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Macos Default Mail App Command Line

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Macos Default Mail App Command Line Code

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Macos Command Line Tools

Choose Use an existing macOS AppID and select the identifier you’d like to use from the popup menu. Click the Save button to finish editing your AppID. In the Profiles section, click the + button to create a new profile, select ‘macOS App Development’, and click Continue. Now, we need to find out the name of the mail application you want to set as default, we can do that running the following command (change Airmail with your desired mail client): mdls -name kMDItemCFBundleIdentifier -r /Applications/Airmail 3.app # this will return 'it.bloop.airmail2'. Mail.app, the email client that is bundled with macOS, is surprisingly robust. Still, it does have some limitations, leading many to switch to third-party email clients. Oct 01, 2018 Open the “Mail” application from the “Applications” folder. Select the “Mail” menu and choose “Preferences Set the “Default email reader” to the mail client desired.Set it to Outlook, Mail, Chrome or whatever mail client you like. Oct 09, 2012 Is there a defaults command for mail.app to to set a default Reply-To and From header fields for all outgoing email from a specific mail account (and NOT from ALL mail accounts)? For example, I have mail accounts M1 and M2 that use the same Gmail (IMAP or Pop) account.

Update Macos Command Line

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Typically, Xcode handles most code signing tasks for you, helping you manage your code signing identity, and applying your code signature to apps that you build and distribute. Letting Xcode handle code signing is generally the simplest and safest choice, because Xcode is designed with best practices built in. Read this chapter to gain a better understanding of what Xcode does on your behalf, or to handle special cases where you need to intervene in the code signing process.

About the Code Signing Identity

You sign code using a code signing identity, which consists of a private key plus a digital certificate. The private key is an encryption key that only you have, making it impossible for anyone to forge your signature, as long as you keep the key secure. The digital certificate has a usage extension that enables it to be used for signing, and it contains the public key that complements your private key. The certificate is not secret, and is itself generally signed by a certificate authority, which effectively vouches for your identity. The simple act of code signing does not require a certificate authority’s signature on your certificate, but your signature is much more useful this way because anyone encountering your signature can be confident of its origin.

You can use more than one signing identity, each for its own purpose, such as one for beta seeds and one for final, released products. Also, you typically have different identities for iOS and macOS apps. However, most organizations use a single identity for a given platform and purpose. In other words, you typically do not have more than one Mac App Distribution identity, even if you publish many different apps, but you do have different identities for distributing macOS apps and iOS apps.

Before You Obtain a Signing Identity

Before you obtain a code signing identity and sign your code, consider the following points:

Depending on your company’s internal policies, you might have to involve your company’s build and integration, legal, and marketing departments in decisions about what sort of signing identity to use and how to obtain it. Start this process well in advance of the time you need to actually sign the code for distribution to customers.

Any signed version of your code that gets into the hands of users will appear to have been endorsed by your company for use. Therefore, you might not want to use your “final” signing identity to sign code that is still in development.

A signing identity, no matter how obtained, is completely compromised if it is ever out of the physical control of whoever is authorized to sign the code. That means that the signing identity’s private key must never, under any circumstances, be given to end users, and should be restricted to one or a small number of trusted persons within your company. Before obtaining a signing identity and proceeding to sign code, determine who within your company will possess the identity, who can use it, and how it will be kept safe. For example, if the identity must be used by more than one person, you can keep it in the keychain of a secure computer and give the password of the keychain only to authorized users, or you can put the identity on a smart card to which only authorized users have the PIN.

Important: If you lose control of your Apple-issued signing identity, such as your Developer ID or Mac App Distribution identity, report this to Apple immediately. Apple will invalidate the old identity and help you to replace it. While this seems like a lot of work, it’s critical, because anyone possessing your identity can distribute potentially malicious or destructive code that looks like it came from you.

Obtaining Your Signing Identities

The usual way to obtain a certificate for your signing identity is to get it from Apple. When you sign up for the Apple Developer Program, you gain access to the developer portal, where you can generate certificates for a variety of purposes, including Developer ID certificates (for public distribution of Mac apps), Mac App Distribution certificates (for submitting to the Mac App Store), iOS Distribution certificates (for submitting to the App Store), and others.

Note: Apple uses the industry-standard form and format of code signing certificates. Therefore, if your company already has a third-party signing identity that you use to sign code on other systems, you can use it with the macOS codesign command. Similarly, if your company is a certificate issuing authority, contact your IT department to find out how to get a signing certificate issued by your company. However, while these valid certificates allow you to sign your code, you can only distribute through the App Store or through the Developer ID program when you sign with a certificate issued by Apple.

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Xcode helps manage your code signing identities when you use the certificates available through the developer portal. For details on how to use Xcode to do this, see Manage signing certificates in Xcode Help.

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If you choose to manage your signing identities manually because you are using a certificate authority other than Apple, you create them using the Certificate Assistant, which is provided as part of the Keychain Access application. You use this tool to create a public/private key pair, add these keys to your keychain, and generate a certificate request that you send to a certificate authority. In response, the certificate authority sends you a signed certificate that, in combination with the private key stored only on your system and known only to you, completes your digital identity. These are essentially the same steps Xcode carries out on your behalf (using Apple as the certificate authority) when it manages your code signing identity.

To obtain a signed certificate using Certificate Assistant

From the Keychain Access menu, choose Certificate Assistant > Request a Certificate from a Certificate Authority….

Fill in your email address and a name for the certificate, and select Saved to disk. Then click Continue.

Select a place to store the request on disk, and click Save.

Certificate Assistant generates the public and private keys and stores them in your keychain, while storing the matching certificate request on disk.

Upload the certificate request to the certificate authority (for example, to Apple using the developer portal, as part of the certificate generation flow).

Download the generated certificate (a file with a cer extension).

Open the certificate file by double clicking on it.

Keychain Access imports the certificate and associates it with the corresponding private key you created earlier.

Note: If the private key is not already in your keychain when you import the certificate, for example because you move to another development machine, you must export the private key from the original system using the Keychain Access app, and import it on the new system as a separate step. The private key is not part of the certificate. When you use Certificate Assistant to generate the certificate request, the one and only copy of the private key is the one Certificate Assistant placed in your keychain at that time.

Alternatively, you can create and self-sign a certificate using Certificate Assistant, and not involve a certificate authority. This can be useful during internal testing and development.

Important: Do not ship apps signed by self-signed certificates. A self-signed certificate created with the Certificate Assistant is not recognized by users’ operating systems as a valid certificate for any purpose other than validating the designated requirement of your signed code. Because a self-signed certificate has not been signed by a recognized root certificate authority, the user can only verify that two versions of your application came from the same source; they cannot verify that your company is the true source of the code. For more information about root authorities, see Security Concepts.

To obtain a self-signed certificate using Certificate Assistant

From the Keychain Access menu, choose Certificate Assistant > Create a Certificate.

Fill in a name for the certificate. This name appears in the Keychain Access utility as the name of the certificate.

Choose Self Signed Root from the Identity Type pop-up menu.

Choose Code Signing from the Certificate Type pop-up menu.

Check the Let me override defaults checkbox. Click Continue.

Specify a serial number for the certificate.

Any number will do as long as you have no other certificate with the same name and serial number.

Fill in the information for the certificate. Click Continue.

Adding an Info.plist to Single-File Tools

As discussed in The Digital Signature, by default, the system uses the Info.plist file of an application bundle to determine the code’s designated requirement. Although single-file tools don’t normally have an Info.plist, you can add one.

To add an Info.plist file to your single-file tool

Make sure the Info.plist file has at least the following keys:

CFBundleIdentifier

This value is the default unique name of your program for code signing purposes, and must be globally unique. To ensure uniqueness, include your company’s name in the value. The usual form for this identifier is a hierarchical name in reverse DNS notation, starting with the top-level domain, followed by the company name, followed by the organization within the company, and ending with the product name. For example, the CFBundleIdentifier value for the codesign command is com.apple.security.codesign.

CFBundleName

This is the app’s short display name, a string no longer than 16 characters, and typically the name of the target. For the codesign command, the value is simply codesign.

