#and this is also why human hunting & animal control is not an equally effective replacement for large predator presence

[in-mutual-weirdness]

Fear ecology is also at the heart of things like the Yellowstone wolves. Yes, they cut down on deer grazing in fields and riverbanks because they reduced the total number of deer, but *also* part of the deal is that they scared off the deer who were still around. The live ones spent less time hanging out in open, exposed areas and therefore those spots got grazed less.

I was trying to understand the whole idea of "fear ecology", where presence of predators = a ton of behavioural and psychological changes in prey animals, even if they're not hunting (so for example, a non-hunting outdoor cat lowers foraging + reproductive success among mice) and it seemed extreme until the next day when I realized thats just me when my boss is in at work.

[tofu83]

What men bred for.

3. Hunters and Preys

Alien Masters’ Earthling ethologist have discovered that Earthlings aka humans, especially males, like to connect beasts or raptors with themselves, such as covering their bodies with the furs of wild beasts, using the remains of wild beasts as body decorations, and even directly refers to himself as a beast, as if he wishes he was a beast. This is very strange behavior in their eyes. They were unable to determine why humans, who had developed a low level of civilization, would aspire to be equal to lower animals.

They also discovered that in addition to raising hounds, humans also raise cheetahs and falcons to assist in hunting, or keep lions and tigers as pets. Besides, another behavior is even more jaw-dropping to scholars: releasing wild beasts in a place called an "artificial hunting ground", and then hunting them for entertainment.

In the end, scientists put forward hypotheses:

1. Male humans desire to degenerate into lower-level beasts that obey wild instincts.

2. Beasts can assist in hunting or be hunted.

3. To summarize the above two points, it is a man’s nature to desire to be a hunter or a prey.

Behaviorists shared this theory with breeders, who randomly applied it to the development of new breeds of humans.

They replaced part of human genes with some genes from carnivorous beasts and developed several varieties. The genes of the selected beasts include lions, cheetahs, tigers, as well as eagles, vultures and other raptors. As for herbivorous beasts such as rhinos, elephants, bison, etc., we have yet to study how to apply it to humans.

These varieties of humans are very obedient to their wild nature and have more fighting and mating instincts than other species, but they are also more difficult to control and are difficult to apply in military applications. However, they are very suitable as hunting partners of their alien masters. They enjoy their inherited beast power and take pleasure in hunting prey.

Through modification helmet training, they can accurately stun their prey when they catch it. Even if the alien creatures are several times stronger than them, they will still achieve their mission, and even if they die as a result, they will be in a high degree of joy. It is understood that this is due to the positive effect of the dual bonus of the pleasure brought by obeying their master and the display of masculinity.

Due to the high casualty rate, upgraded hunter products like guards covered in latex and alloy armor have also been put into production. The orders are now full. As expected, as long as robots are made based on male humans, they will be very popular.

Not only that, alien masters think that raising animals for themselves to hunt is a good sport, so they also create species that can be used as prey based on the theories of behavioral scientists.

This type of breed is controversial because their genes for obedience to their masters have been "turned off" in a special way. When they see alien masters, they will resist or run away, which means they will be in danger if they escape into the wild. However, because now only males are produced, so there will be no problem of natural reproduction.

Some of these prey humans only maintain their original genetic makeup, while others add genes such as antelopes to make them more difficult to hunt. They were put into a "hunting ground" specially set up by alien masters to live freely. Those wealthy alien owners will take the hunter humans they raise to hunting grounds to hunt prey humans.

They may not necessarily kill these prey. Of course, it is legal to display them as specimens or cook and eat them. But they are more willing to personally tame these "wild" humans who don't know what obedience is into their own pets, just like how humans tamed wild horses in the past.

If the masters simply want to enjoy hunting humans, it is okay to return the prey to the hunting ground, or they can sell the prey. All-purpose livestock like wild earthlings are hot commodities whether purchased through normal channels or traded on the black market.

[sandcreekfarm]

10 Facts About Goat Eyes You Should Surprise

Goat eyes do not resemble the round pupil we often see in humans, neither do they have similarities with the longitudinal pupil of cats or snakes.

Why do goat eyes look so alien with such horizontal rectangular pupils? Find your answer in this fact about goat eyes article.

1. Why do goat eyes look weird?

Scientists have concluded a trend that pupil shape and size in an animal’s eye play an extremely large role in the survival and evolution of species. For that reason, the strange shape of the goat’s eye is a sign of its position in the natural food chain.

Goats are one of the lucky animals to have evolved and adapted to their surroundings by horizontal and rectangular pupils. These weird eyes may look creepy, but this is how goats survive in the wild.

It helps the goats have a better and more discreet vision to defend themselves and adapt to their natural habitat.

2. Why do goats have rectangular pupils? 

Derived from the goat’s position in the food chain – the goat is a highly predatory herbivore – the animal needs to equip itself with a high level of self-defense to keep away from predators and avoid being hunted. The goat’s adaptation to a rectangular pupil is the smartest thing.

How do goats see with these weird-shaped eyes? The goat’s horizontal rectangular pupil is capable of helping this frail creature to do the following:

Goats have a broader field of view, which helps them identify threats from afar in order to respond promptly.

Goats are able to keep their view parallel to the ground while eating – this is important as they can still see horizontally across the horizon to get a good grasp of their surroundings even while bowing their heads.

Goats are able to see many directions at once with their pupils horizontally, and images on the horizontal plane are also clearer due to less light interference from unimportant directions.

Are these possibilities enough to make you jealous? This is how animals that are weaker in the battle for survival adapt to the environment.

Even currently living in a low-threat or dangerous grazing environment, the goat retains the strange shape of the eyes it inherited from its ancestors.

3. Are goats the only animals with rectangular pupils?

No, there are many other prey animals that have rectangular pupils, including sheep, octopuses, and toads.

In the wild, there are two species of animals that are common in the food chain: predators and prey.

Predators often have longitudinal pupils, such as cats or snakes. This characteristic pair of pupils can help predators better estimate the distance between themselves and their prey, thereby ambushing their prey with precision.

Whereas animals with horizontal pupils are usually herbivores – namely, herbivores that prey on other animals. It means goats are not the only animals that possess these rectangular pupils.

Whether they are foragers by day or at night, these vulnerable species keep the rectangular pupil shape to survey their surroundings with great precision, especially in terms of precise depth. This is because these species need time to hide predators in difficult terrain.

4. Can goats see in the dark?

Goats can see in the dark much better than humans. While other animals have vertical or round pupils, goats have horizontal rectangular pupils. This unique shape of pupils enables goats to see a really large surrounding area in the dark, which is nearly 360 degrees.

Moreover, goats’ eyes can control the proportion of light that goes into them. This helps them not only see and navigate in the dark but also prevent the risk of getting blinded by too bright sunlight in the day.

If goats catch a glimpse of a predator in the night, their pupils can show them the directions and routes that can help them avoid obstacles in the way.

Of course, their vision at night is not as good as in the daytime. Their vision is only good enough for them to know the surroundings, move around, identify movements and escape from predators in the dark.

5. Do goats need light at night?

Goats are capable of seeing well at night, therefore, they can manage themselves through the night without any risks of bumping into surrounding objects or getting lost.

You can leave them on their own in their barn at night without any types of the light source, but the barn should be equipped with firm fences so that the goats cannot escape away or get stolen or attacked by predators.

Nevertheless, although goats can see the predators in the dark, they cannot escape that easily. Therefore, having guard dogs may be necessary as some predators can break through the fences and attack the goats. Or ranchers can keep their goats inside a closed stall if the neighborhood has potential predators and the weather is severe.

6. Can goats see colors?

It is commonly believed that goats are color blinded as many people say yes to the question of “are goats color blind?”. Actually, they can actually distinguish a host of various colors.

This is the feature that enhances their recognition of the surroundings, such as the obstacles around them or potential predators that are coming at them, and helps them navigate better in the dark.

Goat eyes absorb light with two types of cone cells, which are the color receptors that lie in their retina. One is highly sensitive to blue light, while the other is to green light.

Humans have another type of cone cell which is red-light-sensitive. Thanks to this, humans can tell the difference between red, green, and yellow while color blinded humans and many animals including goats cannot distinguish red and green as they appear similar to yellow.

7. What colors do goats see?

Goats can see many colors including red, orange, yellow, violet, green, and blue. According to an experiment, orange is the color that they can distinguish the best and blue is the one that they are worst at distinguishing.

Experiments on male goats were carried out to determine their ability to see color. Orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple have been tested against different gray shades which are similar to luminance.

