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blackkudos · 5 years ago

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Afrika Bambaataa

Afrika Bambaataa (born Lance Taylor; April 17, 1957) is an American disc jockey, rapper, songwriter and producer from the South Bronx, New York. He is notable for releasing a series of genre-defining electro tracks in the 1980s that influenced the development of hip hop culture. Afrika Bambaataa is one of the originators of breakbeat DJing and is respectfully known as "The Godfather" and "Amen Ra of Hip Hop Kulture", as well as the father of electro-funk. Through his co-opting of the street gang the Black Spades into the music and culture-oriented Universal Zulu Nation, he has helped spread hip hop culture throughout the world.On May 6, 2016, Bambaataa left his position as head of The Zulu Nation due to multiple child sexual abuse allegations dating as far back as the 1970s.

Early life

Born as Lance Taylor to Jamaican and Barbadian immigrants, Bambaataa grew up in The Bronx River Projects, with an activist mother and uncle. As a child, he was exposed to the black liberation movement, and witnessed debates between his mother and uncle regarding the conflicting ideologies in the movement. He was exposed to his mother's extensive and eclectic record collection. Gangs in the area became the law, clearing their turf of drug dealers, assisting with community health programs and both fighting and partying to keep members and turf. Bambaataa was a member of the Black Spades. He quickly rose to the position of warlord of one of the divisions. As warlord, it was his job to build ranks and expand the turf of the young Spades. He was not afraid to cross turfs to forge relationships with other gang members, and with other gangs. As a result, the Spades became the biggest gang in the city in terms of both membership and turf.

After Bambaataa won an essay contest that earned him a trip to Africa, his worldview shifted. He had seen the movie Zulu and was impressed with the solidarity exhibited by the Zulu in that film. During his trip to Africa, the communities he visited inspired him to create one in his own neighborhood. He changed his name to Afrika Bambaataa Aasim, adopting the name of the Zulu chief Bhambatha, who led an armed rebellion against unfair economic practices in early 20th century South Africa. He told people that his name was Zulu for "affectionate leader." Bambaataa formed The "Bronx River Organization" as an alternative to the Black Spades.

Career

Inspired by DJ Kool Herc and Kool DJ Dee, Bambaataa began hosting hip-hop parties beginning in 1977. He vowed to use hip-hop to draw angry kids out of gangs and form the Universal Zulu Nation. Robert Keith Wiggins, a.k.a. "Cowboy" of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, is credited with naming hip-hop; the term became a common phrase used by MCs as part of a scat-inspired style of rhyming. Writer Steven Hager claims that the first time "hip-hop" was used in print was in his Village Voice article where he was quoting Bambaataa, who had called the culture "hip-hop" in an interview.

In 1982, Bambaataa and his followers - a group of dancers, artists, and DJs - went outside the United States on the first hip-hop tour. He saw that the hip hop tours would be the key to help expand hip hop and his Universal Zulu Nation. In addition it would help promote the values of hip hop that he believed are based on peace, unity, love, and having fun. He brought peace to the gangs; many artists and gang members say that "hip hop saved a lot of lives." His influence inspired many overseas artists like the French rapper MC Solaar. He was a popular DJ in The South Bronx rap scene and became known not only as Afrika Bambaataa but also as the "Master of Records." He established two rap crews: the Jazzy 5 including MCs Master Ice, Mr. Freeze, Master Bee, Master D.E.E, and AJ Les, and the second crew referred to as Soulsonic Force including Mr. Biggs, Pow Wow and Emcee G.L.O.B.E.

In 1982, Taylor, who was inspired by Kraftwerk's futuristic electronic music, debuted at The Roxy a test cassette of EBN-OZN's ground breaking, 12-inch white rap/spoken word "AEIOU Sometimes Y". It was the first commercially released American single ever made on a computer, a Fairlight CMI, ushering in the era of music computer sampling. In that same year, Bambaataa and Soulsonic Force stopped performing with a live band, and began to use only technology. Bambaataa credited the pioneering Japanese electropop group Yellow Magic Orchestra, whose work he sampled, as an inspiration. He also borrowed a keyboard hook from German electronic pioneers Kraftwerk and was provided the electronic Roland TR-808 "beat-box" by producer Arthur Baker and synthesizer player John Robie. That resulted in "Planet Rock," which went to gold status and generated an entire school of "electro-boogie" rap and dance music. Bambaataa formed his own label to release the Time Zone Compilation. He created "turntablism" as its own subgenre and the ratification of "electronica" as an industry-certified trend in the late 1990s.

Birth of the Zulu Nation

In the late 1970s, Bambaataa formed what became known as the Universal Zulu Nation, a group of socially and politically aware rappers, B-boys, graffiti artists and other people involved in hip hop culture. By 1977, inspired by DJ Kool Herc and DJ Dee, and after Disco King Mario loaned him his first equipment, Bambaataa began organizing block parties all around The South Bronx. He even faced his long-time friend, Disco King Mario in a DJ battle. He then began performing at Adlai E. Stevenson High School and formed the Bronx River Organization, then later simply "The Organization." Bambaataa had deejayed with his own sound system at The Bronx River Houses' Community Center, with Mr. Biggs, Queen Kenya, and Cowboy, who accompanied him in performances in the community. Because of his prior status in the Black Spades, he already had an established Army party crowd drawn from former members of the gang. Hip hop culture was spreading through the streets via house parties, block parties, gym dances and mix tapes.

About a year later Bambaataa reformed the group, calling it the Zulu Nation (inspired by his wide studies on African history at the time). Specifically, Bambaataa watched the 1964 film Zulu, which sparked the name for the group. Five b-boys (break dancers) joined him, whom he called the Zulu Kings, and later formed the Zulu Queens, and the Shaka Zulu Kings and Queens. As he continued deejaying, more DJs, rappers, b-boys, b-girls, graffiti writers, and artists followed him, and he took them under his wing and made them all members of his Zulu Nation. He was also the founder of the Soulsonic Force, which originally consisted of approximately 20 Zulu Nation members: Mr. Biggs, Queen Kenya, DJ Cowboy Soulsonic Force (#2), Pow Wow, G.L.0.B.E. (creator of the "MC popping" rap style), DJ Jazzy Jay, Cosmic Force, Queen Lisa Lee, Prince Ikey C, Ice Ice (#1), Chubby Chub; Jazzy Five-DJ Jazzy Jay, Mr. Freeze, Master D.E.E., Kool DJ Red Alert, Sundance, Ice Ice (#2), Charlie Choo, Master Bee, Busy Bee Starski, Akbar (Lil Starski), and Raheim. The personnel for the Soulsonic Force were groups within groups with whom he would perform and make records.

In 1980, Taylor's groups made Death Mix, their first recording with Paul Winley Records. According to Bambaata, this was an unauthorized release. Winley recorded two versions of Soulsonic Force's landmark single, "Zulu Nation Throwdown," with authorization from the musicians. Disappointed with the results of the single, Bambaataa left the company. The arranger credit on these recordings is correctly attributed to Harlem Underground Band leader, Kevin Donovan. This led to the false assumption that Bambaataa's real name was Kevin Donovan, which was widely accepted by the hip hop community until recently, following sexual abuse allegations, when Bronx River residents spoke out and revealed in oral testimonies that Bambaataa's real name was in fact Lance Taylor.

The Zulu Nation was the first hip-hop organization, with an official birth date of November 12, 1977. Bambaataa's plan with the Universal Zulu Nation was to build a movement out of the creativity of a new generation of outcast youths with an authentic, liberating worldview.

Recognition

In 1981, hip hop artist Fab Five Freddy was putting together music packages in the largely white downtown Manhattan new wave clubs, and invited Bambaataa to perform at one of them, the Mudd Club. It was the first time Bambaataa had performed before a predominantly white crowd. Attendance for his parties downtown became so large that he had to move to larger venues, first to the Ritz, in a show organized by hip hop pioneer, Michael Holman, with Malcolm McLaren's group Bow Wow Wow, then to the Peppermint Lounge, The Jefferson, Negril, Danceteria and the Roxy. "Planet Rock," a popular single produced by Arthur Baker and the keyboardist John Robie, came out that June under the name Afrika Bambaataa and the Soulsonic Force. The song borrowed musical motifs from German electronic music, funk, and rock. Different elements and musical styles were used together. The song became an immediate hit and stormed the music charts worldwide. The song melded the main melody from Kraftwerk's "Trans-Europe Express" with electronic beats based on their track "Numbers" as well as portions from records by Babe Ruth and Captain Sky, thus creating a new style of music altogether, electro funk.

Afrika Bambaataa was booked on the first ever European hip hop tour presented by Europe One and Fnac France. Along with himself were rapper and graffiti artist Rammellzee, Zulu Nation DJ Grand Mixer DXT (formerly Grand Mixer D.St), B-boy and B-girl crews the Rock Steady Crew, and the Double Dutch Girls, as well as legendary graffiti artists Fab 5 Freddy, PHASE 2, Futura 2000, and Dondi.

Bambaataa's second release around 1983 was "Looking for the Perfect Beat," then later, "Renegades of Funk," both with the same Soulsonic Force. He began working with producer Bill Laswell at Jean Karakos's Celluloid Records, where he developed and placed two groups on the label: Time Zone and Shango. Bambaataa recorded "Wildstyle" with Time Zone, and he recorded a collaboration with punk rocker John Lydon and Time Zone in 1984, titled "World Destruction." Shango's album, Shango Funk Theology, was released by the label in 1984. That same year, Bambaataa and other hip hop celebrities appeared in the movie Beat Street. He also made a landmark recording with James Brown, titled "Unity." It was billed in music industry circles as "the Godfather of Soul meets the Godfather of Hip Hop."

Around October 1985, Bambaataa and other music stars worked on the anti-apartheid album Sun City with Little Steven Van Zandt, Joey Ramone, Run–D.M.C., Lou Reed, U2, and others. During 1988, he recorded "Afrika Bambaataa and Family" for Capitol Records, titled The Light, featuring Nona Hendryx, UB40, Boy George, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, and Yellowman. He had recorded a few other works with Family three years earlier, one titled "Funk You" in 1985, and the other titled "Beware (The Funk Is Everywhere)" in 1986. In 1986 he discovered an artist in Atlanta. (Through MC SHY D) by the name of Kenya Miler a.k.a. MC Harmony (Known producer now as Kenya Fame Flames Miller), that was later signed to Criminal Records and Arthur Baker. The group was Harmony and LG. The first single, 1987's "Dance To The Drums/No Joke," was produced by Bambaataa and Baker with musicians Keith LeBlanc and Doug Wimbish. Bambaataa was involved in the Stop the Violence Movement, and with other hip hop artists recorded "Self Destruction", a 12" single which hit number one on the Hot Rap Singles Chart in March 1989. The single went gold and raised $400,000 for the National Urban League to be used for community anti-violence education programs.