In Xcode, in the target’s Build Settings, change the Create Info.plist Section in Binary setting to Yes, and provide the path to the file in the Info.plist File setting as shown in Figure 3-6.

As an example, Listing 3-1 gives the contents of the Info.plist file for the codesign command.

Listing 3-1 The Info.plist file contents for the codesign command

Signing Your Code Manually

Whether Xcode manages your signing identity or you set it up manually, Xcode normally signs code that you build using the codesign tool. Xcode does this as the final step in the build process, and again when exporting for distribution. In the unusual case that you sign your code manually, or to interrogate an app for details about its signature, you use the codesign command line tool directly. See the codesign man page for a complete enumeration of the options this tool takes.

What to Code Sign

You sign all the individual components of your app, leaving no gaps, including:

Nested code. First, you recursively sign all of the helpers, tools, libraries, frameworks, and other components that your app relies on, and that are bundled with your app. See Ensuring Proper Code Signatures for Nested Code for a discussion of how to properly embed and sign nested code in your app bundle. Also see Using Library Validation for additional information about verifying libraries as a matter of system policy.

Mach-O executables. The signing software applies individual signatures to each architectural component of a universal binary that represents the main executable of your app. These are independent, and usually only the native architecture on the end user's system is verified. To apply the signature, the codesign utility adds the signature directly to the executable file.

Resources. Everything in an application bundle that is not explicit code (either nested code bundles or the main executable) is a resource, and all resources are signed. The resource files themselves are not modified as a result of signing. Instead, codesign places the digital signatures corresponding to all the application bundle’s non-code files in a special plist file within the bundle, namely Contents/_CodeSignature/CodeResources. The codesign utility places the signatures of any nested code here as well, which is why nested code is signed first.

When to Code Sign

You sign as the last step before shipping your product, after all development and testing are done. Making changes after you sign invalidates the signature. Consider a signed application bundle as a read-only entity. Also, because code that you sign with a distribution certificate bears your stamp of approval, avoid handing out signed code that is not final.

In practice, Xcode applies your signature when you export your app for distribution. Alternatively, you can run codesign at any time on any system running macOS 10.5 or later, provided you have access to the signing identity. You can for example include it as a step in custom Makefile scripts.

How to Code Sign Manually

Xcode normally signs on your behalf. You simply choose a signing identity in the General tab of a given target, and Xcode takes care of the details. This is usually the best option, because Xcode evolves with each new version to match changes in recommended code signing procedures and settings. Any customizations you introduce, on the other hand, require explicit maintenance.

When you do need additional control over the process, you add flags to the “Other Code Signing Flags” item of the project’s Build Settings tab, as shown in Figure 3-7. Xcode passes these directly to the codesign command. Xcode still does most of the work, but you have the ability to influence specific aspects of the signing procedure.

In rare cases when you need to sign manually (or to interrogate an existing code signature, as described in Examining a Code Signature), you use the codesign command directly, as described below. This is generally the option of last resort, but may be helpful in certain special cases, especially when trying to debug an issue. Note that your signing identity must be in a keychain for codesign commands to work.

Signing Code Manually

To sign the code located at <code-path>, using the signing identity <identity>, use the following command:

The <code-path> value may be a bundle folder or a specific code binary. See What to Code Sign for more details.

The identity, whether obtained manually or automatically, and which must exist on one of your keychains, can be named with any (case sensitive) substring of the certificate's common name attribute, as long as the substring is unique throughout your keychains. (Signing identities are discussed in About the Code Signing Identity.)

This command gives no confirmation of success by default. To get feedback, include the -v option:

Use the -r option to specify an internal requirement. With this option you can specify a text file containing the requirements, a precompiled requirements binary, or the actual requirement text prefixed with an equal sign (=). For example, to add an internal requirement that only the built-in Perl interpreter be allowed to host a Perl script:

The code requirement language is described in Code Signing Requirement Language.

If you have built your own certificate hierarchy (perhaps using Certificate Assistant—see About the Code Signing Identity), and want to use your certificate’s anchor to form a designated requirement for your program:

Note: The requirement source language accepts either an SHA1 hash of a certificate (for example H'abcd..') or a path to the DER encoded certificate in a file. It does not currently accept a reference to the certificate in a keychain, so you have to export the certificate before executing this command.

You can also use the csreq command to write the requirements out to a file, and then use the path to that file as the input value for the -r option in the codesign command. See the man page for csreq for more information on that command.

Here are some other examples of requirements:

anchor apple – The code is signed by Apple.

anchor trusted – The anchor is trusted (for code signing) by the system.

certificate leaf = /path/to/certificate – The leaf (signing) certificate is the one specified.

certificate leaf = /path/to/certificate and identifier 'com.mycorp.myprog' – The leaf certificate and program identifier are as specified.

info(mykey) = myvalue – The Info.plist key mykey exists and has the value myvalue.

Except for the explicit anchor trusted requirement, the system does not consult its trust settings database when verifying a code requirement. Therefore, as long as you don’t add this designated requirement to your code signature, the anchor certificate you use for signing your code does not have to be introduced to the user’s system for validation to succeed.

Adding Entitlements for Sandboxing Manually

To enable App Sandbox for an application, Xcode adds your entitlement property list to the signature during the signing process. If you are code signing manually, use the --entitlements flag, naming the target’s entitlements property list file:

For a list of entitlement keys that can appear in the entitlement property list, see Entitlement Key Reference. For more information about App Sandbox, read App Sandbox Design Guide.

Sharing a Designated Requirement

If your application consists of a main executable with one or more helper tools that work together, appearing to the user as a single app, you can make these pieces of code indistinguishable to code signing by giving them all the same designated requirement. In that case, all your program components have access to the same keychain items and validate as the same program. Do this only if the programs involved are truly meant to form a single entity, with no distinctions made.

At first glance, the obvious way to achieve this is to give each entity the same CFBundleIdentifier in its respective Info.plist file, in which case codesign will automatically apply the same designated requirement to each. However, this is not recommended. Instead, give each individual app or tool that you ship its own identity (for example, com.mycorp.myprog for the main app, and com.mycorp.myprog.helper1 and com.mycorp.myprog.helper2 for its helpers). Then, manually assign the designated requirement to be the same for all of them, rather than allowing codesign to generate the DR automatically. Do this by adding the -r flag to “Other Code Signing Flags” in Xcode, with an appropriate argument, or if signing manually:

Ensuring Proper Code Signatures for Nested Code

Starting in macOS 10.9, the code signing tool records nested code (such as frameworks or XPC services that you add to your app) in the embedding code’s resource envelope using the nested codes’s own code signature. This means that when a code signature is created for an item, all the nested code that item contains must already be signed correctly or the signing attempt fails. Xcode nests code like this by default, as long as all of the nested items exist as targets in your project, and your app’s build depends on these targets. Figure 3-8 shows an example of Xcode’s Build Phases panel for an XPC service called MyAppHelper properly nested in the MyApp app. Xcode begins the signing process at the deepest level of hierarchy (which in this case is the MyAppHelper service), working outward, and signing your top level app bundle as the final step.

For this process to work properly, ensure that you include nested code in standard locations within a bundle, as shown in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 Standard locations for code inside a bundle

Location

Description

Contents

Top content directory of the bundle

Contents/MacOS

Helper apps and tools

Contents/Frameworks

Frameworks, dylibs

Contents/PlugIns

Plug-ins, both loadable and extensions

Contents/XPCServices

XPC services

Contents/Helpers

Helper apps and tools

Contents/Library/Automator

Automator actions

Contents/Library/Spotlight

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Spotlight importers

Contents/Library/LoginItems

Installable login items

Contents/Library/LaunchServices

Privileged helper tools installed by the ServiceManagement framework

The system expects these locations to contain only code. When evaluating an app bundle’s code signature, the system will reject arbitrary data files found in these locations because they're unsigned. Conversely, the code signing machinery considers anything not in one of these directories, including code, to be a resource. Any code not in one of these directories is therefore sealed twice: once as code, and once as a resource in the outer signature. This wastes both signing and verification time and storage space. Also, this can break the outer signature of apps that use their own update mechanisms to replace nested code. If this nested code is being treated as a resource, the outer signature doesn't know that this nested content is actually code.

