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soylent-crocodile · 1 year ago

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Red Bulborb (Monster)

(Copyright Nintendo, Artist Unknown)

(I don't know why the Pikmin wiki's version of this art has a flourescent blue background, but I am not an image editor nor could I find better version of this art, so that's what we're using.

I'll be posting Pikmin homebrew for the next two weeks! My history with Pikmin is a funny one- I have been fascinated by its fanciful creatures since one of my classmates brought in the Prima guide to Pikmin 1 in middle school, but I didn't much play the games until the first two were rereleased on Switch this summer. I did rent the original back when that was a thing, and I own Pikmin 3 for the Wii U, but I got particular far in neither. Instead, I watched Chuggaaconroy's Let's Plays, in fact finding him through an attempt to watch, rather than play, Pikmin.

Now, though, I've finished Pikmin 1 twice and started- and paused- Pikmin 2. I adore the setting and its creatures more than ever, and this blog here is how I express that love. So here's bulborbs!)

Bulborbs are strange nocturnal omnivores, neither insect nor mammal, who dwell in forests. Most bulborb are about the size of a songbird, stalking the undergrowth for insects and roots to devour, but a few grow much bigger.

The giant bulborb is a species the size of a turkey, and is farmed in some places. Its rump and snout are both very meaty, with the rump in particular being a rich combination of fat and muscle that is described as having a sweet, flavor closest to pork. Rare and dangerous, however, is the maneater bulborb, an aberrantly huge creature named for its ability to devour travelers and hunters whole.

There are many varieties of bulborb. The orange bulborb is a more dangerous and particularly alert species that can be represented by giving it the Advanced simple template and an additional +2 to Wisdom. The whiptongue bulborb is known for its anteater-like tongue it uses to collect large masses of insects, and can be represented by replacing the bulborb's bite attack with a tongue attack that has grab. In the giant bulborb, this attack has a 10ft reach and deals 1d3 damage, and in the maneater bulborb, this attack has a 30ft reach and deals 1d6 damage.

Giant Red Bulborb can be taken as a familiar.

Red Bulborb Companion

Starting Statistics: AC: +4 Size: Medium Speed: 30ft Attack: Bite (1d6 plus Grab) Ability Scores: Str:17 Dex:12 Con:14 Int:1 Wis:15 Cha:6 Special Qualities: Swallow Whole (1d6 Acid) 7th Level Advancement:AC: +4 Size: Large Speed: 40ft Attack: Bite (1d8 plus Grab) Ability Scores: Str:+4 Dex:-4 Con:+4 Special Qualities: Swallow Whole (2d6 Acid)

Red Bulborb, Giant

This bright red, turkey sized animal waddles around on two tiny legs, giant stalked eyes watching for food. Misc- CR½ TN Small Animal HD1 Init:+2 Senses: Perception:+4 Low-Light Vision Stats- Str:13(+1) Dex:14(+2) Con:12(+1) Int:1(+0) Wis:10(+0) Cha:6(-2) BAB:+0 Space:2.5ft Reach:0ft Defense- HP:6(1d8+1) AC:13 (+2 Dex, +1 Size) Fort:+3 Ref:+4 Will:+0 CMD:12 (-2 vs Trip) Weakness: Vulnerable to Fire Offense- Bite +2(1d4+1) CMB:+0 Speed:20ft Feats- Iron Will Skills- Perception +4 Ecology-Environment- Forests (Temperate) Languages- None Organization- Solitary Treasure- None

Red Bulborb, Maneater

This massive creature is apparently all head and ravenous maw, with only stalk eyes, two avian legs, and a bright red rear to contrast its large mouth. Misc- CR4 TN Large Animal HD6 Init:-1 Senses: Perception: +11, Low-Light Vision Stats- Str:21(+5) Dex:8(-1) Con:18(+4) Int:1(+0) Wis:15(+2) Cha:6(-2) BAB:+4 Space:10ft Reach:5ft Defense- HP:51(6d8+24) AC:16 (-1 Dex, -1 Size, +8 Natural) Fort:+9 Ref:+6 Will:+4 CMD:19 (-2 vs Trip) Weakness: Vulnerable to Fire Offense- Bite +8(1d8+5 plus grab) CMB:+10 (+2 to Grapple) Speed:40ft Special Attacks: Swallow Whole (4d6 Acid, AC14, 13HP) Feats- Lightning Reflexes, Skill Focus (Perception), Power Attack (-2/+4) Skills- Sleath +5, Perception +11 Ecology-Environment- Forests (Temperate) Languages- None Organization- Solitary, Huddle (1 Maneater Bulborb, 1-3 Giant Bulborb) Treasure- None

#soylent original #monsters and races #pikmin

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wingherc · 3 months ago

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1. What they smell like: So I'm allergic to perfumes+colognes so I can't pinpoint exactly what I think he'd smell like: but definitely something not too offensive but still pleasant. Notes of musk and maybe some sort of beech wood?

2. How they sleep (sleeping position, schedule, etc): He can't really sleep on his back, so he sleeps on his stomach, taking up as much room as possible on the bed. He's definitely a bed hog...And blanket hog...And pillow hog. Guy loves being comfortable! And naturally he's early to bed, early to rise, but he's no stranger to breaking his routine if his work schedule needs it.

3. What music they enjoy: A bit of everything, he has no shame in blasting 80s, country, pop, etc. Just depends on what he's vibing with at the time! He thinks ska is funny and will blast that to make people mad.

4. How much time they spend getting ready every morning: Hawks has his morning routine down pat, so he can get ready pretty quick. It's winding down from the day that he takes his time.

5. Their favorite thing to collect: It's a habit he has from his avian physiology, but he likes to collect shiny things! He gets embarrassed if you call him out on it.

6. Left or right-handed: Given he's a dual-wielder, he's ambidextrious. But, when writing he tends to favor his left.

7. Religion (if any): N/A

9. Favorite touristy thing to do when traveling: Those tourist trap shops and restaurants. He thinks they're REALLY funny.

10. Favorite kind of weather: Sunshiine with a couple of clouds gracing the sky! Though, he can also vibe with a nice overcast day too. As long as it's not raining.

11. A weird / obscure fear they have: Not doing enough. He's got his philosophies he sticks to, but he's working towards a better world, and with life being so fickle in his line of work, it's something that lingers in the back of his mind.

12. The carnival / arcade game they always win without fail: Besides the obvious ones like darts or ring toss, Hawks is scary precise and excels at precision: so those games that require you to not touch the metal poles with rings for a big prize are ones he loves to challenge himself with!

#headcanon.#i yoinked this

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patioproductions · 1 year ago

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Deep Seating Wicker Patio Furniture Sets

Deep-seated wicker patio furniture offers widened dimensions to increase the comfort of your outdoor patio furniture. This is well-suited for taller individuals and those who enjoy the feeling of laying back on their outdoor sofas. On the contrary, normal seats can make you feel like you are sitting on the edge of your seat. This creates discomfort and detracts from your overall experience. This article will provide more information about the design of deep-seating patio furniture sets and some of our most popular options. Patio Productions specializes in high-end patio furniture. Visit our homepage to browse a wider variety of products. Deep Seating Outdoor Furniture Deep seating furniture describes furniture that features an extended depth on the seat bottom. This means you have more space to scoot back in your seat so that your entire upper leg is on the sectional. This is highly recommended for individuals over 6' tall. Although deep-seated furniture is considered an upgrade, it may not be ideal in all cases. Shorter people can sometimes feel as though the depth of the seats creates a feeling of being "sunken" into the sofa where your back cannot reach the seat back when you are scooted all the way back with the back of your knees against the front of the sofa. In this case, standard outdoor seating would be suitable for you. If you have individuals in your family that are both tall and short, you can consider adding extra throw pillows to create a compromising solution for both parties. Key Features of Deep Seating Furniture: - Spacious Design - Oversized - Overstuffed Cushions - Generous Frame Construction Deep Seating vs Standard Seating Dimensions As a primary example, many customers comment about the depth of the Barbados Collection from Sunset West. This is not to say that the Barbados is inferior to any other sectional set. In fact, it is one of our most popular items. Just as you would have to find the right size fitting for your shoes, the same is true for your outdoor furniture. The image below demonstrates the difference in seating dimensions between our deep seating sofa (left) and the Barbados collection, which has a much more narrow depth. The Most Popular Deep Seating Sets of 2018 1. Cubo Wicker Sofa and Club Chair Sets - 40" Seat Depth 2. Havana Sofa Set - 37" Depth The Havana Wicker Sofa Set 3. Urbana Deep Seating Wicker Sectional - 34.75" Depth Urbana 5 Pc Sectional Set 4. Urbana Eclipse Sectional Set - 34.75" Depth 7 Pc. Urbana Curved Sectional 5. Ciera Wicker Sectional Set - 37.5" Seat Depth 6. Delago Wicker Sofa Set - 37" Seat Depth 7. Hudson Wicker Sectional Set - 37" Seat Depth 8. Majorca Wicker Sectional Set - 37" Seat Depth 9. Catalina Sofa Set - 37" Seat Depth 3 Pc. Catalina Sofa Set 10. Avian Wicker Sofa Set - 37" Seat Depth 11. Ramsey Wicker Sofa Set - 36" Seat Depth 12. Leona Sofa Set - 36" Seat Depth 13. Lexington Outdoor Sofa Set - 36" Depth 14. Serenity Wicker Sofa Set - 36" Seat Depth 15. Coronado Wicker Sofa Set - 35" Seat Depth Coronado Wicker Sofa Set 16. Mia Outdoor Sofa Set - 35" Seat Depth 4 Pc. Mia Outdoor Sofa Set 17. Kingsly Wicker Sofa Set - 35" Seat Depth 18. Bay Harbor Sofa Set - 34.25" Seat Depth 3 Pc. Bay Harbor Sofa Set 19. Hampton Outdoor Wicker Furniture Set - 33.5" Seat Depth 8 Pc. Hampton Outdoor Wicker Sectional 20. Wreak Beach Sofa Set - 33.5" Seat Depth Important to Note One more thing to mention. Normal patio furniture covers won't fit over deep seating sets. Most furniture manufacturers create their own furniture covers. Search for covers made for your specific seating set first. - View Patio Covers Designed for Deep Seating Sets. Where to Buy Deep Seating Wicker Patio Furniture Patio Productions carries all of the Top Rated Outdoor Wicker Brands. We carry over 100 Deep Seating Sofa Sets. A variety of materials are available to you, from aluminum to all-weather wicker patio sofas. You can contact us for specific inquiries. Please have the name of the set you're interested in purchasing. Thank you in advance. --View Deep Seating Outdoor Sofa Sets-- More Ergonomic Outdoor Furniture: - The Top 10 Outdoor Patio Furniture Brands - Thick Wicker Furniture Sets with Rounded Strands - Outdoor Cushion Buying Guide: Materials, Foam, & Padding - The Best Outdoor Wicker Furniture Brands About the Author Cheryl Khan is able to lend her insight on this topic after spending years in the design field. She has learned that all outdoor furniture is not the same. She is a contributing author to the Patio Productions Blog where she shares outdoor living tips to transform your backyard! Read the full article