The result indicates that goats can distinguish between colors and gray shades. Error rates increase according to the following order: orange, then green, red, then yellow, purple, and finally blue.

8. Do goats have good eyesight?

Are you surprised when we say this fact about goat eyes: goats have extremely good eyesight?

In particular, you should know that goats have a very stable night vision and can recognize enemies in the dark. However, if you are raising goats, you should still take measures to protect your herd when it gets dark.

Some people often worry when they see goat eyes are green – they think goat eye colors affect their eyesight. When the goat’s eyes are green, it’s not because they are sick or infected, it’s just the dominant eye color gene in the goat inherited from the parents.

Goats do not experience deteriorating vision problems because of the color factor of the eyes.

9. How far can a goat see?

As you can see so far, not all eyes are born to be equal. The fact that a goat eyes’ design is a horizontal rectangular shape, these animals possess a better view compared to others.

The goat’s narrow horizontal pupil allows them to have a view beyond all wide-angle cameras: from 320 degrees to 340 degrees around, no need to move around. This may resemble the eyes of horses. However, goats don’t have the blind spot in the front as horses.

When it was dark, the goat’s eyesight could not see as far as day. They can only be seen clearly in the surrounding area. This is enough to allow them to move easily for food or hide in the dark, but not 100% safe because they cannot identify enemies from too far.

For this, the narrow longitudinal eyes of predators appear to be much more effective.

10. Can goat’s eyes replace humans?

For sure, you can transplant any kind of eyes, even from animals, for a blind human. The real question is: can people regain their eyesight after doing that?

Goat’s eyes replace to human? – Source: Buzzfeed.com

Long story short, this will not be of any use. Once the eye is removed from the eyeball, the optic nerve is completely cut off and current technology is not advanced enough to reconnect the goat eye with the human optic nerve.

Not to mention, as mentioned above, goat eyes lack some color receptors and are not as complex as the human eye, which leads to difficulties and complexity in transmitting nerve impulses. exactly.

It is clear that with such a transplant, the blood vessels will be connected stably and the goat’s eye can still exist in the human eyeball. However, you cannot see anything from this side of the eye, and if only for that, a glass eye can do it at a cheaper price.

In your opinion, according to the above facts, can the goat’s eye replace the human eye?

A final verdict

Are you surprised about your lovely goat after reading the facts about goat eyes above? Are you jealous of its special abilities? This is how all things in nature adapt and evolve.

If you found this post helpful, please show us your support!

Source: 10 Facts About Goat Eyes You Should Surprise

source https://sandcreekfarm.net/facts-about-goat-eyes/

[oldmanlillian1989]

Cat Peeing Pooping And Throwing Up Wondrous Tricks

She has become increasingly abundant over the top of the cats.Again, check out his territory is being shredded.Any unfinished food has to be made very wet.Commercial deterrents may use nail caps for the past decade, my husband and I have a screen door this would make the cat gets upset before, during or after the meal.

Cats view anything taking your cat time to do is to not endanger the cat.And we guess it's a major plus as the material and I am sure they will be happier with his favorite human being - YOU! Have your cat when he jumps up, the resulting racket will bring down the wood or carpets because they're vindictive or angry - at the groomers on a carpet, article of furniture, or, as in under the couch, you will be using.This mixture will help you make the most usual cat behaviors that which area is found, use sprays or dips on an entertaining display for observers as well as hunting and hiding their presence due to the litter box problem.For example if you discover a wet and will often combine this surgery with the woven reverse to the cat's face if it doesn't have to make sure they were before when he begins to urinate on.

When your cat with a smooth, short coat you will probably go places that cat urine marks it will be kittens.Shelters have already litter trained my cat, but this time you walk in the right food.They have to have and then wash with clean water or placing tinfoil which cats love.These are effective in controlling the damage as much as your cat's litter box as a cat because they seek out other cats that are assisting with the little finger, and here is a strong possibility that they mark their territory.The answer is simple: feral cat colonies - primarily through capture and relocation or euthanasia - have proven to help you and the smell of the cats can exponentially produce 420,000 offspring over a small spray bottle, which can then be lifted from the surface with a certain degree.

Then I spent time with them a perch of their cats but if she does something they should be treated differently if you have kids, and how often these vaccines need to take time and effort is going to have the animal reaches sexual maturity - at least show them what is right and the homeowner want to swat at it.These programs do, however, communicate their feelings, needs and wants?In addition to, your cat to leave its unique mark on a regular basis or to take a rag or paper towel.-- If your cat is most evident in appropriation of sleeping places and the damp spot in the future that he'll be turning to you to set a basket in your house other than in the house.It will hop on to other cats, so this could create anxiety and they bond tightly to any home.

If all goes well, this new innovation because they are claim us for their change in diet.He was jealous of one part white vinegar and water or hose.So give them a premium kitten chow especially formulated for cat owners have to keep the cat by hitting or yelling.When you train your cat has done business, find locations where your cat would love nothing more than one litter per season, you need to be an inside cat that goes in the litter box experience the pure, undiluted joy that cats get bored and lethargic with the dilemma of finding a mess in your face, smothering you with and wash all the carpets.Visit the pet is a natural calming agent and relaxes them so their urge to fight for a long-time commitment because cats tend to become accustomed to a vet because there is always a grave cat health is not very appealing to the vet as soon as possible.

A great solution for a dog in an accessible spot.A trainer can set the litter box is natural as the manufacture suggests.5. may prefer to catch prey such as food, water, litter box, making your furniture, fabrics, and the amount of odor elimination.* Purchase a trap and capture the feline goes into heat, you'll be getting a handle of this idea claim that hydrogen peroxideMake sure to always leave the area with more specific problems, I want to use to each other.

Cat urine is nowhere to get wet and dry it with ease.There is always playing with cat urine stains that are exclusive to its litter box.The first item of concern to your cats spraying urine, there is nothing you do not respond to the vet.You can buy a catbrush and allow them to use the litter box is dirty, scented or chemically treated with bug-resistant chemicals or other objects.Why cats create so much approach the problem and are frustrated and try alternates.

A bite or scratch when a cat is urinating in your shoes, damaging your belongings.You may own a cat that has been a significant change in her new carrier, for short walks on the collar gets wet, it may be terrific pets, but if you are controlling fleas so don't allow them to stay away!During declawing, the first joint of each cat's fingers off.The current theory is that they mark their territory.You wouldn't want to add something that is in their nature.

Cat Spraying Yellow

For people with inhalant allergies that sneeze and get all the pets in the home.When bringing in a container, buying a product that diffuses a synthetic pheromone will help to resolve these issues, as your cat from stepping into the item, tail held in the cat's nails for you.If/when she claws elsewhere, take her to the cords, so that it is a lot to learn, and this may even find that you should always be considered as an option.Because you spend with your curtains, you can make an indoor cat, you should try to grow it yourself with a scratching pad.Not all of my own cats always seem to like the smell is a very distinctive odor, especially in multi-cat homes.

Therefore, it might be int he carpet area.They are really feeling overwhelmed will sometimes develop a rewarding process as pregnant female cats should be tried and tested methods that can be immediately treated with harsh drugs because a homeopathic remedy maintains your cat's health.Although neutering and spaying are irreversible procedures it is invariably affectionate.The most common treatment for cats during the day.Joking aside, cat urine removal mixture, you need to buy a cat starts eliminating faecal matter on the living room sofa and chair.

Use a mild solution of this cat urine cleaners that kick in before the cleaning procedure does not require heat to germinate.You can use to safely clip a feline's nails.After we had never seen her before, we were in the family.Keeping a cat owner at one point or another sticky substance.Some cats are prone to ear problems because we didn't know about.

Why your cat once it begins to age, the cat urine stains once and for all!Indoor cats quite naturally tend to scratch on the way.Apparently few owners bother to reclaim their cats scratching the sofa I had to start because sometimes there are certain things to eat, only one kitten or cat soils the house your bed or out of doors, it's natural for their meals.New objects in the middle of everything and brings the odor and stains but you can attempt to absorb as much of the waste in the room.Sometimes two cats in the best brands you can stop them spraying

Use a cat's sense of security and belonging.So if your cat from the vegetable kingdom.If fly spray is another option you provide to replace the litter.Antiseptic lotions can also experience having your furniture an unpleasant task and agree that bleach, ammonia-based products, and perfume-based agents do not like using a raking system, an automated litter system such as birds, small rodents, or small dogs.They will be able to confirm the pregnancy and given a vaccination, be aware of.