In 1990, Bambaataa made Life magazine's "Most Important Americans of the 20th Century" issue. He was also involved in the anti-apartheid work "Hip Hop Artists Against Apartheid" for Warlock Records. He teamed with the Jungle Brothers to record the album Return to Planet Rock (The Second Coming).

Gee Street Records, Bambaataa and John Baker organized a concert at Wembley Stadium in London in 1990 for the African National Congress (ANC), in honor of Nelson Mandela's release from prison. The concert brought together performances by British and American rappers, and also introduced both Nelson and Winnie Mandela and the ANC to hip hop audiences. In relation to the event, the recording Ndodemnyama (Free South Africa) helped raise approximately $30,000 for the ANC.

From the mid-1990s, Bambaataa returned to his electro roots. In 1998, he produced a remix of "Planet Rock" combining electro and house music elements, called "Planet Rock '98," which is regarded as an early example of the electro house genre. In 2000, Rage Against the Machine covered his song "Renegades of Funk" for their album, Renegades. The same year, he collaborated with Leftfield on the song "Afrika Shox," the first single from Leftfield's Rhythm and Stealth. "Afrika Shox" also appeared on soundtrack to Vanilla Sky. In 2004, he collaborated with WestBam, a group that was named after him, on the 2004 album Dark Matter Moving at the Speed of Light which also featured Gary Numan. In 2006, he was featured on the British singer Jamelia's album Walk With Me on a song called "Do Me Right," and on Mekon's album Some Thing Came Up, on the track "D-Funktional." He performed the lyrics on the track "Is There Anybody Out There" by The Bassheads (Desa Basshead). As an actor, he has played a variety of voice-over character roles on Kung Faux.

Bambaataa was a judge for the 6th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers. On September 27, 2007, it was announced that Afrika Bambaataa was one of the nine nominees for the 2008 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductions. On December 22, 2007, he made a surprise appearance performing at the First Annual Tribute Fit For the King of King Records, Mr. Dynamite James Brown in Covington, Kentucky.

On August 14, 2012, Bambaataa was given a three-year appointment as a visiting scholar at Cornell University. The appointment was made in collaboration between Cornell University Library's Hip Hop Collection, the largest collection of historical hip hop music in North America, and the University's department of Music. His archives, including his vinyl collection, original audio and video recordings, manuscripts, books, and papers arrived at the Cornell University Hip Hop Collection in December 2013.

Child molestation allegations

In April 2016, Bronx political activist Ronald Savage accused Bambaataa of molesting him in 1980, when Savage was 15. Following Savage's allegations, three more men accused Bambaataa of sexual abuse. Bambaataa issued a statement to Rolling Stone denying the allegations. In early May 2016, the Universal Zulu Nation disassociated themselves from Bambaataa as part of an organizational restructuring that saw the group removing "all accused parties and those accused of covering up the current allegations of child molestation" from their current roles in the organization.

On May 6, 2016, Bambaataa left his position as head of The Zulu Nation.

In June 2016, The Universal Zulu Nation issued an open letter apologizing to the alleged victims of sexual abuse perpetrated by Bambaataa.

"On behalf of the members of the Universal Zulu Nation worldwide, who have made their voices heard through their chapter leaders, we extend our deepest and most sincere apologies to the many people who have been hurt by the actions of Afrika Bambaataa and the subsequent poor response of our organization to allegations levelled against him," the Zulu Nation said in a statement signed by dozens of UZN chapter leaders worldwide.

"To the survivors of apparent sexual molestation by Bambaataa, both those who have come forward and others who have not, we are sorry for what you endured and extend our thanks to those who have spoken out for your bravery in bringing to light that which most of us were sadly unaware of, and others chose not to disclose."

The apology was signed by nearly three dozen members of the Zulu Nation, including leaders from as far as New Zealand. The organization also apologized to Ronald "Bee Stinger" Savage and Hassan "Poppy" Campbell, two of Bambaataa's accusers, who they said were "subjected to unjust and inexcusable attacks on their characters in official statements by our organization when they chose to speak their truths. ... We hear you, we believe you, and we stand with you."

In October 2016, Vice published an in-depth article titled "Afrika Bambaataa Allegedly Molested Young Men For Decades" and reported the stories and testimonies of the alleged victims and witnesses. The article stated the accusers "claim that these accounts of alleged abuse have been common knowledge in the Bronx River community and beyond since the early 1980s, including among many of Bambaataa's closest friends and Zulu soldiers."

Despite the multiple allegations and testimonies of victims and witnesses, to date no charges have been brought upon Afrika Bambaataa and he has not been prosecuted for these alleged crimes. This is due to New York state statute of limitations, which provide that actions for civil damages for defined sexual crimes, including sexual abuse of a minor, must be brought within five years of the acts constituting the sexual offense.

#04/17

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blackhistorychatgpt · 2 years ago

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History Lesson for my daughter - part 1

When I started on this project I asked my mom and dad for some historical figures for me to write poems about. Here's the list my mom texted me:

" Constance Baker Motley, Lani Guinier, Zora Neale Hurston, Toni Morrison, Maya Angelou, Ella Baker, Mary Church Terrell, Fannie Lou Hamer, Michelle Obama, Barack Obama, James Baldwin, Amiri Baraka, Lorraine Hansberry, Harry Belafonte, Thurgood Marshall, Sydney Poitier, David Dinkins...."

I asked my nine year old daughter who she knew. I had done a few and decided to do poems and scenes to tell her about the rest of them she didn't know who are:

" Lani Guinier, Toni Morrison, Ella Baker, Mary Church Terrell, Fannie Lou Hamer, James Baldwin, Amiri Baraka, Lorraine Hansberry, Thurgood Marshall, Sydney Poitier, David Dinkins... "

Me: Write me a poem about Thurgood Marshall

ChatGPT:

Thurgood Marshall, a name that rings with pride For justice, he fought with unwavering stride A voice for the voiceless, a light in the dark His passion for equity left its indelible mark

With courage and poise, he stood in the face of hate Challenging segregation with every case he'd litigate For years, he toiled with his pen and his heart Crafting an argument that would tear hate apart

He paved the way for generations to come From the humblest beginnings, his fight had begun An emblem of strength, of justice, and grace His legacy endures, never to be erased

So we honor Thurgood Marshall, a true civil rights great Whose sacrifice and service no one can underrate May we follow his example, and stand for what is right And continue his mission, to shine justice's light.

#ThurgoodMarshall #civilrights #justice #equality #poetry #blackhistorymonthRegenerate response

Me: Write me a Sonnet about Fannie Lou Hamer

ChatGPT:

In the Mississippi heat, a voice was raised With courage in her heart and truth on her tongue She spoke of justice, dignity unfazed And for her people, she fought hard and long

Fannie Lou Hamer, sharecropper's daughter A woman of great strength and fortitude She fought against injustice and slaughter And to the nation, her message was shrewd

With words that spoke of freedom and of rights She moved the hearts and minds of many men Her voice rose up and reached majestic heights And changed the course of history's pen

Fannie Lou Hamer, your legacy is strong Your words still ring out and your spirit lives on.

#FannieLouHamer #CivilRightsActivist #MississippiFreedomDemocraticParty #Sonnet #Poetry

me: Write a short bio of of the two civil rights leaders we just wrote poems about

ChatGPT:

Sure, here are brief bios for Thurgood Marshall and Fannie Lou Hamer:

Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer and civil rights activist who played a significant role in the fight for racial justice in the 20th century. He was the first Black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States, appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. Prior to his appointment, Marshall worked as a lawyer for the NAACP, where he successfully argued landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education, which ended the legal segregation of public schools in the United States.

Fannie Lou Hamer was a civil rights activist and community organizer who played a key role in the fight for voting rights in Mississippi in the 1960s. Born into a sharecropping family, Hamer faced poverty and discrimination throughout her life, but remained committed to the struggle for racial justice. She was a founding member of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, which fought to unseat the state's all-white delegation at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Hamer's powerful testimony at the convention brought national attention to the struggle for voting rights and the violence and oppression faced by Black people in the South.

#ThurgoodMarshall #civilrights #justice #equality #poetry #blackhistorymonth #chatGPT #FannieLouHamer #CivilRightsActivist #MississippiFreedomDemocraticParty #Sonnet #Poetry

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yhwhrulz · 4 years ago

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architectnews · 4 years ago

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A new US capital city and my coronavirus experience

New US capital city, coronavirus experience architecture, American Architects, President Biden Building News

A new US capital city and my coronavirus experience

Historic US Election Review of Architectural Aspects: Architectural Column by Joel Solkoff, PA, USA

Feb 9, 2021

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A new US capital city and my personal coronavirus experience

This is the official residence of Vice Presudent of the United States Kamala Harris. The residence is known as the Naval Observatory or the Admiral’s House. It is located on the other side of town from the White House—deep into Northwest Washington along embassy row.

Embassy Row has rarely been where the political action is in the Distict of Columbia. Not until 1973 did any siginificant move take place toward providing the vice president with an official residence. It is entirely possible that Kamala Harris will not move into her official residence designed by Victorian architect Leon E. Dessez (1858-1918). The chimney is in need of repair plus she, her husband and family already have a house. in DC. Photo in the public domain.

The official (“ceremonial”} office of the Vice President is next door to the White House at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building designed in a style locals refer to as Ulysses S. Grant Gothic. In reality Vice President Harris will rarely use her official office because she is provided an actial but unofficial office at the West Wing of the White House next to the Oval Office. Photo in the public domain.

President Joe Biden at the Resolute Desk in his Oval Office at the West Wing of the White House. Vice President Kamala Harris is a hop, skip and jump away. Just as the vice president of the United States does not live in her official home nor work in her offficial office, so the government’s work does not take place in the reality we regard as business as usual.

