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eteily4 · 8 days ago

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Exploring the Different Types of RF Antennas

Radio Frequency (RF) antennas are crucial components in a wide range of communication systems, including cellular networks, satellite communications, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth technologies. Their major job is to transform electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, which they then transmit and receive. The design, selection, and implementation of the appropriate antenna type has a significant impact on communication system performance, range, and efficiency. In this article, we will look at the many types of RF antennas, their properties, applications, and when to utilize each one.

1. Dipole antennas

The dipole antenna is one of the simplest and most used types of antenna. It consists of two conducting pieces, usually made of metal, aligned in a straight line with a feed point in the middle. The dipole antenna functions at its resonant frequency when its entire length is roughly half the wavelength of the signal.

Characteristics:

Simple design

Ideal for sending and receiving omnidirectional signals in the horizontal plane.

Effective for frequencies from 30 MHz to 300 MHz (HF to UHF bands)

Applications:

Used for radio transmission and reception.

Frequently used in television and radio transmission.

simple communication systems, such as walkie-talkies.

2. Monopole antennas

A monopole antenna is similar to a dipole, except it has a single conducting element positioned above the ground plane. This ground plane functions as a reflector, which improves the antenna's effectiveness. The monopole antenna is essentially a half-dipole antenna with a ground plane to complete the circuit.

Characteristics:

Needs a ground plane or reflective surface.

Compact and easily integrated into mobile devices.

Typically performs well in vertical polarization patterns.

Applications:

Cell phones and other mobile devices

utilized in radio and television transmission systems.

Found in GPS and other communication devices.

3. Yagi-Uda antennas

The Yagi-Uda antenna is a highly directional antenna made up of several elements, including a driving element, a reflector, and one or more directors. The driven element is often a dipole, whereas the reflector and directors are passive components that help focus the signal in a specific direction.

Characteristics:

Highly directional and provides significant gain in a particular direction.

Precise alignment is required for best performance.

Can be constructed for a broad variety of frequencies.

Applications:

Used for television reception.

Satellite communications systems

Radar and wireless communication applications.

4. Parabolic antennas

Parabolic antennas, also known as parabolic dishes, have a curved shape that directs receiving signals to a single focal point, where the receiver or transmitter is positioned. This form enables for great directivity and gain.

Characteristics:

Very high gain and great directivity.

Frequently used in satellite communication and radar systems.

Large and hefty, they are appropriate for fixed installations.

Applications:

Used for satellite communication, such as dish antennas.

Radar systems are used for weather monitoring and military purposes.

Long-range point-to-point wireless transmission.

5. Patch antennas

Patch antennas, also known as microstrip antennas, are flat, small antennas made up of a conducting patch mounted on top of a dielectric substrate. These antennas are normally square, rectangular, or circular, and can be tailored to certain frequencies.

Characteristics:

Small, lightweight, and easily integrated into gadgets.

Low profile makes them excellent for tiny devices.

Can be designed for a broad range of frequencies and polarizations.

Applications:

GPS receivers and smartphones

Used in wireless communication systems, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

Frequently utilized in aircraft and military systems for radar and communication.

6. Helical antennas

Helical antennas feature a spiral-shaped conductor twisted around a central axis. These antennas can operate in both axial and normal modes, with the axial mode producing a more directed radiation pattern.

Characteristics:

Compact, has a broad bandwidth.

It produces circular polarization, which is suitable for satellite communications.

Depending on the design, radiation patterns might be omnidirectional or directed.

Applications:

Satellite Communication

Space Exploration and Communication

Used in some GPS and mobile communications.

7. Log-periodic Antennas A log-periodic antenna is made up of several elements of varied lengths set in a periodic pattern along a central boom. This design enables the antenna to function over a wide variety of frequencies without having to be retuned.

Characteristics:

Wide bandwidth and multi-frequency operation.

Directional antennas provide strong gain in a single direction.

Can be pretty huge depending on frequency coverage.

Applications:

Broadcasting and receiving various TV and radio broadcasts.

Used in radio frequency measurement and testing equipment.

Found in R&D, including antenna testing setups.

8. Slot antennas

Slot antennas are a form of aperture antenna in which a slot or gap is carved into a conducting surface. These antennas are often installed on a metal plate or within a waveguide construction and are distinguished by their unique qualities, such as wide bandwidth and low profile.

Characteristics:

Compact design with good performance.

Wide bandwidth and low radiation resistance.

Suitable for both circular and linear polarization.

Applications:

Frequently used in radar and communication systems.

Common in military and aviation applications.

Used in specific microwave systems.

9. Aperture antennas

Aperture antennas, such as horn antennas, use an aperture (a hole or opening) in a conductor to emit electromagnetic waves. These antennas are commonly employed in higher frequency ranges.

Characteristics:

Provide a highly directional beam of radiation.

High efficiency and very simple construction

Generally larger and utilized in specialist applications.

Applications:

High-frequency communication systems.

Radar and satellite communication

Used for RF testing and some scientific purposes.

Conclusion

A variety of criteria influence the selection of an RF antenna, including frequency range, desired gain, polarization, and application. While certain antennas, such as the dipole and monopole, are basic and ideal for general communication systems, others, such as the parabolic and Yagi-Uda antennas, provide high gain and directivity for more specialized applications. Understanding the properties of each antenna type enables engineers to choose the best one for a given application, hence improving performance, efficiency, and cost. Whether for long-range satellite communications or short-range wireless systems, the RF antenna is still an essential component of current communication networks.

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gqresearch24 · 9 months ago

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Exploring The World Above: A Deep Dive Into Satellite Antennas

In the vast expanse of space, communication is key to our understanding of the universe. Satellite antennas serve as the vital link between Earth and the cosmos, enabling us to transmit and receive data across vast distances. From weather forecasting to global telecommunications, these antennas play a crucial role in various industries and scientific endeavors. In this article, we delve into the fascinating world of satellite antennas, exploring their functionality, types, applications, and the future of satellite communication.

Understanding Satellite Antennas

At its core, a satellite antenna is a device designed to send and receive electromagnetic signals to and from satellites orbiting the Earth. These antennas come in various shapes and sizes, each optimized for specific purposes and frequencies. The primary function of a satellite antenna is to capture signals from satellites in orbit and to transmit signals back to them, facilitating two-way communication.

Types of Satellite Antennas

Satellite antennas can be classified based on their design, frequency range, and application. Some common types include:

Parabolic Dish Antennas: Perhaps the most recognizable type, parabolic dish antennas consist of a concave dish-shaped reflector and a feedhorn at the focal point. These antennas are highly directional and are commonly used for satellite television broadcasting and satellite internet services.

Yagi Antennas: Yagi antennas, also known as beam antennas, are composed of multiple parallel elements, including a driven element, reflector, and one or more directors. These antennas are widely used for terrestrial and satellite communication in both urban and rural areas.