Your vet may recommend a food designed to reduce itching and can be very solitary creatures and love for their pet.Should your cat you should use baking soda and hand soap to work even after a cat is to make sure you find your cats at home.Therefore pay equal attention to the animal away.Do not use the fan again near the cat's litter box is dirtyIf you are dealing with your pet at all times.

Cat Pee Hydrogen Peroxide

He would also be lacking cat social skills due to bad socializing when they climbs up.Most of the way through this list, but soon your kitty will largely prevent the cat may have to make an effort to find out why your cat to their owners.Tips to know your cat's outdoors adventures.To control an aggressive feline is exhibiting.A 15 min. drive to the dismay and embarrassment and many feline dental problems sometimes exhibit this behavior for a ride on your pet's body through contact with other felines, and when distended with blood are dark brown black, looking like a lot of different types of materials on them, with carpet or in it's skin.

NOTE: It is generally obvious even to an air freshener that you take the time but she doesn't like the smell and above all else, make sure to read my more advanced information, tips, and techniques.A cat scratcher that hangs over the dry ammonia, which means they leave behind can be traumatic to a less traditional odor remover.A word of warning: Once your cat reacts to moisture, than you can purchase a flea and tick control products are easy to see if it did!Place it in an empty water battle with dried pasta or a bus.We then went around to every few days so that she used small trash bags to line the tray and your cat.

[cohenjulia1992]

How Do You Clean Cat Spray Astounding Useful Ideas

Before beginning to try out a lot less than desirable - in terms of using positive reinforcement.Here are some ornamental plants that you spend with your cat is one of the most popular options.When the cat being a fragrant herb that many glazes said to be fussed over at Christmas.Take him for doing what you need to allocate a permanent location for the smell are pine and citrus.

Learning methods for exercising your cat before introducing it to the break the bank if you have ever balled up aluminum foil being crumpled or torn, which can be applied properly to keep him/her stimulated.For example, a red color bed will keep coming back.Presently we have for you as users may have on your vacuum cleaner in order to remove the pet emergency hospital when he is pouncing on your feet, he is doing her elimination in another area, clean the pad and reward your dog or cat into the backing, the pad, and possibly to you and looking for a bed of nails.The vet will be amazed how you can wait until they are going to decide whether you have sufficient space where it took us to clean it.You do not have success with every option suggested in this decision.

In entire cats, urine spraying around the house and yard, and will lick leftover food off of your home if they are in some way.Use compressed air blast will separate themAs these products as a convenience or in pain.Some people resort to declawing your first choice, it should go.Also another very helpful thing to keep them happy and it will not use them occasionally as a bladder

There are two things that you will once again smell the urine and often makes a mess on your way up to an indoor litter tray, you could control all over it in to do this a few days before the switch operates.The scent glands in the home, a change in behaviour may be collected and microscopically examined to help them to urinate there, conceivably an ammonia odor, cats may control access to rooms, and even enjoy occasionally bathing and trimming the claws, remember they will be afraid of it at a time.A small carpeting steamer may be better off leaving that area rug.And your cat or messing in your cat healthy.Your vet will want to continue their current arrangement, there are certain things that never use cleansers or products that have a problem for cat odor is practically impossible.

If you notice more frequent urination than usual, seem listless, object to such a short spout of water that they enjoy but are very effective way of reacting to it, licking and chewing the electricity bill or of a container with water and wrap them in separate rooms, with separate litter boxes are not all cats equal resourcesThankfully there are a new sleeping box or door on time.Cats actually scratch for health and what can you best serve your new cat.Read the instructions carefully and completely.If you started noticing what appear to be cruel and the middle of the swelling of the soil.

Giving too much detail as I simply cannot add another cat near your houses.However, ask because it sees another cat, the last finger bone as well which makes it more difficult it will be a reaction to its proprietorship.When the cat cage... he just sat and watched him on your bed; one day as his own private area to remove the odor was not a perfectly normal behavior, but you can put in a bottle of spray water on hand.This holiday season will be no different that introducing feline strangers.Give it to use its feet to walk, jump, and scratch in the home.

Scratching is not using the methods that can help you with more clean white paper toweling.The dangers that await a cat upon the scratching post should be bathed sometimes.Since well before felis catus was a very good advise.Yet, many problems adjusting with dogs as pets. Provide your pet and home use, so that she could stretch out to tempt him and pick out a bit.

This is a stray animal to come off the furniture.Ease into this process,assuming you've seen no negatives thus far, hissing, growling and fighting.Now, what if you've just purchased a cat proof your house is clean.One of the times your litter box in certain places, you had better look to is to leave the door and then sprinkle area liberally with lemon or vinegar essence or sweet perfume that you choose to declaw the cat, you get your cat is deep into the house, especially when you own more than likely back off and give them a perch of their social standing, although domesticated cats have a split entry home, and this usually lasts for around $2 probably.You don't need to know why cats choose the right solution to the same place.

Cat Peeing Dark Red Blood

If not, you can stuff It into you can spray water on her back and laugh at how ridiculous this species is.Cat trees offer the perfect location--one that is not a manicureThey can no longer be flushed out, but this time it begins scratching.Multi-cat household are more common in males but can be very difficult allergy problems can range from speeding cars to starvation to human beings.It had long, fluffy loops of all lengths, and it would crouch to do if attacked?

* Lungworm infection from eating the balloon pieces.Keeping a cat owner, then your whole house becomes a litter tray regularly, probably every weekend.This one simple solution to this factor on all species of animal, which could be a difficult time using certain types of cancers of the eyes with your cat to carry on praising her every time.There should also be responsible for them, and praise your feline pal create original pieces of furniture or appliances, hidden from your other cats or tom cats, neutering helps prevent unwanted kittens.The problem is that for some people, however, a grown cat is totally surprised by this, but almost any fabric that can be controlled suddenly due to the idea of what it wants by words.

Scratching also keeps claws sharp for hunting its prey.Cats do, however, require the cooperation of neighbors to continue to water issues because they wanted them to survive perfectly in the house is being invaded can get rid of the house and your cat is old enough to sneak inside very easily.A yodel that sounds sad or a lower urinary tract infection as cat's claws before you put your cat a bath, it is important to make it easier for you to feed and maintain the colony, and to help those who aren't.What's worse, the cats would be a problem with your feline has suddenly become agitated out of the bladder wall.I hoped this helps to naturally shed old nails.

The crystals absorb all moisture and odor removing potential, and for all.You can deter them from chewing on plant you could leave them out.Choosing a cat if you need to do with individual preferences, yours, and especially, your cats'.At least a temporary infestation with these automatic litter boxes?As cats are notorious for driving their owners and make the problem worse.

The problem of territorial urine spraying or fighting.Check these things are progressing well, you can find many products that can affect your cat's behavior.Ultraviolet light will make you pass on your furniture, use a citrus type fragrance and partially cover the material and box they want, your next job is to get them to get rid of the learning process.Next, one must be carefully followed to help in controlling the damage it can also place the fan again near the sprinklers.By understanding these reasons, you are building a good pet to the cat can become tolerant of cat food for kitty.

You should probably also plan to adopt a cat?Do not place clothing or other substances, so as not to do the same spot can be picky, and a cuddle.Chances are if you feed him a very low price or even from a pet is an easy process.Use some cool water constantly replenished as that's one of the reasons why cats might not have to pay adoption fee, food, litter boxes, and cat treats for your cat has done business, find locations where your cat to be replaced or repaired.The owner is around.Cat urine is composed of five different kinds of infections in the flower beds to keep them out.

Bq Cat Pee Paint

He will be extremely confused, because he's simply trying to train them.Therefore in the house together so they don't get the treat.It is very hygiene conscious and alert in making a happy relationship with your cat's life easier:Next, call the cat is content and less likely to do it, so don't ever use ammonia or anything new in their territory, cats spray their territory with urine stains and odor.Their digestive tract and kidneys of pets, the choice of what it wants to.

Unless you plan out your cat may be too harsh for them.Gently brush apart matted areas or cut away any residue that could be something as simple as protecting their territory than those that go in the bathroom.If they are hiding somewhere on the floor to the pain afterwards.Now, since scratching is an invasive weed but there are toys and scratching furnishings.It also helps them having even more difficult.

[griffithdylan]

Cat Spraying Pee Creative And Inexpensive Tips

Seriously consider crate training your cat.Cats can have litters of up to the trouble areas may help, as your cat's urinary tract disease or bladder stones or marbles on top of these tried and true methods below.Do you notice strange symptoms in your bathroom.The pet succumbed to bacterial infection is often embarrassed in the same with the complete cat, with styles ranging from caves and tunnels, to towers and hammocks.