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Photo by Mathew G. Bisanz, courtesy Wikipedia

Consider the Department of Health and Human Services, (HHS) the most important government agency involved with the coronavirus pandemic in the US. The Department is not simply a building. This Washingon, D.C. building, the Hubert Humphrey Building, houses a Department with an annual budget of $1.4 trillion houses offices throughout the US. While the Secretary of HHS is based in DC, the Centers for Disease Control are based in suburban Atlanta, Georgia: Photo in the public domain

The Department of Health and Human Services’ Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services are based in Baltimore, Maryland: Photo in the public domain

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Feb. 8, 2021

US Architecture under President Biden Part V

Joel Solkoff’s Column Vol. VII, Number 2

“Video games exert a powerful pull in this age of the pandemic. Their fantasy urban landscapes provide us with a stage for travel; their mechanics exploit action and emotion to weave intricate stories that no other artform is capable of telling. They allow us to go deeper, to be cast adrift, to dive into texture. And under successive lockdowns, and with museums and galleries shuttered, ”

— “Unreal Cities” by En Liang Khong, Times Litrary Supplement, February 5, 2021 [Consider a subscription: Subscriptions | Subscribe to The TLS (the-tls.co.uk)]

##### “The cities and mansions that people dream of are those in which the finaly live.”

–Lewis Mumford, my favorite architectre critic and author if The City in History.

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“Let us add our own work and prayers to the unfolding story of our great nation. If we do this, then when our days are through, our children and our children’s children will say of us: ‘They gave their best. They did their duty. They healed a broken land.”’

—President Joe Biden, Innaugural Address before the West Wing of the US Capitol January 20, 20001 #### “The Senate Banking Committee approved the nomination of Marcia Fudge to lead the Department of Housing and Urban Development on a 17-7 vote Thursday [February 3rd].”

— Reported by Katy O’Donnell, Politico. “Appearing before the committee last week, Marcia Fudge called on Congress to dramatically increase funding for housing programs, alarming Republicans who fear an ‘activist HUD’.”

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Testimony by Rep. Marcia Fudge at her confirmation hearing to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, February 3, 2001, on C-Span, government network

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DATELINE – Monday, February 8,.2021.”

In my previous column, I wrote: “Increasingly complicated has become my flight from rural Lycoming County. (where I have lived for the past two years) to New York City” My flight is/was to save my 73 year old grandfather paraplegic life from the coronavirus. Complications continue.

Photo by me of my first roommate at this 320 bed nursing home and physical rehabilitation center:

The Lycoming County I escaped has become a major hot spot. By comparison the City of New York is considerably safer. Even so, the major development is three weeks ago I tested positive for coronavirus. I had a mild case of it. First, I had two IV sessions of antibiotic drips.

Yes, the virus is a virus and not directly responsive to antibiotics. However, the virus does attack the lungs and the antibiotics helped protect my lungs from pnemonia if it had developed. Then I had IV injections of vitaimins. After two negative coronavirus tests, I was given the first Pfizer vaccine two weeks ago. A week from today, I am scheduled to receive my second vaccine shot. Then, I will return home–it is not home unless one misses it as I do–to the beautiful mountains of Lycoming County Pennsylvania.

On February 16th, I plan to take a taxi from the Maxicana Cab Company (next door to the NYC Regal Heights Nursing Home) to the new Moynihan Train Hall in Manhattan; then, a two and a half hour train ride to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania’s state capital. Finally to Williamsport (home) county center of Lycoming and location of 19th Century architectural treasures.

Photo by me

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President Biden’s inauguration plus

Less than a month ago, Donald Trump was President of the United States.

Since then, Trump (while still sitting President of the United States) urged a mob to march on the Capitol of the United States and interrupt the Constituionally mandated formal selection of Joe Biden to be President. Never before has the phrase “I weep for the fate of my Republic” had more meaning.

Screen shot by me of the Capitol where I lived from 1973 to 1990 six blocks from this spot.

Increasing it is clear that you and I (no matter where we happen to be) are no longer merely in one place. Here in a nursing home in Queens, New York the multiple televisions are constantly turned on showing to my felllow residents Washington and London, Yemen and Uganda–here there and everywhere.

The somewhere else that persues me is Washington DC.

I may be looking out my nursing room window and seeing the skyline of Manhattan….

Photo by me

…but I am simultaneously in my mind’s eye looking at the Capitol City of the United States. Indeed, frequently, I take out my virtual drawng pad and redesign Washington DC. because, as I will be arguing in this and (perhaps more clearly in future columns) that we need a new capital. Perhaps given the seeming omnipotence of the Internet we already have one.

President Reagan inauguration: Photo courtesy Wikipedia

President Ronald Reagan’s Inauguration on January 20, 1981 from the west side of the Capitol of the United States marked a distinct physical change from all previous Presidents since the Capitol of the United States formally moved to Washington DC from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1800.

When the US’ third President Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated on March 4, 1801, Jefferson faced east as was intended by Pierre Charles L-Enfant, who in 1792 designed the city.

At noon, January 20, 2021 President Joe Biden facing west swore to uhold the Constitution of the United States and “defend it against all enemies foreign and domestic.”

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Four years before Reagan broke the mold designed by L’Enfant and codified by Jefferson, I walked six blocks from my apartment on East Capitol Street to attend the Inauguration of Jimmy Carter. I walked [I could walk then] past the Library of Congress to my left, past the Supreme Court on my right into the glorious grounds designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted (who also designed New York City’s Central Park) then into the massive parking lot in front of the Capitol of the United States.

US Capitol buildings layout map: Map courtesy US Capitol Visitors Center. The west is to the left; east right.

Often late at night, I walked that walk from 1973 when I arrived in DC as a permanent resident until 1990 when I left to take a job as a technical writer for a telecommunications company in Durham, North Carolina.

For noon on January 20, 1976, this was my destination:

President Jimmy Carter oath of office: Photo in the public domain

President Jimmy Carter takes the oath of office, the last President to do so from the east side of the Capitol looking across from the top of Capitol Hill to the city of L”Enfant’s design. Instead, four years later President Reagan established a precedent which continued on January 20th when President Biden swore to uphold the Constitution of the United States looking down the hill in the direction of the White House.

Pierre Charles L’Enfant layout:

In 1789, Pierre Charles L’Enfant (then a military engineer in the Continental Army) wrote to President Washington asking him to design a federal city.

Washington told L’Enfant to chill. The Constitution had just been ratified. There was no agreement regarding regarding a location for a permanent capital.

Wikipedia notes, “When Jefferson ran into Hamilton at President Washington’s residence in New York City in late June 1790, Jefferson offered to host a dinner to bring Madison and Hamilton together. Subsequently, a compromise was reached, in which the northern delegates would agree to the southerly Potomac River site, and in return, the federal government would assume debts accumulated by the states during the American Revolutionary War.”

In 1791, Washington gave L’Enfant a commission to design DC. L’Enfant’s Plan, not clearly legible here, contains two buildings: Congress Hose and The White House (then before the British burnt it in the War of 1812 and it was repainted white) known as The President’s House.

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Publishable in accordance with YouTube guidelines. Think of this now dated video as a necessary part of the preparation planning process for architects who must get involved with President Biden’s First 100 Days plans for housing the most vulnerable of our people.

Please start thinking of President Joe as your client.

Global architects. Strut your stuff!

#####

My editors beckon: “All right, stop writing, Joel.”

Isabelle Lomholt and Adrian Welch, Editors at e-architect:

“Good night and good luck,” as Greensboro, North Carolina born Edward R. Morrow, my hero, used to say.

My hero Edward R.Murrow broadcast this 1960 example of classic investigative reporting.This documentary was broadcast on Thanksgiving Day where I watched it at my maternal grandmother’s apartment in Brooklyn. I was 12 years old at the time.Murrow’s documentary shaped my future career in measurable ways. Note the hideous conditions of farm worker housing. Little effort would find in Florida and Canada- where inadequate housing for migrant workers in danger of spreading the Corona virus have been reported. Think Black Lives Matter when you hear the words of a grower Murrow quoted: “We used to own our slaves. Now we just rent them.”

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Embedded under terms of YouTube’s license.

My parents idolyzed Frank Sinatra known affectionately as chairman of the board. Sinatra introduces the song with this: “We will now due the national anthem. But you do not need to rise.”

[email protected]

2019: East Third Street Williamsport, PA, US 17701

Please feel free to phone me at US 570-772-4909

— Joel Solkoff, US Editor, e-architect.UK https://ift.tt/2MNKOsi Joel Solkoff, New York City, New York, USA

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Joel’s recent articles on e-architect Dec 29, 2020

Architects: Keep Georgia on your mind Dec 24, 2020

All Architects Must Be Covid-19 Architects Nov 12, 2020

Architecture under the Biden Presidency

Architecture Columns

Architecture Columns – chronological list

New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, Queens Library

Renzo Piano’s Whitney Neighborhood

Detroit Dying Special Report

Disability-Access Architecture

US Architecture

American Architecture

American Architects

Joel Solkoff’s Column Vol. IV, Number 2

Joel Solkoff’s Column Vol. IV, Number 1

Comments / photos for the A new US capital city and my coronavirus experience – page welcome

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tripstations · 5 years ago

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New Zealand: a journey into flavours

A trip to New Zealand is not complete without visiting the multitude of exquisite sights that abound, from the long white beaches in the North to snow-capped mountains in the South Island. New Zealand is famous for the picturesque landscapes, for the dialed-up colours of nature and the multitude of sites to see.

But a trip to these fine shores should also include another aspect of New Zealand; time spent discovering the evolution of flavour that has exploded in recent years. Distilleries, vineyards, breweries, and apiaries are notable suggestions for your next itinerary. A chance to explore and savour the intriguing products that are lighting up the international stage and bringing home awards is not to be missed.

In this months blog, of a ‘Journey into flavours’, we explore some of the latest tantalising products that have been created in New Zealand for your consumption..

1. Gin

Gin has become a favourite tipple for many folks the world over, loved for its aromatic flavours and heritage. New Zealand too has seen its share of commercial distilleries grow over the past 10 years with award-winning recipes. Our unique laws on small-scale distilleries have seen many backyard projects grow into celebrated gins. While the size of many of these stills is modest compared to the rest of the world, New Zealand punches well above its weight in terms of award-winning gins.

For example, in 2018 Scapegrace Gold Gin, from a small Auckland base, made headlines when it was given the highest possible accolade in the global industry; it was named the best London dry gin in the world at the International Wine and Spirits competition.

There are multiple Kiwi Gin Festivals around both North and South Island to plan your next trip around. From Gindulgence in Christchurch to Ginredible in the Bay of Plenty, both in March, to the Celebration of Gin in the Bay of Islands in June, these destinations are idyllic at any time of year, with multiple attractions for any traveller.