Horn Antennas: Horn antennas are characterized by their flared, horn-shaped structure. They are often used for radar systems, satellite tracking, and microwave communication due to their wide bandwidth and high gain.

Patch Antennas: Patch antennas, also known as microstrip antennas, are flat, compact antennas commonly used in satellite communication, GPS systems, and wireless networks. They offer advantages such as low profile and ease of integration into electronic devices.

Applications of Satellite Antennas

Satellite antennas have a wide range of applications across various industries and scientific fields:

Telecommunications: Satellite antennas enable long-distance communication, facilitating global telephony, internet access, and broadcasting services. They play a crucial role in connecting remote and underserved regions to the global network.

Weather Forecasting: Weather satellites equipped with specialized antennas provide invaluable data for meteorological forecasting. These antennas capture images and atmospheric data, helping meteorologists track weather patterns and predict severe weather events.

Navigation: Satellite navigation systems, such as GPS (Global Positioning System), rely on antennas to receive signals from orbiting satellites and determine precise location information. These systems are used in navigation devices, smartphones, and vehicle tracking systems.

Earth Observation: Satellites equipped with high-resolution cameras and sensors use antennas to transmit images and data back to Earth. This data is used for environmental monitoring, agriculture, urban planning, and disaster management.

Scientific Research: Satellite antennas support a wide range of scientific research endeavors, including space exploration, astronomy, and climate studies. They enable scientists to gather data from remote locations in space and monitor phenomena such as solar activity and climate change.

Challenges and Future Trends

While many antennas have revolutionized communication and observation capabilities, they also face several challenges:

Signal Interference: Interference from terrestrial sources, such as radio frequency interference (RFI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI), can degrade signal quality and disrupt communication links. Advanced signal processing techniques and frequency management strategies are being developed to mitigate these issues.

Orbital Debris: The growing population of space debris poses a threat to satellites and their antennas. Collision avoidance measures and debris mitigation strategies are essential to safeguarding space infrastructure.

Bandwidth Limitations: With the increasing demand for high-speed internet and data transmission, there is a need for higher bandwidth satellite communication systems. Advances in antenna technology, such as phased array antennas and frequency reuse techniques, are being explored to address this challenge.

Looking ahead, the future of satellite antennas is poised for exciting developments. Emerging technologies such as 5G satellite networks, small satellites (CubeSats), and constellations of interconnected satellites promise to revolutionize communication, navigation, and Earth observation capabilities. Additionally, advancements in materials science and manufacturing techniques may lead to the development of lighter, more durable antennas with enhanced performance.

Advancements in Phased Array Antennas: Phased array antennas represent a significant advancement in satellite communication technology. Unlike traditional dish antennas, phased array antennas use multiple small antenna elements controlled by phase shifters to steer the antenna beam electronically. This enables rapid beam scanning, improved signal tracking, and the ability to establish communication with multiple satellites simultaneously. Phased array antennas offer greater flexibility, reliability, and efficiency, making them ideal for applications such as mobile satellite communication, military surveillance, and satellite-based internet services.

The emergence of LEO Satellite Constellations: Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations have emerged as a disruptive force in the satellite communication industry. These constellations consist of hundreds or even thousands of small satellites orbiting the Earth at altitudes ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand kilometers. LEO constellations, such as SpaceX’s Starlink and OneWeb, leverage antennas to provide high-speed internet access to underserved and remote areas around the globe. By deploying dense networks of satellites with interconnected antennas, LEO constellations offer low-latency, high-bandwidth communication capabilities, revolutionizing the way we connect to the internet.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, satellite antennas are the unsung heroes of modern communication and observation systems. From enabling global connectivity to enhancing scientific exploration, these antennas play a vital role in our interconnected world. As technology continues to evolve, satellite antennas will remain at the forefront of innovation, paving the way for new discoveries and advancements in the realms of space exploration and telecommunications.

#SatelliteAntennas #SpaceCommunication #FutureTech #SatelliteTechnology #LEOConstellations #InterSatelliteCommunication

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sangamswami · 9 months ago

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Unlocking Opportunities: Aircraft Antenna Market Set to Reach $0.9 Billion by 2026

The Aircraft Antenna Market is poised for substantial growth, with an estimated valuation of USD 0.6 billion in 2021, projected to escalate to USD 0.9 billion by 2026, registering a robust CAGR of 7.9% during the forecast period. This growth trajectory is underpinned by several key factors, including the proliferation of airspace modernization programs, rising demand for military UAVs, and the introduction of advanced aircraft systems.

The Aircraft Antenna Market presents significant growth prospects driven by evolving market dynamics, technological innovations, and strategic initiatives undertaken by key players. Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the market is poised for robust expansion, fueled by increasing investments in airspace modernization and the escalating demand for advanced aircraft systems globally.

Download PDF Brochure: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=76582743

Market Trends and Segmentation Insights:

VHF & UHF Band Segment: Foreseen to lead the market during the forecast period, driven by its indispensable role in short-range aircraft navigation and communication applications.

Terminal Wireless Local Area Network Segment: Projected to witness the highest CAGR, propelled by its multi-protocol support and facilitation of wireless content and data transfer at airports.

Microstrip Antenna Segment: Expected to experience the highest CAGR, owing to its cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, and lightweight nature, making it a preferred choice for various aerospace applications.

Nose Mounted Segment: Anticipated to exhibit robust growth, attributed to the installation of critical radar antennas and communication equipment essential for aircraft functionality.

OEM Segment: Poised to witness significant growth, driven by technological advancements and the escalating need for enhanced connectivity and communication in the aviation sector.

UAV Segment: Forecasted to register the highest CAGR, fueled by the expanding utility of UAVs in defense activities, where smaller and lighter antennas are increasingly favored.

Regional Analysis: North America is expected to command a substantial share of the Aircraft Antenna Market from 2021 to 2026, propelled by the region's burgeoning demand for new aircraft and their extensive application in both commercial and defense domains. The robust growth of the North American aircraft antenna market is further bolstered by key players like L3Harris Technologies Inc. and The Boeing Company.

Inquiry Before Buying: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Enquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id=76582743

Key Player Strategies: Major players in the Aircraft Antenna Market, including L3Harris Technologies Inc., Honeywell International, Collins Aerospace, Cobham Limited, and The Boeing Company, have adopted a range of organic and inorganic strategies to fortify their market position. These strategies encompass acquisitions, contracts, new product launches, and partnerships & agreements, enabling them to expand their market presence and consolidate their competitive edge.

#aviation #aircraft

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aryacollegeofengineering · 2 years ago

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How do you Define it Microstrip antenna ?

Guide of microstrip antenna

A microstrip antenna is used to process ultra-high frequency signals. It is often used as a satellite radio or cell phone receiver or is mounted on a spacecraft or aircraft. This type of antenna has the benefit that it costs little to make but the drawback is that it has limited bandwidth.

