a prisoner of conscience, an international peacemaker and the first democratically elected president of a free South Africa.

As 2017 is the year of Oliver Reginald Tambo. Tambo, the longest service president of the ANC, would have turned 100 years this year if he was still alive, it is fitting to end this scribe with abstract from Mandela's address at the funeral of OR Tamboon May 2, 1993.

Mandela said,

Dear brother, dear friend, dear comrade:

You did all this and continued to maintain tolerance for your detractors and a healthy scorn for your enemies.

Today we stand watching the dawn of a new day.

We can see that we have it in our power to remake South Africa into what you wanted it to be - free, just, prosperous, at peace with itself and with the world.

Let all who value peace say together - long live Oliver Tambo!Let all who love freedom say together - long live Oliver Tambo!Let all who uphold the dignity of all human beings say together - long live Oliver Tambo!Let all who stand for friendship among the peoples say together - long live Oliver Tambo!Let all of us who live say that while we live, the ideals for which Oliver Tambo lived, sacrificed and died will not die!Let all of us who live, say that while we live, Oliver Tambo will not die!May he, for his part, rest in peace.Go well, my brother and farewell, dear friend.

As you instructed, we will bring peace to our tormented land.As you directed, we will bring freedom to the oppressed and liberation to the oppressor.As you strived, we will restore the dignity of the dehumanised.As you commanded, we will defend the option of a peaceful resolution of our problems.As you prayed, we will respond to the cries of the wretched of the earth. As you loved them, we will, always, stretch out a hand of endearment to those who are your flesh and blood.

In all this, we will not fail you.

NEWS24

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