2. Beer

Not surprisingly beer is still the most popular alcoholic beverage in New Zealand. Given our long summer days and a population that relishes outdoor activities, it’s a natural partnership. It’s taken some time to develop the local beer industry away from the bog-standard ales traditionally available. From the early 1980s the beer industry started to develop and evolve and now we have one of the best brewing scenes in the world. Breweries, big and small regularly win international beer awards.

There are almost 200 craft beer brands, and with the popularity of crafting bespoke flavours and tastes, this trend looks set to stay. If you are visiting Auckland you could find yourself on The Great Auckland Beer Hunt, for a fun and experiential beer tour of the central city.

3. Coffee

The increased popularity of coffee has prompted a growth in the industry with new cafés and coffee roasting outlets springing up all over New Zealand. Coffee-making is also very competitive, with baristas vying to make the perfect cup of coffee and coffee drinkers becoming very selective in their choice. There is a great selection of places, spaces and pop-up stands to enjoy extremely flavoursome roasts, made to your specific taste. Needless to say, where there’s demand, there must be supply and New Zealand now boasts its own coffee growers. Tucked up far in the North Island lies a 2ha farm that produces in excess of 700kgs of ripe coffee fruit. This obviously takes months before it gets close to a cup, but as usual, it’s typical Kiwi dedication that is turning this modest harvest into a thriving business.

4. Wine

A natural pairing with great food is a great wine. The modern wine industry in New Zealand really got into its groove from the mid-20th century and expanded rapidly from there. Now we are world-renowned for our viticulture, especially when it comes to award-winning Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir varietals. Any trip here is worth including the wine-producing regions which are incredibly beautiful and definitely deserve to be explored.

Most of the country’s winemakers, of which more than 500 are mostly boutique, small scale operations producing low volumes of niche varieties. Essentially, there are 10 major wine-producing regions that include estates in both North and South Island. Auckland, interestingly, was the founding region of New Zealand’s wine industry, featuring over 50 vineyards from West Auckland to the beautiful Waiheke Island.

No trip is complete without an excursion to a wine-estate to try the multiple varietals produced through a range of mini-climates and soil types. Each estate offers a unique experience to guests, some have restaurants or cafés and wine tastings but all offer an opportunity to learn something from people who are passionately invested in what they do.

5. Honey

Is wine the nectar of the gods… or is it honey? The story of Manuka honey in New Zealand is a rags to riches story of fairy-tale proportions. Throughout most of the 1900s Manuka honey was barely even noticed. It wasn’t until around 1980 that a New Zealand biochemist changed all this. He confirmed the antibacterial properties found in the nectar produced from the manuka bush, Leptospermum scoparium.

Only manuka honey contains these antibacterial properties and because this characteristic is quantifiable, a certifying group was established to measure what became known as “Unique Manuka Factor.” Today, “UMF” is a prominent trademark on manuka labels.

Part of what makes Manuka honey so expensive is that it is relatively rare compared to more affordable varieties. The bush grows predominantly in New Zealand and is only in flower for a few weeks a year. Obviously, the amount of honey produced can vary greatly depending on the weather conditions and how much nectar is produced. Other species of this bush grow all over the world, but do not produce the flowers bees need in order to produce manuka honey.

Today there are any number of apiaries that guests can visit to gain first-hand insight into the world of these very special little bees. Glass walls have been created that offer an up-close and personal view of life in the hive, with tastings and advice on honey purchases.

6. Tea

A perfect accompaniment to honey is tea; delicately flavoured to the right specifications. If you enjoy this ancient tradition of tea then a trip to Zealong Tea Estate is highly recommended. Here you can enjoy the ultimate in luxury, combined with a unique blend of New Zealand hospitality. Zealong Tea Estate is the only commercial tea estate in New Zealand, producing 100% organic award-winning tea.

The story of this tea estate started in 1996 when a flowering camellia in the Waikato inspired a team-makers dream. Starting with only 130 tea cuttings, the estate now boasts over 1.2 million tea plants that thrive in the estate as a testimony to a dream. The flourishing Waikato plants mean New Zealand is not just pure and clean, it is also the perfect environment to grow teas that excel in aroma and taste.

It is hard to believe that the magnificent 48ha, certified organic Zealong Tea Estate was once a dairy farm. Today, 1.2 million Camellia sinensis bushes are loving nurtured by a dedicated team, carefully handpicked by skilled and expert workers during only three short harvest seasons each year.

When it comes to holiday destinations, New Zealand certainly has a lot to offer. Many people talk about the brightness of the country turned right up, brilliant blue skies, vast green hills, trees exploding with colour, oceans sparkling turquoise. Yet it is the depth of the experience that offers such delight. Diving into food and wine, tea, coffee, honey, lamb, dairy shows us a nation of high standards, clean air, mineral-rich waters. The insights into a tiny nation with big dreams; the awards and the accolades show an investment by people into creating products that excel all standards of excellence.

Come and taste New Zealand on your next holiday, you’ll be so glad you did.

Veronika Vermeulen is Director of Aroha New Zealand Tours Ltd. Aroha New Zealand Tours Ltd. has been offering 100% tailored journeys and private guided luxury experiences in New Zealand since 2000.

If you would like to be a guest blogger on A Luxury Travel Blog in order to raise your profile, please contact us.

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topfygad · 5 years ago

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UNESCO’s newest World Heritage Sites

From Inuit hunting grounds to sacred mountain monasteries, UNESCO’s newest World Heritage Sites have been formally recognised for their outstanding value.

The aim of UNESCO’s list is to identify, protect and preserve sites of cultural and natural heritage considered to be of exceptional value to humanity. These sites include a range of locations such as the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, east Africa’s Serengeti, the Pyramids of Egypt and Machu Picchu in Peru.

To be included on UNESCO’s World Heritage List, nominated sites must be of “outstanding universal value” and meet at least one of 10 selection criteria.

Last year, the UNESCO committee inscribed 19 new sites onto the World Heritage List (13 cultural, three natural and three mixed sites).

Below, we take a look at the 19 newest UNESCO World Heritage Sites and why they made the cut. There are certainly one or two surprises.

1. Aasivissuit – Nipisat

Location: Greenland (Denmark) Category: Cultural

Vojtech Jirka/Shutterstock The Inuit Hunting Ground of Aasivissuit – Nipisat

Located inside the Arctic Circle in the central part of west Greenland, the vast and remote “Inuit Hunting Ground between Ice and Sea” is one of the newest World Heritage Sites. Thought to be over 4,200 years old, it features large winter houses, evidence of caribou hunting and archaeological sites from the fisher-hunter-gatherer cultures of the Inuit people.

More information: whc.unesco.org

2. Al-Ahsa Oasis

Location: Saudi Arabia Category: Cultural

IPOGEA/UNESCO At-Tehamiyah village is located in Al-Ahsa Oasis

In the eastern Arabian Peninsula, a vast and varied landscape evidences continued human settlement in the Gulf region from the Neolithic to the present day. Al-Ahsa Oasis with its 2.5 million date palms is the largest oasis in the world. It comprises myriad gardens, canals, springs, wells, a drainage lake and multiple historical buildings and archaeological sites.

More information: whc.unesco.org

3. Ancient City of Qalhat

Location: Oman Category: Cultural

Samsamproductions/Shutterstock Ancient City of Qalhat is one of UNESCO’s newest World Heritage Sites

The ancient city of Qalhat in Oman was once a major port on the east coast of Arabia between the 11th and 15th centuries. Qalhat was visited by Marco Polo in the 13th century and served as an important stop on the wider Indian Ocean trade network.

More information: whc.unesco.org

4. Archaeological border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke

Location: Germany Category: Cultural

bluecrayola/Shutterstock One of the newest World Heritage Sites runs along the Danish-German border

The archaeological site of Hedeby along the German-Danish border shelters the remains of a trading town dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries.

Due to its unique position between the Frankish Empire in the south and the Danish Kingdom in the north, Hedeby once flourished as a trading hub between continental Europe, Scandinavia and the North Sea and Baltic Sea sailing routes. The site contains traces of roads, buildings, cemeteries and a harbour.

More information: whc.unesco.org

5. Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains

Location: South Africa Category: Natural

Beate Wolter/Shutterstock The Makhonjwa Mountains are located in South Africa and Eswatini

The Makhonjwa Mountains, located in South Africa and Eswatini, are formed of rocks dating as far back as 3.6 billion years. They are thought to be one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world. The site represents the best-preserved succession of volcanic and sedimentary rock dating back 3.6 to 3.25 billion years.

More information: whc.unesco.org

6. Caliphate City of Medina Azahara

Location: Spain Category: Cultural

Jose Manuel Revuelta Luna/Shutterstock The Caliphate City of Medina Azahara in Spain

Built in the mid-10th century, the Caliphate City of Medina Azahara was a newly founded city built by the western Islamic civilisation of the Umayyad dynasty as the seat of the Caliphate of Cordoba.

The city was destroyed shortly after construction and remained hidden until its rediscovery in the early 20th century. The rediscovery led to extensive excavation, protection and conservation which has continued ever since.

More information: whc.unesco.org

7. Chaîne des Puys – Limagne fault tectonic arena

Location: France Category: Natural

Nicolas BOBOUL/Shutterstock One of UNESCO’s newest World Heritage Sites is in France

At ground level, the rolling hills and pretty meadows of central France hide the continent’s violent and dramatic geological past. Here, beneath the serene landscape, the West European Rift – France’s volcano park – was formed.

Created in the aftermath of the formation of the Alps 35 million years ago, the rift was the result of a continental crust cracking up, collapsing and causing magma to surge to the surface.

More information: whc.unesco.org

8. Chiribiquete National Park – “The Maloca of the Jaguar”

Location: Colombia Category: Cultural / Natural

Steve Winter/UNESCO The Chiribiquete National Park is the largest protected area in Colombia

The Chiribiquete National Park is the largest protected area in Colombia. One of the defining features of the park is the presence of tepuis (table-top mountains): sheer-sided sandstone plateaux that stand out in the thick, lush forest.

Additionally, there are over 75,000 figures painted onto the walls of 60 natural rock shelters dating from 20,000 BC. The paintings are still created today by the uncontacted peoples protected within the national park.

The paintings depict plants, wildlife, hunting scenes, battles, dances and ceremonies, particularly the worship of the jaguar, a symbol of power and fertility.