An antenna is basically a device designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves by the students of best engineering colleges in Jaipur. It is used in radio equipment to transform radio waves into electrical currents or electrical currents into radio waves. The only difference between a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna is the direction in which the signal is traveling. A microstrip antenna is also used to transmit or receive signals in the ultra-high frequency spectrum. These waves have the frequencies between 300 MHz and 3000 MHz (3GHz).

The most common type of microstrip antenna is considered as microstrip patch antenna. It is made by engraving the antenna pattern into metal trace. It is bonded to a layer of insulating material like plastic, glass, certain ceramics, or certain types of crystal, then the insulating layer, known as the dielectric substrate, is bonded to a layer of metal. You cannot create this type of antenna without a dielectric substrate.

Benefits Of Microstrip Patch Antenna

A microstrip antenna is a low-cost and versatile antenna that can be manufactured easily and produces high-quality signals. Its benefits include lightweight, low manufacturing cost, and directivity.

Low cost

Patch antennas are highly versatile and low-cost in terms of manufacturing. They are low in weight, small in size, and offer low radiation power to the students of top engineering colleges in Jaipur. They can operate in dual and triple frequencies and are perfect for various applications. The low-profile design of these antennas allows easy incorporation into a circuit board. Also, they are easy to mount on a rigid surface.

Typically, Microstrip antennas are very thin. Therefore, people often print them on a single dielectric substrate. Patch antennas includes a layer of dielectric material. Each layer has 60 RF MEMS varactor elements.

Easy to manufacture

Microstrip antennas are simple and inexpensive that is very flexible. The planar structure allows enable them to conform to surfaces without losing their mechanical strength, even when mounted on rigid materials. Such antennas are helpful in various applications, and their low profile makes them easy to integrate into a device. Also, they are inexpensive to produce and can print onto a circuit board.

The microstrip antenna consists of many different materials. A common material is an aluminum, which is incredibly easy to work with. You can cut and form the metal in a simple machine. The aluminum microstrip can be easily assembled and the aluminum substrate makes it lightweight and durable.

Lightweight

Microstrip patch are popular as low-profile and lightweight antennas that operate at a wide frequency range. Additionally, they are easy to manufacture and integrate. These features help students of best private engineering college in Jaipur to make them attractive candidates for use in wireless communication systems. Patch antennas are available in different shapes and uses a series of strips in an array. Some common shapes include a circular ring, a square, or an elliptical shape.

Small distances

Patch antennas are categorized into a conductive strip and a dielectric substrate. This method is useful for short distances, where you fabricate high-frequency signals without sacrificing efficiency. Here, the antennas narrow bandwidth makes them unsuitable for use in large area networks.

Patch antennas are a modern invention that allows easy integration of antenna and driving circuitry on a single circuit board or semiconductor chip. It maintains high dimensional accuracy, which was previously impossible with traditional fabrication methods.

Types Of Microstrip Antennas

Custom antenna PCB

Microstrip patch includes several types of materials. The conducting patch can be RT-Duroid, FR-4, foam, Nylon fabric, etc. Also, they consist of dielectric substrates with different dielectric constants. They are helpful for fabrication, and it is usually thick. Each type uses a different feeding technique to feed the patch to the substrate by the students of best BTech college in Jaipur.

Parasitic patch

A parasitic patch antenna is a stacked microstrip antenna that has a radiating part composed of nine rectangular metal patches arranged basically in three rows and three columns. Due to this, the regular concept makes the antenna’s radiation pattern uniform and can cover a wide bandwidth.

The antenna has a central patch 24 that combines several smaller patches, or “parasitic patches,” which further connects each other at the center frequency f. The central patch 24 has a slot 40 and two equal-sized notches, 44 a and b, each 125 mm wide. With the increase in the parasitic patches, the antenna’s profile also got increased.

Dielectric chip

The dielectric loading in a micro strip antenna that affects the radiation pattern and impedance bandwidth. The higher the dielectric constant, the smaller the bandwidth of the antenna will become. Additionally, increasing the substrate’s relative permittivity increases the antenna’s Q factor. Due to this, the radiation pattern of a rectangular micro strip antenna is an array of slots. The highest directivity only occurs when the dielectric of the substrate is air. Therefore, the relative permittivity of the dielectric expands as the substrate becomes more dielectric.

Micro strip

A micro strip antenna is an important and popular type of internal antenna. They are helpful for microwave frequencies and consist thin strips of metal, and are useful in many applications. These strips are made of gold or silver. This type of antenna is also helpful in microwave ovens. A micro strip antenna is useful in different applications where a longer, stronger antenna is needed.

Source: Click Here

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educationtech · 5 years ago

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What are the applications of microstrip antenna ?

Theories and designs for B Tech in Electronics and Communications

Microstrip antenna is the most popular types of printed antenna. In today’s wireless communication systems or degrees like B Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering, these play a very important role. It is one of the critical components in any wireless communication system. In other words, the antenna is a part of a transmitting or receiving system that designs to radiate or receive electromagnetic waves.

Classification of different antenna

Antennae broadly divided into several categories. It includes:

Wire antennae – This is the most basic type of antenna. It uses widely on the top of buildings, ships, automobiles, and spacecraft by the students of the list of engineering colleges in Jaipur. After all, these antennae are made into different shapes like the loop, straight wire (dipole), and helix.

Aperture antennae – These are in the form of a slot or aperture in a metal plate. They commonly use at higher frequencies like 3-30 GHz by the students of B Tech College in Jaipur. For instance, slotted waveguide antennae and horn antennae. They are very useful for aircraft and spacecraft applications because they can be conveniently flush-mounted on the surface of the spacecraft or aircraft.

Printed antennae – A printed antenna is fabricated and makes use of standard photolithography technique. The most common version of the printed antenna is a microstrip antenna. In addition, it consists of a metallic patch above a ground plane. Therefore, the shape and size of the patch mainly determine the frequency of operation including its antenna and performance.

There are various other types of antennas which include array antennae, reflector antennae, lens antennae, etc.

Applications of the most common printed microstrip antennae

Microstrip patch antenna finds several applications in wireless communication for the students of Top Engineering Colleges in Jaipur. For instance, satellite communication requires circularly polarize radiation patterns that can be realized using either circular or square or circular patch microstrip antenna. In global positioning satellite (GPS) systems, circularly polarize microstrip antennae can be used. They are very compact in size and quite expensive due to their positions.

Mobile communication

Mobile communication requires low or small cost, low-profile antennae. In some mobile handsets, diodes or detectors depends on semiconductor uses as antennae by the individuals of Best B Tech College in Jaipur. However, they are similar to the p-n diode photo-detectors but work in relation to the microwave frequency.

Medical applications

The treatment of malignant tumors allows the microwave energy to induce hyperthermia. However, the radiator should be easy-to-handle for the individuals of Engineering Colleges in Jaipur, light-weight, and rugged. Only a patch radiator fulfills these requirements.