Do not use custom subdirectories inside the code nesting directories shown in Table 3-1. For example, place all your XPC services directly in the Contents/XPCServices directory. Do not organize them into subdirectories like Contents/XPCServices/Net and Contents/XPCServices/Math. Creating a custom directory hierarchy in one of these locations can break the code signing machinery, depending on the names of the subdirectories, and while it may appear to work in some cases, it is not a supported practice.

Store Python, Perl, shell, and other script files, and other non-Mach-O executables in your app's Contents/Resources directory. While it's possible to sign such executables and store them in Contents/MacOS, this is not recommended. This is because code signing uses extended attributes to store signatures in non-Mach-O executables such as script files. If the extended attributes are lost, the program's signature will be broken. Many file transfer techniques do not preserve extended attributes, nor are they preserved when uploading to the Mac App Store. When you put the script in the Contents/Resources directory, codesign stores the associated signature in the Contents/_CodeSignature/CodeResources file, which is preserved. Thus, in practice, a properly signed app that has all of its files in the correct places does not contain any signatures stored as extended attributes.

The code signing machinery performs some framework checks specifically on frameworks that are nested within other code. It's possible that signing a framework will succeed, but the result fails to validate when placed into another bundle's Frameworks directory. Make sure the framework is structured correctly per the requirements above.

Important: When you manually code sign a framework, only the current version, the one pointed at by the Versions/Current symbolic link, is signed by default. Additional versions are signed, if needed, using the --bundle-version option:

However, manual verification tests all versions unless you specify a particular version, again using the --bundle-version flag.

Bundles must have their Info.plist in the proper location. For app bundles, this is in Contents. For frameworks, this is in Versions/Current/Resources.

If signing or validation using the codesign command fails due to problems with nested code, the command outputs an additional line:

This output indicates which nested code caused the problem. Always look for this line to correctly interpret a code signing failure. If Xcode produces a code signing error during distribution signing, and you have nested code, this is something to check for.

Using Library Validation

Starting in iOS 8 and macOS 10.10, the system offers library validation as a policy for the dynamic libraries that a process links against. The policy is simple: A program may link against any library with the same team identifier in its code signature as the main executable, or with any Apple system library. Requests to link against other libraries are denied.

In iOS, an Apple system library is a library that Apple mastered into the OS image. In macOS, an Apple system library is a library shipped in /System/Library. The team identifier is the 10-character alphanumeric string, such as YH9SZ5LKR4, associated with your developer account, and recorded in your Apple-issued signing certificate.

In iOS, library validation is always enabled for all apps. There is nothing you need to do to opt in. In macOS, you may opt in to library validation by passing the library flag to the codesign tool when signing manually:

You opt in to library validation when Xcode code signs for you by selecting the main project, going into Build Settings, and adding -o library to the “Other Code Signing Flags” section, as shown in Figure 3-9.

To avoid signing errors when using library validation in your project, create embedded frameworks as Xcode targets of the same project, and build with standard settings. This ensures that the main executable and all frameworks are signed with the same certificate, and thus have the same team identifier. If you forget to sign frameworks that are built externally to the project and later copied into the bundle, library validation fails.

When the library validation policy denies an executable file from being mapped into the process’s address space, it generates a syslog error message with the tag (deny- mmap). The error string includes the name of the process, the pid, and the path to the dynamic library. For example, the process ls with pid 528 trying to load the library /private/tmp/libncurses.5.4.dylib generates the following output:

Signing Installer Packages

Xcode does not create signed installer packages for you. Instead, you create signed installer packages (with a .pkg extension) by supplying an installer signing identity to the productbuild tool. For example, to create the package Product.pkg from a distribution file Product.dist, and sign it with your identity, as found in your keychain:

As with signed code, when you create a flat-file installation package, any modification after signing invalidates the signature.

Note: Bundle-style installer packages are no longer supported.

Signing Disk Images

Beginning in macOS 10.11.5, you can apply a code signature to read-only, compressed disk images that you use to distribute content. This is the recommended alternative to the deprecated xip file format, which is a signed archive you create with the xip command line utility.

Xcode does not handle signing disk images. Instead, use the command line codesign tool to do this manually:

Note: In macOS 10.11.5, avoid using the --force option for the codesign command for disk images. An issue prevents the correct re-signing of already-code-signed disk images. This problem is resolved in macOS 10.12 and later.

When you sign your app with a Developer ID and distribute it using a disk image, it is possible to package additional unsigned code, such as dynamic libraries or scripts, together with the signed app bundle on the same disk image. If your app loads this extra content at runtime using a file system path relative to its own bundle, you have introduced a security risk. Because the extra code is outside the app bundle, and thus not covered by the app’s code signature, you can’t be certain that the extra content is intact. This is known as the repackaging problem because a bad actor can repackage your app bundle with a different, potentially malicious version of the external resources, and distribute the altered disk image as if it came from you.

To combat this problem, beginning in macOS 10.12, when an app is launched from a read-only disk image, the operating system employs Gatekeeper path randomization. The system copies the app to a random location in the file system before executing it, invalidating any relative paths that the app uses to access unprotected content outside its own app bundle.

You can bypass path randomization by code signing your disk image before you distribute it. When launching an app from a code-signed disk image, Gatekeeper disables path randomization because all the contents of the disk image are covered by a code signature.

Note: Whether or not Gatekeeper employs path randomization, it still evaluates an app and its code signature on first launch as usual. In other words, even when you distribute an app using a signed disk image, you still separately sign your app bundle in the usual way, before adding it to the disk image.

Examining a Code Signature

Whether you code sign manually or Xcode does it for you, when you want to test the integrity of signed code or evaluate the way in which the system is going to treat signed code, you use the codesign and spctl command line tools.

Using codesign to Investigate a Code Signature

Macos Default Mail App Command Line Code

You use the codesign command to interrogate an app or other signed entity about its signature. To verify the signature on a signed binary, use the -v option with no other options:

This command confirms whether the code binaries at <code-path> are actually signed, the signature is valid, all the sealed components are unaltered, and the signature passes some basic consistency checks. It does not by default check that the code satisfies any requirements except its own designated requirement. To check a particular requirement, use the -R option. For example, to check that the Apple Mail application is identified as Mail, signed by Apple, and secured with Apple’s root signing certificate:

Note that, unlike the -r option, the -R option takes only a single requirement rather than a requirements collection (no => tags). Add one or more additional -v options to get details on the validation process. Here is a longer example that demonstrates these concepts:

If you pass a number rather than a path to the verify option, codesign takes the number to be the process ID (pid) of a running process, and performs dynamic validation instead.

When verifying signatures, add --deep to ensure recursive validation of nested code. Without --deep, validation will be shallow. Note that Gatekeeper always performs --deep style validation, as described in Checking Gatekeeper Conformance.

Important: While you use the --deep option for verification to mimic what Gatekeeper does, it is not recommended for signing. During signing, if you have nested code, and if you are signing manually, you sign nested code in stages (as Xcode does automatically), starting with the most deeply embedded components first. You then sign code at the next level of hierarchy, and so on. You work your way outward, finally signing the top level entity that contains all the others. Signing all the components in one shot with --deep is for emergency repairs and temporary adjustments only. Note that signing with the combination --deep --force will forcibly re-sign all code in a bundle.

To get information about a code signature (without actually verifying it), use the -d option. For example, to output the code signature’s internal requirements, use the following command:

Using spctl to Test a Code Signature Against System Policies

After you have produced your final deliverable, but before you ship it, you can use the spctl(8) tool to test your code signatures against various system policies that the user may set. Because the tool evaluates against the policies on the local machine, the outcome is affected by the settings in the Security preferences pane, and can further be modified by parental controls, remote management, and so on. Conversely, changes made with spctl (such as adding or disabling rules) affect future Gatekeeper judgments directly.

The basic syntax for code signing assessment is shown below:

If your application or package signature is valid, these tools exit silently with an exit status of 0. (Type echo $? to display the exit status of the last command.) If the signature is invalid, these tools print an error message and exit with a nonzero exit status.

For more detailed information about why the assessment failed, you can add the --verbose flag. For example:

This prints the following output:

To see everything the system has to say about an assessment, pass the --raw option. With this flag, the spctl tool prints a detailed assessment as a property list.