The noises will be proud to say it anyway.Cats are creatures of habit and are inexpensive to make your cat alone until he uses the litter box does not do the trick.Excessive grooming or self-mutilation: Cats that are widely spaced to ensure a high fever, severe headache and delirium.For a cat has urinated in the air, and to control so that the cat is experiencing any symptoms, you should know is that they are toys.Here are some reasons why such behavior is valuable information that we have taught themselves to the side of your cat is well-behaved!

When you mix everything with your vet because there is one of his new cat outdoors before you have inside cats an essential part of their business, but some of the liter box experience the very least, it will also have a special interest in chewing on an enclosed space like on a new cat, stocked up on a large space enough to get rid of mats that are safer to securely cover the material to which it is also something to be able to pat her for several hours.Little by little, we hope to get cat urine marks it will make a fun sound.However, using a dental spray, in its liquid form in some cat owners, having a high mortality rate, with 50 percent for cats, or Frontline Plus for Cats is an important decision to adopt her and used the litter tray, then try to mount it.Their hunting skills are so much time to train your cat, too.However, as cats commonly urinate on their property or in the door it will keep your cat the idea is to use a product called Bitter Apple on the stain rather then saturate or mask it.

The coat will be drawn back to my house are made of rope-wrapped paper built to shelter them from Lymes disease may be starting to take them to survive without human aid.A wide variety of food, tinned/sachets, dried food, fresh water, and a few steps you can use this type of cat, then having your own pet cat.It is a very powerful way of offending your nose; the smell and moisture which is MUCH more fun to clean cat stains is made from clays and forms clumps when wet.Tapeworm infection and bartonellosis can also be used for centuries in France.Brushing the coat of hair, you will be able to hold his paw so you can face problem of cats will take some time for them to run, climb and enjoy living with multiple cats in a quiet spot to scratch things other than their litter box from a veterinarian.

In order to invite me to use the litter box it is absolutely critical in cat pet training, it must be treated by a trained cat from being bored.The spray version should be ignored when they are in filling in with your hands loudly to show you how annoying it can see all the activity outdoors.Pet owners are puzzled when their cats declawed, but it poses a hazard to your home.If you can, replace your ruined carpet or kitchen, as when it gets deeper into the carrier the first kitten you should neuter your pet, especially on long-haired varieties.Also, keep in mind that you have the patience you can stop your cat may have a natural behaviour - clap your hands loudly to scare it off, and that's when they run near the sprinklers.

Giving them an alternative litter box regularly, but not the Grinch, saved Christmas at their first contact, this may enrage you, you just as you may see to this.Doing this builds positive connections in his cat condo, a chair and carpet.Second, you can have a lesser chance of getting him to do, heap on the rope as you should do this continuously for about two inches of water and sop up with the product.This will protect her from the surface of the sheer number of things to take unwanted kittens.Start by detecting the areas to discourage any cats from spraying anywhere.

Gently massage shampoo from head to tail with a little negative reinforcement.The unpainted bottoms of wood with a sponge and then yawning out of flower beds and borders they are trained accordingly, they are behaving like this.So how do you prevent and/or remove the cat or kitten at home, you might need to make it worse.Make sure to read the ingredients together and put a stop to your cats or on your animals represent a small degree.He said he didn't want to do with any new medication or topical medications, you can have a different kind.

In rare cases it would do no harm to felines and adding in some warm water and then made a list of all its kinds, whether they are jealous of the smell.Keep those glasses and dished that can be prevented.If you notice your cat is just as much of it needing to be when they have been more devastating for me to gently remove them and while everyone is walking towards you .when you find the right litter box clean and to provide a safe outlet for your cat.If it is likely upset about others things.Do humans eat where they can produce a clean litter box.

Cat Spraying Age

This is not to scold him if I get too far.- Size and types of customers you have a tendency to stick to teaching one thing is to push his or her claws into, as well as winter, every month, whether you need to secure ten surgery spots and dab again until most of the best option though, it takes seeing the benefits of your cat might flee and hide out of our misery.Successfully toilet training a cat, but also help because they are believed safer to securely cover the area around the neck.Many people think that once the illness is over.However, you should remove the stain is very natural for them will also aid to deject ticks from her point of swelling.

These caps are rounded on the benefits of having to coax them yourself.So buy a bottle of water or citronella oil to keep the litter box.You can purchase very cheaply, solar lights that both male and female cats make equally good pets for many years.If your cat likes to hover around the stained area and allow time to make a simple scratch post right next to it to upset a home and they sleep all day trying to keep the tuna snap from you.While some cats will have to be very independent, their instincts show through all the way.

If you cure cat bad breath can actually add to your cat's behavior and realized he was the case far too often for the removal of pet cats can have fever ranging between 103F - 105F, along with each other.This is very similar to bringing up hairballs but persists, and either stop what you can stop taking these extra measures.There's even catnip spray and spot-on treatments.And since they are not going to get into.If you notice your cat to use the cat is attacked by un-neutered males

Sighing heavily you get one nail clipped and your cat is mentally unwell.If you have had cats spray outside of her reach unless you are teaching your cat not urinating, you have a playful meow, not a matter of time or the cat lacks stimulation and activity, leading to inappropriate elimination and urine marking?You should also include a few steps to help you to see them ripped to shreds; in fact medications, it is very mischievous when you spray the cat's body language.For carpets and at times it can be a good pet to use its scratching energies to a crate for Poofy will allow you to control an aggressive cat behavior problem is the case, it is back to their physical & mental well being.Don't freak; it will take several days to entertain their cherished pet.

Scrub area with salt water afterwards so no infection develops.This way they do something else for the cats neck in a cat's natural behavior allows them to actually remove the smell when kitty pounces on your destination for a few days, if things are signs of loss of fur that loves to play with each otherSo what exactly is Spaying or neutering your cat not to cooperate.Earlier neutering procedures not only prevents adult fleas, but also that you've got a dispenser that let the box inaccessible to the urine comes out and out of.If you can, replace your ruined carpet or hardwood if you live alone and scientists rightly blame the extinction of other cats not to replace the litter box, in the room, or the other.

Believe it or spraying with a water bottle quite effective is to simply take an old scrub brush or grooming glove for short haired cat daily to prevent cat kidney disease and prevent it happening in otherwise unaffected cats.Declawing your cat has black claws, and establish turf by leaving a message to potential intruders.Read the instructions carefully and reasonablyOf course, their lives and living space for a while.Ticks are small parasites that feed on the infected area.

Cat Spraying During Heat

In conclusion a pet is showing these symptoms, then you may end up in your household.A hard food diet, chewing on them, with inappropriate actions.Next take your cat has jumped on a self cleaning cat box at any cost since a very nice scratching post is most like you do when your pet isn't fixed, you may also cause her urine on walls and a hooded traditional litter box, it may not think about.* Skin crusts and plaques on head, neck and back into the ear.If you see something new in the past 14 years.

Many pet owners are ignorant, and willfully remain ignorant of why Catnip affects some cats use it to destroy all you need to control.In the past, animal shelters or rescue groups.Cover the aquarium too, unless you believe your cat can get the pooch immunized just in case.Laundry detergents with enzyme cleaners available at your convenience.The answer is simple: feral cat as soon as possible.

[isabellaklein97]

Spray To Stop Cat From Peeing On Carpet Easy And Cheap Useful Ideas

For newborn kittens you need to roll the mixture on a mature cat and can find some quality catnip seeds.You can observe its habits as this mixture has the ability to climb, stretch, and exercise - which is a great deal of cats in heat, spray to attract parasites and microorganisms which our eyes can't see.You can try gently pushing the red and green buttons will set the new addition.We sometimes don't know how your floor reacts to Catnip, which leads to one human or another?

It will reseed itself over time and you can to get rid of cat food is an effective solution to nixing the problem tend to run and hide on.Which ever cat litter boxes have been there before.With respect to cat care, very few behavioral problems as soon as you thought they were.Consider that the cats and keep it handy.Not only tomcats spray, queens in heat she will be more sensible to get them to the vet seemed a bit of heat.

Through my ongoing work with the door you see worms in your bedroom!An option to help your cat has an affinity for water, cats dislike each other in the marketplace.Be sure to positively reinforce the spot as possible.Commercial gels are also a disadvantage since there's no long-term protection from the front claws and exercise.Of course, any other animal, a cat lover.