Textile antennae: recent research

Based on the different types of antennae, students of Best Engineering Colleges in Jaipur continuously monitor the biometric data of the human body. It requires the nearest positions to the human body so that the individuals can send the information can happen outside the world. The hard antennae should not attach to the human body. In addition, it consists of textile material that will not harm the human body and can be worn for extended periods.

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#Microtrip Antenna #applications of microstrip antenna

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picksblog285 · 3 years ago

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Quantum Calculator

Photodiode Quantum Efficiency | Definition, equation, calculator

Quantum performance calculator quantum performance calc the quantum performance score quantifies strength performance for people of different sizes (height and weight). Use the form below to work out the quantum performance score and quantum performance level you require for recomp certification. VQE is a quantum–classical hybrid algorithm and has been extensively studied because it is executable on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Apart from these two approaches, many studies of quantum chemical calculations on quantum computers have been reported from both the theoretical and experimental sides.

Quantum Calculator Google

This page describes Photodiode Quantum Efficiency definition. It mentions Photodiode Quantum Efficiency equation/formula andPhotodiode Quantum Efficiency calculator.

What is Photodiode ?

• A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage.This effect is called photovoltaic effect. • DC source is often used to apply reverse bias to the photodiode. This makes it generate more current.This mode of operation is called photoconductive mode. • Applications of photodiode include optical disc drives, digital cameras and optical switches etc. • Variants : PIN photodiode, Avalanche photodiode, PN Photodiode, Schottky Photodiode etc.

The figure depicts symbol of Photodiode and one such device from OSRAM.Refer article on Photodiode basics and types and their working operation.

What is Photodiode Quantum Efficiency ?

Definition:The quantum efficiency is defined as fraction of incident photons which are absorbed by photoconductor andgenerated electrons which are collected at the detector terminal.

In other words, Quantum efficiency is defined as fraction of incident photonswhich contribuite to photocurrent.It is related to responsivity as per following equation. Q.E. = 1240 * (Rλ/λ) ; Where, Rλ = Responsivity in A/W and λ = Wavelength in nm

Photodiode Quantum Efficiency Calculator

Example of Photodiode Quantum Efficiency calculator: INPUTS : Re = 1e5, Rp = 1.5e5 OUTPUTS: Quantum Efficiency (Q.E.) = 66.66%

Photodiode Quantum Efficiency Equation | Photodiode Quantum Efficiency Formula

Following equation or formula is used for Photodiode Quantum Efficiency calculator.

Photodiode calculators and terminologies

Photodiode vs Phototransistor Difference between Photodiode types and PIN diode Quantum Efficiency Responsivity Sensitivity

Useful converters and calculators

Following is the list of useful converters and calculators. dBm to Watt converter Stripline Impedance calculator Microstrip line impedance Antenna G/T Noise temp. to NF

RF and Wireless tutorials

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Quantum Numbers, Atomic Orbitals, and Electron Configurations

Contents: Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals 1. Principal Quantum Number (n) 2.Angular Momentum (Secondary, Azimunthal) Quantum Number (l) 3.Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) 4.Spin Quantum Number (ms) Table of Allowed Quantum Numbers Writing Electron Configurations Properties of Monatomic Ions References

Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals

By solving the Schrödinger equation (Hy = Ey), we obtain a set of mathematical equations, called wave functions (y), which describe the probability of finding electrons at certain energy levels within an atom.

A wave function for an electron in an atom is called an atomic orbital; this atomic orbital describes a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding the electron. Energy changes within an atom are the result of an electron changing from a wave pattern with one energy to a wave pattern with a different energy (usually accompanied by the absorption or emission of a photon of light).

Each electron in an atom is described by four different quantum numbers. The first three (n, l, ml) specify the particular orbital of interest, and the fourth (ms) specifies how many electrons can occupy that orbital.

Principal Quantum Number (n): n = 1, 2, 3, …, ∞ Specifies the energy of an electron and the size of the orbital (the distance from the nucleus of the peak in a radial probability distribution plot). All orbitals that have the same value of n are said to be in the same shell (level). For a hydrogen atom with n=1, the electron is in its ground state; if the electron is in the n=2 orbital, it is in an excited state. The total number of orbitals for a given n value is n2.

Angular Momentum (Secondary, Azimunthal) Quantum Number (l): l = 0, ..., n-1. Specifies the shape of an orbital with a particular principal quantum number. The secondary quantum number divides the shells into smaller groups of orbitals called subshells (sublevels). Usually, a letter code is used to identify l to avoid confusion with n:

l012345...Letterspdfgh...

The subshell with n=2 and l=1 is the 2p subshell; if n=3 and l=0, it is the 3s subshell, and so on. The value of l also has a slight effect on the energy of the subshell; the energy of the subshell increases with l (s < p < d < f).

Magnetic Quantum Number (ml): ml = -l, ..., 0, ..., +l. Specifies the orientation in space of an orbital of a given energy (n) and shape (l). This number divides the subshell into individual orbitals which hold the electrons; there are 2l+1 orbitals in each subshell. Thus the s subshell has only one orbital, the p subshell has three orbitals, and so on.

Spin Quantum Number (ms): ms = +½ or -½. Specifies the orientation of the spin axis of an electron. An electron can spin in only one of two directions (sometimes called up and down). The Pauli exclusion principle (Wolfgang Pauli, Nobel Prize 1945) states that no two electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers. What this means is that no more than two electrons can occupy the same orbital, and that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins. Because an electron spins, it creates a magnetic field, which can be oriented in one of two directions. For two electrons in the same orbital, the spins must be opposite to each other; the spins are said to be paired. These substances are not attracted to magnets and are said to be diamagnetic. Atoms with more electrons that spin in one direction than another contain unpaired electrons. These substances are weakly attracted to magnets and are said to be paramagnetic.

Table of Allowed Quantum Numbers

nlmlNumber of orbitalsOrbital NameNumber of electrons10011s220012s21-1, 0, +132p630013s21-1, 0, +133p62-2, -1, 0, +1, +253d1040014s21-1, 0, +134p62-2, -1, 0, +1, +254d103-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +374f14

Writing Electron Configurations

The distribution of electrons among the orbitals of an atom is called the electron configuration. The electrons are filled in according to a scheme known as the Aufbau principle ('building-up'), which corresponds (for the most part) to increasing energy of the subshells:

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f

It is not necessary to memorize this listing, because the order in which the electrons are filled in can be read from the periodic table in the following fashion:

Or, to summarize:

In electron configurations, write in the orbitals that are occupied by electrons, followed by a superscript to indicate how many electrons are in the set of orbitals (e.g., H 1s1)

Another way to indicate the placement of electrons is an orbital diagram, in which each orbital is represented by a square (or circle), and the electrons as arrows pointing up or down (indicating the electron spin). When electrons are placed in a set of orbitals of equal energy, they are spread out as much as possible to give as few paired electrons as possible (Hund's rule).

examples will be added at a later date

In a ground state configuration, all of the electrons are in as low an energy level as it is possible for them to be. When an electron absorbs energy, it occupies a higher energy orbital, and is said to be in an excited state.