To approve a program (exactly as if done through a user prompt), type:

The --label is an optional tag that you can add to your own rules. This tag allows you to remove the rule easily by typing:

Note that this removes all rules that match the label, which means that it is a handy way to clean up after testing. You can also temporarily suspend your rules by typing:

and reenable them later by typing:

To see a list of the current assessment rules, use the --list flag. For example:

The resulting list of rules might look like this:

Notice that the list above includes a number of predefined rules that describe the handling of certain classes of code. For example, rule 5 captures all applications signed by a Developer ID. You can disable those applications by typing:

This command tells the system to no longer allow execution of any Developer ID-signed applications that the user has not previously run. This is exactly what happens when you use the preference UI to switch to 'Mac App Store only'.

Each rule in the list has a unique number that can be used to address it. For example, if you type:

you might get a list of rules that looks like this:

Notice that there are separate rules for execution (5) and installation (6), and you can enable and disable them separately. For example, to enable installation of new applications signed with a Developer ID, you can type:

Finally, spctl allows you to enable or disable the security assessment policy subsystem.

For more information, see the manual page for spctl(8).

Checking Gatekeeper Conformance

It’s a good idea to test your app for Gatekeeper conformance before you ship, especially if you sign your app with a Developer ID and distribute by some means other than the Mac App Store, such as through a website.

Gatekeeper is a configurable system facility that examines files that you download to your Mac, for example from a website or in an email attachment. It applies rules to decide whether to allow or reject an attempt to open an item for the first time on a given system. When deciding whether to allow an app to run, Gatekeeper uses the app’s code signature to test the integrity and authorship of the app. By default, Gatekeeper only allows apps that have an intact signature, and that are downloaded from the Mac App Store or are signed with a Developer ID.

In addition to this primary tactic, Gatekeeper does the following:

Beginning with macOS 10.9.5, Gatekeeper rejects any code signed with Version 1 code signatures (those created with macOS versions prior to 10.9). Among other things, this implies that no resource “holes” are allowed (all resource files must have a valid signature), and code should be properly nested, as described in Ensuring Proper Code Signatures for Nested Code.

Beginning with macOS 10.10.4, Gatekeeper verifies that no libraries are loaded from outside an app bundle. If an app uses @rpath or an absolute path to link to a dynamic library outside of the app, Gatekeeper rejects the app. This restriction applies to the app’s main executable and any other executable in the bundle, including libraries. This restriction applies even if the path does not exist (which normally causes the dynamic linker to fall back to a library inside the bundle). The error will appear in the system log, with a message like the following for an app MyApp.app trying to link against the library libLibrary.dylib in the nonstandard location /foo:

As with other Gatekeeper functions, this check is performed the first time the app is run. It does not apply to libraries that the app loads itself using the dlopen function, although those libraries are still potentially subject to library validation, as described in Using Library Validation. It also does not apply to libraries loaded from paths where libraries are expected to reside, such as /System, /Library, and /usr/.

Note: To see which libraries an app references, use the command otool -L MyApp.app/Contents/MacOS/MyApp.

Beginning with macOS 10.11, Gatekeeper rejects code signed with signatures that don't cover the entire app bundle. This should not affect anyone using normal build tools. Gatekeeper also rejects apps containing symbolic links that:

Point to nowhere.

Video editing software like sony vegas for mac. Sony Vegas is Windows only video editing software. You need a program like Sony Vegas for Mac to edit videos on Mac OS 10.7, 10.6 and previous. Apr 01, 2020 Sony Vegas Pro has always been one of the best video editing software in the market. I have always loved Sony Vegas Pro because of its built-in audio editing features. While other editing software like Final Cut and Premiere Pro provide some control over audio editing, Vegas Pro brings a full-fledged audio editor. Jun 28, 2020 'An easily approachable video editing software for those just getting started.' Best Open-Source Software: Shotcut at Shotcut 'A multi-track editing software like any other serious software, and you can readily rearrange the workspace to suit your editing needs.' The VEGAS range of creative software is all you need for fast, professional and efficient video production, and brings a whole new level of creative freedom to your editing and post production. VEGAS delivers fantastic results and allows everyone – from every day enthusiasts to busy professionals – to focus on creativity without limits.

Point to places that are legitimately excluded from the app's signature.

Point outside the app bundle, except to locations in /System and /Library.

A nested bundle may contain symlinks that point into the enclosing bundle.

Note: Users can override Gatekeeper's assessment of your app's signature using the steps described in this support article.

Testing Conformance with Command Line Tools

To get a sense of whether your app conforms to Gatekeeper policies when you distribute with Developer ID, you can use the following codesign command to mimic what Gatekeeper does:

If your app is signed properly, the output looks like this:

Alternately, the spctl utility is actually a command-line interface to the same security assessment policy subsystem that Gatekeeper uses. Like Gatekeeper, spctl only accepts Developer ID signed apps and apps downloaded from the Mac App Store by default. Run spctl on your app like this:

This is the output if your app's signature is accepted:

If you get any result other than accepted, your app is not compatible with Gatekeeper.

Testing Conformance Explicitly

The codesign and spctl tools give a good sense of how Gatekeeper will respond to your app, but they are not exhaustive. For example, they do not test for the condition that libraries be loaded from inside the bundle or from one of the standard system locations. Therefore, it is best to actually invoke Gatekeeper as a final test before shipping. To do this:

Package your app the way you ship it, such as in a disk image.

Download your app from its website, mail it to yourself, or send it to yourself using AirDrop or Message. This quarantines the app. This is necessary to trigger the Gatekeeper check as Gatekeeper only checks quarantined files the first time they're opened.

Drag-install your app to the /Applications folder and launch it.

If there is no dialog at all, you missed a step. Check the instructions and repeat the test.

If you see the dialog with a message that the app you are trying to open is from the Internet, and providing an Open button, the test succeeded.

If you're told that only apps from the Mac App Store or registered developers can be installed, your app isn't Developer ID-signed. Use the Xcode Organizer to export a Developer ID-signed copy of your app and repeat the test. It may also be that the system doesn't think your bundle is an app bundle because its Info.plist doesn't have its CFBundlePackageType property set to APPL.

If you get any other complaint, your signature is broken.

Using Hash Agility

Beginning in macOS 10.11.5, stronger cryptographic hashing is available to both create and evaluate code signatures. When you build and code sign using macOS 10.11.5 or later, the code signing machinery uses the improved hashing to create a code signature. There is nothing you need to do to adopt this behavior. At the same time, to maintain backward compatibility, the system includes a legacy code signature alongside the modern one, in a way that works transparently with older systems.

Similarly, during code signature evaluation on macOS 10.11.5 or later, the system uses the stronger signature if it is available, but still interprets older signatures if necessary. As with signing, there is nothing you need to do to adopt the improved hashing during code signature evaluation. Together, these are referred to as hash agility.

Note: When you set the deployment target in Xcode build settings to 10.12 or higher, the code signing machinery generates only the modern code signature for Mach-O binaries. A binary executable is always unsuitable for systems older than the specified deployment target, but in this case, older systems also fail to interpret the code signature.

Shipping and Updating Your Product

Maintaining the integrity of a code signature requires the signed code installed on the user’s system to be identical to the code that you signed. It does not matter how you package, deliver, or install your product as long as you don’t introduce any changes into the product. Compression, encoding, and encrypting the code are all fine because decompression, decoding, and decryption reverse these processes exactly. You can even use binary patching, because that process updates both the code and the embedded signature simultaneously. You can use any installer you like, as long as it doesn't write anything into the product as it installs it. Drag-installs are fine as well. As long as the final product on the user’s system is bit-for-bit identical to the signed code you produced, the signature remains intact.

When you have qualified a new version of your product, sign it just as you signed the previous version, with the same identifier and the same designated requirement. The user’s system considers the new version of your product to be the same program as the previous version. For example, Keychain Services does not distinguish older and newer versions of your program as long as both are signed and the unique Identifier remains constant.