More information: whc.unesco.org

9. Fanjingshan

Location: China Category: Natural

sanyanwuji/Shutterstock Fanjingshan, or Mount Fanjing, at 2,570m (8,430ft) is the highest peak of the Wuling Mountains

The eye-catching Fanjingshan, or Mount Fanjing, at 2,570m (8,430ft) is the highest peak of the Wuling Mountains in southwestern China. Described as an island of metamorphic rock in a sea of karst, the mountain is home to an array of plant and animal species that originated in the Tertiary period between 65 million and two million years ago.

More information: whc.unesco.org

10. Göbekli Tepe

Location: Turkey Category: Cultural

cornfield/Shutterstock One of UNESCO’s newest World Heritage Sites is Göbekli Tepe in Turkey

Near the town of Urfa lies a set of massive 11,000-year-old carved stones, crafted and arranged by prehistoric people who had purportedly not yet developed metal tools or even pottery.

The site, discovered in the 1960s and later excavated by German archaeologist Klaus Schmidt, pre-dates Stonehenge by about 6,000 years and calls into question what we think we know about the progression of hunter-gatherers. Simply put, Göbekli Tepe with its intricate carving and sophisticated engineering wasn’t the work of simple cavemen.

More information: whc.unesco.org

11. Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region

Location: Japan Category: Cultural

EQRoy/Shutterstock One of newest World Heritage Sites is located in Japan

Consisting of 10 villages and the remains of a castle and a cathedral dating from the 17th to the 19th centuries, this site is a fascinating insight into a religion prohibited for over two centuries.

Christians in the Nagasaki region secretly communicated their faith during the period of prohibition in Japan from the 17th to the 19th century until the official lifting of the prohibition in 1873.

More information: whc.unesco.org

12. Ivrea: industrial city of the 20th century

Location: Italy Category: Cultural

Maurizio Gjivovich/UNESCO Italy’s newest addition is the industrial city of Ivrea

When one thinks of the 49 UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Italy, one would be forgiven for imagining Venice and its lagoon, Rome’s Colosseum or the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

The industrial city of Ivrea bucks Italy’s ancient UNESCO trend and appears as a bit of an anomaly on this list. The site is known for the manufacture of typewriters, calculators and office computers and comprises a “large factory and buildings designed to serve the administration and social services, as well as residential units”. Um… awesome?

More information: whc.unesco.org

13. Naumburg Cathedral

Location: Germany Category: Cultural

Kunstlichtspiel/Shutterstock The striking Naumburg Cathedral in Germany

This is a bit more like it. The Gothic Cathedral of Naumburg, whose construction began in 1028, is cited as an “outstanding testimony to medieval art and architecture”. It’s certainly more appealing than an industrial complex!

The interior houses several notable works of art including the life-size sculptures of the founders of the cathedral.

More information: whc.unesco.org

14. Pimachiowin Aki

Location: Canada Category: Cultural / Natural

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Pimachiowin Aki (The Land That Gives Life) is a wild frontier landscape of rivers, lakes, wetlands and boreal forest located in remote areas of Manitoba and Ontario in Canada. It forms part of the ancestral home of four Anishinaabeg (First Nations) communities: Bloodvein River, Little Grand Rapids, Pauingassi and Poplar River.

The region is an extraordinary example of the cultural tradition of Ji-ganawendamang Gidakiiminaan (‘keeping the land’), which encompasses honouring the gifts of the Creator, respecting all forms of life and maintaining harmonious relations with others. It is also a picture of utter serenity.

More information: whc.unesco.org

15. Sansa Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea

Location: South Korea Category: Cultural

Beautiful Korea/Shutterstock One of UNESCO’s newest World Heritage Sites is in South Korea

The seven Buddhist mountain monasteries located throughout the southern provinces of the Korean Peninsula were established from the seventh to ninth centuries.

The Korean monasteries differ from those in other countries as they were shaped by the integration of Buddhism with indigenous religions. The seven temples showcase common characteristics that are specific to Korea such as the ‘madang’ (open courtyard) flanked by four buildings (Buddha Hall, pavilion, lecture hall and dormitory).

More information: whc.unesco.org

16. Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region

Location: Iran (Islamic Republic of) Category: Cultural

arazu/Shutterstock Many of the Sassanid archaeological sites are carved into the rock face

The eight archaeological sites that make up this new addition to the World Heritage List are spread across three geographical areas in the southeast of the Fars Province of Iran: Firuzabad, Bishapur and Sarvestan. Many of the Sassanid archaeological sites are carved directly into the rock face in similar fashion to the city of Petra in Jordan.

The fortified structures, palaces and city limits date back to the Sassanian Empire from 224 to 658 AD. The centrepiece is the capital city built by the founder of the dynasty, Ardashir Papakan, as well as the architectural structures of his successor, Shapur I.

More information: whc.unesco.org

17. Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica

Location: Mexico Category: Cultural / Natural

Inspired By Maps/Shutterstock The Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley is part of the Mesoamerican region

Positioned in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve, a protected natural arid area of southeastern Mexico, is one of the main centres of diversification for the critically endangered cacti family. The valley harbours the densest forests of columnar cacti in the world that shape a unique landscape that also includes forests of agaves, yuccas and oaks.

Additionally, the area is home to an array of archaeological remains demonstrating the technological developments and early domestication of crops in the region.

More information: whc.unesco.org

18. Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site

Location: Kenya Category: Cultural

Jen Watson/Shuttertock The massive dry-stone walls of Thimlich Ohinga

Thimlich Ohinga is a complex of stone-built ruins situated northwest of the town of Migori in the Lake Victoria region of Kenya. Settled in the 16th century, the Ohinga (settlement) appears to have served as a fort for the communities and livestock of the region.

Thimlich Ohinga showcases the tradition of massive dry-stone walled enclosures, typical of the pastoral communities in the Lake Victoria Basin. It is the largest and best preserved of these traditional enclosures in the area.

More information: whc.unesco.org

19. Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai

Location: India Category: Cultural

Goran Bogicevic/Shutterstock The Oval Maidan in Mumbai

Two evolutions of urban development in Mumbai, in the 19th and 20th centuries, converted the city from a fortified trading outpost to the modern metropolis that it is today.

In the 1880s, the first wave of construction created the Victorian Gothic public buildings and the Oval Maidan. The second development was the Backbay Reclamation Scheme of the early 20th century.

Both ensembles showcase the phases of modernisation that Mumbai has undergone over the course of the last two centuries.

More information: whc.unesco.org

Lead image: Sanyanwuji/Shutterstock

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hoshvilim · 5 years ago

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מוהילב – מוגילב (Могилёв-Магiлёў) היא עיר בבלארוס, בירת מחוז מוהילב. העיר שוכנת לצידו של נהר הדנייפר. [לא לערבב עם מוהיליב-פודילסקי בבאוקראינה.] משפחתי התגוררה סמוך לכאן בשקלוב. הגעתי לכאן מפני שתנאי הלינה במוגילב טובים יותר משקלוב. אז גיליתי שגם למוגילב יש סיפור יהודי עצום.

Mogilev is a city in eastern Belarus, on the Dnieper River. As of 2018, its population was 381,353. It is the third largest city in Belarus.

מפת דרכים שקלוב-מוגילב Road Map Shklov-Mogilev

כיצד מבטאים מוגילב? בבלארוסית: Магiлёў; ברוסית: Могилёв; ביידיש: מאָהליב

תולדות מוגילב – Mogilev

The first signs of settlements in ancient Belarus date back approximately 100,000-35,000 years. Ancient cultural relics have also been discovered in the Mogilev region.The city is mentioned in historical sources since 1267. In 1577 Polish-Lithuanian King Stefan Batory granted it city rights under Magdeburg law.

Mogilev changed hands from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and after the First Partition of Poland (1772) Mogilev became part of the Russian Empire.

Mogilev castle . 18th century engraving ארמון מ��גילב במאה ה-18

צילום של הצייר Napoleon Orda של מוהילב ב-1877 Mogilev in 1877

Mogilev in the nineteenth century מוגילב במאה ה-19

לפי מפקד מ-1897 היו במוהילב 41,000 איש, מתוכם כ-50% היו יהודים. אוכלוסיתה ב-2017 הית 380,440 תושבים נפש.

Illustration from Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia (1906—1913); Russian Imperial Governorate of Mogilev מפה של מחוז מוגילב 1906-1913

במהלך מלחמת העולם הראשונה בשנים 1915–1917 העיר הייתה מקום מושבו של הפיקוד העליון של צבא האימפריה הרוסית.

In the years 1915–1917, during World War I, the Stavka, the headquarters of the Russian Imperial Army was based in the city and the Tsar, Nicholas II, spent long periods there as Commander-in-Chief.

לאחר המהפכה הרוסית, העיר הייתה תחת כיבוש גרמני קצר ב-1918, הייתה חלק מהרפובליקה העממית של בלארוס קצרת הימים, ולבסוף ב-1919 היא נכבשה על ידי כוחות ברית המועצות והפכה לחלק מהרפובליקה הסובייטית הסוציאליסטית הבלארוסית.

Following the Russian Revolution, in 1918, the city was briefly occupied by Germany and placed under their short-lived Belarusian People’s Republic. Then, in 1919 it was captured by the forces of Soviet Russia and incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR.

תולדות הקהילה היהודית במוגילב – The History of the Jewish Community of Mogilev

These are Jewish buildings in Mogilev – former synagogues, yeshivas, kheder, etc. Now most of them are now abandoned buildings or have been adapted for other purposes.

Mohyliv. Synagogue on the vilenskoj street. The beginning of the 20th century

בעבר היו בעיר חיים יהודיים פעילים ופוריים, היו מספר לא מבוטל של בתי כנסת שכיום משמשים לבניינים ממשלתיים ויהודים רבים גרו בה.

The presence of Jews in Mogilev is first attested in the 16th century, when a Jewish man by the name of Ezofowicz was granted a lease to collect taxes for the period of three years. Ezofowicz also held a lease over a wax factory and several taverns in the city.

In 1585 the Jews were to be expelled from the city by the order of king Stephen Báthory, yet the order was not carried into effect.

In 1654, the townsmen negotiated a treaty of surrender to the Russians peacefully, if the Jews were to be expelled and their property divided up among Mogilev’s inhabitants. Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovitch agreed. However, instead of expelling the Jews, the Russian troops massacred them after they had led them to the outskirts of the town. The Jewish community was re-established when the city was restored to Poland-Lithuania in 1655.