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walkfromhome · 2 years ago

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The 10th dimensional instruction set gives the perfect morphogenetic field instruction set pattern of our double, our true self organic spirit self in 6D, and the 10th dimensional wing instruction set applies to the correct sixth dimensional indigo sapphire ray pattern in our body. Thus, this integration surfaces the most common 10D related trauma events that are connected to; the Fallen Seraphim histories in Vega, the NAA invasion in Hatshepsut Temple and the holocaust during the Djoser invasion in Sakkara, Egypt. These particular traumatic timeline events were designed as a part of the fog of warfare to create the division and separation between the Father Seraphim genetics and Mother Elohim genetics, because the Father’s Seraphim original lineage going back to Vega at the tenth dimensional level are the avian genetics, and where the Fallen Seraphim lines that became Fallen Angelics and Dragon Moth entities have come from.

The 9th dimensional instruction set gives the perfect morphogenetic field instruction set pattern of our double, our true self organic spirit self in 7D, and the 9th dimensional wing instruction set applies to the correct seventh dimensional violet ray pattern in our body. Thus, this particular integration surfaces the most common 9D related trauma events that are connected to; the Nephilim War histories, 9-11 Armageddon software programs, the Ruby Sun DNA hijack, Necromiton and Milab histories, White Horse symbolism, clearing Family of Michael blue sword for 3-6-9 horizontal rod repairs, clearing Belial Annunaki Luciferian agendas and Nibiruian checkerboard mutations.

Simultaneously, the Cosmic Emerald Elohei Guardian showdown in the United Kingdom 11D gates continue, as this area is critical for anchoring corrected 5D timelines in the planetary body. There has been a major exodus occurring in many of the dimensional fields impacted by astral reconstruction, as massive amounts of souls are being moved, and this has involved a lot of activity of negotiating, transiting, and clearing of assorted karmic-miasmatic debris in the collective consciousness. The 11th dimensional instruction set gives the perfect morphogenetic field instruction set pattern of our double, our true self organic spirit self in 5D, and the 11th dimensional instruction set applies to the correct fifth dimensional blue ray pattern in our body.

(Source)

Regulus, the ultramarine star in the heart of the Lion, is one of the four royal stars that roar within in order to point us towards the north, as we must find the inner courage to face our spiritual challenges and rise to our heroic probability. Leo constellation is a direct reference to the Cosmic Elohei Mother lineages. As we awaken and return to our spiritual home with our Cosmic Holy Mother, we recognize that she chose to create and embody into the original Feline-Leonine hominin forms as the Elohei-Elohim.

The Emerald Order of Elohei-Elohim seeded the Anuhazi Feline-Leonine races through the Lyran 12th Stargate, Aramatena. They are the original founders of the eternal Christos angelic human races, the Cosmic Elohei Mother Eieyani Grail lineage seeded in Lyra that are the genetic parents of the Azurites and Oraphim. Hence in homage and recognition of the Cosmic Elohei Feline-Leonine original forms, ancient human cultures recognized Leo the Lion, and the feline races connected to the original cosmic source representing the Cosmic Mother’s first creation. The original Sphinx in Giza marked the planetary Solar gateway that faced the Leo constellation on the March Equinox where many of the Leonine races originate from, and through which many are connected to the High Lyran-Sirian Councils. It is well known that felines were beloved in their spiritual and magical representation in ancient Egyptian culture, but many are not aware that the feline symbolism was connected to honoring the Cosmic Holy Mother’s first creation principle in our time matrix.

The Elohei-Elohim groups built many of the planetary grid networks and their holographic geography features for the purpose of facilitating the Emerald Covenant and planetary ascension, and to perform the necessary spiritual retrievals that reset the grid back into alignment with natural laws during the Universal Ascension. Thus, these themes are surfacing now for those awakening to consciously participate with the retrieval or clearing process with the returning Emerald Order Cosmic Elohei spiritual families that birthed the KRYSTHL matrices into creation. These are the Blue Ray Melchizedek’s that are directly sourced from the same Cosmic Mother Elohei-Elohim dragon lineages that originally designed the planetary grid in layers of geomantic blueprints, holding the living consciousness geometries designed to perform specific functions.

The Cosmic Mother lineages of Emerald Order-Blue Flame are intrinsically Guardian timekeepers and grid keepers with various functions and roles in their cellular memory and genetic history. Some may awaken into the awareness that another station of identity in future time has certain relationships with spiritual family that contributed directly to the building out and embodiment of various ancient stargates, portals, or grid networks that comprise the multidimensional layers of the planetary consciousness body. The ancient builders of the Cosmic Christos Suns source from the 1st God World creation of the Emerald Order and appear to transfigure into multiple forms in order to accomplish certain tasks. Like the Liquid Solar Plasma Rings of Djedi pillars that make up the Universal Ankh God body that easily shapeshift into Solar Dragon forms that build out complex living matrices of crystalline holographic architecture that form timelines. We have witnessed multiple Cosmic Christos Suns transfiguring into the layers of complexity of the Universal Ankh Body with one or multiple color spectrums, which may further down step into moving sheets of light to straddle multiple dimensions of time simultaneously. They easily shapeshift into inhabiting and sharing consciousness streams through the Ancient Eye that exists inside the Christos Solar Dragon forms for the purpose of transmigratory consciousness. This can express as travelling Cosmic Christos consciousness lifestreams moving from one location to another, such as travelling to different star constellations and galaxies.

(Source)

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digitalmarketingguideline · 2 years ago

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furederiko · 2 years ago

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If you like birds, Paldea might be the Pokémon region for you... 🤫

**Spoiler Alert**

...

It has 10 avian-themed new mons (counting their evolutions) in it. Heck, Quaxly pretty much becomes a dancing peacock. 😳

That number is second highest after Gen 1. For comparison, here's the number of (new) birds in past regions:

Kanto 11

Johto 7

Hoenn 9

Sinnoh 8

Unova 7

Kalos 6

Alola 6

Galar 5

Some birds from those regions (Oricorio, all evolution line of Talonflame, Wingull, Altaria, etc) have also been confirmed to appear in the game, via trailers and CMs.

It's looking like we might be getting a diverse aviary collection in one gen soon enough! 😁

Note:

I already posted this on Twitter. But I can elaborate it much further here... 🤭

Not including Flying-types not based on Birds, such as Aerodactyl, Togekiss, or Archeops. 😅

There's a possibility I might have discounted those numbers. But that doesn't change the point I'm trying to make.

#just for fun #game #pokemon #pokemon scarlet violet #pokemon leaks #nintendo switch

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susiron · 3 years ago

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I love Webtoons and its ability to help my ADHD ass keep up with comics. The artists that post their comics there deserve a lot of love and support, and I wanna share my favorites (in no particular order)! Some of them are more popular than others, while some are newer or I had to dig for them.

1. Castle Swimmer

This Webtoon got me to download the app in the first place. It’s a very cute comic about gay merpeople and prophecies and I love it dearly. It has lovely representation (trans, gay, bi, and even ace characters!), an adorable art style, and I love the unfolding story of it. Seeing a merpeople comic that’s entirely underwater and without humans is really cool too. It has some pretty rad fish and monster designs also, including the cutest little axolotl-puppy.

2. Lumine

Another super cute one. It involves werewolf (and weredog) people and witches. I love the art and the dynamic between the two main characters. The character designs are all so simple but so lovely. I’m obsessed with how they draw paws.

3. Suitor Armor

I love literally everything about this comic. The characters, the art, the story. It’s on hiatus right now and I’ll be racing to read it once it returns. It’s about fairies, magic, and the most precious suit of armor since Alphonse Elric. It also has some great representation and the loveliest drawn hair.

4. The Croaking

Very gay, very good. Awesome art, really interesting world building, intriguing characters and story. The romance in it is a very slow burn with lots of twists and turns and it has had me hooked for a long while now. When I first started reading it I like got no sleep to catch up with the story. It’s about a world full of avian people (people with bird wings) with a lot of racial tension between the various types of bird species.

5. Heir’s Game

It’s about a man of noble birth falling in love with one of the men fighting to become his bodyguard in a series of duels. The world building for the country the story is based in is really cool, and it’s just as gay as you might expect.

6. Everything is Fine

I just started reading this one and damn if it aint unsettling. FAIR WARNING it’s got some graphic depictions of violence, and also an early depiction of a dead dog (there are warnings in the comic for when these occur). It involves an idealistic neighborhood of people wearing these goofy cat masks, with every page slowly revealing something more fucked up going on under the tense surface.

7. Nomads

This one is very new but I’m already loving it. It’s about a dude deciding to become a “nomad” to explore a world that restricts travel otherwise. The art for it is already lovely and I’m interested to see more of the world and story!