Macos Defaults Read

Macos Command Line Tools

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shunlongwei · 3 years ago

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Xilinx Https://www.slw-ele.com; Email: [email protected]

xilinx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx Xilinx, Inc. (/ˈzaɪlɪŋks/ ZY-links) is an American technology company and is primarily a supplier of programmable logic devices. It is known for inventing the Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and as the semiconductor company that created the first fabless manufacturing model.

Expansion

As demand for programmable logic continued to grow, so did Xilinx's revenues and profits.

From 1988 to 1990, the company's revenue grew each year, from $30 million to $50 million to $100 million. During this time, the company which had been providing funding to Xilinx, Monolithic Memories Inc. (MMI), was purchased by Xilinx competitor AMD. As a result, Xilinx dissolved the deal with MMI and went public on the NASDAQ in 1989. The company also moved to a 144,000-square-foot (13,400 m2) plant in San Jose, California in order to keep pace with demand from companies like HP, Apple Inc., IBM and Sun Microsystems who were buying large quantities from Xilinx.

Other FPGA makers emerged in the mid-1990s. Still, Xilinx's sales grew to $135 million in 1991, $178 million in 1992 and $250 million in 1993.

The company reached $550 million in revenue in 1995, one decade after having sold its first product.

According to market research firm iSuppli, Xilinx has held the lead in programmable logic device market share since the late 1990s. Over the years, Xilinx expanded operations to India, Asia and Europe.

Xilinx's sales rose from $560 million in 1996 to $2.53 billion by the end of its fiscal year 2018. Moshe Gavrielov – an EDA and ASIC industry veteran who was appointed president and CEO in early 2008 – introduced targeted design platforms that combine FPGAs with software, IP cores, boards and kits to address focused target applications. These targeted design platforms are an alternative to costly application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and application-specific standard products (ASSPs).

On January 4, 2018, Victor Peng, company's COO, replaced Gavrielov as CEO

Company overview

Xilinx was founded in Silicon Valley in 1984 and headquartered in San Jose, USA, with additional offices in Longmont, USA; Dublin, Ireland; Singapore; Hyderabad, India; Beijing, China; Shanghai, China; Brisbane, Australia and Tokyo, Japan.

According to Bill Carter, a fellow at Xilinx, the choice of the name Xilinx refers to the chemical symbol for silicon Si. The 'X's at each end represent programmable logic blocks. The "linx" represents programmable links that connect the logic blocks together.

Xilinx customers represent just over half of the entire programmable logic market, at 51%. altera (now intel ) is Xilinx's strongest competitor with 34% of the market. Other key players in this market are Actel (now Microsemi), and Lattice Semiconductor.

Technology

The Spartan-3 platform was the industry’s first 90nm FPGA, delivering more functionality and bandwidth per dollar than was previously possible, setting new standards in the programmable logic industry.

Xilinx designs, develops and markets programmable logic products, including integrated circuits (ics), software design tools, predefined system functions delivered as intellectual property (IP) cores, design services, customer training, field engineering and technical support. Xilinx sells both FPGAs and CPLDs for electronic equipment manufacturers in end markets such as communications, industrial, consumer, automotive and data processing.

Xilinx's FPGAs have been used for the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the CERN European laboratory on the French-Swiss border to map and disentangle the trajectories of thousands of subatomic particles. Xilinx has also engaged in a partnership with the United States Air Force Research Laboratory’s Space Vehicles Directorate to develop FPGAs to withstand the damaging effects of radiation in space, which are 1,000 times less sensitive to space radiation than the commercial equivalent, for deployment in new satellites.

The Virtex-II Pro, Virtex-4, Virtex-5, and Virtex-6 FPGA families, which include up to two embedded IBM PowerPC cores, are targeted to the needs of system-on-chip (SoC) designers.

Xilinx FPGAs can run a regular embedded OS (such as Linux or vxWorks) and can implement processor peripherals in programmable logic.

Xilinx's IP cores include IP for simple functions (BCD encoders, counters, etc.), for domain specific cores (digital signal processing, FFT and FIR cores) to complex systems (multi-gigabit networking cores, the MicroBlaze soft microprocessor and the compact Picoblaze Microcontroller). Xilinx also creates custom cores for a fee.

The main design toolkit Xilinx provides engineers is the Vivado Design Suite, an integrated design environment (IDE) with a system-to-IC level tools built on a shared scalable data model and a common debug environment. Vivado includes electronic system level (ESL) design tools for synthesizing and verifying C-based algorithmic IP; standards based packaging of both algorithmic and RTL IP for reuse; standards based IP stitching and systems integration of all types of system building blocks; and the verification of blocks and systems. A free version WebPACK Edition of Vivado provides designers with a limited version of the design environment.

Xilinx's Embedded Developer's Kit (EDK) supports the embedded PowerPC 405 and 440 cores (in Virtex-II Pro and some Virtex-4 and -5 chips) and the Microblaze core. Xilinx's System Generator for DSP implements DSP designs on Xilinx FPGAs. A freeware version of its EDA software called ISE WebPACK is used with some of its non-high-performance chips. Xilinx is the only (as of 2007) FPGA vendor to distribute a native Linux freeware synthesis toolchain.

Xilinx announced the architecture for a new ARM Cortex-A9-based platform for embedded systems designers, that combines the software programmability of an embedded processor with the hardware flexibility of an FPGA. The new architecture abstracts much of the hardware burden away from the embedded software developers' point of view, giving them an unprecedented level of control in the development process. With this platform, software developers can leverage their existing system code based on ARM technology and utilize vast off-the-shelf open-source and commercially available software component libraries. Because the system boots an OS at reset, software development can get under way quickly within familiar development and debug environments using tools such as ARM's RealView development suite and related third-party tools, Eclipse-based IDEs, GNU, the Xilinx Software Development Kit and others.In early 2011, Xilinx began shipping a new device family based on this architecture. The Zynq-7000 SoC platform immerses ARM multi-cores, programmable logic fabric, DSP data paths, memories and I/O functions in a dense and configurable mesh of interconnect. The platform targets embedded designers working on market applications that require multi-functionality and real-time responsiveness, such as automotive driver assistance, intelligent video surveillance, industrial automation, aerospace and defense, and next-generation wireless.

Following the introduction of its 28 nm 7-series FPGAs, Xilinx revealed that several of the highest-density parts in those FPGA product lines will be constructed using multiple dies in one package, employing technology developed for 3D construction and stacked-die assemblies. The company’s stacked silicon interconnect (SSI) technology stacks several (three or four) active FPGA dies side-by-side on a silicon interposer – a single piece of silicon that carries passive interconnect. The individual FPGA dies are conventional, and are flip-chip mounted by microbumps on to the interposer. The interposer provides direct interconnect between the FPGA dies, with no need for transceiver technologies such as high-speed SERDES. In October 2011, Xilinx shipped the first FPGA to use the new technology, the Virtex-7 2000T FPGA, which includes 6.8 billion transistors and 20 million ASIC gates. The following spring, Xilinx used 3D technology to ship the Virtex-7 HT, the industry’s first heterogeneous FPGAs, which combine high bandwidth FPGAs with a maximum of sixteen 28 Gbit/s and seventy-two 13.1 Gbit/s transceivers to reduce power and size requirements for key Nx100G and 400G line card applications and functions.

In January 2011, Xilinx acquired design tool firm AutoESL Design Technologies and added System C high-level design for its 6- and 7-series FPGA families.The addition of AutoESL tools extends the design community for FPGAs to designers more accustomed to designing at a higher level of abstraction using C, C++ and System C.

In April 2012, Xilinx introduced a revised version of its toolset for programmable systems, called Vivado Design Suite. This IP and system-centric design software supports newer high capacity devices, and speeds the design of programmable logic and I/O. Vivado provides faster integration and implementation for programmable systems into devices with 3D stacked silicon interconnect technology, ARM processing systems, analog mixed signal (AMS), and many semiconductor intellectual property (IP) cores.

Xilinx began his journey with the Reconfigurable Acceleration Stack technology in the late 2016. The company was providing software and IP blocks to accelerate Machine Learning and other datacenter apps. Xilinx's goal was to reduce the barriers to adoption of FPGAs for accelerated compute-intensive datacenter workloads.