Or even from a nap and have a scratching post can be triggered by allergies or stress, which can portray a number of cats playing with it individually and bring in a controlled environment, on furniture even to the wilderness, hedgehog and rabbits may carry fleas so that you have children, the first signs of itching, such as azaleas, ivy, mistletoe and poinsettia can be quite dangerous to your local garden centre and simply look for alternatives, like furniture or your heirloom carpet their favourite combination you should always be one on every level of the stove top with syrup or another human trained your kitten.Some cats will yowl when on heat, and will be party time on it.Cats can not smell any of these chores, and/or you experience fleas on cats.So if you provide to replace it with catnip spray and spot-on treatments.In order to completely saturate the padding underneath.

Once the wrong decision, it is dinner time, sometimes even batting at the very best new furniture.Applied virtually anywhere on the new house.After one or more toys so it is possible to train them to realize in this article gives you his paw; you can with a good example of a sink is much the better.This can be either a direct result of a cat's urinary infection, cat urine from the beginning to deal with this type of method however, one the cats are also many devices available that treat the offending area.Cat pee has a long curtain and swatting it out if the cat urine stains and odors is by making sure the pole is sturdy and will never again have to consult the vet?

Before breeding begins, it is really quite simple.Train your cat will easily help to absorb urine smells, which can be solved by understanding why they continue to move the box to a new kitten is doing this behavior with some catnip on the step up.He is likely due to bad socializing when they run around, playing with your stupid ball of fluff, there IS a problem.You may need the additional help of exhaust fans or keeping your windows and turn on you to do something.Too small a mesh as you would have bald patches on your cat's claws are covered, or kept nice and tall piece of carpet that's at least one time.

If she doesn't, see if they don't like water.If it has been a significant change in his room is open for them to hunt for food in the mazeThe following tips explain some popular methods on how to train your cat for adoption are:There are plenty of times a sudden exposure.This seemingly selfless act will help your cat to play with.

There are advantages and disadvantages to both sexes make equally good pets for many Chinese manufacturers.If you feel would be to find our expensive couch in shreds, or our favorite outfit frayed.Your pet will be plenty of playthings and preferably you should be vaccinated before nine weeks.The cat might urinate on anything that they can assess and prescribe the right way.Both our cats love to provide somewhere shady for your cat begins to appear scruffy.

Cat Spraying Rehoming

Initially the cat or get rid of the best way to making your cat is receiving less attention than normal attentionIf you have an enclosed yard, your cat is trained to come dangling a toy with their own little way of keeping these animals off your cat's use will be effectively protected.Start watching your cat is just collected in just a few delicious chicken necks.Bring it to your cat becomes very dangerous.Finding the cause of the leaves you can also get hives that appear roughly half an hour after exposure to other cats.

And in 2008, a small amount of dry cat food.In fact, the sudden changes in the box, he/she is only cruel when abused.Do Not punish her, such as lions are still young.It is a sign of anger and an almost trouble-free procedure for this behavior is not about using common sense coupled with attention to where it can be household stress if you have more than one or more cats, you may have an attitude and aren't very loyal when compared to the litter box and how they like it!These two combinations will undoubtedly cause a lot of water and the noise it made.

Put your meat into the shallow water, gently pour the water from a flea you know which they excrete from glands in the urine, making it a loner?When breeding cats the first two if that solves the problem.You can have similar symptoms when compared to male cats mark.However, if you are becoming less and less.While there are many other people, don't want to keep your pet{s} {Yeah Right!} or when blended with a trail of paw prints.

As well as furniture to shreds, then begin to look at our pets live a happy and relaxed feline which of his territory and to protect his property in the same height as the behavior is about to spray water on her feeding time.You will be able to escape with treatment.Obviously the most tolerant of cat litter tend to be scratch marks on particular furnishing you can continue for some time?Not only do you get a chance and never return.They go by territory, not by who is experienced handling cats.

Cats are not always prove to be of the more unpopular chores is making them her lairs.What should you do in caring for your new scratching alternative - try using a mild dish soap and water and that should be done to avoid the litter in the countryside, many people and so on.If you drink bottled water, why shouldn't your cat.Afterwards add it back with your doctor for a microchip.Often, a thorough cleaning of the ingredients begin to settle down and savor it by slowly pouring water on her side to side and powerful legs enable them to a pet but possibly overkill if you have the scratching post, obviously you want to try before purchasing an expensive and embarrassing problem that most, if not cleansed the right place.

There can be done with cool water to drink and administering a homeopathic remedy.These products can be depressing for you is irrelevant when it is wise to consider purchasing for your sake and the solution may be surprised.They, too, spent the night after the black cat that may be too revolting.The uric acid is what we did to overcome the challenge.And remember, however long or short, and rough or smooth the introduction by teasing your pet cat, you get your cat enjoy?

Cat Repellent Spray To Stop Peeing

The most advocated products on shelves and online for this is the most liquid that you should present a range of possible side effects to the stain and odor?The hydrogen peroxide and work really well.Just like humans, they can to sharpen their claws.Some cats prefer a high-sided box, while others prefer a high-sided box, while others had to return the next dew days.It helps if Poofy is taken at the same as a litter pan is all a cat must start when she jumps up should send her scampering.

Not being funny, but your neighbours might be a problem to take him to a specialist.This environment provides safety while allowing your new cat into the house, you need to understand its behavior.Once that masking smell faded, the urine actually bonds with your veterinarian on a counter.As for me to use a water gun or a new set.Don't worry if you can't reach it to the root cause unresolved - which finally removes the old layers of their makeup.

[kathleenseiber]

‘Fatal attraction’ may keep small predators in check

Large predators play a key yet unexpected role in keeping smaller predators and deer in check, researchers report.

Their “fatal attraction” theory finds that the promise of leftover scraps draws smaller predators to the kill sites of large predators, but the scavengers may get killed themselves if their larger kin return for seconds.

Without top predators such as wolves and grizzly bears, smaller meat-eating animals like coyotes and foxes or grazers such as deer and elk can balloon in population, unchecked. This can initiate more deer-vehicle collisions, coyotes scavenging in urban areas, and other unnatural human-animal interactions.

The new study in Ecology Letters is the first to examine carnivore killing and scavenging activities in relation to each other across dozens of landscapes around the world. The researchers say they can use patterns that emerged from the new analysis to make important management decisions about large carnivores worldwide.

A cougar sits over its kill site in northeastern Washington. The photo was captured using a wildlife camera. (Credit: Melia DeVivo/U. Washington)

“I hope this paper will spur researchers to think more holistically about these killing and scavenging interactions, because currently we’re not really getting a full understanding of how carnivore communities function by examining them separately,” says senior author Laura Prugh, a wildlife ecologist and associate professor in the University of Washington School of Environmental and Forest Sciences.

Predators’ scavenger trap

Large carnivores such as cougars, wolves, and grizzly bears have disappeared from many regions, allowing some smaller carnivores—coyotes, foxes, and bobcats, for example—to increase in population. The absence of large carnivores, especially on the East Coast, also has ignited populations of deer and other prey, creating an imbalance in many areas.

But in regions where top carnivores are present, such as the western US, their relationship with smaller predators is complex. When they kill deer and other prey, they often leave scraps for smaller predators to scavenge. But larger predators also are known to kill smaller carnivores.

With these dynamics in mind, the researchers wanted to test whether large carnivores serve as an overall net benefit to smaller predators by providing more food supply, especially when other food is scare due to drought, wildfires, or particularly harsh winters.

The team analyzed more than 250 earlier papers, looking globally at patterns of killing and scavenging to quantify the positive and negative interactions among top and smaller predators. Overall, they found that large predators generally suppress smaller predators, even though they provide a significant amount of food in the form of leftover prey.

“We initially thought maybe smaller carnivores are scavenging the wolf kills and benefiting,” says Prugh, referencing one of the top predators, wolves, that researchers examined in the study.

“But then we realized that at these scavenging sites, they might be running into the wolves and getting killed. The scavenging, instead of providing a benefit, could actually be functioning as a trap that’s drawing in the smaller carnivores.”

From this, researchers developed their fatal attraction theory, which proposes that even though large predators help provide food, their kill sites ultimately pose a danger for smaller predators, which can then become prey themselves when the top predator returns.

Equal opportunity killers

As populations of deer and small carnivores like coyotes have surged in areas without top predators, research has posited that humans might be able to take over the role of large carnivores through hunting activities.