8. AstralSounds

This one is about funky little alien dudes exploring the universe and collecting specimens to research-- as well as the intricacies of interacting with intelligent extraterrestrial life. Space is typically not my jam, but the story is interesting and I love the creature designs.

9. Equus Siderae

Anyone that consistently draws horses as well as this artist manages to deserves a medal. Seeing the artist’s work improve over the course of the comic is particularly awesome. If you want a story with animal protags, and some crazy magic shenanigans, it’s a really interesting one.

10. Forgotten

This is another one I just started (and am not caught up with). It’s about cats solving cat murders and the art is REALLY fucking cute. I definitely need to read more of it.

11. The Little Trashmaid

Of all the comics I’ve listed here this one is the least story-driven one. You’ve possibly seen the original Little Trashmaid drawing when it made its rounds on Tumblr years ago. This comic is very cute and wholesome and it is going somewhere with its characters between all the shenanigans. Also the artist uses the comic to support cleaning up the oceans, helping bees, and other eco-friendly pursuits!

12. Fox Fires

I only started this comic a few weeks ago and I couldn’t stop reading it until I was caught up. The characters are all animals (with the main character being a raccoon dog), and the story is heavily inspired by Finnish mythology. It has some wicked elf designs and the art style is adorable.

#webtoons #susi howls #comics #comic recommendations #web comics #graphic novels #dead animal mention/

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thegrandimago · 4 years ago

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This time last April, on the 50th anniversary of Earth Day, the world was coming to grips with the isolation of quarantine and the economic and travel slowdowns that defined the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. Even now, with the rollout of vaccines, the virus continues to affect our daily lives. And the toll keeps growing: 3 million dead and more than 140 million cases worldwide.

If anything, the worst public health crisis in a century has brought our understanding of our planet, and our place in the fragile yet resilient web of life throughout it, into stark relief.

Amid so much grief and loss and uncertainty, the biodiversity crisis paced ahead over the past year, becoming a much bigger theme on the world stage. The climate crisis worsened, too. Wildfires blazed. Ecosystems became even more fouled up than they already were.

At the same time, the marked reduction in human activity spurred by the pandemic — what some experts have dubbed the “Anthropause” — has afforded scientists and researchers opportunities to observe the natural world like never before. Coinciding with these unique observational windows has been an increase in attention on Indigenous knowledge and land stewardship as a way forward in combating ecological catastrophe.

In true Vox tradition, here are the 10 most concerning, intriguing, and — dare we say — hopeful things we learned about our planet since the last Earth Day.

1) We saw just how quickly ocean noise pollution can drop, and how much that can help marine life

For a moment last spring, things got very quiet in the oceans.

The drop in human activity that came with the pandemic resulted in drastic and voluntary sound reductions that ran the underwater gamut: from a drop in shipping noise, the predominant source of man-made ocean noise pollution, to decreases in recreation and tourism. All of it suddenly ceased.

In Alaska’s Glacier Bay National Park, the foraging grounds of humpback whales, the loudest underwater sounds last May were less than half as loud as those in May 2018, according to a Cornell University analysis. A May 2020 paper in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America found that underwater noise off the Vancouver coast was half as loud in April as the loudest sounds recorded in the months preceding the shipping traffic slowdown.

Chronic underwater ocean noise had been rising over the past few decades, to the detriment of marine life that have evolved to use sound to navigate their world. “There is clear evidence that noise compromises hearing ability and induces physiological and behavioral changes in marine animals,” reads an assessment of marine noise pollution research published in the journal Science in February.

The majority of ocean noise pollution is a byproduct of economic activity. But compared with massively complex issues like climate change, noise is relatively easy to turn down, at least a little. Silencing it at its source has an immediate positive impact: Famously, researchers studying right whales on the East Coast measured a drop in the animals’ stress hormones in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, after shipping traffic abruptly dropped. Even tiny fish larvae are better able to locate the coral reefs where they were born, which themselves emit sound, when the oceans get quiet.

Man-made ocean noise has since ramped back up and is now stabilized near pre-pandemic levels. But it fell silent for long enough last March, April, and May that a global team of scientists is actively scrubbing through audio recordings gathered by around 230 non-military hydrophones — underwater microphones — that monitor ocean noise around the world. They aim to study the “year of the quiet ocean” in the context of ocean sounds before, during, and after the pandemic.

2) A new study found that the Amazon is likely warming — not cooling — the planet

The world’s largest and most species-rich tropical forest, the Amazon, is home to billions of trees that not only provide refuge to a diverse assemblage of organisms but also store and absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide.

That’s what makes the conclusion of a study published this spring so alarming: Due to human activity, the Amazon is likely contributing to — not offsetting, as one might expect— global warming. “The current net biogeochemical effect of the Amazon Basin is most likely to warm the atmosphere,” the researchers wrote in the paper.

While the Amazon is still absorbing loads of CO2, human activities in the basin, such as deforestation, are driving up emissions of CO2 and other more potent greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide across the basin.

Deforestation, for one, deals a double punch: It both releases gases into the atmosphere and removes CO2-absorbing trees from the equation. That equation now sees the Amazon generating more greenhouse gases than it emits, the study suggests. (It’s worth noting, though, this is all really complicated. For more, check out Craig Welch’s story in National Geographic or read the full study here.)

3) We discovered a bunch of new species

While humans have made a mark on all corners of Earth, we’ve only discovered a small fraction of the species that occupy it. In fact, that fraction could be smaller than 1 percent. And remarkably, not all of those species are tiny microbes and insects. They’re also fish, lizards, bats, and even whales. That’s right: Even giant mammals can elude scientists.

In January, researchers at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said they discovered a new species of baleen whale in the Gulf of Mexico. (You can find the paper describing the discovery here.) Other teams of scientists are also on the trail of what could be yet another new whale species.

Last year, researchers documented scores of new plants and animals, from geckos and sea slugs to flowering plants and sand dollars, as Vox’s Brian Resnick reported. Our favorite? Brookesia nana, a thumbnail-sized chameleon native to northern Madagascar. It may be the smallest reptile on Earth; it’s certainly the cutest.

4) We got a much clearer picture of just how much wildlife we’re losing

The numbers aren’t good.

In September, the World Wildlife Fund published a report showing that the global populations of several major animal groups, including mammals and birds, have declined by almost 70 percent in the last 50 years due to human activity.

A separate report, published in Nature this year, found that populations of ocean sharks and rays have plummeted by more than 70 percent in roughly the same period. And one-third of freshwater fish have been found to be at risk of extinction.

A number of species were also declared extinct over the last year. Those include the smooth handfish, a bottom-dweller that rests atop human-like appendages on the seafloor. It was the first marine fish species to be declared extinct in modern history. (Environmental journalist John Platt has a list of recent extinctions in 2020 at Scientific American.)

5) Protecting plants and animals hinges on a thriving ecotourism industry

In the early days of the pandemic, the popular “Nature is healing” meme overshadowed a darker reality in many parts of the world: As travel ground to a halt, so did revenue from wildlife tourism, putting some wildlife conservation efforts at risk.

The fallout was most severe in Africa. According to a new collection of research from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), a government and civil society group, more than half of the continent’s protected areas had to pause or limit field patrols and other operations to stop poachers in the wake of the pandemic.

“Parks have emptied out to a large extent and there’s no money coming in,” Nigel Dudley, a co-author of one of the IUCN papers, told Reuters last month.

Some communities are deeply reliant on wildlife tourism. Late last year, Vox’s Brian Resnick spoke to veterinarian Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka, who is working to keep coronavirus-susceptible gorillas alive in Uganda’s Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.

When tourism dropped, “everybody was struggling,” she said. “The local economy suffered and poaching went up.” (You can read more of Resnick’s conversation with her here.)

6) Researchers uncovered more proof that a key system of ocean currents is weakening

Graphics that show changes in ocean temperature over time generally reveal one trend: The ocean is heating up. But there’s one critical exception. Just below Greenland lies a large patch of water that’s cooling off. And that patch has scientists concerned that we could be nearing a tipping point for the climate.

The cold patch, scientists say, signals that a network of currents that bring warm water to the North Atlantic — known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, or AMOC — is slowing down, and the melting of ice on Greenland is likely a culprit. One paper, published in the journal Nature in March, suggests that the current AMOC slowdown is “unprecedented in over a thousand years.”

The AMOC shapes weather across multiple continents, so any major slowdown will carry major consequences that could include faster sea-level rise in some regions, stronger hurricanes, and other changes in weather, to say nothing of the impacts to marine ecosystems.

But to be clear, the science on this is new and complex. For a great run-down, check out this recent visual feature in the New York Times.

7) The asteroid that killed the dinosaurs gave rise to the Amazon rainforest

The massive asteroid that struck Earth 66 million years ago may be best known for driving non-avian dinosaurs to extinction, but it also transformed entire ecosystems.

It may have even given rise to the Amazon rainforest, according to a study published in Science earlier this month. The finding is based on an analysis of about 50,000 fossil pollen records and 6,000 fossil leaf records in Colombia from before and after the asteroid crashed into what is now Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.

The data reveals two vastly different forests. Before the event, the forests were stocked with conifers and ferns, and the trees were spread out, with plenty of room for light to stream through the canopy. After the asteroid event, however, flowering plants started to dominate the landscape and the canopy became much more tightly packed, resembling the forest we know today.

“If you returned to the day before the meteorite fall, the forest would have an open canopy with a lot of ferns, many conifers, and dinosaurs,” study co-author Carlos Jaramillo of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama told New Scientist. “The forest we have today is the product of one event 66 million years ago.”

The idea here is that the asteroid impact somehow triggered a series of events that led to the modern Amazon rainforest. What were those events? One theory the researchers offer is that, before the asteroid, herbivorous dinosaurs prevented the forest from becoming dense by eating and trampling plants.

8) A review of more than 300 studies showed that the rate of deforestation is lower on Indigenous lands

The global conservation movement is pushing forward a plan to conserve 30 percent of the Earth by 2030 — an initiative known as 30 by 30 — and increasingly calling for Indigenous communities to be central to that effort.