Family lines of products

CPLD Xilinx XC9536XL

Prior to 2010, Xilinx offered two main FPGA families: the high-performance Virtex series and the high-volume Spartan series, with a cheaper EasyPath option for ramping to volume production. The company also provides two CPLD lines: the CoolRunner and the 9500 series. Each model series has been released in multiple generations since its launch. With the introduction of its 28 nm FPGAs in June 2010, Xilinx replaced the high-volume Spartan family with the Kintex family and the low-cost Artix family.

In newer FPGA products, Xilinx minimizes total power consumption by the adoption of a High-K Metal Gate (HKMG) process, which allows for low static power consumption. At the 28 nm node, static power is a significant portion of the total power dissipation of a device and in some cases is the dominant factor. Through the use of a HKMG process, Xilinx has reduced power use while increasing logic capacity. Virtex-6 and Spartan-6 FPGA families are said to consume 50 percent less power, and have up to twice the logic capacity compared to the previous generation of Xilinx FPGAs.

In June, 2010 Xilinx introduced the Xilinx 7 series: the Virtex-7, Kintex-7, and Artix-7 families, promising improvements in system power, performance, capacity, and price. These new FPGA families are manufactured using TSMC's 28 nm HKMG process. The 28 nm series 7 devices feature a 50 percent power reduction compared to the company's 40 nm devices and offer capacity of up to 2 million logic cells. Less than one year after announcing the 7 series 28 nm FPGAs, Xilinx shipped the world’s first 28 nm FPGA device, the Kintex-7, making this the programmable industry’s fastest product rollout. In March 2011, Xilinx introduced the Zynq-7000 family, which integrates a complete ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor-based system on a 28 nm FPGA for system architects and embedded software developers. In May 2017, Xilinx expanded the 7 Series with the production of the Spartan-7 family.

In Dec, 2013, Xilinx introduced the UltraScale series: Virtex UltraScale and Kintex UltraScale families. These new FPGA families are manufactured by TSMC in its 20 nm planar process. At the same time it announced an UltraScale SoC architecture, called Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC, in TSMC 16 nm FinFET process.

Pre：Linear Technology

Next：Freescale Semiconductor

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kpopmultifan · 3 years ago

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youtube

Weeekly has released the M2 Relay Dance for “Holiday Party,” the title track of their 4th mini-album “Play Game: Holiday.”

[Apple Music/iTunes] [Spotify] [YouTube Music] [Tidal]

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perfectirishgifts · 4 years ago

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Apple Loop: New iPhone Problem Confirmed, Expensive AirPods Max, Stunning MacBook Pro Look

New Post has been published on https://perfectirishgifts.com/apple-loop-new-iphone-problem-confirmed-expensive-airpods-max-stunning-macbook-pro-look/

Apple Loop: New iPhone Problem Confirmed, Expensive AirPods Max, Stunning MacBook Pro Look

Taking a look back at another week of news and headlines from Cupertino, this week’s Apple Loop includes iPhone screen faults confirmed, Apple removing a beloved feature, the Spinal Tap MacBook, the 2021 Mac plans, the new AirPods Max, Apple’s privacy labels problem, and a sunny collectors item…

Apple Loop is here to remind you of a few of the very many discussions that have happened around Apple over the last seven days (and you can read my weekly digest of Android news here on Forbes).

Apple Confirmed iPhone 11 Faults

Following reports of iPhone 11 screens becoming unresponsive to touch, Apple has confirmed that there is an issue. Faulty units are eligible for a free screen replacement = although any other damage will trigger a paid repair as part of the process.. Forbes’ Gordon Kelly:

“Apple didn’t put a number to its “small percentage” but with almost 40M iPhone 11 units sold between January and June 2020, it only takes a small percentage to add up to millions of units. If your iPhone 11 is exhibiting touch response issues, you can enter its serial number on the replacement program page to check whether it is eligible for repair. “

More here on Forbes, and you can check if your iPhone is part of the replacement program here on Apple’s website.

TOKYO, JAPAN – 2020/10/02: Apple iPhone 11 smartphones seen displayed inside a Softbank shop in … [] Tokyo, Japan. Apple Inc. launched its iPhone 11 series in Japan amid increased competition from other major. (Photo by James Matsumoto/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images)

Apple Plans Biggest Change Yet

One of the great survivors of Apple’s continued purge of extraneous packaging has been the stickers. Through the loss of plastic cases, the ear pods, and the USB charger, there has been one constant. Those white Apple stickers. As Apple launches a survey to find out if consumers actually use the packaged USB to lightning cable, the survey checks if the ultimate survivor is about to be quietly retired. Filipe Espósito reports:

“Earlier this year, before the announcement of the iPhone 12, Apple surveyed some users about how they use the USB power adapter that used to come in the iPhone box. The company is once again asking for the opinion of its consumers, this time to find out if iPhone users are unsatisfied with Face ID and if they use the USB cable that comes with every iPhone.

“…Moreover, the survey also brings a question about which items included in the iPhone 12 box consumers actually use. This includes Apple stickers, the SIM ejection tool, and the USB-C Lightning cable.”

More on the survey at 9to5Mac.

How Much More Black Could Your MacBook Be?

Although Apple offers its MacBook laptops in a variety of colours, but there’s one that is beloved by consumers and other laptop manufacturers, but not offered by Apple; matt black. A new patent suggests that Apple is waiting until it can replicate the classic “X” Spinal Tap implementation. Jack Purcher reports:

“Today the US Patent & Trademark Office published a patent application from Apple that describes applying a matte finish to a MacBook which would be a refreshing change from various shades of aluminum… More specifically, the described embodiments relate to techniques for etching the surface of the dyed anodized part such as to form light-absorbing features that are capable of absorbing generally all visible light incident upon the external surface such as to impart a black appearance.”

More at Patently Apple.

Apple’s 2021 Mac Plans

Of course the late 2020 MacBooks and Mac Mini are the first commercial MacOS machines running with the ARM-based Apple Silicon. Apple has already announced that all of the Mac line-up will be running on Apple Silicon by the end of 2020, and the next step has leaked. It looks like the top-tier MacBook Pro and the iMac are next, possibly with an uprated M1, with the Mac Pro potentially leading the charge of the presumptively named M2 chip. Mark Gurman and Ian King report:

“Apple’s M1 chip was unveiled in a new entry-level MacBook Pro laptop, a refreshed Mac mini desktop and across the MacBook Air range. The company’s next series of chips, planned for release as early as the spring and later in the fall, are destined to be placed across upgraded versions of the MacBook Pro, both entry-level and high-end iMac desktops, and later a new Mac Pro workstation…”.

More at Bloomberg.

Apple’s New Airpods

It has been expected for some time, but Apple has finally launched its own Apple-branded over ear headphones. The AirdPods Max come with a number of modern audio features in a minimalist Apple design. From the press release:

“With AirPods Max, we are bringing that magical AirPods experience to a stunning over-ear design with high-fidelity audio,” said Greg Joswiak, Apple’s senior vice president of Worldwide Marketing. “The custom acoustic design, combined with powerful H1 chips, and advanced software enable AirPods Max to use computational audio to wirelessly deliver the ultimate personal listening experience.””

This all comes with a hefty price tag of $549, a price that has taken the breath away from the ggekerati. John Koetsier has more:

“But … $549? During a pandemic in which tens of millions are still out of work?

“…$549 during a pandemic feels too high, however. It feels predatory. It has people comparing the AirPods Max to used car pricing. Or, as CNBC technology editor Steve Kovach tweeted: “Sorry, I can’t hear you. My AirPods Max automatically mute poor people.””

Read more of the pricing debate here on at Forbes. And then start speculating just how many AirPods Max were manufactured and sold, because they are out of stock on apple’s website until late Q1 2021.

Apple’s Problem With Privacy Labels

Facebook’s WhatsApp team is raising what it calls “anti-competitive action” by Apple in its application of the privacy labels it will apply to downloadable apps for iOS and iPadOS. The complaint is a simple one… users are exposed to the ‘privacy rating’ of apps such as WhatsApp when installing them, but Apple’s own apps such as Messages bypass this because they are preinstalled. Sara Fischer reports:

“We think labels should be consistent across first and third party apps as well as reflect the strong measures apps may take to protect people’s private information,” a WhatsApp spokesperson told Axios.