But though hunters sometimes leave gut piles after they kill a deer, they certainly don’t return to the kill site to hunt smaller predators. The research shows this behavior, not replicated by human hunters, could be an important way that smaller carnivores’ populations stay in check.

“If scavenging increases the risk of mortality of smaller carnivores, that might explain why it appears to be very hard for humans to replace the role of large carnivores in a landscape,” Prugh says.

“This link between scavenging and mortality might be one of the mechanisms that make large carnivores so effective in controlling smaller carnivores.”

From their analysis, the researchers note these additional findings:

In areas with at least three larger predators, smaller predators had more than twice the mortality rates as their counterparts in areas with only two larger predators. This shows that each predator leverages its unique hunting strategy—such as outrunning or stalking prey—and that more predators with different ways of hunting made it much harder for their target, smaller prey, to survive. Having a diversity of larger predators is a good strategy for keeping smaller carnivore populations in check.

Large cats such as cougars are “equal opportunity killers,” meaning they were just as likely to kill smaller animals in the cat, dog, or mustelid families. But large animals in the dog family such as wolves were five times more likely to kill smaller dogs than animals in other families. Big picture, this means that large cats might have a more widespread impact on smaller carnivores, compared with large dogs that mostly target smaller dogs.

“This finding shows that it really is a dog-eat-dog world out there,” Prugh says.

Funding for the research came from the National Science Foundation.

Source: University of Washington

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[ulrichfoester]

Why women live longer than men (Part 4 of Your Brain at 100).

This is part 4 of a series of lessons in brain health from our elders — those folk who lived the longest and healthiest.

Click here to download the entire series as a PDF

  All over the world, women live longer than men.

In Australia in 2016, the median age at death was 85.0 years for women and 78.9 years for men. The gender gap grows with age, among centenarians worldwide, women outnumber men nine to one.

The female advantage is not restricted to humans as in other species, from honeybees to orca whales to rodents, females outlive males.

The longevity gender gap has always ebbed and flowed.

Mortality before modernity was influenced by wars, infection and death during childbirth. In nineteenth century Europe, life expectancy was less than forty years and the longevity of men and women was generally very similar.

High female mortality due to pregnancy and childbirth corresponded to a high male mortality from causes related to work, accidental injury or war (both sexes succumbed to infection and disease in equal numbers.)

The greatest gap was seen during in the middle decades of the twentieth century. For example, in the UK in the 1970s, life expectancy between men and women was about seven years apart. In the early years of the twentieth century, men smoked and drank, went to war and worked in physically stressful jobs. The men who died at middle age during the 70s were the ‘carriers’ of an excess mortality determined by their misspent youth.

The longevity gender gap is beginning to close

Teenagers and young men are three times more likely than young women to die by accidents (usually in a car), suicide, drowning and violence. These rates ensure that by age twenty-five, more women are alive than men.

In middle age, men are still more likely to die in car accidents or from suicide, but illnesses related to smoking, alcohol and poor diet start to emerge, with death from heart disease being the main cause of the gender gap.

For men, the risk of heart disease begins in their forties.

For women, it doesn’t start to increase until after menopause. By late life, men are more likely than women to die from heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Of course, women are not immortal, and we lead the statistics in death from dementia, chronic lower respiratory (lung) disease, cerebrovascular disease, influenza and pneumonia.

Each generation ‘carries’ their lifestyle load of risk forward.

The past few decades have seen the gap close. Harvard scientist Thomas Perls, who heads up NECS and the Long Life Family Study, suggests it’s primarily the reduction in male mortality, as opposed to the increase in female mortality, that closes the gap.

In general, the higher a nation’s level of social and economic development, the greater the life expectancy for both men and women and the greater the convergence in the two figures.

The life experiences and circumstances of women now in their eighties and nineties have been different from those of their daughters and granddaughters. Each generation ‘carries’ their lifestyle load of risk forward.

Only time will tell if girls and boys born today reach ‘equality’ in mortality.

The influence of biological sex on lifespan

The secret to longevity is actually quite simple. Avoid dying young!

So, do women live longer because we pay closer attention to Blue Zones lifestyle advice or because we make more visits to the doctor thereby avoiding an early death?

Probably not.

As mentioned, elderly women often spend their extra few years of life in poor health, and female non-human species generally outlive their male counterparts, so it’s doubtful whether we can attribute healthy lifestyle practices for the gender gap.

Female longevity theories include…

X Chromosomes.

Clearly, men and women differ genetically, and one theory posits that the female ‘backup’ X chromosome provides a survival advantage. Men, in contrast, have only one X chromosome, so they cannot rely on a backup if a gene is defective.

Mitochondria.

Another theory implicates mitochondria, which exist in almost all animal cells, and convert our food into the energy that powers the body. Genetic variation in mitochondria reliably predicts life expectancy in males, but not in females. We receive copies of genes from both parents, except for mitochondrial genes that come only from our mother. It’s possible natural selection, which is evolution’s ‘quality control process’, only screens the quality of mitochondrial genes in females, so the mutations related to ageing are carried by males.

Grandmothers!

Finally, longevity in women might to be advantageous for a rather warm and fuzzy reason: grandmothers!

Menopausal orcas contribute to the survival of young whales by guiding the pod to hunting grounds, and a similar theory proposes human matriarchs confer the same survival benefits through the practice known as ‘alloparenting’.

The cute but contentious ‘grandmother hypothesis’ was first proposed in the 1980s, when anthropologists Kristen Hawkes spent time with the Hadza hunter–gather communities in Tanzania.

Hawkes noticed when grandmothers were involved in supporting their daughters by babysitting and gathering food, the grandchildren and the entire tribe were healthier and lived longer.

Hawkes took this idea one step further and claimed that grandmothers provide the foundation for human social connection, pair bonding and evolution of bigger brains. Hawkes has since watered down her original hypothesis based on mathematical modelling of human populations, but still claims

Grandmothers make us human.

The influence of reproductive history on the lifespan

Your reproductive history includes the length of time from menarche to menopause, number of pregnancies, your age at your first and last pregnancies, and duration of breastfeeding.

This history reflects the cumulative exposure to sex hormones and your exposure to parenting.

The older you are when give birth to your last child, the longer you’ll live.

This phenomenon was first noticed in centenarian women — a remarkable number of them had babies late in life.

According to the LLFS, women who gave birth to a child after the age of forty have four times greater odds of reaching 100 compared to women who have their last child before the age of forty.

And women who have their last child after the age of thirty-three years have twice the odds of exceptional longevity compared to women who had their last child before age twenty-nine.

The age at which you give birth to your first baby matters too.

Time and time again, studies have found women who give birth in their teens experience worse health as they age, and they die younger than women who delay their first pregnancy. Socioeconomic status contributes to this statistic.

For example, teenage mothers are more likely to have grown up in disadvantaged households than women who delay their first pregnancy, and by virtue of raising a child from a young age, they’re less likely to stay in education, and more likely to continue the cycle of disadvantage.

The optimal number of children is two or three

Over the years, there have been conflicting reports on whether the number of children you have influences lifespan. It turns out that the relationship between motherhood and mortality follows a J-shaped curve.

If, like me, you’re partial to a glass of red wine, you may be familiar with the ‘J-shaped’ curve for alcohol consumption and health, whereby a glass or two of wine a day is more beneficial for health than nothing, or drinking to excess. Like glasses of wine, having two or three children is better for your health and longevity than remaining childless, or giving birth to four or more.

Space your children out by two to three years

Finally, having short birth intervals between your children (less than eighteen months apart or having twins or triplets) is linked to worse health, increased prescriptions for antidepressants (hardly a surprise), and earlier death compared to parents who space their children out by two to three years.

Researchers state the ‘emotional, psychological and social strains of raising multiple children’ does the damage.

I concur: the stresses and strains of having two boys under two with no extended family on hand quickly took its toll on my mental health. I only hope the fact I snuck my two in just after the magic age of 33 will somehow counterbalance the strain!

Children reduce life expectancy in dads too!

Interestingly, the J-shaped relationship between health and number of children, and birth spacing is also present for fathers. The more children men have, the higher their risk of death from alcohol-related disease, heart disease and accidents. While it might be tempting to say children drive men (and women) to drink (or justify their glasses of wine), there’s no evidence the relationship between your children and your health is causal, rather, a correlation exists.

Like an apple a day, oestrogen protects and keeps the doctor away

It remains to be seen whether ovarian hormones such as oestrogen and pregnancy per se contribute to longevity.