Properties of Monatomic Ions

The electrons in the outermost shell (the ones with the highest value of n) are the most energetic, and are the ones which are exposed to other atoms. This shell is known as the valence shell. The inner, core electrons (inner shell) do not usually play a role in chemical bonding.

Elements with similar properties generally have similar outer shell configurations. For instance, we already know that the alkali metals (Group I) always form ions with a +1 charge; the 'extra' s1 electron is the one that's lost:

IALi1s22s1Li+1s2Na1s22s22p63s1Na+1s22s22p6K1s22s22p63s23p64s1K+1s22s22p63s23p6

The next shell down is now the outermost shell, which is now full — meaning there is very little tendency to gain or lose more electrons. The ion's electron configuration is the same as the nearest noble gas — the ion is said to be isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas. Atoms 'prefer' to have a filled outermost shell because this is more electronically stable.

The Group IIA and IIIA metals also tend to lose all of their valence electrons to form cations.

Quantum Calculator

IIABe1s22s2Be2+1s2Mg1s22s22p63s2Mg2+1s22s22p6IIIAAl1s22s22p63s23p1Al3+1s22s22p6

The Group IV and V metals can lose either the electrons from the p subshell, or from both the s and p subshells, thus attaining a pseudo-noble gas configuration.

IVASn(Kr)4d105s25p2Sn2+(Kr)4d105s2Sn4+(Kr)4d10Pb(Xe)4f145d106s26p2Pb2+(Xe)4f145d106s2Pb4+(Xe)4f145d10VABi(Xe)4f145d106s26p3Bi3+(Xe)4f145d106s2Bi5+(Xe)4f145d10

The Group IV - VII non-metals gain electrons until their valence shells are full (8 electrons).

Calculator Quantum Computer

IVAC1s22s22p2C4-1s22s22p6VAN1s22s22p3N3-1s22s22p6VIAO1s22s22p4O2-1s22s22p6VIIAF1s22s22p5F-1s22s22p6

Quantum Calculation In Chemistry

The Group VIII noble gases already possess a full outer shell, so they have no tendency to form ions.

Transition metals (B-group) usually form +2 charges from losing the valence s electrons, but can also lose electrons from the highest d level to form other charges.

B-groupFe1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2Fe2+1s22s22p63s23p63d6Fe3+1s22s22p63s23p63d5

References

Martin S. Silberberg, Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000, p. 277-284, 293-307.

Quantum Calculation And Quantum Communication

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mhgywgyq-blog · 6 years ago

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Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of copper coating on PCB design

As we often see in PCB design guide, at the end of layout, we should cover the PCB outer layer with copper, that is, well-grounded copper foil to cover the blank area of PCB.

The advantages of copper coating on PCB are as follows:

1. Provide additional shielding protection and noise suppression for inner signals;

2. Improve the heat dissipation capacity of PCB;

3. In PCB production process, save the amount of corrosive agent;

4. Avoid warping and deformation of PCB caused by different stress during reflow welding caused by unbalanced copper foil.

Disadvantages of copper coating on PCB outer layer:

1. The outer copper coating plane will be broken by surface components and signal lines. If there is copper foil with poor grounding (especially the thin long copper fragments), it will become an antenna, generating EMI problems;

2, if the copper clad for components pin connection, will cause the heat lost too fast, causing desoldering and welding difficulty of repair as mentioned earlier, the outer cladding copper plane must be good grounding, need more played hole connected to the main ground plane, a hole to play much, will inevitably affect the wiring channel, unless you use blind holes.

Analysis of copper coating on PCB:

1. For PCB design, it is necessary to cover two layers of boards with copper. Generally, the ground plane will be laid on the bottom layer, and the main components and power lines and signal lines will be laid on the top layer.

2, for high impedance circuits, analog circuits (analog-to-digital conversion circuits, switching mode power supply conversion circuits), copper coating is a good practice.

3. For high-speed multi-layer digital circuit with complete power supply and ground plane, note that high-speed digital circuit is mentioned here, and copper coating on the outer layer will not bring great benefits.

4. For multi-layer digital circuits, the inner layer has a complete power source and ground plane, and copper cladding on the surface does not significantly reduce cross talk, but too close to the copper skin will change the impedance of the microstrip transmission line, and the discontinuous copper skin will also have a negative impact on the impedance discontinuity of the transmission line.

5. For multilayer plates, if the distance between the microstrip line and the reference plane is less than 10mil, the backflow path of the signal will directly choose the reference plane located below the signal line, rather than the surrounding copper skin, because its impedance is lower. For double-layer plates with a distance of 60mil between signal line and reference plane, complete copper skin along the path of the whole signal line can significantly reduce noise.

conclusion

Therefore, whether to lay copper on the surface layer depends on the application scene. In addition to covering the ground for sensitive signals, if there are many high-speed signal lines and components, a lot of small and long broken copper will be produced, and wiring channels are tight, it is necessary to try to avoid the surface copper through holes and connect with the ground plane, at this time the surface layer can choose not to lay copper. If surface components and high speed signal is less, the board is more open, in order to PCB machining process requirement, can choose to shop on the surface of copper, but must pay attention to the PCB design when the distance between the copper sheet and high speed signal lines at least more than 4 w, in order to avoid change the characteristic impedance signal lines, and the surface of copper sheet should be at the highest signal frequency tenths of wavelength spacing good connection with the main ground of drilling hole.

#PCB design

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pncinc · 3 years ago

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Microwave Printed Circuit Board Concept

A microwave circuit refers to any electrical or electronic device which operates on microwaves or uses microwaves for its operation. Some examples include radar systems, satellite dishes, cell phone towers, and TV antennas among others. Such circuits are designed to operate at specific frequencies or bandwidths so that they do not interfere with each other.

A microwave is an electromagnetic wave of frequency between 1GHz and 30GHz. It falls under the band B, C, D, and E in IEEE standards. Microwaves occupy a large part of the entire RF spectrum as compared to other frequencies. The global demand for communication devices such as routers, DSL, and mobile phones has increased significantly due to technological advancements such as internet connectivity being provided by these devices and advancements in technology by small-sized electronic components that can operate at high frequencies. As a result, there is an increase in demand for microwave circuit design services.

Microwave PCBs have to meet certain requirements that have not changed even though the designs have.

Understanding The Concept

So, what is microwave PCB? Simply put, it’s a pc boardthat incorporates circuitry optimized for frequency bands in which microwave signals are most commonly used. As the boards are designed specifically for such frequencies, they offer superior performance over traditional boards in terms of both design and reliability. Besides, their smaller size and lower overall weight make them perfect for use in applications where space and transportation costs are at a premium.

Why Microwave Technology?