במהלך מצור של האימפריה הרוסית ב-1654, אנשי העיירה רצו להיכנע וסיכמו עם הרוסים שהם יגרשו את יהודים בעיר ותושבי מוהילב יחלקו ביניהם את רכושם. למרות שהצאר אלכסיי הראשון הסכים לכך, הכוחות הרוסים הוציאו את היהודים מחוץ לעיר וטבחו בהם.

After the first partition of Poland in 1772, Mogilev was annexed to the Russian Empire and became the capital city of the Mogilev governorate. The numbers of the Mogilev Jews increased significantly in the course of the 19th century. The census of the Russian Empire in 1897 registered 21,539 Jews who constituted half of the city’s population.

In 1904 a pogrom against the Mogilev Jews was perpetrated by tsarist Russian soldiers. Another pogrom occurred during the tumultuous period of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917) and the ensuing Civil War. At the beginning of the Soviet rule there was in Mogilev an impressive Jewish presence and an increase in the number of Jewish institutions. As the Soviet rule took root, particularly throughout the 1930s, the Jewish life in Mogilev underwent significant socio-cultural and occupational changes which characterized not only the Mogilev Jews but the Jews of the Soviet Union at large. These were due in part to Jewish attempts to adapt to the new reality of the Soviet rule and in part to the gradual implementation of the Sovietization policy which entailed a comprehensive offensive on religious institutions, national organizations and free trade.

Demographics – אוכלוסיה של מוגילב

Mogilev had a significant Jewish population.

Population in 1880: 40,536 (20,735 men and 19,801 women, including 20,742 Orthodox, 2,583 Catholics, 173 Protestants, 17,038 Jews).

Population in 1897: 41,100, 21,500 were Jews (i.e. around 50 percent). The numbers of the Mogilev Jews increased significantly in the course of the 19th century.

Population in 1906: 51 959 (27,407 Orthodox, 3,305 Catholics and 20,682 Jews)

Kaltershul in Mogilev – בית כנסת קלטר במוגילב

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3D model of wooden Kaltershul synagogue in Mogilev (Belarus) and unique drawings of Haim Segal (beginning of 18th Century

Mogilev in July 1941 מוגילב 1941 בארכיון הגרמני Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-138-1091-29A / Kessler, Rudolf

מוגילב (בלארוס) בית הכנסת העתיק העשוי עץ שנשרף על ידי הנאצים ב-1939 Photo:David Fisher

יהדות מוהילב בשואה – The MogilevJewish Community during the Holocaust

Jews of the Mogilev ghetto during forced labor Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-138-1083-20 / Kessler, Rudolf אסירים יהודים עובדי כפייה במוגילב

During the Operation Barbarossa, the city was conquered by Wehrmacht forces on 26 July 1941 and remained under German occupation until 28 June 1944. Mogilev became the official residence of High SS and police leader (HSSPF) Erich von dem Bach. During that period, the Jews of Mogilev were ghettoized and systematically murdered by Ordnungspolizeiand SS personnel. Heinrich Himmler personally witnessed the executions of 279 Jews on 23 October 1941. Later that month a number of mentally disabled patients were poisoned with car exhaust fumes as an experiment; the method of killing was thereafter applied in several Nazi extermination camps. Initial plans for establishing a death camp in Mogilev were abandoned in favour of Maly Trostenets.

Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-138-1083-29, Russland, Mogilew, Zwangsarbeit von Juden עובדי כפיה – אסירים יהודים עובד כפייה במוגילב הארכיון הפדרלי הגרמני Blue pencil.svg wikidata:Q685753 Propagandakompanien der Wehrmacht – Heer und Luftwaffe

בערב השואה היו בעיר בסביבות 20 אלף יהודים, שהיוו כחמישית מהאוכלוסייה הכללית. במלחמת העולם השנייה העיר הייתה תחת כיבוש גרמניה הנאצית מ-26 ביולי 1941 עד ל-28 ביוני 1944.

Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-138-1091-31A, Russland, Mogilew, Juifs rue du village à Moguilev/ Juden auf Dorfstraße יהודים במוגילב הארכיון הפדרלי הגרמני Blue pencil.svg wikidata:Q685753 Propagandakompanien der Wehrmacht – Heer und Luftwaffe (Bild 101 I)

לאחר פלישת גרמניה הנאצית לפולין בספטמבר 1939 הגיעו למוהילב מאות פליטים יהודים מפולין. עם פלישת הגרמנים לברית המועצות ביוני 1941 ברחו חלק מיהודי העיר מזרחה לעומק ברית המועצות, חלק התגייסו לצבא האדום וכאלפיים מהם נהרגו בקרבות כיבוש העיר. משרדי הצבא הגרמני של מפקדת מרכז רוסיה וה- SS שכנו כאן במוהילב. תחילה הגרמנים קבעו עוצר לאחר 17:00 וחובה לענוד מגן דוד צהוב בחלק הקידמי והאחורי של הבגד. אסור היה ליהודים ללכת על המדרכה. נעלצו היהודים לעבוד בעבודות קשות. היה אסור לאוכלוסיה להיות בקשר עם יהודים ביוחד אסור למכור להם מזון. יהודים רבים לא היו בבתיהם עקב הפגזות גרמניות נגד הנסיונות של הרוסים לשחרר את העיר. אחרים פשוט סרבו למסור את הפרטים לגרמנים.

הגטו הראשון הוקם ככל הנראה כבר באוגוסט 1941, באזור פודניקוליה (Podnikolye), סמוך לבית העלמין היהודי, ורוכזו בו גם יהודים מכפרים ועיירות סמוכות.

להגטו השני: ב-7 בספטמבר החליטו הגרמנים להקטין את שטח הגטו. ב-25 בספטמבר 1941, על-פי צו של אוטו ברדפיש (Otto Bradfisch), מפקד איינזצקומנדו 8, הרשויות האזרחיות הבלרוסיות המקומיות הורו ליהודים לעבור לגטו חדש, מעבר לנהר דוברובנקה (Dubrovenka).

הגטו השלישי או נקודת איסוף לפני הוצאה להורג היה ליד Mogilyov Hotel של היום. גטו נוסף היה בבית חרושת Strommashina של מוהילב. היהודים נאלצו לעבוד ולא סיפקו להם מזון. הגרמנים גזזו פיאות, הרביצו, וסתם רצחו יהודים ללא כל סיבה בכל מקום בגטו ובבית הקברות היהודי Mashekovka.

Belorussia ,Mogilev, עובדי כפייה יהודים מפנים חפצים מהרחוב. Zwangsarbeit von Juden in Mogilev ארכיון יד ושם, 86FO7

רצח היהודים – Murder of Jews

On October 2nd at 15:30, the 9th companion together with HQ staff of the Higher SS and Police Leader “Center” and the Ukrainian auxiliary police, carried out an action in the ghetto in Mogilev 65 were shot trying to escape. On October 3 Companies 7 and 9 executed 2,208 male and female Jews in a forest outside of Mogilev. On October 19, 1941, a large-scale operation against the Jews was carried out in Mogilev with the aid of the Police Regiment “Center.” 3,726 Jews of both sexes and all ages were liquidated by this action. On October 23, 1941, to prevent further acts of sabotage and to combat the partisans, a further number of Jews from Mogilev and surrounding area, 239 of both sexes, were liquidated.

Testimony – עידות

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האקציה הראשונה: ב-2 עד ה-3 באוקטובר 1941 רצחו הגרמנים והבלארוסים 2,270 יהודים מהגטו ליד הכפר הסמוך קזימירובקה. האקציה השניה: ב-17 עד ה-19 באוקטובר 1941 רצחו אלו כ-3,700 יהודים נוספים מהגטו ליד הכפר הסמוך Polykovichi-פוליחוביצ’י, Kazimirovka, ו- Novopashkovo. האחרונים להיהרג היו בעלי מקצועות: shoemakers, saddlers, locksmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, tinsmiths, tanners, glaziers and painters. הם נשמרו ב-Dimitrov plant “Strommashina”.

הימלר ביקר בגטו באוקטובר 23, 1941. עכשיו הגרמנים תקפו את המשפחות המעורבות. היו מקרים שאשה גרמניה רצחה במוידיה את בעלה וילדי הכדי להישאר בחיים. בסתו 1943 הגרמנים אספו שיירי הגופות של ההרוגים ושרפו את הכל.

ב-23 באוקטובר 1941 החלה אקציית חיסול בגטו שבעיר, בה נרצחו למעלה מ-1,000 היהודים שנותרו בו. בדצמבר 1941 נרצחו יתרתם, ככל הנראה במשאיות גז ” Cyclone B “. משארים שכ-12,000 יהודים נהרגו במוהילב.

יהודי מוהילב השתתפו בהתנגדות היהודית בשואה שביצעו יהודים במהלך השואה נגד הנאצים, משתפי הפעולה עימם ועושי דברם, במטרה לעכב או למנוע את השמדתם או במטרה לשמור על צלם אנוש בגטאות, במחנות הריכוז והעבודה, ובמחנות ההשמדה.

A Jewish partisan group of the brigade named after Valery Chkalov.[30] Belorussia, 1943 פרטיזנים יהודים

הנצחה בבית הקברות היהודי במוגילב – Memorial in Mogilev Jewish Cemetery

Monument to the murdered prisoners of the Mogilev ghetto at Mashekovsky Jewish cemetery צילום: Vadim Akopyan אנדרטה במוגילב לזכר נרצח הגטו

אנדרטה לשואה בבית הקברות היהודי במוגילב

Memorial stone “In memory of the Jews of Mogilev – victims of Nazism” near the regional philharmonic society. Photo:Vadim Akopyan אנדרטה במוגילב באתר הבטו

תפחלה לנרצחי השואה – Prayers for the Holocaust Victims

מפת מוגילב Map of Mogilev

צילומי מוגילב משנות 1950-1960

Black and white photographs from the 1950s to 1960s from a private archive showing the history of Mogilev in photographs together with retro music of that time. At Karl Liebknecht Street #21, the building that housed the former synagogue was transformed today into a fitness center.

אחרי המלחמה שבו יהודים לחיות בעיר. בית-הכנסת האחרון נסגר בפקודת השלטונות ב-1959 והבניין נעשה למועדון ספורט.