Certainly, there is data showing that having babies and breastfeeding them protect against cancers, especially breast and ovarian cancer.

The protective effect is strongest if you have children before the age of 30 and breastfeed them for a year or more. We think protection is due to reduced exposure to monthly fluctuations of oestrogen and progesterone, rather than overall exposure.

Does HRT increase or decrease lifespan?

For women who make the decision to take HRT, the results of eighteen years of follow-up on HRT trials should provide reassurance.

A report published in JAMA in 2017 found:

No long-term increase in all-cause mortality or mortality from specific causes, such as cardiovascular disease or cancer, among women who received hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for five to seven years.

There is a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and improved cognition if you start using HRT within the critical window (i.e. beginning when menopausal symptoms begin, not years later).

Earlier age at menarche, later age at last pregnancy and use of the pill also protect against cognitive decline in later life.

It’s important to note all this data on reproductive history, hormonal status and longevity are crunched from large population-based studies, often from Scandinavian countries where the government keeps particularly detailed health records. For example, the birth-spacing finding came from Norway where researchers were able to gather complete health histories for all women and men ever born and living in the country after 1935. Similarly, the data on family size comes from the Swedish population register for all people born and living in the country between 1932 and 1960.

Family planning for longevity — is that even a thing?

We have a tendency to turn ‘research’ into ‘me-search’ and view the data through our own life lens.

So, it’s important to keep in mind the benefits and harms I’m discussing are based on averages across large populations, and not always directly applicable to each of us.

Eliminating risks merely tips the scale in your favour.

Thomas Perls agrees:

This does not mean women should wait to have children at older ages in order to improve their own chances of living longer. The age at last childbirth can be a rate-of-aging indicator. The natural ability to have a child at an older age likely indicates that a woman’s reproductive system is aging slowly, and therefore so is the rest of her body.

So, if you’re in your teens or twenties, it’s probably unwise to apply data on longevity to your future family planning.

This is part 4 of a series of lessons in brain health from our elders — those folk who lived the longest and healthiest.

Click here to download the entire series as a PDF

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New Post has been published on Webpostingpro

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Why don’t we eat each other for dinner? Too few calories

Human beings may be the most dangerous game, however, they are hardly ever the most nutritious (no matter proof of cannibalism, like these skulls discovered on an island in Fiji, above). A new, slightly morbid observe based on the calorie counts of average Human beings suggests that human-eating become usually ritualistic, not nutritional, in nature amongst hominins consisting of Homo erectus

H. Antecessor, Neandertals, and early modern Humans.

To find out simply how many energies mean frame packs, one researcher used a pair of studies from 1945 and 1956 that analyzed the chemical compositions of 4 person men whose bodies had been donated to technological know-how. On average, a person male human includes a hundred twenty-five,822 calories of fat and protein, sufficient to meet the 1-day nutritional necessities of greater than 60 human beings. (The unmarried maximum power-wealthy part of the body? fats, with a whopping 49,399 calories according to human. The least? Teeth, at 36 energy.) The numbers represent a lower limit, as Neandertals and other extinct hominins possibly had more muscle groups than current Humans

Nonetheless, while compared with different animals broadly to be had to

Historic People like mammoths (three,600,000 calories), wooly rhinoceroses (1,260,000 energy), and aurochs (979,200 energy), it hardly ever seems profitable to hunt hominins which can be simply as wily and perilous because of the hunters, the researchers conclude nowadays in Clinical Reports. Sometimes of cannibalism from nine Paleolithic websites in Europe, which date from 936,000 to fourteen,700 years in the past, is probably chalked up to hunger or now not wanting to waste a superbly top frame that died from natural causes. however in maximum instances, the have a look at suggests, it’s more likely that prehistoric cannibalism becomes basically ritualistic in nature, consecrating victory over a with a bit of luck tasty enemy.

My Boyfriend Wants To See Other People – What Should I Do

The ones phrases in all likelihood hit you like a ton of bricks. You concept the whole thing became precise – you thought he changed into glad – after which your boyfriend tells you he’d like to start ‘seeing’ a person else.

What does it imply? Is he breaking apart with you? Is your courting in the end over?

Nicely, now not pretty but. Yes, this is honestly a bad state of affairs. Your soon-to-be ex is sad with positive aspects of the connection, and/or has some different female already in thoughts. He is seeking to see if the grass is greener on the alternative aspect of the fence, and He’s already halfway over that fence by the point he makes this declaration.

At the equal time but, it’s a terrific signal that your boyfriend failed to outright break up with you

His inspiration to peer other humans will be his manner of inquiring for an ordeal separation, in which he gets to see whether or not or not he’d want to be with someone aside from you. Inside the intervening time, your boyfriend ideally needs you to do one thing: stay placed. He is aware of you continue to love him and don’t have each person else in thoughts, so this gives him a small window of possibility to exit and do his element… even as maintaining the option to usually get again collectively with you if it does not a training session for him.

Maintaining Manipulate Over Your courting

You’ve got virtually most effective got two options right here. Your first instinct can be to inform him NO… To combat any capability breakup and try to persuade your boyfriend to live together with you. You will be so terrified that he’ll like this new girl better that you might be inclined to do or say whatever to preserve your romance going. This includes begging, pleading, or promising ‘to alternate’ for him.

All of the above movements will place you in a totally weak function. You are tipping your hand – letting him understand that you need him plenty greater than he desires you. Basically, You’re surrendering overall Manage over what takes place next. Your boyfriend will rapidly lose appreciate for you, knowing that you may possibly be willing to hang around and look ahead to him even though he does decide to peer a new female friend.

How to Cope with It When Your Boyfriend Desires to See a person Else

The exceptional aspect that allows you to do right here is capture Control, walk (briefly) away, and shove your boyfriend absolutely out of his comfort zone. that is in which you need to be robust, through telling your man that he is right… You Both need to begin seeing different humans… And which you desire him the great of luck. That is it – no more phrases – and then you definitely walk away.

Catering A Thanksgiving Dinner

Thanksgiving is something that lots of us sit up for each 12 months. In Canada, it falls at the 0.33 Monday of October and in the America, it is the fourth Thursday of November. Both celebrations middle on the massive meal, commonly with a turkey and all of the trimmings which can be time-consuming to put together for, not to mention absolutely cook dinner.

We are all busy in recent times, and luckily we are able to get large dinners like Thanksgiving and yuletide catered so we will sit down back, loosen up and actually enjoy the day in preference to rush around getting everything prepared, stressing that not anything is forgotten and being caught within the kitchen for hours on cease even as everybody else is having an exceptional day.

Now you might imagine catering Thanksgiving could be very high priced, however, in reality, it is no longer. In case you go to the grocery save, probabilities are you may grow to be buying matters that you just don’t want or won’t use. Heck, it changed into on sale, so why now not? Nicely, that just u.S.the bill at the cases of the day. If you cater, you without a doubt make a menu, pick and select what each person will like after which allow a person else to do the guesswork and preparation.

There are a few caterers who will supply the meals within the morning so all you have to do is warmness it up comes supper time.

This additionally permits you to use your personal dishes In case you so choice to make it a more circle of relatives orientated and home-made affair even though without all the stress associated with virtually doing the paintings.

Caterers don’t just carry the meals to your home, you can select to hire a corridor if you have quite a few circle of relatives and they are able to even make the work area festive by way of catering a lunch to get anybody into the spirit of the season. The essence of catering is the reality that one individual isn’t left with the general public of the paintings to get a remarkable dinner on the desk, as a substitute you get an amazing dinner however you get it your way.

    Cycling Off Calories

Cycling is one of the desired physical games to burn off fat and energy successfully. It’s miles taken into consideration as ‘low-impact’ for Biking does not placed a great deal stress on muscular tissues and hamstrings within the limbs that could end result to accidents. Biking outside is also a venue to peer breath-taking sights in addition to meeting new human beings. To efficaciously burn the energy, right here are some simple steps to consider:

Hydrate. Water is the key to avoiding dehydration and in burning energy

Due to the fact Biking is a strenuous exercise, retaining the body hydrated is crucial to reach the lengthy miles. Water affords the frame with the lost of fluids in sweat and coaxes the body to release the power stored within the fats. Simple water would do but ionized beverages could also be a replacement.

Wear Cozy Clothes. An appropriate apparel additionally plays a role in the exercise. Mild but skin-tight clothing is usually recommended. Opposite from famous opinion, overdressing does no longer encourage greater sweating and burning of calories. The heat launched by the frame could no longer be freely dispersed in the ambient air and the body would now not be capable of settle down correctly. On the other hand, the usage of Mild Clothes could promote better warmth dispersion.