These groups have historically been uprooted from land in the name of wildlife conservation. There is also greater evidence that forests fare better when they are governed by Indigenous and tribal territories.

A recent UN review of more than 300 studies found that forests within tribal territories in Latin America and the Caribbean have significantly lower rates of deforestation where land rights are formally recognized.

“In just about every country in the region Indigenous and tribal territories have lower deforestation rates than other forest areas,” wrote the authors of the report, which was published by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization and the Fund for the Development of Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean. “Many Indigenous territories prevent deforestation as effectively as non-Indigenous protected areas, and some even more effectively.”

9) Wildfire smoke can turn the sky an apocalyptic orange

If there was one day in 2020 that defined the climate emergency, it could have been September 9, when the sky above San Francisco turned completely orange.

Strong winds had carried smoke from fires burning across California to the atmosphere above the city. Particles of soot absorbed or reflected blue light from the sun, letting only orange-ish light through. (Wired has the details.)

But what made the image go viral wasn’t so much the science but what it symbolized: a growing climate catastrophe.

Climate change is making wildfires more frequent and severe, and 2020 provided more devastating evidence. Last year was California’s worst wildfire season on record. By the end of the year, nearly 10,000 fires had burned over 4 million acres — an astonishing 4 percent of California’s total land, according to the state.

10) Scientists finally solved the mystery of why wombats poop cubes

Sure, it may not have kept you up at night, but the mystery of the bare-nosed wombat’s poop puzzled scientists for decades. Why do these adorable, chunky marsupials, native to Australia and Tasmania, leave behind feces with six sides?

Thanks to a new study — published in the journal Soft Matter — we now have the answer.

Building on research published a few years earlier, a team of scientists found that wombat intestines have regions of varying thickness and elasticity that contract at different speeds: The stiffer regions contract relatively quickly, while softer sections squeeze more slowly, together forming a cube-like shape.

But there’s still a bit of mystery left: Why is their poop shaped like this? The jury’s still out, but some researchers believe it’s because wombats climb up on rocks and logs, and the cube-like shape prevents the feces from rolling away. This is key for wombats because they use piles of feces to communicate with other wombats.

What a difference a year makes, truly.

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grubloved · 4 years ago

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let's talk bird feeders!!!

there's actually so many options when it comes to giving a snack to ur feathery neighbors. some are harder, and some are easier, so picking one right for you & your neighborhood is totally possible and will make ur experience better!

it's always a good idea to sit down and do some research before deciding to put up a bird feeder. see who's in your area and what they like to eat! the National Audobon Society is a really good place to start.

i'll note here that all of my info is applicable to the USA -- if you live elsewhere and have good resources, please send them my way!

let's get into it!

1-3: low effort bird feeders

pinecone (1) & treat bell (2) feeders are the lowest effort option because they're single-use! with a pinecone you roll it in peanut butter and seeds yourself, and the birds clean it off. emptied pinecones can be stacked in a corner of the yard for a little tiny bug habitat! with a treat bell, the birds will just eat it till it's gone. pretty cool! these are a great option if you don't have the time or spoons for regular cleaning and refilling. they are also pretty popular with nearly any kind of bird -- mine have been favorites of the nuthatch and woodpeckers, but the finches and other seed-eaters in my area will also give them a go.

suet feeders (3) are the simplest refillable feeder, usually consisting of just a wire cage to place a suet cake in! suet is available in blocks and lasts a good while, and is high in fat so it's a really good wintertime snack! woodpeckers and other creeping birds really like these, but other birds will check them out, too. maintenance-wise, you will want to take it down and give it a good scrub once a month! it's just a wire cage though so it's not too hard.

4-6: standard bird feeders

platform feeders (4) are a fun one. they are just a platform, with raised sides to keep seed in and a mesh bottom to let water drain. these can attract birds of all sizes, and if low to the ground can even get some rarer friends, like quail! however, the exposed seed means these guys need EXCELLENT drainage. if water collects in the feeder, things will get nasty. check on it every couple days and make sure to remove seed shells and waste when you refill it! and give it the standard once a month deep clean.

hopper feeders (5) are a nice all-around option. with a little hopper to store seed and a small platform for it to roll out onto, they offer the protected seed of a tube feeder, but a larger perching area, so you can attract bigger birds and smaller ones! however, make sure the lid is secure-- if the seed inside the hopper gets wet, things can get Very weird very fast, especially in warm wet climates. keep an eye on it! clean out old seed when refilling, and give it the standard once a month scrub.

tube feeders (6) are probably the most common kind of bird feeder where i am! just a little tube with perches on the outside. they are the easiest of these three to keep clean when it comes to seed, since it's all safely away in a sealed container. they're also the easiest feeder to squirrel-proof! however, their smaller perches mean they're best suited for small to medium birds, not big ones. keep an eye on it and make sure the lid is secure -- like the hopper feeder, water inside the tube itself is bad news. empty out old seeds when refilling and give it a good scrub once a month!

(7-11) specialist bird feeders

nectar feeders (7) are usually designed just for hummingbirds, but if they're big enough, other nectar-loving birds like orioles will pay them a visit! they consist of a nectar reservoir and little openings at which to access it, usually flower-shaped. these probably require the most maintenance of any bird feeder, because sugar water is a really good medium for lots of nasty things to grow, ESPECIALLY in warm climates. take it down, empty it out, and clean it thoroughly at least every two days. if this is too hard, consider planting some flowers for your hummers to visit instead! a nasty hummingbird feeder will do more harm than good. these feeders will also attract non-avian nectar lovers, like ants, bees, and butterflies, so keep that in mind too!

mealworm feeders (8) are an unusual one, designed to attract birds who almost never show up at feeders like thrushes, bluebirds, and kinglets! these are often just a cup with some way to hang it. you can use dried or live mealworms. you'll need to refill these more often, as they're usually lower capacity (mealworms can get gross if left in there for too long). otherwise, treat this like a standard feeder and give it a good monthly scrub.

njyer seed feeders (9) are designed for small-beaked finches, mainly goldfinches, but also pine siskins and lesser goldfinches! these are usually a sort of mesh sock filled with tiny seeds. you CAN refill these once they're empty, but it's kind of hard, so many people just treat them as a single-use thing. if you're refilling it, make sure to take it down and wash it, then dry it completely before adding new seed!

fruit feeders (10) are another high-maintenance feeder, designed for fruit-loving birds like orioles, cardinals, and waxwings. you can offer berries, or cut up fruit like apples, or lay out halves of oranges! because you're putting out fresh fruit, you will want to swap it out at least every other day, and really watch out for mold. keep it clean and free from nasty buildup, and give it a good scrubbing every couple weeks.

peanut feeders (11) are the last one on our list! fill it with whole, unshelled peanuts, and you'll get BIG birds like jays, crows & woodpeckers! a feeder for in-shell peanuts is honestly optional and you can have roughly the same effect by just laying out a couple whole peanuts somewhere where your friends can see them! but the feeders look cool and can also be used to offer nesting material in the spring or suet balls in the winter. treat these like standard -- look for anything nasty, and give them a good monthly cleaning.

that's it for my list! i hope this has been helpful. good luck with your birds!!!!! <3 <3

#bird feeder #this post i had to rewrite like four times #maybe someday ill do one on seed types too fkejfkrjf theres so Much #birdes bird cafe #backyarding #wildlife

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inkribbon796 · 3 years ago

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Egotober 2021 Ch. 13: I’m Supposed to Be on Vacation, Mate

Summary: Philza is supposed to be in retirement, recent events and reputation notwithstanding.

Prompt: Relax

Characters: Michael McChill, Philza, and Mad

Chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31

Philza was a simple man, he really was. He liked collecting powerful magical weapons, bothering the rest of the Server and just kicking back. A book in his hands.

300+ years was a long time, perhaps a moderate amount of time for a demon, but absolutely a long time for a human. Philza had helped build monuments to gods and men. He had waged wars, some for his own sake and many for others. The avian had even settled down a couple times to raise a fledgling or two.

Point was, Phil had done a lot and been a lot of things. He didn’t think some “me time” was too much of a request.

Everyone else, however, took any physical sighting of him as some plan on his part so what started as him sunbathing on one of Brighton’s many beaches turned into more than a bit of a hassle.

“Pssst, hey Phil,” Michael whispered, he was one of Dream’s close Server associates, had tried to creep up close to him. “What’s the plan?”

“The plan is for you get the fuck outta[1] my Sun,” Philza told him. “I’m sunbathin’[2].”

“It’s October,” Michael reminded, sweeping his dark hair out of his eyes.

Phil lowered his sunglasses, “And?”

Michael shrugged, and stepped out of the way.

The avian demon turned and looked over, “Hey, shitebag! I can hear yeh breathin’.”[3]

Mad came out of hiding, being able to stay safe in the city thanks to the heroes was making him a bit braver, even when he wasn’t hanging around Mare. He was admittedly taking too many chances, but Phil wasn’t in too charitable of a mood to teach the young demon a lesson for his own good.

He’d leave that to Dark or Anti or probably Dream. Philza was supposed to be relaxing.

“It doesn’t look like you’re doing anything interesting, I’ll go,” Mad decided, jabbing his thumb behind him.

“Nah,” Phil told him, lowering his sunglasses back down. “Take a seat, in front ‘a me, though, just ‘cause yeh can’t kill me doesn’t mean I trust yeh.”[4]

Mad rolled his eyes and walked around, looking at the beach. He stayed standing. “It’s almost sunset.”

“Yeah? And?” Phil repeated. “I didn’t live fer[5] 300-plus years to burn through my hosts with skin cancer. I’m just gettin’[6] some Vitamin D, or whate’er[7].”

“Where’d you get that thing, by the way?” Mad commented. “Is it still alive?”

“Nah, got it from some prison morgue, I ne’er take somethin’ that’s gonna be missed,”[8] Phil shrugged.

“That thing is from a prison?” Mad commented.