The microwave portion of telecommunications is used for point-to-point voice and data communications. You can also use it for two-way radio, cable television, and telegraphy in a limited range of frequencies. As it allows information transmission at high speeds over long distances, it is very common in military organizations. For these reasons and more, microwave technology plays an essential role in today’s technological world.

As such, it was important that an efficient way to transmit microwaves be developed, the result was a device called a microstrip line. In short, when combined with other components, microstrip lines are what allow microwaves to travel great distances while maintaining optimal signal strength.

A microstrip line consists of three main parts, including a metal foil, dielectric material, and a ground plane. Metal foil serves as an antenna, and the dielectric material acts as a waveguide. Whereas the ground plane provides electrical shielding. These three elements are placed on top of one another and bonded together using heat or pressure, which creates a single unit known as a structure.

What Are The Factors That We Need To Consider While Selecting The Right Board?

Choosing a board for microwave design is not an easy task. There are several factors that we need to consider such as frequency, applications, and modes of use. There are three main types of boards, including through-hole, single-sided, and multi-layer boards. It is also very important that you pick out a board that matches your frequency range.

For example, you need a board with wider spacing between conducting tracks at higher frequencies than low frequencies. So, make sure that you select the right one depending on your frequency range.

The next thing that you need to look into is your application or project needs. Depending upon your requirement, you can go ahead with either through-hole or SMD-style component placement methods.

The final step in choosing a microwave PCB will be deciding on the thickness of the copper traces before the Circuit board fabrication process. You will have to choose according to your project needs whether thin or thick copper traces would be best suited for your application. But, keep in mind that thicker copper traces provide better current carrying capacity but they are more expensive than thinner ones. So, again it all depends on what kind of budget you have set aside for your project.

Every board has its unique features, so do check out every detail before buying one. A well-known feature of these boards is their ability to withstand high temperatures without getting damaged. This makes them ideal for high-temperature environments like ovens, motors, etc.

Another advantage of using these boards is their small size which makes them easy to handle and transport from one place to another. They also come with different pin configurations like double row, single row, and even no pin configuration options. Some of them also offer the ground plane on both sides which helps in reducing noise levels due to capacitive coupling.

In addition to all these advantages, most of these boards are made up of epoxy glass material that provides insulation against electric fields and other environmental factors.

Installation of Components onto A Microwave PCB

Let’s now take a quick look at how we can install our components onto a microwave PCB. First of all, get yourself ready by wearing safety glasses and gloves so that you don’t end up hurting yourself during installation. Make sure that you have gathered all the tools required for installation beforehand.

Next, remove any existing solder mask and protective coating from the surface of your board. Make sure that there is no dirt or dust present on it as well. If necessary clean it thoroughly with acetone and then wipe dry with a lint-free cloth or paper towel.

After doing so you can proceed to install the components onto it just like any other circuit board out there. Remember to always start with your smallest components first and work your way up to larger ones. Before soldering it is recommended that you apply a thin coat of flux on all surfaces where you are going to be placing your components. Then apply a little bit of solder paste on each pad and lastly place your component in position and heat it with a soldering iron.

Make sure that you inspect for proper alignment of your parts and if needed apply extra flux or reposition it until everything looks just right. Once you are satisfied with your results, it’s time to apply a generous amount of solder over all your components. Once you have done so, wait for it to cool down and that’s it.

How Do I Choose My Microwave PCB Manufacturer?

Before you start shopping for a company to make your circuit boards, there are a few things you should know. Here’s a quick rundown of some key questions you should ask yourself as you’re shopping around, such as:

· Does your board require special materials?

· Do you need services outside of just PCB manufacturing?

· How many layers do you need?

· What sort of electrical isolation is needed between high-voltage and low-voltage areas on your board?

· How much space will you need for mounting components?

Once you have answers to these questions, it will be easier to find a vendor that can meet all of your needs. Of course, in order to get accurate information from vendors about their capabilities, you may need to provide them with more details about your project than what we've provided here. They must understand exactly what kind of design you're working with so they can give you honest feedback about whether or not they're able to work with it.

What Is Hybrid Microwave Circuit

A hybrid microwave involves a thin film or thick film technology to construct different microwave circuits using a medium that can transmit signals. The medium, in this case, is mostly sapphire, alumina porcelain, ceramics of high level, or quartz.

There are two types of hybrid microwave circuits, passive and active. Passive hybrid circuits consist of passive elements like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and filters. Whereas active hybrid circuits use active devices like transistors, diodes, etc.

Active hybrid circuits have better performance than passive ones, but their fabrication process is more complex than passive ones because they contain semiconductor elements, unlike passive elements. Thus it is easier to fabricate passive hybrid circuits than active ones.

There are various factors affecting the microwave circuit design such as size, power consumption, cost of materials used, and the operating temperature. These factors must be considered while designing a microwave circuit.

Understanding the Lumped Componentization of a Microwave Circuit

A lumped component model is one of several techniques used to analyze and design high-frequency microwave circuits. It was originally developed for analysis and design in communication systems. It is characterized by using lumped elements (e.g., resistors, capacitors, inductors) instead of transmission lines or other forms of circuit elements whose behavior is dominated by distributed parameters like permittivity and permeability.

In addition to being useful for analysis, lumped element models are also useful for conceptual designs because they make it easier to visualize components and their interconnections. The concept of lumped element models is very similar to that of ideal transformers used in a single-sideband modulation. In this model, an ideal transformer represents an actual transformer with losses and non-ideal characteristics asleakage reactanceare replaced by zero values.

The equivalent circuit consists of an impedance connected between port 1 and the ground, plus a series capacitor representing the leakage reactance and shunt conductance. This technique is often referred to as lumped parameter modeling. Other examples include bridge networks used in an RF filter design and the current source inverters used in active filters.

Would like to know more about the Microwave PCB conceptor printed circuit board assembly? Email us at [email protected]

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#pcboard #Circuitboardfabrication #PCBManufacturer #circuitboardassembly

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latestglobalmarketresearch · 3 years ago

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Adoption of 5G in aviation industry To Transform Aircraft Antenna Market By 2026

The global Aircraft Antenna Market is estimated to be USD 0.6 billion in 2021 and is projected to reach USD 0.9 billion by 2026, at a CAGR of 7.9% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is mainly driven by an increase in airspace modernization programs, an increase in demand for military UAVs and the introduction of advanced aircraft systems.

The aircraft antenna market includes major players L3Harris Technologies Inc. (US), Honeywell International (US), Collins Aerospace (US), Cobham Limited (UK), and The Boeing Company (US). These players have spread their business across various countries including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. COVID-19 has impacted their businesses as well. Industry experts believe that COVID-19 could affect aircraft antenna production and services by 7–10% globally in 2020.

Explore More Insights: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/aircraft-antenna-market-76582743.html

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the end-use industries adversely, resulting in a sudden dip in 2020 aircraft orders and deliveries. This is expected to negatively impact the aircraft market in the short term, with slow recovery expected in Q1 of 2021.