“While providing people with easy to read information is a good start, we believe it’s important people can compare these ‘privacy nutrition’ labels from apps they download with apps that come pre-installed, like iMessage.””

More at Axios.

And Finally…

How dedicated an Apple collector are you? Are you ready to go on a massive treasure hunt for a limited edition product? How about a pair of Woz’ sunglasses? Holly Brockwell reports:

“While the rest of the techsphere was grumbling about the price of the newly-announced AirPods Max, I was having a good dig through a fascinating auction of vintage Apple goodies. There are some really cool finds, including an Apple-I in its original box and — weirdly — a signed photo of Bill Gates. But the best thing by a country mile is these rainbow Apple sunglasses commissioned by Steve Wozniak himself:

“One of a limited issue of 30, these sunglasses include its original sleeve, hardshell case, and cleaning cloths.”

You know what this means, right? There are twenty nine more pairs somewhere in the world. And I want them!”

More at Voice.

Apple Loop brings you seven days worth of highlights every weekend here on Forbes. Don’t forget to follow me so you don’t miss any coverage in the future. Last week’s Apple Loop can be read here, or this week’s edition of Loop’s sister column, Android Circuit, is also available on Forbes.

From Consumer Tech in Perfectirishgifts

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geniushunter768 · 3 years ago

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Imac G3 Upgrade

Imac G3 Ram Upgrade

Imac G3 Upgrade Operating System

Imac G3 Upgrade To Os X

Imac G3 Hdd Upgrade

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Imac G3 Hard Drive Upgrade

You might remember the original iMac G3 which sported a colored plastic bubble-shaped case that housed a CRT monitor, but the iMacs of today are much sleeker, sporting slim flat panel displays.

Mac Specs By Capability Actual Maximum RAM iMac Models. The actual maximum RAM of each iMac is listed below along with its compatible RAM type, default amount of RAM pre-installed, common identifiers suitable to identify a iMac in order to determine its RAM capacity, and more.

Apple iMac 20-Inch 'Core 2 Duo' 2.16 Specs

Identifiers: Late 2006 - MA589LL - iMac5,1 - A1207 - 2118

All iMac 20-Inch Models | All 2006 Models | Dynamically Compare This Mac to Others

Distribute This Page: Bookmark & Share| Download: PDF Manual

The iMac 'Core 2 Duo' 2.16 20-Inch features a 2.16 GHz Intel 'Core 2 Duo' processor (T7400), with two independent processor 'cores' on a single silicon chip, a 4 MB shared level 2 cache, a 667 MHz system bus, 1 GB of RAM (667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM, PC2-5300), a 250 GB (7200 RPM) Serial ATA hard drive, a vertically-mounted slot-loading DVD+R DL 'SuperDrive', ATI Radeon X1600 graphics acceleration on a PCI-Express bus with 128 MB of GDDR3 memory, a built-in iSight video camera, and built-in stereo speakers underneath the 20' TFT Active Matrix LCD (1680x1050 native) display designed to 'bounce sound off the desk below'. Connectivity includes three USB 2.0 ports, two Firewire '400' ports, built-in AirPort Extreme, and Gigabit Ethernet, as well as mini-DVI, which supports an external display in 'extended desktop' mode (rather than just 'mirrored mode'). Also see: What are the differences between the iMac Core 2 Duo models?

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Tech Specs

Ports

Global Original Prices

Popular Q&As

Click on a category for related details. The most commonly needed info is 'open' by default, but all info is important. Asterisks (*) reference data in details fields.

Introduction Date:September 6, 2006 Discontinued Date:August 7, 2007

Details:The 'Introduction Date' refers to the date a model was introduced via press release. The 'Discontinued Date' refers to the date a model either was replaced by a subsequent system or production otherwise ended. Also see: All Macs introduced in 2006.

Details:Also see: All models with a 64-Bit processor courtesy of EveryMac.com's Ultimate Mac Sort.

Imac G3 Ram Upgrade

Details:Geekbench 2 benchmarks are in 32-bit and 64-bit modes, respectively. These numbers reflect an average of user provided 32-bit and 64-bit results as submitted to the Geekbench website. Higher numbers are better. You also might be interested in reviewing all 32-bit and 64-bit Geekbench 2 user submissions for Macs with the iMac5,1 Model Identifier, which may include multiple models. To dynamically compare Geekbench 2 results from different Macs side-by-side, see EveryMac.com's Ultimate Mac Comparison.

Details:These Geekbench 3 benchmarks are in 32-bit mode and are for a single processor core and all processor cores, respectively. Both numbers reflect an average of user provided results as submitted to the Geekbench website. Higher numbers are better. You also might be interested in reviewing all 32-bit single core and multicore Geekbench 3 user submissions for Macs with the iMac5,1 Model Identifier, which may include multiple models. To dynamically compare 32-bit Geekbench 3 results from different Macs side-by-side, see EveryMac.com's Ultimate Mac Comparison.

Details:These Geekbench 3 benchmarks are in 64-bit mode and are for a single processor core and all processor cores, respectively. Both numbers reflect an average of user provided results as submitted to the Geekbench website. Higher numbers are better. You also might be interested in reviewing all 64-bit single core and multicore Geekbench 3 user submissions for Macs with the iMac5,1 Model Identifier, which may include multiple models. To dynamically compare 64-bit Geekbench 3 results from different Macs side-by-side, see EveryMac.com's Ultimate Mac Comparison.

Details:These Geekbench 4 benchmarks are are for a single processor core and all processor cores, respectively. All Geekbench 4 benchmarks are 64-bit. Both numbers reflect an average of user provided results as submitted to the Geekbench website. Higher numbers are better. You also might be interested in reviewing all single core and multicore Geekbench 4 user submissions for Macs with the iMac5,1 Model Identifier, which may include multiple models. To dynamically compare Geekbench 4 results from different Macs side-by-side, see EveryMac.com's Ultimate Mac Comparison.

Details:The Geekbench 5 benchmark does not support this Mac. Both numbers reflect an average of user provided results as submitted to the Geekbench website. Higher numbers are better. You also might be interested in reviewing all single core and multicore Geekbench 5 user submissions for Macs with the iMac5,1 Model Identifier, which may include multiple models. To dynamically compare Geekbench 5 results from different Macs side-by-side, see EveryMac.com's Ultimate Mac Comparison.

Processor Speed:2.16 GHz Processor Type:Core 2 Duo (T7400)

Details:The Intel 'Core 2 Duo' (T7400) processor includes two independent processor 'cores' on a single silicon chip. Also see: How much faster are the 'White' iMac Core 2 Duo models than the original iMac 'Core Duo' systems?

Details:A 2.33 GHz 'Core 2 Duo' (T7600) processor was available as an optional upgrade for US$250. As requested by readers, EveryMac.com also has documented this custom configuration as its own model.

Details:Also see: Is it possible to upgrade the processor in the iMac 'Core 2 Duo'?

System Bus Speed:667 MHzCache Bus Speed:2.16 GHz (Built-in)

ROM/Firmware Type:EFIEFI Architecture:32-Bit

Details:Also see: Does the iMac 'Core 2 Duo' have a ROM or BIOS?

Details:Includes a 4 MB shared 'on chip' level 2 cache that runs at processor speed.

Details:Supports 667 MHz PC2-5300 DDR2 SDRAM (200-pin SO-DIMM). Also see: How do you upgrade the RAM in the iMac 'Core 2 Duo'? How much RAM of what type does it support?

Details:1 GB of RAM is installed as two 512 MB SO-DIMM modules. *Apple officially supports 3 GB of RAM, but third-parties have been able to upgrade the system to 4 GB of RAM using two 2 GB memory modules with some limitations. In the US (and many other countries), site sponsor Other World Computing sells memory -- as well as other upgrades -- for this iMac. In the UK, site sponsor Flexx sells memory and other upgrades for this iMac. In Canada, site sponsor CanadaRAM sells RAM and other upgrades for this iMac. In Germany, site sponsor CompuRAM sells memory and other upgrades for this iMac. In Australia, site sponsor Macfixit sells memory and other upgrades for this iMac. Also see: Actual Max RAM of All G3 & Later Macs.