“Well yeah,” Phil commented. “It’s harder to take ‘em from a battlefield these days and I don’t want somethin’ that has ta be retrained how ta fight. It’s annoyin’ and I hate it.”[9]

“Okay, that makes sense,” Mad agreed. “You have a laundry list of features you like?”

“Nah,” Phil corrected, turning back to his book. “I’m not picky, I just need some blue eyed, blond haired fucker. That’s it.”

“You’ve just been doing that for 300 years?” Michael asked.

“More or less, I’ve taken captains ‘a[10] the guard, knights, highwaymen,” Phil admitted. “I like this one I’ve found, but I give it another five years before I have ta find a new one. Look, while I’ve got you two, try to enjoy yer time. You’re not human, you’ve got a long time ta do what you want to in life. So have some fun, go out to the middle ‘a nowhere and just chill out fer twenty years. Seen a lotta demons die from wantin’ ta get too big too fast.”[11]

“So this is like a retirement plan for you?” Michael asked.

“Mate, I just wanna[12] relax,” Phil sighed. “Last couple ‘a years have been a bit much and I just wanna fuckin’ kick back ‘fore I start my next project.”[13]

“What’s that going to be?” Michael asked.

“This city lacks a good altar ta[14] Death,” Phil smiled. “Gotta[15] make a lady feel invited.”

“Death? Didn’t take you for the blood sacrifice type.” Mad was just staring at him.

“Nahhh,” Phil smiled. “It’s been a while since she’s seen the boys, but I gotta[15] make sure she doesn’t start a fight with some ‘a[10] the boys around here. And that she’s got a nice place ta14] stay while she’s in town.”

“I gotta[15] go,” Mad decided.

“Have fun, kid,” Phil said. “Gotta[15] enjoy the Sun while I can.”