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Note the Magen David in the decoration above the windows

יהדות מוהילב כיום – Jewish Community of Mogilev Today – Prayers and Kosher Food in Mogilev – ארוחות ותפילות במוגילב

כיום מתגוררים בעיר מוהילב כ-5,000 יהודים. בעיר מתגורר שליח חב”ד מנחם מנדל אלפרוביץ הפועל מטעם “איגוד הקהילות היהודיות בחבר העמים” אשר מפעיל בית ספר יהודי, בית כנסת ובית תמחוי.

Chabad Jewish Center Mogilev, Belarus

כיום מתגוררים בעיר מוהילב כ-5,000 יהודים. בעיר מתגורר שליח חב”ד מנחם מנדל אלפרוביץ הפועל מטעם “איגוד הקהילות היהודיות בחבר העמים” לקירוב יהודים ליהדות, אשר מפעיל בית ספר יהודי, בית כנסת ובית תמחוי ומחייה מחדש את החיים היהודיים בעיר.

Komsomlskaya 8a/21 Mogilev, 212030 Belarus

Phone: 375-222-251803Local Time: GMT +3

www.JewishMogilev.org Rabbi Menachem Mendel Alperovitch, Rabbi Mrs. Rivka Alperovitch, Director

Hyesyet Baruh Evreiskaja Obschina – בית הכנסת הליטאי

Leninsky 16v str., Moghilev, , Belarus

Phone: +375222310805

בית הכנסת הליטאי

Jewish Reconstruction in Mogiliv – שיקום מבנים יהודיים במוגילב

בשטח הגטו היהודי צמוד לנהר הדנייפר הוכם מגן דוד. בית הכנסת בתהליכי שיקום. לשיקום הישיבה אין עדין תקציב ועומד מאחורי קיר. לעומת זאת בסמוך מוקמת כנסיה.

מבנה בישיבה במוגילב

ביבליוגרפיה

סיור במוגילב (בשפה בלארוסית)

מוגילב מככבת בסרטי מלחמה

The battle for Mogilev (1941 -1945) \ Битва за Могилев 1941 -1945

The battle for Mogilev (Movie) Battle scene

יומנו השלם של אברהם זלמן כהן: Hebrew autobiograhy of Abraham Zalman Cohen describing Jewish life in Czarist White Russian village of Bogushevichi, Communist Revolution, escape and immigration to the United State, work in New York City and Peekskill, NY and building a family in the Jewish Community of Ossining, NY/

Forty Five Years on the Block – The Autobiography Of Abraham Zalman Cohen: אנגלית

מכתבים ששלח אליהו – צבי – הירש כהן – כגן מבלרוס אל בנו ואל קרובי משפחתו בארה”ב : Letters sent by Eliahu – Zvi – Hirsh Cohen – Kagan to his son, Avraham – Zalman Cohen, in 1927 through 1937

All the links to our pilgrimage to Belarus

מינסק – Minsk

יאמא – Yama

מאלי טרוסטינץ – Maly Trostinets

חאטין – Khatyn

בורוסוב – Borisov

שקלוב – Shklov

םוגילב – Mogilev

בושאַוויץ – Bogushevichi

סמילביצ׳י – Смілавічы

מוגילב – מוהילב – Mogilev מוהילב - מוגילב (Могилёв-Магiлёў) היא עיר בבלארוס, בירת מחוז מוהילב. העיר שוכנת לצידו של נהר הדנייפר. [לא לערבב עם מוהיליב-פודילסקי בבאוקראינה.] משפחתי התגוררה סמוך לכאן ב

#Belarus #Dnieper River #Kaltershul #Mogilev #Магiлёў #Могилёв #בלרוס #מוגילב #מוהילב #קזימירובקה

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insurancepolicypro · 5 years ago

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What Are A.M. Finest Rankings and Why Do They Matter?

When purchasing for life insurance coverage, you’ll ceaselessly see firms or companies confer with the A.M. Finest ranking of the insurer issuing the coverage. The ranking of the issuer of your coverage may be simply as necessary an element as the quantity of protection you purchase, the time period size of a coverage, and the way a lot you’re paying. Suffice to say, you need to pay shut consideration to what the ranking is.

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Rankings signify the opinion of the ranking company of the monetary power and talent to satisfy contractual obligations of the corporate being rated, based mostly on the ranking company’s unbiased evaluation. A ranking isn’t a assure of monetary power, however it may be thought-about an indicator.

Whereas there are a number of unbiased ranking companies on the market, A.M. Finest is without doubt one of the most touted and revered within the life insurance coverage trade. A.M. Finest. stands out amongst different ranking companies not just for its longevity however for its specialization: It’s the solely rankings company that solely charges insurance coverage.

Why life insurance coverage firm rankings matter

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Life insurance coverage firms obtain rankings from unbiased companies based mostly on their assessments of the insurer’s monetary power and claims-paying means. A life insurance coverage coverage is barely nearly as good because the paper it’s written on. You must select a life insurance coverage firm that’s effectively revered and has acquired respected rankings.

The upper the ranking, the upper the ranking company’s evaluation that the insurer will likely be round to pay out the coverage to your beneficiaries. It serves as an unbiased, goal opinion based mostly on their evaluation of things comparable to buyer complaints, out there money movement, and acceptable threat.

The temporary historical past of A.M. Finest

A.M. Finest has been in enterprise for a really very long time – since 1899. It was based with a mission to report on the monetary stability of insurers and the trade as a complete. It’s, the truth is, the oldest ranking company and one of the crucial well known suppliers of rankings, monetary information, and insurance coverage trade information.

As we all know, earthquakes are devastating for everybody affected, however the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the hearth brought on by it put A.M. Finest firmly on the map. A.M. Finest, solely seven years previous on the time, was the go-to supply for insurance-related information after the quake. Along with firsthand stories on the hearth insurance coverage losses attributed to the earthquake and fireplace, A.M. Finest issued its “Particular Report Upon San Francisco Losses and Settlements“ in 1907, which detailed the insurance coverage losses skilled on account of the 1906 earthquake and ensuing fireplace.

This type of expanded and dependable reporting and ranking service was seen as invaluable within the wake of the San Francisco quake, which bankrupted 12 American insurance coverage firms and two European insurers. The newly appreciated want for a sign of long-term monetary stability led to A.M. Finest’s spectacular development within the first a part of the 20th century.

Greater than 100 years later, A.M. Finest continues to take pleasure in a sterling repute for its evaluation of monetary stability throughout the insurance coverage trade.

How A.M. Finest stories on monetary power

What’s beneath the hood relating to A.M. Finest’s ranking system? Loads.

A.M. Finest points monetary power and issuer credit score rankings. The monetary power rankings (FSRs) signify “an unbiased opinion of an insurer’s monetary power and talent to meets its ongoing insurance coverage coverage and contract obligations.” In figuring out a ranking, A.M. Finest analyzes the insurer’s firm profile, monetary efficiency, working efficiency, steadiness sheet power, enterprise threat administration, efficiency vis-a-vis its friends, and administration type.

The corporate’s FSRs use a “report card” type of rankings, with the ranking classes indicating not solely how possible the insurer will be capable of meet its obligations, but additionally how susceptible it could be to opposed underwriting and financial circumstances. The FSRs are damaged down as follows by

A.M. Finest:

A+/Superior: insurer has a superior means to satisfy obligationsA/Glorious: insurer has a wonderful means to satisfy obligationsB+/Good: insurer has means to satisfy obligationsB/Honest: insurer has a good means to satisfy obligations and is vulnerableC+/Marginal: insurer has a marginal means to satisfy obligations and is vulnerableC/Weak: insurer has a weak means to satisfy obligations and could be very vulnerableD/Poor: insurer has a poor means to satisfy obligations and is extraordinarily susceptible

MassMutual’s A.M. Finest ranking

Haven Life is backed and wholly owned by MassMutual, a greater than 160-year-old life insurer with an A++ ranking from A.M. Finest.* That’s the very best ranking out there from this company.

As a life insurance coverage startup, we acknowledge the importance of your loved ones’s belief in our means to be there once you want us most. That’s why we’ve your again, and MassMutual has ours. Each Haven Time period coverage we promote is issued by our mum or dad firm.

Different rankings and critiques to think about

A.M. Finest definitely has a powerful pedigree relating to ranking companies. Even so, you need to make different stops on the way in which to evaluating an insurer or company earlier than you buy a coverage.

The highest ranking companies

After you’ve seen what A.M. Finest has to say about your insurer (or potential insurer), take a look at a number of the different well-known ranking companies, comparable to Moody’s, Customary & Poor’s or Fitch.

What prospects must say

Don’t cease there. See what real-life individuals have skilled along with your company or insurer by looking for buyer critiques and testimonials. Third-party assessment websites, comparable to TrustPilot and Shopper Affairs, are place to begin when looking for actual testimonials from actual prospects who’ve gone by way of the expertise.

Utilizing A.M. Finest rankings to search out the suitable protection for you

You’ll be able to by no means be too selective when your loved ones’s monetary safety is at stake. Put your insurer by way of the paces to assist entry the chance will probably be there once you want it most. Reviewing A.M. Finest rankings for every insurer is a terrific place to begin once you’re researching life insurance coverage.

When you’ve recognized the highest life insurance coverage firms, the following cease in your journey ought to be to get an estimate for a way a lot a coverage will value. You’ll in all probability be pleasantly shocked at how reasonably priced time period life insurance coverage protection may be.

Rachel Parisi is a contract author and lawyer. She focuses her writing on insurance coverage, monetary companies, and worker advantages. In her earlier life, she served in america Air Power as a missile fight crew commander (suppose ‘Wargames’).

Monetary power rankings are as of September 24, 2019: A.M. Finest Firm: A++ (Superior; high class of 15); Fitch Rankings: AA+ (Very Sturdy; second class of 21); Moody’s Traders Service: Aa3 (Excessive High quality; fourth class of 21); Customary & Poor’s: AA+ (Very Sturdy, second class of 21). Rankings are for MassMutual (Springfield, MA 01111) and its subsidiaries, C.M. Life Insurance coverage Co. and MML Bay State Life Insurance coverage Co. (Enfield, CT 06082). Rankings are topic to vary.

Haven Time period is a Time period Life Insurance coverage Coverage (DTC 042017 [OK1] and ICC17DTC in sure states, together with NC) issued by Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance coverage Firm (MassMutual), Springfield, MA 01111-0001 and provided solely by way of Haven Life Insurance coverage Company, LLC. Coverage and rider type numbers and options could differ by state and will not be out there in all states. In NY, Haven Time period is DTC-NY 1017. In CA, Haven Time period is DTC-CA 042017. Our Company license quantity in California is OK71922 and in Arkansas, 100139527.