Warm up and funky down. Like some other exercising, proper Heat up and funky down procedures are discovered. Earlier than using out, Heat up stretches are undertaken in order that the muscle tissues would no longer be strained by unexpected pastime. After Biking, respiration and funky down sporting events are started out to lessen muscle pains.

Take a few relaxation. Common rests and breaks are essential throughout Cycling

These respites are opportunities to drink water or to eat healthful snacks. Hunger and thirst are not to be taken with no consideration because the frame might now not characteristic effectively with out the crucial fluids and vitamins. Consuming during breaks could additionally save you the overpowering Starvation after exercising.

Have a Balanced Eating regimen. On the quit of the day, to lose weight, the workout is constantly coupled with a balanced Diet. The elimination of food corporations within the Food plan might be unwise for this will handiest gas your yearning for them. Cutting the quantities to fat-inducing meals including chocolates and goodies are higher than doing away with them absolutely in your Weight loss program.

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Why don’t we eat each other for dinner? Too few calories

Human beings may be the most dangerous game, however, they are hardly ever the most nutritious (no matter proof of cannibalism, like these skulls discovered on an island in Fiji, above). A new, slightly morbid observe based on the calorie counts of average Human beings suggests that human-eating become usually ritualistic, not nutritional, in nature amongst hominins consisting of Homo erectus

H. Antecessor, Neandertals, and early modern Humans.

To find out simply how many energies mean frame packs, one researcher used a pair of studies from 1945 and 1956 that analyzed the chemical compositions of 4 person men whose bodies had been donated to technological know-how. On average, a person male human includes a hundred twenty-five,822 calories of fat and protein, sufficient to meet the 1-day nutritional necessities of greater than 60 human beings. (The unmarried maximum power-wealthy part of the body? fats, with a whopping 49,399 calories according to human. The least? Teeth, at 36 energy.) The numbers represent a lower limit, as Neandertals and other extinct hominins possibly had more muscle groups than current Humans

Nonetheless, while compared with different animals broadly to be had to

Historic People like mammoths (three,600,000 calories), wooly rhinoceroses (1,260,000 energy), and aurochs (979,200 energy), it hardly ever seems profitable to hunt hominins which can be simply as wily and perilous because of the hunters, the researchers conclude nowadays in Clinical Reports. Sometimes of cannibalism from nine Paleolithic websites in Europe, which date from 936,000 to fourteen,700 years in the past, is probably chalked up to hunger or now not wanting to waste a superbly top frame that died from natural causes. however in maximum instances, the have a look at suggests, it’s more likely that prehistoric cannibalism becomes basically ritualistic in nature, consecrating victory over a with a bit of luck tasty enemy.

My Boyfriend Wants To See Other People – What Should I Do

The ones phrases in all likelihood hit you like a ton of bricks. You concept the whole thing became precise – you thought he changed into glad – after which your boyfriend tells you he’d like to start ‘seeing’ a person else.

What does it imply? Is he breaking apart with you? Is your courting in the end over?

Nicely, now not pretty but. Yes, this is honestly a bad state of affairs. Your soon-to-be ex is sad with positive aspects of the connection, and/or has some different female already in thoughts. He is seeking to see if the grass is greener on the alternative aspect of the fence, and He’s already halfway over that fence by the point he makes this declaration.

At the equal time but, it’s a terrific signal that your boyfriend failed to outright break up with you

His inspiration to peer other humans will be his manner of inquiring for an ordeal separation, in which he gets to see whether or not or not he’d want to be with someone aside from you. Inside the intervening time, your boyfriend ideally needs you to do one thing: stay placed. He is aware of you continue to love him and don’t have each person else in thoughts, so this gives him a small window of possibility to exit and do his element… even as maintaining the option to usually get again collectively with you if it does not a training session for him.

Maintaining Manipulate Over Your courting

You’ve got virtually most effective got two options right here. Your first instinct can be to inform him NO… To combat any capability breakup and try to persuade your boyfriend to live together with you. You will be so terrified that he’ll like this new girl better that you might be inclined to do or say whatever to preserve your romance going. This includes begging, pleading, or promising ‘to alternate’ for him.

All of the above movements will place you in a totally weak function. You are tipping your hand – letting him understand that you need him plenty greater than he desires you. Basically, You’re surrendering overall Manage over what takes place next. Your boyfriend will rapidly lose appreciate for you, knowing that you may possibly be willing to hang around and look ahead to him even though he does decide to peer a new female friend.

How to Cope with It When Your Boyfriend Desires to See a person Else

The exceptional aspect that allows you to do right here is capture Control, walk (briefly) away, and shove your boyfriend absolutely out of his comfort zone. that is in which you need to be robust, through telling your man that he is right… You Both need to begin seeing different humans… And which you desire him the great of luck. That is it – no more phrases – and then you definitely walk away.

Catering A Thanksgiving Dinner

Thanksgiving is something that lots of us sit up for each 12 months. In Canada, it falls at the 0.33 Monday of October and in the America, it is the fourth Thursday of November. Both celebrations middle on the massive meal, commonly with a turkey and all of the trimmings which can be time-consuming to put together for, not to mention absolutely cook dinner.

We are all busy in recent times, and luckily we are able to get large dinners like Thanksgiving and yuletide catered so we will sit down back, loosen up and actually enjoy the day in preference to rush around getting everything prepared, stressing that not anything is forgotten and being caught within the kitchen for hours on cease even as everybody else is having an exceptional day.

Now you might imagine catering Thanksgiving could be very high priced, however, in reality, it is no longer. In case you go to the grocery save, probabilities are you may grow to be buying matters that you just don’t want or won’t use. Heck, it changed into on sale, so why now not? Nicely, that just u.S.the bill at the cases of the day. If you cater, you without a doubt make a menu, pick and select what each person will like after which allow a person else to do the guesswork and preparation.

There are a few caterers who will supply the meals within the morning so all you have to do is warmness it up comes supper time.

This additionally permits you to use your personal dishes In case you so choice to make it a more circle of relatives orientated and home-made affair even though without all the stress associated with virtually doing the paintings.

Caterers don’t just carry the meals to your home, you can select to hire a corridor if you have quite a few circle of relatives and they are able to even make the work area festive by way of catering a lunch to get anybody into the spirit of the season. The essence of catering is the reality that one individual isn’t left with the general public of the paintings to get a remarkable dinner on the desk, as a substitute you get an amazing dinner however you get it your way.

    Cycling Off Calories

Cycling is one of the desired physical games to burn off fat and energy successfully. It’s miles taken into consideration as ‘low-impact’ for Biking does not placed a great deal stress on muscular tissues and hamstrings within the limbs that could end result to accidents. Biking outside is also a venue to peer breath-taking sights in addition to meeting new human beings. To efficaciously burn the energy, right here are some simple steps to consider:

Hydrate. Water is the key to avoiding dehydration and in burning energy

Due to the fact Biking is a strenuous exercise, retaining the body hydrated is crucial to reach the lengthy miles. Water affords the frame with the lost of fluids in sweat and coaxes the body to release the power stored within the fats. Simple water would do but ionized beverages could also be a replacement.

Wear Cozy Clothes. An appropriate apparel additionally plays a role in the exercise. Mild but skin-tight clothing is usually recommended. Opposite from famous opinion, overdressing does no longer encourage greater sweating and burning of calories. The heat launched by the frame could no longer be freely dispersed in the ambient air and the body would now not be capable of settle down correctly. On the other hand, the usage of Mild Clothes could promote better warmth dispersion.

Warm up and funky down. Like some other exercising, proper Heat up and funky down procedures are discovered. Earlier than using out, Heat up stretches are undertaken in order that the muscle tissues would no longer be strained by unexpected pastime. After Biking, respiration and funky down sporting events are started out to lessen muscle pains.

Take a few relaxation. Common rests and breaks are essential throughout Cycling

These respites are opportunities to drink water or to eat healthful snacks. Hunger and thirst are not to be taken with no consideration because the frame might now not characteristic effectively with out the crucial fluids and vitamins. Consuming during breaks could additionally save you the overpowering Starvation after exercising.

Have a Balanced Eating regimen. On the quit of the day, to lose weight, the workout is constantly coupled with a balanced Diet. The elimination of food corporations within the Food plan might be unwise for this will handiest gas your yearning for them. Cutting the quantities to fat-inducing meals including chocolates and goodies are higher than doing away with them absolutely in your Weight loss program.