Mad left and Michael hung out with Philza for a bit before the both of them went back to the Server.

~~~~~~~~~~~~

Accessibility Translations:

1. out of

2. sunbathing

3. Hey, shitbag! I can hear you breathing.

4. Take a seat, in front of me, though, just because you can’t kill me doesn’t mean I trust you two.

5. for

6. getting

7. whatever

8. Nah, got it from some prison morgue, I never take something that’s going to be missed

9. It’s harder to take them from a battlefield these days and I don’t want something that has to be retrained how to fight. It’s annoying and I hate it.

10. of

11. I like this one I’ve found, but I give it another five years before I have to find a new one. Look, while I’ve got you two, try to enjoy your time. You’re not human, you’ve got a long time to do what you want in life. So have some fun, go out to the middle of nowhere and just chill out for twenty years. Seen a lot of demons die from wanting to get too big too fast.

12. want to

13. Last couple of years have been a bit much and I just want to fucking kick back before I start my next project.

14. to

15. Have to

#Superhero AU #Masks and Maladies #egotober2021 #footnotes #Philza #Michael McChill #Madpat #Philza's just trying to enjoy his day off

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shenaniginstigations · 3 years ago

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Boosted from FB:

Zookeeper Problems: The Great Flamingo Uprising

I told this story to a few guildies a while back and decided to archive it in a longer format; so here is the story of The Great Flamingo Uprising of 2010 as told to me by my favorite cousin who was a keeper at the time.

In addition to the aviary/jungle exhibit, our zoo has several species of birds that pretty much have the run of the place. They started with a small flock of flamingos and some free-range peacocks that I’m almost certain came from my old piano teacher’s farm. She preferred them to chickens. At some point in time they also acquired a pair of white swans (Or as I call them, “hellbirds”) and some ornamental asian duckies to decorate the pond next to the picnic area. Pigeons, crows, assorted ducks and a large number of opportunistic Canada geese moved in on their own.

Now; the ponds that dot the zoo property (I don’t remember how many there are but the one by the picnic area is the only one with swans) were also full of ginormous koi fish, some of whom by now are at least three feet long. Sensing an opportunity to cash in on the koi, the zoo put up little vending machines all over the place that dispense handfuls of food pellets. I swear to god the fish can hear the crank turning, and will show up at the nearest railing, blooping expectantly at whoever happens to be standing there and doing their best to appear starving and desperate. And they weren’t the only ones who learned to associate the sound with the imminent arrival of food. The Canada geese knew a good deal when they saw one, and had long since ceased to migrate anyway. They formed roving gangs of thug-geese and staked out their turf around the vending machines, ready to mug anyone with pocket change. Picture yourself as a small child squaring off with a bird fully prepared to strip search you while standing on your feet and yelling “HWAAAAAKK!!” in your face. It’s traumatizing to you and deeply hilarious to your parents.

Anyway.The flamingos had their spot near the zoo entrance and never seemed to mind the presence of the other birds, as they kept themselves to themselves and didn’t really like the taste of fish pellets. The problem lay in that their shrimp pond was close to a vending machine. Ordinarily that wouldn’t have been an issue at all, but eventually the goose population grew large enough that one of the gangs decided to annex it. Being territorial little shits, they would harass the poor flamingos any time they strayed within ten feet of it. The flamingos tolerated this for years until one day they snapped collectively. Here’s a summary of the incident in chronological order.

1.) It was a hot day, so everyone in question both human and avian, were cranky by the time the zoo even opened.

2.) A few flamingos (let’s call them The Jets) strayed into the radius of the vending machine and were immediately confronted by the indignant hissing geese (The Sharks)

3.) Possibly due to heat and the simple fact that the geese had been giant douchebags for far too long, the flamingos decided fuck it, this time they were going to FIGHT BACK DAMMIT, and swarmed the geese en masse.

4.) Chaos ensued. The geese were outnumbered 4 to 1 but had the advantage of being able to scream for back-up.

5.) Hearing the shrieking Canada geese and the bellowing of the enraged flamingos, the peacocks came to the conclusion that the apocalypse had come upon them and began to gather in the surrounding trees in droves and wail in despair. Or cheer them on, whichever.

6.) NOISE

7.) Apparently one of the siege tactics employed by the geese is to shit explosively all over the sidewalks. Never in the grass.

8.) The geese, having secured reinforcements from all over the zoo, went berserk and proceeded to attack EVERYBODY who had come to watch be they human or otherwise.

9.) The flamingos were chasing/being chased by the geese through the crowd accompanied by cheers/wails from the peacocks in the box seats.

10.) Complete pandemonium when the zoo tram became stalled on the tracks by the flamingo pond due to battling birds. The Jets, sensing these were somehow reinforcements on the side of the Sharks, charged the tram. Adults were doing the duck and cover. So were the ducks. Small children were screaming, adding to the noise. People were slipping on goose shit and hitting the ground in the fetal position, only to be stampeded by the rampaging flamingos.

11.) The koi continued to bloop hopefully for food.

12.) Two of the geese were cornered by a rival gang of their own and were chased into the swan pond. Cue slow-motion.

13.) The swans detected an enemy presence in their territory and by God, SOMEBODY was going to PAY.

14.) The staff were having no luck in breaking up the fight and on the verge of giving up and just building another zoo elsewhere when the hellbirds (those DamSwans...!) stormed the battlefield, trumpeting battle-cries, to dispense feathered justice. The staff promptly dropped their brooms and fled.

15.) The uprising was squashed in less than two minutes. Number of casualties was unknown, feathers were flying everywhere and there was enough goose shit to build another bird. One staff member had been knocked to the ground and was left with a melon sized bruise courtesy of one of the hellbirds. Several children were traumatized, probably for life. The zoo eventually removed the vending machine by the flamingos. The geese went back to being giant douchebags.

Because... geese.

#zookeeper tales

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lupinepublishers · 5 years ago

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Anti-Synepthelichorial Placenta Scfv Library Construction_Lupine Publishers

Journal of veterinary Science| Lupine Publishers

Abstract

Hens were immunized with a macerate of goat and sheep placentomes. Immunizations were repeated every 15 days. Eggs were collected over a period of 03 immunizations, IgY isolated, and its concentration measured. After 45 days of the start of immunization, chickens were euthanized, their spleens isolated and fragmented for total RNA extraction by Trizol method. Performed the synthesis of cDNA, was amplified by PCR the fragments of immunoglobulin G avian variable light chain (VL) and heavy chain (VH). Fragments of VL and VH were used to constitute the final product by recombinant PCR-overlap process. The results present the feasibility of building a library of scFv anti goats and sheep placenta opening the possibility of manufacture diagnostic kits for various physiological situations of placental trophoblast cells belonging to these species.

Introduction

The developments of the techniques of molecular biology and genetic engineering have provided the emergence of recombinant DNA technology has enabled the production of several new molecules of immunoglobulin fragments Maranhão [1]. Such biomolecules are important for the development of studies in the fields molecular biology, medicine and pharmaceuticals, and also in developing treatments for various types of diseases and diagnoses Seo et al. [2],Lynch et al. [3], such as cancer and infectious diseases Baert et al. [4]; Rocha et al. [5];Bumrela [6]; Huber et al. [7],therapies to combat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis Hughes et al. [8], against smoking Bevins et al. [9]; Peterson et al.[10];fighting drugs like methamphetamine Peterson, et al. [10] and cocaine Dickerson &Janda [11]; combating the sequelae of alcoholism Bagasra et al. [12]; combating Alzheimer’s Boado et al. [13]; Nisbetet al. [14]; detecting myocardial injury related Marti et al. [15]; diagnosis of pregnancy Payne Jr et al. [16]. Antibodies resulting from manipulation and recombination of variable fragments single chain (scFv) immunoglobulin, have been used in therapeutics and diagnostics, offering advantages over conventional antibodies Malecki et al. [17]; Wilkinson et al. [18]; Monnier et al. [19].

In ruminant animals, possessing synepthelichorial placenta (Igwebuike [20]; Pinto et al. [21]), the activity of trophoblast cells, especially the trophoblast giant cells, are related to the process of implantation of the conceptus and training of the placentome Pinto et al. [21]; Ealyet al. [22] and directly related to the recognition of the fetus by the maternal organism Shi et al. [23]; Roberts, [24]. This cellular activity induces the production and secretion of various specific molecular structures that are temporarily expressed during pregnancy Miguez et al. [25]; Machado et al. [26], but not all are known or have been isolated. Detection of these antigens or chemical markers is of great importance for breeding ruminant animals and especially for a greater understanding of the physiology and gene expression of trophoblastcells synepthelichorial placenta Roberts, [24]; Roberts et al. [27].

It is presented in this context, this work has as objective aconstruction of gene libraries of single chain variable fragments (scFv) antibody chicken (Gallus gallusdomesticus) placentome anti-ruminant animals and also to contribute to the creation of new knowledge on trophoblastcells and their effects on reproduction in animals synepthelichorial. These gene libraries will be the basis for future work, we will focus on the expression of recombinant biomolecules, which can be selected by affinity for the specific trophoblast cells in goats and sheep placentomes molecular markers.

Materials and Methods

Immunization of animals and collection of samples

Used in this study were macerated placentomas of female goats and sheep consistent with the first third of gestational development. The immunization was performed via the deep pectoral muscles at three Lhomann brown laying hens of 28 weeks old. Immunizations took place every fortnight, the first immunization was performed with the filtrate 200 mg macerate placentome goats and sheep (GSP - Goat and Sheep Placentomes) plus complete Freud’s adjuvant, 1:1. Over two immunizations were performed with the use of incomplete Freud’s adjuvant, under the same conditions for the first immunization. In the process of construction of the gene library of goat and sheep placenta antiscFv mixture of macerated placentome of female goats and sheep was used, this procedure was done this way because of the great phylogenetic closeness existing between these two species. Fifteen days after the third and final immunization, totaling a trial period of 45 days, all chickens were anesthetized using a 5:1 ratio of Ketamine (100mg/ml or 50mg/kg)and Xylazine (20mg/ml or 10mg/kg ) following the animals were euthanized by ensanguinação. The spleens of these animals were isolated, identified, and stored at -20 °C for future total RNA extraction. During the immunization eggs were collected and separated to the extraction of Y (IgY) immunoglobulins performed by using the commercial kit EGGstract ®IgY Purification System (Promega Corporation, Madison, USA), with subsequent measurement of the concentration by the method of Bradforf Bradford[28] and purification of IgY by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE).

Extraction and isolation of total RNA

Three fragments of spleen, 50mg, referring to the three chickens were used for extraction of total RNA by methodology TRIZOL reagent (Invitrogen, USA). The quantification of the concentration was carried out in a spectrophotometer (Power Wave NS2 BioTek Instruments, Inc.) at a wavelength of 260nm.

Construction of cDNA molecules and the light chain (VL) and heavy chain (VH)

The cDNA of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) was synthesized by using kit SuperScriptTM III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, USA) and dNTP Set (Fermentas Life Sciences, Maryland, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Primers used for amplification of the variable regions VL and VH were prepared by BarbasIII et al. [29].VL regions of the immunoglobulins were amplified using the sense primer CSCVK-F (5’-GTG GCC CAG GCG GCC CTG ACT CAG CCG TCC TCG GTG TC-3’); and antisense CKJo-B (5’-GGA AGA TCT AGA GGA ACC CTG TAG GAC GGT CAG G -3’). For amplification of the VH region, we used the sense primer CSCVHo-F (5’-GGT CAG AGA TCC TCT TCC TCT GTG GCC TTG ACG GAC GAG -3’) and antisense CSCG-B (5’-GCC CTG GGC CTG GCC ACT AGT GGA GAT GGA GAC GGT GAC TTC CC-3’) (Eurofins MWG Operon, Alabama, USA). The cDNA samples were pretreated with RNase A 5U/μl (Thermo Fisher SCIENTIFIC, USA), and the PCR reactions were designed to 50ng of each sample Barbas III et al. [29]. Considering the final volume of 50μl per amplification reaction, this was performed using 5U/ μl Taq DNA polymerase (Fermentas LIFE SCIENCES, Maryland, USA); 1 mM MgCl2; 2 mMdNTP Mix (Fermentas LIFE SCIENCES, Maryland, USA), 10x Taq buffer with KCl (100 mMTris-HCl pH 8.80, 500 mMKCl/Fermentas Life Sciences, Maryland, USA), 30pmol/ μl of sense and antisense primer and free water RNA and DNA in order to complete the amplification reaction 50μl. The buildings of the fragments VL and VH were made separately and each using their specific primers.