Increasing need for short-range surveillance and tracking is expected to fuel the growth of the VHF & UHF band segment in the aircraft antenna market during the forecast period.

The VHF & UHF band segment is estimated to lead the market during the forecast period, with a share of 30% in 2021. VHF & UHF (very high frequency and ultra-high frequency) bands are used for short-range aircraft navigation and communication, enabling an aircraft to determine its position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted through a network from a ground location. This band is used for communication in the line-of-sight range.

The Terminal Wireless Local Area Network segment is projected to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period.

Based on application, the Terminal Wireless Local Area Network segment is projected to be the highest CAGR rate for the aircraft antenna market during the forecast period. A Terminal Wireless Local Area Network functions with the help of a small compliant transceiver that supports multiple high-speed wireless protocols. This multi-protocol support enables the operation of the GateSync system at airports across the world. The system enables airlines to wirelessly load and offload content and data while the aircraft is on the ground.

The microstrip antenna segment is projected to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period.

Based on antenna type, the microstrip antenna segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR rate for the aircraft antenna market during the forecast period. Microstrip antennas are popular owing to their low manufacturing cost and ease of fabrication and integration with circuit components. These antennas are lightweight and can be easily mounted on the surface of aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, missiles, and even on handheld mobile devices.

The nose mounted segment is projected to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Based on installation, the nose mounted segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR rate for the aircraft antenna market during the forecast period. In most military and commercial aircraft, the nose cone also shelters radar antennas and other equipment that are used for the detection of meteorological phenomena, enemy aircraft, and the transmission of communication signals. In the nose section, the antennas installed are weather radar, glideslope, and localizers.

The OEM segment is projected to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period.

Based on the end user, the OEM segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR rate for the aircraft antenna market during the forecast period. Technological advancements and the need for better connectivity and communication in the aviation industry are additional factors influencing the growth of the aircraft antenna market.

The UAV segment is projected to witness the highest CAGR during the forecast period

Based on aircraft type, the UAV segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR rate for the aircraft antenna market during the forecast period. The increasing applicability of UAVs in the defense sector has boosted the aircraft antenna market. UAVs have less demanding flight profiles and environmental standard requirements than manned aircraft, and hence, the antennas used in UAVs are smaller and have lower mass as compared to those used in manned aircraft.

Regional Outlook

The North America market is projected to contribute the largest share from 2021 to 2026

The key factor responsible for North America leading the aircraft antennas market is the high demand for new aircraft in the region. The growing demand for aircraft for commercial applications and their increasing utility in the defense sector to carry out transport and surveillance activities are additional factors influencing the growth of the North American aircraft antenna market.

Key players have adopted various organic and inorganic strategies to strengthen their position in the aircraft antenna market. The major players include L3Harris Technologies Inc. (US), Honeywell International (US), Collins Aerospace (US), Cobham Limited (UK), and The Boeing Company (US), these players have adopted various strategies, such as acquisitions, contracts, new product launches, and partnerships & agreements, to expand their presence in the market further.

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vias3d · 3 years ago

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CST Studio - Vias3D - 3DEngineering

SIMULIA offers an advanced simulation product portfolio. It covers simulation disciplines such a structural mechanics, computational fluid dynamics, acoustics, plastic injection molding and electromagnetic field simulation, for a true multiphysics simulation approach.SIMULIA’s realistic simulation solutions accelerate the process of making highly-informed, mission-critical design and engineering decisions before committing to costly and time-consuming physical prototypes.

ELECTROMAGNETIC PRODUCTS

CST STUDIO SUITE

(*) High-performance 3D EM analysis software package for designing, analyzing and optimizing electromagnetic (EM) components and systems.

(*) Electromagnetic field solvers for applications across the EM spectrum are contained within a single user interface.

Coupled simulation: System-level, hybrid, multiphysics, EM/circuit cosimulation.

(*) All-in-one fully parametric design environment.

(*) Import/export wide variety of CAD and EDA files.

(*) Wide range of complex material models.

(*) Complementary tools for Filter Design: Filter Designer 2D (FD2D) and Filter Designer 3D (FD3D).

(*) Powerful post-processing and visualization tools with built-in optimizers.

(*) Common subjects of EM analysis include the performance and efficiency of antennas and filters, EMC/EMI, exposure of the human body to EM fields, electro-mechanical effects in motors and generators, and thermal effects in high-power devices.

ANTENNA MAGUS

(*) Is the most extensive antenna synthesis tool available on the market today.

(*) Its large database of over 350 antennas, transitions and feed structures can be explored to choose the optimal topology.

(*) Validated antenna models can be exported to CST STUDIO SUITE.

(*) Has proven to be an invaluable aid to antenna design engineers and to anyone who requires antenna models for antenna placement and/or electromagnetic interference studies.

SPARK3D

MULTIPACTORAND CORONA ANALYSIS

Spark3D is a unique simulation tool for determining the RF breakdown power level in a wide variety of passive devices, including cavities, waveguides, microstrip and antennas.

(*) Spark3D is a unique simulation tool for determining the RF breakdown power level in a wide variety of passive devices, including cavities, waveguides, microstrip and antennas.

(*) Spark3D is an optional part of CST STUDIO SUITE and is also available as a standalone offering.

(*) Field results from CST STUDIO SUITE simulations can be imported directly into Spark3D to analyze vacuum breakdown (multipactor) and gas discharge.

The main Spark3D features are:

(*) Import the electromagnetic (EM) fields from EM solvers.

(*) Automatic determination of the breakdown power threshold.

(*) Analysis boxes can be defined in order to choose the critical regions to be analyzed.

(*) Real-time output interface with rich simulation data, in table, plot and 3D view forms.

FEST3D

MICROWAVE FILTER DESIGN SOFTWARE

(*) Capable of analyzing complex passive microwave components based on waveguide and coaxial cavity technology.

(*) Fest3D is an optional part of CST STUDIO SUITE and is also available as a stand-alone offering.

Some of the components that can be analyzed with Fest3D are:

(*) Filters (Comb-line, Inter-digital, waffle-iron, dual-mode, bandstop, etc.)

(*) Multiplexers (Diplexers, OMUXs, etc.)

(*) Couplers

(*) Polarizers

(*) OMTs

IDEM

ELECTRONIC DEVICE CHARACTERIZATION

(*) Best-in-class tool for generation of broadband macromodels of linear lumped multi-port structures (via fields, connectors, packages, discontinuities, etc.), known from their input-output port responses.

(*) The raw characterization of the structure can come from measurement or simulation, either in frequency domain or in time domain.

(*) Enables SPICE model extraction and processing for any kind of linear structure, component, interconnect, package, whatever your native characterization and application area.

(*) Is an optional part of CST STUDIO SUITE and is also available as a stand-alone offering.