Details:This model supports a 2 GB module in one slot and a 1 GB module in the other slot for a total supported configuration of 3 GB.

Details:ATI Radeon X1600 graphics processor using PCI Express. Default configuration has 128 MB of GDDR3 video memory. Also see: What type of video processor is provided by the iMac 'Core Duo' and 'Core 2 Duo' systems? Is it upgradable?

Details:This model can be configured with 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM at the time of purchase for an additional US$75.

Built-in Display:20.0' WidescreenNative Resolution:1680x1050

Details:This model has a 20.0' TFT widescreen active matrix display with a native resolution of 1680x1050. Apple also reports a 'typical' brightness of 280 cd/m2, contrast ratio of 800:1, and viewing angle of 170 degrees horizontal and 170 degrees vertical. Also see: What are the differences between the displays used in the iMac 'Core Duo/Core 2 Duo' models? What is the viewable angle and the brightness of each? In the UK, site sponsor ALB Repair offers component-level logic board repair, display repair, and other repair services for this iMac. No fix, no fee! In Spain, site sponsor iRepairs provides affordable repair and data recovery services. In-person and by mail repair services include the display, graphics card, motherboard, power supply, and more for this iMac. In Singapore, site sponsor Esmond Service Centre provides highly regarded repairs for the display, graphics card, motherboard, power supply, and more, all with a free estimate and fast turnaround for this iMac.

2nd Display Support:Dual/Mirroring2nd Max. Resolution:1920x1200*

Details:Apple reports that this model supports 'digital resolutions up to 1920x1200' and 'analog resolutions up to 2048x1536'.

Standard Storage:250 GB HDDStd. Storage Speed:7200 RPM

Details:In the US (and many other countries), site sponsor Other World Computing sells storage upgrades for this iMac. In the UK, site sponsor Flexx sells storage upgrades for this iMac. In Canada, site sponsor CanadaRAM sells SSDs and other upgrades for this iMac. In Australia, site sponsor Macfixit sells hard drives, SSDs and other upgrades for this iMac. Also see: SSD Compatibility Guide for All G3 & Later Macs.

Storage Dimensions:3.5' (26.10 mm)Storage Interface:Serial ATA (1.5 Gb/s)

Details:This model holds a single 3.5' Serial ATA (1.5 Gb/s) hard drive or SSD.

Standard Optical:8X DL 'SuperDrive'Standard Disk:None

Details:Apple reports that the slot-loading 8X 'SuperDrive' (DVD+R DL/DVD±RW/CD-RW) 'writes DVD+R DL discs at up to 2.4x speed, writes DVD-R and DVD+R discs at up to 8x speed, writes DVD-RW and DVD+RW discs at up to 4x speed, reads DVDs at up to 8x speed, writes CD-R discs at up to 24x speed, writes CD-RW discs at up to 16x speed, (and) reads CDs at up to 24x speed.' Also see: What are the capabilities of the optical drive provided by the iMac 'Core Duo/Core 2 Duo' models? Which can read and write dual-layer DVDs?

Standard Modem:NoneStandard Ethernet:10/100/1000Base-T

Details:An external Apple USB Modem was available for US$49.

Standard AirPort:802.11a/b/g/nStandard Bluetooth:2.0+EDR

Details:AirPort Extreme (802.11a/b/g/n) and Bluetooth 2.0+EDR standard. Also see: What is 802.11n? How is it different from 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a?

Details:Three USB 2.0 ports (480 Mbit/s), two Firewire '400' ports (shared - 8 watts).

Details:In the US (and many other countries), site sponsor Other World Computing sells a wide variety of external expansion options and hand-picked accessories like external storage, stands, keyboards, cables, adapters, speakers, and more for this iMac. In Australia, site sponsor Macfixit offers an extensive selection of external expansion options and accessories like docks, stands, chargers, keyboards, security products, and more for this iMac.

Incl. Keyboard:Apple KeyboardIncl. Input:Mighty Mouse

Case Type:All-in-OneForm Factor:iMac Intel (White)

Details:All-in-one 'ice white' enclosure supported by an aluminium stand.

Details:The Apple order number should be unique to this system.

Details:Please note that these identifiers refer to more than one model. Also see: All Macs with the A1207 Model Number, the 2118 EMC Number, and the iMac5,1 Model Identifier. For more about these identifiers and how to locate them on each Mac, please refer to EveryMac.com's Mac Identification section.

Details:N/A

Pre-Installed MacOS:X 10.4.7 (8K1106)Maximum MacOS:X 10.7.5*

Details:*This system can run the last version of OS X 10.7 'Lion' if upgraded to at least 2 GB of RAM. Although it has a 64-bit processor, it has a 32-bit EFI and is not capable of booting into 64-bit mode. It does not support 'OpenCL' either. Please also note that OS X Lion is not capable of running Mac OS X apps originally written for the PowerPC processor as it does not support the 'Rosetta' environment. This model cannot run versions of OS X newer than 10.7.5 'Lion.'

Minimum Windows:XP SP2 (32-Bit)*Maximum Windows:7 (32-Bit)*

Details:*Apple's Boot Camp 4 formally supports the 32-bit versions of Windows XP SP2, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. However, the system does meet Microsoft's minimum requirements for Windows 8 and readers have reported successfully running the 32-bit version of this operating system with appropriate drivers.

MacOS 9 Support:NoneWindows Support:Boot/Virtualization

Details:Also see: Are there any third-party programs to run Mac OS 9/Classic applications on Intel Macs? Site sponsor OHS specializes in heavily upgraded Macs capable of running both Mac OS X and Mac OS 9 applications. For more on running Windows on Intel Macs, please refer to the exhaustive Windows on Mac Q&A.

Dimensions:18.6 x 19.4 x 7.4Avg. Weight:22 lbs. (10 kg)

Details:In inches - height by width by depth, (47.2 cm, 49.3 cm, 18.9 cm).

Original Price (US):US$1499Est. Current Retail:US$100-US$200

Details:Please note that on average the estimated current retail pricing of used systems is updated twice a year (please refer to the date on the bottom of the page for the date last updated). Photo Credit: Apple Computer.

Click on a category for additional details. The most commonly needed info is 'open' by default, but all info is important. The icons correspond with the icons for each port on the computer.

Video (Monitor): 1 (mini-DVI) Floppy (Ext.): None

Details:Supports external display in dual display and mirroring modes. VGA output supported by optional Apple DVI-to-VGA adapter (sold separately).

Details:N/A

Details:Three USB 2.0 ports (480 Mbit/s), two Firewire '400' ports (shared - 8 watts).

Details:No internal modem. External Apple USB modem was offered for US$49. Gigabit Ethernet, AirPort Extreme (802.11g) and Bluetooth 2.0+EDR standard (entry-level iMac 'Core 2 Duo' 1.83 17-Inch (IG) model lacks Bluetooth). Also see: What are the differences between the iMac Core 2 Duo models?

Details:S-Video output capable with adapter, sold separately.

Details:One 'audio line input'.

Details:Single shared 'headphone/optical digital audio output'.

Details:N/A

Details:100V-240V, 180W maximum.

Global original prices for the iMac 20-Inch 'Core 2 Duo' 2.16 in 34 different countries and territories follow; organized alphabetically by region.

For global original prices for Intel Macs in one particular country on a single page, please refer to EveryMac.com's Global Original Prices section.

Imac G3 Upgrade Operating System

Original Prices - North & South America

Mexico:N/A United States:US$1499

Original Prices - Europe

Denmark:DKK 11,999Finland:€1499

Ireland:N/AItaly:€1499

Norway:N/A Portugal:N/A

Switzerland:CHF 2'179 United Kingdom:£999

Original Prices - Asia

Imac G3 Upgrade To Os X

India:N/A Indonesia:N/A

Malaysia:N/AThe Philippines:N/A

Thailand:N/AVietnam:N/A

Imac G3 Hdd Upgrade

Original Prices - Australia & New Zealand

If you have additional original prices for this model, please get in touch. Thank you.

Ten of the most popular Q&As about the iMac 20-Inch models follow.

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droneseco · 3 years ago

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