The programming of the recommended thermocycler followed by Barbas III et al. [29] beginning with an incubation at 94°C for 2 minutes. Compounds followed by 30 cycles by denaturing at 94°C for 02 minutes, annealing at 56°C for 15 seconds and extension at 72°C for 90 seconds, and the completion of the reaction cycle at 72°C for 10 minutes was used. The control reaction was performed by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel and the result was further documented by using photodocumentator.

Construction of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) by overlap-PCR

The bands of fragments VL and VH were extracted from the agarose gel and purified separately with the aid of MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN). Following extraction of these products were further purified by QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (QIAGEN) and stored at -20°C. The Overlap-PCR is define the connection (or overlap) between fragments of the chain light (VL) and heavy (VH), constructed by forming a flexible peptide linker (VL-linker-VH) comprising the complementary tails of the connection between the sense primer (CSCVHo-F) heavy chain and anti- sense primer light chain (CKJo-B) used for amplification of fragments. The primers for the construction of scFv molecule of this study followed the description Barbas III et al. [29]: sense primer CSC-F (5’-GAG GAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGTG GCC CAG GCG GCC CTG ACT CAG -3’) and antisense primer CSC-B (5’-GAG GAGGAGGAGGAGGAGGAG CTG GCC GGC CTG GCC ACT AGT GGA GG-3’) (Eurofins MWG Operon, Alabama, USA). The final product was characterized Overlap-PCR with approximately 750 base pairs (bp).

The Overlap-PCR reactions were drawn for each sample 50ng of fragment VL and VH Barbas III et al. [29]. The PCR fragments overlap VL and V H has been designed to use 5U/μl Taq DNA polymerase (Fermentas LIFE SCIENCES, Maryland, USA) 1 mM MgCl2, 2 mMdNTP Mix (Fermentas LIFE SCIENCES, Maryland, USA), 10XTaq buffer with KCl (100 mMTris-HCl pH 8.80, 500 mMKCl/Fermentas LIFE SCIENCES, Maryland, USA), 30pmol/μl of sense and antisense primer and free water RNA and DNA in order to complete the reaction 50μl Overlap-PCR.

The thermocycler was programmed for Overlap PCR reaction so that the activation reaction was carried out at 94°C for 60 seconds, following 30 cycles were performed 03 times with each cycle, the first time 2 minutes 94°C, the second at 56°C for 60 seconds and a third at 72°C for 90 seconds, and the completion of reaction was conducted by one cycle at 72°C for 10 minutes. The control reaction was performed by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel and the results were documented through the use of photodocumentator.

Statistical Analysis

To compare the means of IgY the mixture of macerated GSPTukey’s test at 5% significance level was applied, using the statistical program ASSISTAT, version 7.6 beta/2011.

Results

Measurement of immunization

Measuring the success of immunization with GSP mixture was performed by assessing the concentration (mg/mL) of purified IgY from the yolks of immunized hens. Immunization with GSP solution showed average concentrations of 2.89��0.12, 3.90±0.15 and 4.24±0.21 mg/mL, respectively for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd immunization. Immunizations performed with the mixture of macerated GSP showed the linear regression equation y = 0.195 x + 7.74 and a coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.9916 (99.16%), indicating an excellent fit for the relationship between immunizations and production of IgY performed, ie more than 99% of the production of IgY was established directly by increasing the number of immunizations with a mixture GSP.

Figure 1: Purification results of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) anti-goat and sheep placentames in different stages of immunization. Polyacrylamide 6% acrilamide gel electrophoresis.MPM, molecular weight marker (kDa).

In the purification of IgY by electrophoresis on 6% polyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE) gel was identified IgY approximately 212 kDa (Figure 1). We can observe an increase in the thickness of the band related to immunoglobulins, thus confirming higher levels of concentration of IgY, which corroborates with the increased concentration of IgY.

Statistical Analysis

The data in (Table 1) corroborates the mixture homogenized with the GSP, in the course of three immunizations promoted increased immunogenicity and consequent increase in the production of IgY as a response. This analysis was provided by the use of the Tukey test at a significance level of 5%.

Table 1: Values followed by the same letter do not differ statistically among themselves. We have used the Tukey test at 5% significance level. (MSD = minimum significant difference; GM = general average; CV% = coefficient of variation in %).

Figure 2: Amplification results of the light chain (VL) and heavy chain (VH) scFv fragments of chicken Immunoglobulin G (IgG), anti-goat and sheep placentome 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.

Amplification product of the cDNA of light chain (VL) and heavy chain (VH) scFv chicken immunoglobulin G

Referring to immunization with the macerated GSP after running on 1% agarose gel, the image was identified the presence of VL bands with 350pb and VH bands with 400bp (Figure 2).

Product overlapping sequences of scFv fragments by Overlap-PCR

Also referring to mixing with the mash GSP, after Overlap PCR reaction, the formation of fragments with approximately 750pb has been identified as a result of overlapping fragments and linearization VL and VH.

Discussion

In this study, chickens were immunized with homogenized in ruminant animals placentomas more Freund’s adjuvant. As expected result was a DNA library of monoclonal antibodies (goat/sheep anti-placental) scFv fragments of immunoglobulin G from total RNA extracted from leuocyte cells from the spleen of chickens. The methodology used in this study was efficient and effective in the development and construction of goat/sheep antiplacentomescFv library. The synthesis of the molecule overlapped scFv anti-placentome placenta caprine/sheep presented as result a band of 750 bp (Figure 3), equivalent to that described by Barbas III et al.[29], Roldanet al. [30].

Figure 3: Overlap results of the light chain (VL) and heavy chain (VH) scFv fragments of chicken immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-goat and sheep placentome (GSP). 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.

With respect to the effect of immunization and production of IgY, experimental procedures and similar results were reported by Gassmann et al. [31], in which chickens were immunized with 20 to 30 mg of mammalian protein added to Freud’s complete adjuvant. The results of 62 eggs extracted total amount of 4.0 grams of IgY and obtained as a final yield of approximately 130mg specific for a protein of mammalian cell cycle regulatory antibodies. Using the immunoblot technique identified that 20 days after immunization, IgY antibodies appeared, reaching a maximum production within 30 days after first immunization, maintaining a good level of production until 81 days, when the average was 72mg of IgY per yolk. These researchers obtained at the end of the experiment the mean concentration with standard deviation of7.44 ± 0.27 mg of IgY/mL of yolk. For Meenatchisundaram et al. [32], IgY concentrations ranged from 0.85 to 7.60 mg/mL of egg yolk, throughout the immunization period. Already to Pauly et al. [33] variations IgY were between 3.0 to 8.0 mg/ml of yolk. Chui et al. [34] reached a mean value of 5.75 mg of IgY per ml of egg yolk immunized as Barbas III et al. [29] had concentrations range from 55 to 80 mg/egg yolk and 75% purity using the same extraction kit used in this study. In this study, average concentrations of finals were obtained 3.68 ± .16 mg of IgY/mL in the yolk. One advantage of the IgY antibody production is that the required amount of antigen for high and long lasting for IgY yolk of immunized hens titration would be very low compared to immunization of other animals such as the rabbit Song et al.[35]; Hatta et al.[36]. When the result of IgY extract was applied to 6% polyacrylamide gel was characterized by bands at approximately 212kDa molecular weight. The literature describes this mass ranging from 180kDa immunoglobulin Meenatchisundaramet al. [32]; Warret al. [37]; Chalghoumiet al. [38] to 220 kDa Hamada et al. [39].

Andris-Widhopf et al. [40] have also obtained cDNA fragments of approximately 750pb as a result of Overlap PCR reaction scFv fragments. These researchers used chickens immunized with a conjugate of bovine serum albumin (BSA) plus fluorescent and hapten reported as a result of the joining VLand VH, comprising the formation of a linker sequence (VL-linker-VH). They also emphasized that the VL-linker-VHproduct, corresponds to the scFvregion of immunoglobulin, has good applicability for use as befits its use with vector transfection.

In the bursa of Fabricius, the level of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of scFv fragments (light and heavy chain) derived from immunoglobulin G (IgG) from chicken and poultry in general, such mechanisms occur: the gene rearrangement and gene conversion somatic hyper-mutation. These mechanisms promote increased variability in this gene fragments due to the incorporation of genes pseudo and direct, acting in the maturation cell of B lymphocytes McCormack & Thompson, [41]; Paramithiotis et al. [42]; Arakawa [43]. Thus the Overlap PCR allows the tool the final product, or the scFv fragment, a great increase in respect of gene variability, since it favors the increase of the combination of variable gene fragments, allowing the number of clones from a library of scFv generated by this method reaches to 1012units Barbas III et al. [29].

cDNA libraries are indispensable to analyze the expression and function of genes and also in the study of protein function, this expression products. Hese information can be of great importance in understanding when and how certain genes are expressed in an cell type or organism. The continuous progress in the development of constitutive techniques of scFvgene libraries and the interest in their applications suggest that these tools will continue to be an important factor for the development of new recombinant biomolecules.

Conclusion

This study was consolidated construction of gene library as a viable method for the construction of scFv recombinant biomolecules. The construction of gene libraries of recombinant scFv fragments of immunoglobulin G (IgG) chicken has great potential for use due to its high genetic variability, promoted by the mechanisms of gene rearrangement, gene conversion and somatic hyper-mutation occurring in fragments of varying chain light (VL) and heavy (VH). Thus, scFv fragments may be linked chicken techniques of molecular biology generation of biomolecules with high target-binding affinity. Caprine and ovine anti-placenta obtained by Overlap-PCR in this study biomolecules can be used to identify physiological aspects of trophoblast cells of caprine and ovine placenta, thus developing the function of these cell typespecific molecular markers.

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ettawritesnstudies · 5 years ago

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12/12/12 ask!

I’m sorry I’m so late to this @inkwell-attitude , thank you for the tag this was a lot of fun! This is for Luca!

1. You’re given a large sum of money to decorate/furnish your room, what do you put in it?

“Could I move? Our apartment is barely bigger than a bedroom to begin with, so I’d find us a new home on the near the sea with lots of open hallways and filtered natural light so that Enne can get around ok, and we’d probably share a room. I’d like it to have a big window and a bed of my own in the corner, and I’d have a shelf for the cool things we collect! I don’t know what else I’d do with a room. I don’t stay indoors very much.”

2. You’re having a conversation with a stranger who will forget what you said to them after you leave. What do you say?

He considers for a minute and rubs his scar through his sleeve. “Ohhhhhh, that’s a tricky one. Maybe I’d show them my magic and perform some tricks for them? I could entertain them and make them feel a bit better about life for a little while. Even if they don’t remember it, I’ll still have made someone happy and feel special for a little while, and my secret will still be safe for my family.” He nods happily. “Yes, that’s what I’d do. Anonymity would be wonderful.”

3. Tell us about your pets! If you don’t have any, what animal would you like to have?

“I don’t have any pets because we could never keep them in our apartment, but that didn’t stop me from trying to bring home animals all the time when I was little.” Luca gives a wry laugh. “I dunno why, mom wouldn’t let me though, it wouldn’t have to stay in our apartment. Anyways, I would love to find a dog at a shelter or from the street, one that no one else wanted, and bring it home, and take care of it. I think that would be nice, and maybe I could train it to help Enne! That’d be nice too.”

4. What’s one thing you love about yourself?

“Um. I’m not sure if I’ve ever thought about that.. I guess I like that I like making other people happy and helping them when I can. That’s pretty nice of me, I suppose.” He shrugs and smiles even as he thinks about the close friends he has made, then considers. “Ma says my smile is nice too, so that ought to count for something.”

5. You have a free day! What do you get up to?

Luca’s face lights up with a grin. “I go to the plaza and I listen to the musicians and chat with my friends! Maybe we might go swimming in the river! Or I’d get Acheran to show me something cool in the Avian city!” He shakes his head and makes a tsk sound before looking over his shoulder to see if Acheran was within earshot. “He promised to take me flying sometime, but he hasn’t yet, and I need to hold him to that.”