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extrudesign · 3 years ago

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educationtech · 2 years ago

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A Practical Guide to the Design of Microstrip Antenna Arrays - Arya College

Benefits Of Microstrip Patch Antenna

A microstrip antenna is a low-cost and versatile antenna that can be manufactured easily and produces high-quality signals. Its benefits include lightweight, low manufacturing cost, and directivity.

Low cost

Easy to manufacture

Lightweight

Microstrip patch are popular as low-profile and lightweight antennas that operate at a wide frequency range. Additionally, they are easy to manufacture and integrate. These features help students of private engineering colleges in Jaipur to make them attractive candidates for use in wireless communication systems. Patch antennas are available in different shapes and uses a series of strips in an array. Some common shapes include a circular ring, a square, or an elliptical shape.

Small distances

Types Of Microstrip Antennas

Custom antenna PCB

Parasitic patch

Dielectric chip

The dielectric loading in a microstrip antenna that affects the radiation pattern and impedance bandwidth. The higher the dielectric constant, the smaller the bandwidth of the antenna will become. Additionally, increasing the substrate’s relative permittivity increases the antenna’s Q factor. Due to this, the radiation pattern of a rectangular microstrip antenna is an array of slots. The highest directivity only occurs when the dielectric of the substrate is air. Therefore, the relative permittivity of the dielectric expands as the substrate becomes more dielectric.

Microstrip

A microstrip antenna is an important and popular type of internal antenna. They are helpful for microwave frequencies and consist thin strips of metal, and are useful in many applications. These strips are made of gold or silver. This type of antenna is also helpful in microwave ovens. A microstrip antenna is useful in different applications where a longer, stronger antenna is needed.

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ijwmt · 3 years ago

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IJWMT Vol. 11, No. 1, Feb. 2021

Impact of Wall Coating on the Behavior of Indoor OWC under Diffuse Topology

Mohamed B. El-Mashade, Hanaa H. Qamer

Design of a Compact Fractal Unit Cell Absorber for the 2.45 GHz Band

Akaa Agbaeze Eteng

Compact MIMO Shorted Microstrip Antenna for 5G Applications

S.Murugan

An Ontology based Approach for Context-Aware Security in the Internet of Things (IoT)

Asifa Nazir, Sahil Sholla, Adil Bashir

Development of a New Diversity Scheme in 5G Network at 28 GHz Millimter-wave Frequency for Digital Mobile System

Akinyinka Olukunle Akande, Cosmas Kemisdrin Agubor, Olusola Kunle Akinde, Longinus Sunday Ezema, Samuel Okechukwu Okozi

#ijwmt

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aerospaceanddefense · 3 years ago

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Defense integrated antenna market is projected to grow from USD 543 million in 2022 to USD 722 million by 2026, at a CAGR of 5.8% during the forecast period.

#Defense Integrated Antenna Market

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ajaypartap · 3 years ago

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Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast of Communication Antenna Market, 2020–2027

Allied market Research’s upcoming report titled, “Communication Antenna Market By Type (Wire Antenna, Aperture Antenna, Reflector Antenna, Lens Antenna, Microstrip Antenna, Array Antenna, and Others), Coverage Type (Directional, Semi-Directional, and Omni-Directional), Product Type (Macro Cells and Small Cells), Technology (MIMO, MISO, SIMO, and Others), Application (RADAR System, Wi-Fi System, Connected Vehicle, Satellite Tracking, Radio Astronomy, and Others), Industry Vertical (Consumer Electronics, Aerospace & Defense, IT & Telecommunication, Automotive, Industrial, Healthcare, and Others): Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2020–2027”, offers an analysis of Communication Antennamarket. According to the report the market is expected to register a considerable market growth by 2026. The upcoming reports would offer an extensive analysis of all the key drivers and opportunities supporting the growth and expansion of Communication Antenna industry

Download Sample Report (Get Full Insights in PDF - 200+ Pages) @ https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/request-sample/9257

THE COVID-19 SCENARIO:

The industry has been going through a transformational phase in which nothing is certain. In this time of pandemic, embracing change is important. The market for Communication Antenna has been much/not much impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak.

NEED FOR THE REPORT:

1. The impact of COVID-19, makes it important for the stakeholders to understand the Communication Antenna industry. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of growth potential and market opportunities available for the Communication Antenna market by extensively analyzing the competitors’ strategies, the trends in the market, and new technological advancements.

2. The report will surely help the stakeholders in framing long term profitable strategies and excel in the Communication Antenna market.

KEY SEGMENTATION:

To make the analysis understandable and worth spending the time, the report segments the market into, Type, Coverage Type, Product Type, Technology, Application, Industry Vertical and region. This segmentation offers a deep understanding about the Communication Antenna market from the point of view of each segment. The related data table and flow charts have been used to make the analysis easily understandable and provide for better insights to the reader.

KEY MARKET PLAYERS:

The strategies of top 10 market players of the Communication Antenna industry are analyzed in this report to provide better understanding. The key market players included in the report are Comba Telecom, Laird Technologies PLC, Molex, Alpha Wireless Ltd., Amphenol Corp., TE Connectivity Ltd., Pulse Electronics Corp., Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Cisco Systems Inc. and Qualcomm Inc.

Access Full Summary @https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/communication-antenna-market-A08892

KEY BEENFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS:

The study gives an analytical overview of the communication antenna market forecast with current trends and future estimations to determine imminent investment pockets.

The report provides information related to key drivers, restraints, and opportunities along with detailed communication antenna market analysis.

The current communication antenna market trends are quantitatively analyzed from 2020 to 2027.

Porter’s five forces analysis illustrates the potency of buyers & suppliers in the market.

About Us:

Allied Market Research (AMR) is a market research and business-consulting firm of Allied Analytics LLP, based in Portland, Oregon. AMR offers market research reports, business solutions, consulting services, and insights on markets across 11 industry verticals. Adopting extensive research methodologies, AMR is instrumental in helping its clients to make strategic business decisions and achieve sustainable growth in their market domains. We are equipped with skilled analysts and experts, and have a wide experience of working with many Fortune 500 companies and small & medium enterprises.

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#communication #market

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latestglobalmarketresearch · 3 years ago

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Adoption of 5G in aviation industry Transform Aircraft Antenna Market Swiftly

According to research report aircraft antenna market size is estimated to be USD 0.6 billion in 2021 and is projected to reach USD 0.9 billion by 2026, at a CAGR of 7.9% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is mainly driven by increase in airspace modernization programs, increase in demand for military UAVs and introduction of advanced aircraft systems.

The global aircraft antenna market includes major players L3Harris Technologies Inc. (US), Honeywell International (US), Collins Aerospace (US), Cobham Limited (UK), and The Boeing Company (US). These players have spread their business across various countries including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. COVID-19 has impacted their businesses as well. Industry experts believe that COVID-19 could affect aircraft antenna production and services by 7–10% globally in 2020.