6. What kind of music do you like?

“The epic stories are always fun to listen to, but my favorite songs are the call-and-response ones the bards do, where the audience has to participate! It’s so much fun to be in the crowd singing with everyone else, and they’re usually really silly too! And they’re easy to memorize too, I bet I could do it! I was born a hundred thousand years ago… Years Ago!”

7. What do people most often assume about you? Is it accurate?

Luca’s face darkens and he glances down at his hands for a second. “That I’m dangerous. I can’t blame them. They’re scared of what they don’t understand. What they’ve heard from rumors.” He looks up again with a sudden intensity. “I would never hurt someone with my magic. Not unless they threatened my family. Then they’d be right to fear.”

8. What’s the worst joke you know?

Luca brightens immediately at the chance to tell a bad joke and gives you a mischievous grin. “Oh! Grace told me this one! What did the fish say when it ran into a wall?... Dam!” He glances over his shoulder again. “Don’t tell my mom I said that.”

9. Favourite food?

“Nonna used to make a really good spicy dish with sausage and rice and peppers and tomatoes all mixed in a big pot and it always made the house smell so good. And her gingersnaps!” He looks wistfully into the distance before laughing quietly. “Now I’m hungry.”

10. What’s something you’ve always wanted to do, but have never been able to?

“Cartwheels! Grace has always been able to do them and I can’t and she teases me endlessly.”

11. Do you regret anything?

“I suppose I could regret a lot of things, but then I wouldn’t be where I am now and that wouldn’t be very good either. I like my friends. And my family wouldn’t be the same otherwise. So I can’t say I regret anything I’ve done or that’s happened, really. I guess I’m just lucky that way.” He winks

12. A bit meta, but what would you say to the author if you could talk to them?

“Is the ‘author’ the same as the Artist? I don’t suppose it matters – I want to ask if it all this would matter in the end. Does it make a difference? Is it all for the better? I don’t want to know what happens. I just want to know if it matters.”

(the answer is yes, Luca. It matters so much more than you know.)

No pressure to participate, I’m tagging: @siarven @kittensartswriting @abalonetea ! @wordsofpaintandsmoke

Your character questions are:

What is your biggest goal?

What’s your favorite childhood memory?

Where/With Who do you feel most comfortable?

Where do you find inspiration/motivation?

Do you have any hobbies? What would you want to learn?

Are you afraid to speak your mind?

Do you like your name? What would change it to?

Who is your best friend/SO and how did you meet

What’s your favorite song? Why?

What do you have shoved in the back of your sock drawer so no one can find it?

Have you ever pretended to be someone else? Would you?

What’s the best advice you’ve ever been given? Why was it so impactful?

Have fun!

#12/12/12 tag #tag game #writeblr community #storgewip

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patioproductions · 1 year ago

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Deep Seating Wicker Patio Furniture Sets

Deep-seated wicker patio furniture offers widened dimensions to increase the comfort of your outdoor patio furniture. This is well-suited for taller individuals and those who enjoy the feeling of laying back on their outdoor sofas. On the contrary, normal seats can make you feel like you are sitting on the edge of your seat. This creates discomfort and detracts from your overall experience. This article will provide more information about the design of deep-seating patio furniture sets and some of our most popular options. Patio Productions specializes in high-end patio furniture. Visit our homepage to browse a wider variety of products. Deep Seating Outdoor Furniture Deep seating furniture describes furniture that features an extended depth on the seat bottom. This means you have more space to scoot back in your seat so that your entire upper leg is on the sectional. This is highly recommended for individuals over 6' tall. Although deep-seated furniture is considered an upgrade, it may not be ideal in all cases. Shorter people can sometimes feel as though the depth of the seats creates a feeling of being "sunken" into the sofa where your back cannot reach the seat back when you are scooted all the way back with the back of your knees against the front of the sofa. In this case, standard outdoor seating would be suitable for you. If you have individuals in your family that are both tall and short, you can consider adding extra throw pillows to create a compromising solution for both parties. Key Features of Deep Seating Furniture: - Spacious Design - Oversized - Overstuffed Cushions - Generous Frame Construction Deep Seating vs Standard Seating Dimensions As a primary example, many customers comment about the depth of the Barbados Collection from Sunset West. This is not to say that the Barbados is inferior to any other sectional set. In fact, it is one of our most popular items. Just as you would have to find the right size fitting for your shoes, the same is true for your outdoor furniture. The image below demonstrates the difference in seating dimensions between our deep seating sofa (left) and the Barbados collection, which has a much more narrow depth. The Most Popular Deep Seating Sets of 2018 1. Cubo Wicker Sofa and Club Chair Sets - 40" Seat Depth 2. Havana Sofa Set - 37" Depth The Havana Wicker Sofa Set 3. Urbana Deep Seating Wicker Sectional - 34.75" Depth Urbana 5 Pc Sectional Set 4. Urbana Eclipse Sectional Set - 34.75" Depth 7 Pc. Urbana Curved Sectional 5. Ciera Wicker Sectional Set - 37.5" Seat Depth 6. Delago Wicker Sofa Set - 37" Seat Depth 7. Hudson Wicker Sectional Set - 37" Seat Depth 8. Santa Barbara Wicker Sectional Set - 37" Seat Depth 9. Catalina Sofa Set - 37" Seat Depth 3 Pc. Catalina Sofa Set 10. Avian Wicker Sofa Set - 37" Seat Depth 11. Ramsey Wicker Sofa Set - 36" Seat Depth 12. Leona Sofa Set - 36" Seat Depth 13. Lexington Outdoor Sofa Set - 36" Depth 14. Serenity Wicker Sofa Set - 36" Seat Depth 15. Coronado Wicker Sofa Set - 35" Seat Depth Coronado Wicker Sofa Set 16. Mia Outdoor Sofa Set - 35" Seat Depth 4 Pc. Mia Outdoor Sofa Set 17. Kingsly Wicker Sofa Set - 35" Seat Depth 18. Bay Harbor Sofa Set - 34.25" Seat Depth 3 Pc. Bay Harbor Sofa Set 19. Hampton Outdoor Wicker Furniture Set - 33.5" Seat Depth 8 Pc. Hampton Outdoor Wicker Sectional 20. Wreak Beach Sofa Set - 33.5" Seat Depth Important to Note One more thing to mention. Normal patio furniture covers won't fit over deep seating sets. Most furniture manufacturers create their own furniture covers. Search for covers made for your specific seating set first. - View Patio Covers Designed for Deep Seating Sets. Where to Buy Deep Seating Wicker Patio Furniture Patio Productions carries all of the Top Rated Outdoor Wicker Brands. We carry over 100 Deep Seating Sofa Sets. A variety of materials are available to you, from aluminum to all-weather wicker patio sofas. You can contact us for specific inquiries. Please have the name of the set you're interested in purchasing. Thank you in advance. --View Deep Seating Outdoor Sofa Sets-- More Ergonomic Outdoor Furniture: - The Top 10 Outdoor Patio Furniture Brands - Thick Wicker Furniture Sets with Rounded Strands - Outdoor Cushion Buying Guide: Materials, Foam, & Padding - The Best Outdoor Wicker Furniture Brands About the Author Cheryl Khan is able to lend her insight on this topic after spending years in the design field. She has learned that all outdoor furniture is not the same. She is a contributing author to the Patio Productions Blog where she shares outdoor living tips to transform your backyard! Read the full article

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a-dinosaur-a-day · 6 years ago

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Pneumatoraptor fodori

By Jack Wood

Etymology: Thief of Air

First Described By: Ősi, Apesteguía & Kowalewski, 2010

Classification: Dinosauromorpha, Dinosauriformes, Dracohors, Dinosauria, Saurischia, Eusaurischia, Theropoda, Neotheropoda, Averostra, Tetanurae, Orionides, Avetheropoda, Coelurosauria, Tyrannoraptora, Maniraptoromorpha, Maniraptoriformes, Maniraptora, Pennaraptora, Paraves

Status: Extinct

Time and Place: 85 million years ago, in the Santonian of the Late Cretaceous

Pneumatoraptor is known from the Csehbánya Formation of Hungary

Physical Description: Pneumatoraptor is a small Paravian, aka the group of dinosaurs that includes birds and proto-birds, raptors, and Troodontids. However, we have no idea what sort of Paravian Pneumatoraptor would have been, if any. It is only known from the left shoulder, which shows that it had a very narrow and hollow shoulder bone than its relatives. Beyond that, we have no idea what it may have looked like - it could have been from any of the three main Paravian groups (Avialans, Troodontids, and Dromaeosaurs). It probably would have been very small, only about 0.73 meters in body length. It definitely would have been covered in feathers all over its body, including complex wings. Teeth, claws, vertebrae, and part of the leg bone of Pneumatoraptor may have been found in its ecosystem, but the jury is still out.

Diet: It is uncertain what Pneumatoraptor would have eaten. Since it isn’t a definite dromaeosaur, we can’t say confidently that it was carnivorous; many creatures at the base of the Paravian tree are possibly omnivores. In addition, early raptors (which Pneumatoraptor may have been) seem to have been piscivores! So the jury is out till we have its jaw.

Behavior: Without more fossils, it’s uncertain what Pneumatoraptor’s behavior would have been like, since it could have been one of three very distinctive dinosaur groups (or something else entirely). Based on its relatives, it probably was very active and warm-blooded, took care of its young, and used its wings and tail fan in display and communication. It may have even been able to fly poorly, but that’s just speculation on my part.

Ecosystem: The Csehbánya Formation has been a flourishing site of extensive research over the past few years, as more and more fossils come out of the ecosystem to show a slice of Late Cretaceous life in Eastern Europe. This was a plant-heavy forest ecosystem, with extensive mud, silt, clay, and sand throughout the environment. River channels flooded through the ecosystem, providing water for the extensive number of animals present. Here, Pneumatoraptor lived alongside many other dinosaurs - the small Ceratopsian Ajkaceratops; two fast-moving ankylosaurs, Hungarosaurus and Struthiosaurus, the Rhabdodont ornithopod Mochlodon, the predatory opposite bird Bauxitornis, and plenty of unnamed dinosaurs including an Abelisaurid and a Sauropod. Pneumatoraptor would have feared predation by the Abelisaurid. Non-dinosaurs were extensive too - the pterosaur Bakonydraco, a variety of turtles, many kinds of weird lizards including a Mosasaur, a variety of frogs, many fish and insects, and crocodyliformes - including Kharkutosuchus and Doratodon. Going forward, more research on this ecosystem is sure to reveal even more weird creatures!

Other: Pneumatoraptor was extremely small for its group, indicating it may be closer to Avialans than to Dromaeosaurs.

~ By Meig Dickson

Sources under the Cut

Borkent, Art (1997). "Upper and Lower Cretaceous biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) from Hungarian and Austrian amber and the Koonwarra Fossil Bed of Australia". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde (B) Geologie und Paläontologie. 249: 1–10.

Botfalvai, Gábor; Ősi, Attila; Mindszenty, Andrea (January 2015). "Taphonomic and paleoecologic investigations of the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Iharkút vertebrate assemblage (Bakony Mts, Northwestern Hungary)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 417: 379–405.

Botfalvai, Gábor; Haas, János; Bodor, Emese Réka; Mindszenty, Andrea; Ősi, Attila (2016). "Facies architecture and palaeoenvironmental implications of the upper Cretaceous (Santonian) Csehbánya formation at the Iharkút vertebrate locality (Bakony Mountains, Northwestern Hungary)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 441: 659–678.

Cau, A., V. Beyrand, D. F. A. E. Voeten, V. Fernandez, P. Tafforeau, K. Stein, R. Barsbold, K. Tsogtbaatar, P. J. Currie and P. Godefroit. 2017. Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs. Nature

Gareth J. Dyke, Attila Ősi (2010). "A review of Late Cretaceous fossil birds from Hungary". Geological Journal. 45 (4): 434–444.

Makádi, L., Botfalvai, G., Ősi, A. 2006: Egy késő-kréta kontinentális gerinces fauna a Bakonyból: halak, kétéltűek, teknősök, gyíkok. Földtani Közlöny 136/4, pp. 487-502.

Makádi, László (December 2006). "Bicuspidon aff. hatzegiensis (Squamata: Scincomorpha: Teiidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Csehbánya Formation (Hungary, Bakony Mts)". Acta Geologica Hungarica. 49 (4): 373–385.

Makádi, László; Caldwell, Michael W.; Ősi, Attila (2012-12-19). "The First Freshwater Mosasauroid (Upper Cretaceous, Hungary) and a New Clade of Basal Mosasauroids". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e51781.

Makádi, László (July 2013). "The first known chamopsiid lizard (Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Europe (Csehbánya Formation; Hungary, Bakony Mts)". Annales de Paléontologie. 99 (3): 261–274.

Makádi, László (November 2013). "A new polyglyphanodontine lizard (Squamata: Borioteiioidea) from the Late Cretaceous Iharkút locality (Santonian, Hungary)". Cretaceous Research. 46: 166–176.

Makádi, László; Nydam, Randall L. (2014-12-23). "A new durophagous scincomorphan lizard genus from the Late Cretaceous Iharkút locality (Hungary, Bakony Mts)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 89 (4): 925–941.

Ösi, Attila; Weishampel, David B.; Jianu, Coralia M. (2005). "First evidence of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 777–787.

Ösi, Attila. 2005. Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(2):370-383, June 2005.

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