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aclayjar · 6 years ago

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In the 20th chapter of Revelation is a short passage, central to millennialism, that has sparked a variety of interpretations. In this passage, Satan is bound and tossed into the Abyss for a thousand years. Then there is a resurrection of martyrs who reign with Christ for a thousand years before Satan is freed, gathers an army, attacks the camp of the saints, is defeated, and thrown into the Lake of Fire. This thousand year period is identified as the millenium. And this post will be taking a quick look at the major ways that the church has understood this passage. There has never been a time when the church overwhelmingly held to any one of these positions. And their popularity has ebbed and flowed over the years. The Passage in Question And I saw an angel coming down out of heaven, having the key to the Abyss and holding in his hand a great chain. He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil, or Satan, and bound him for a thousand years. He threw him into the Abyss, and locked and sealed it over him, to keep him from deceiving the nations anymore until the thousand years were ended. After that, he must be set free for a short time. I saw thrones on which were seated those who had been given authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded because of their testimony about Jesus and because of the word of God. They had not worshiped the beast or its image and had not received its mark on their foreheads or their hands. They came to life and reigned with Christ a thousand years. (The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended.) This is the first resurrection. Blessed and holy are those who share in the first resurrection. The second death has no power over them, but they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with him for a thousand years. When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the earth—Gog and Magog—and to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the seashore. They marched across the breadth of the earth and surrounded the camp of God's people, the city he loves. But fire came down from heaven and devoured them. And the devil, who deceived them, was thrown into the lake of burning sulfur, where the beast and the false prophet had been thrown. They will be tormented day and night for ever and ever.Revelation 20:1-10 NIV Premillennialism The premillennial view understands that the events of this passage are kicked off by Christ's second coming. When Christ returns, Satan is bound, and the saints rule for a thousand years before Satan is released, the end comes, and a new heaven and earth are produced. This millennial kingdom is seen as a literal kingdom, established here on earth. Christ reigns on the throne of David. And all the nations are subject to this millennial kingdom. It will be a time of peace on earth, freed from Satan's presence, and under Christ's rule. Premillennialism is basically a pessimistic view, expecting the world to grow worse and worse, leading up to the second coming. There are two distinct flavors of premillennialism, centered on a seven year tribulation period that precedes the millennium period. Historical Premillennialism The historical premillennialism view has been held by a least some portion of the church throughout its history, thus the name. This was probably the predominate view in the earliest church. This view follows Matthew 24 closely. A time of tribulation will come upon the whole earth. The elect will be extensively persecuted. And at the end of this period of persecution, Christ will return and gather up his elect from across the earth. And it is those elect that he gathers, both living and resurrected, who will reign with him on earth. This view believes that the elect throughout the New Testament refer to believers. They generally do not hold to a literal seven years of tribulation. And they distinguish between the tribulation orchestrated by Satan and the wrath of God poured out on unbelievers. Satan's tribulation is directed primarily towards believers. God's wrath, on the other hand, is poured out on an unbelieving world that is under Satan's dominion. The great hope for this view is not that the church be delivered from the great tribulation, but that it be protected during it. Much like Israel was protected from many of the plagues that struck Egypt leading up to the Exodus. Dispensational Premillennialism The dispensational premillennialism view is, historically speaking, a relative newcomer. It was introduced along with dispensationalism in the early 19th century. It was popularized by the footnotes in the Scofield Study Bible and by several popular writers in recent years. This view divides the return of Jesus into two parts. The first part is a secret coming for the church, often labeled as the rapture. The church is taken prior to the coming great tribulation and does not participate in the millennial reign. The second, and more public, part of the second coming occurs seven years later. This public return will inaugurate the millennium kingdom. Between these two comings is a seven year period of tribulation where the wrath of God is poured out on Satan's kingdom. During this time Satan also persecutes the tribulational saints, those who have come to faith in Christ during this seven year period. Dispensationalism generally understands that the saints who reign with Christ during the millennium will be ethnic Jews. They hold that Israel, as a nation, will turn to the Messiah at the end. All of the Old Testament prophecies concerning Israel's future as a nation, concerning the temple, and the king on David's throne will be fulfilled during this thousand years. Postmillennialism The postmillennial view holds that the millenium kingdom will be established on earth prior to Christ's return. This kingdom will be established by the church. A church that will spread over the whole earth and bring most of the population to Christ. Christ will rule from heaven through his church. This kingdom will come to an end at Christ's return. While premillennialism is a pessimistic view, postmillennialism is an optimistic view. It sees the gospel advancing and winning the world to Christ. In this view most people will eventually become believers, and then the end will come. The thousand years was initially taken as literal, but is now mostly thought of as symbolic. This viewpoint is most popular when the gospel is reaching great numbers of people, but less popular at other times. There does not seem to be many who hold to postmillennialism today. Amillennialism The final millennial view is amillennialism. In this view that there is no literal thousand year reign of Christ on the earth. Instead, Christ is currently reigning from heaven over a spiritual kingdom, the church. His reign began at his crucifixion and resurrection. And it will continue until his second coming. This view treats the 20th chapter of Revelation as mostly symbolic, much like the rest of Revelation. Unlike premillennialism, which looks for signs leading up to the Lord’s return, amillennialists see Christ’s return as occurring at any time; there are no special signs that forecast his return. Like all of the other views, amillennialists believe that Christ is returning, that he will ‘rapture’ his church and then judge the world. This view was held by some of the early church fathers, and appears to have been the default view of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation. It still seems to be held today by the majority of the church throughout the world. My Own Millennial View My first exposure to eschatology was back in the early 70's, reading Hal Lindsey and Salem Kirban. They advocated the dispensational premillennialism position, although it was called pretribulational premillennial at the time. I accepted this view for a short time. But I could not find a pretribulational rapture anyplace in the Scripture. So I ended up as a historical premillennialist for quite a few years. But as time has gone on I have found myself more and more drawn to the amillennial position. Why? I suppose the biggest reason is that is just makes more sense to me. It fits better with my understanding of the Kingdom of God as well as what I understand of God's purpose in creation. In the end, I don't see the purpose for a millenial reign on earth. I understand Revelation to have been written to a persecuted church as an encouragement to them. I do not believe that telling them about what would happen in the distant future would have been much encouragement to them. Telling them that God was in control and helping them to see events from a heavenly perspective would encourage them to remain faithful. In the End In the end, I know of no one who takes everything in Revelation literally. Every perspective has those things that it sees as symbolic. And that is how I view Revelation 20:1-10, as well as most of Revelation. I also do not believe a person's particular perspective is all that important. That Christ is returning for his people is important, and is a part of the hope in Christ that we have. But what that return is like is not really all that important. At least not in my mind.

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pussymagicuniverse · 6 years ago

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The Femme Chronos: The Life and Work of Mina Loy

As a queer woman who loves history, I am constantly searching for people of the past who dared to write openly about their queer and feminist experiences. Even the 20th century contains only fragments of testimonies, art, and people who lived and reflected queer sexualities and ideological concepts.

I’ve been forced to improvise, finding queerness where other people only saw rebellion. Finding myself in artwork created by those who weren’t exactly like me, but shared commonalities. This is how I discovered Mina Loy.

A writer, painter, illustrator, and designer of lamps who was born in London, England in 1882, Mina Loy was an artist most known for her involvement with the Italian Futurists and the New York Dada scene. She was a Capricorn, like myself. This is not the only reason I share a deep kinship with her, but it definitely plays a large part. She was not queer, but her work still resonates with me as a bisexual woman.

While I could say I relate to her attraction to men, my connection to her is much deeper than sexuality. Her poetry embodies queerness as a concept, a catch-all for thoughts and feelings that are non-normative. She wasn’t a conformist, and yet she faced constant pressure to bend her will for the sake of survival.

“Her poetry embodies queerness as a concept, a catch-all for thoughts and feelings that are non-normative. She wasn’t a conformist, and yet she faced constant pressure to bend her will for the sake of survival.” (click to tweet)

I first came across her poetry when researching Modernist writers while I was in college. Her work followed the avant-garde canon of being experimental in form, yet the subjects she wrote about drastically differed from her contemporaries. As most of them were men (at least, that’s what patriarchal historians want us to believe), they didn’t share Mina Loy’s interest in women’s evolving role in the early 20th century.

Interestingly enough, she didn’t consider herself a poet. She was an artist who used poetic form to convey lyricism, demonstrated by her famous quote: “Poetry is prose bewitched, a music made of visual thoughts, the sound of an idea.”

Loy’s writing was shocking to many for its frank explorations of sexuality, childbirth, and marriage from a feminist perspective.

Her work was praised by T.S. Eliot, Marcel Duchamp, and Ezra Pound but her name and legacy remains peripheral. Even gay icon Gertrude Stein overshadows her name, despite Loy being one of the first writers who expressed serious interest about her work.

It’s disappointing but not surprising that women artists and intellectuals are marginalized to the footnotes of their male contemporaries’ biographies. Yet despite this structural inequity, Mina Loy commanded attention with her bold presence.

Joella Haweis wrote about her mother’s demeanor in her memoir:

“My mother, tall, willowy, extraordinarily beautiful, very talented, undisciplined, a free spirit, with the beginning of too strong an ego; my father, short, dark, a mediocre painter, bad tempered, with charming social manners and endless conversation about the importance of his family.”

Many others who knew her described her in similar ways: tall, beautiful, strong-willed, and a creative powerhouse.

Yet the unconventional attributes she had for a woman of her time were constantly curbed by men. She married Stephen Haweis, whom she met at the Académie Colarossi in Paris while studying art after discovering she was pregnant. Fearful of losing her parent’s financial support, she began living with a man who she later described as causing the "parasitic drawing-out of one's vitality to recharge, as it were, his own deficient battery of life."

While the events in her life are influenced by her Victorian upbringing and her subordinate status as a woman in a patriarchal world, she was not defined by them. Her poetry and visual art pushed the limitations of a reality characterized by socially construed categories.

“Her poetry and visual art pushed the limitations of a reality characterized by socially construed categories.” (CLICK TO TWEET)

One of her most well-known works “Songs to Joannes” (originally published as “Love Songs”) explores a failed relationship in a Modernist context: honest and bleak in its portrayal, jaded yet not entirely disillusioned. The piece was meant to be a satirized representation of the typical love songs written by men in a pre-Modernist era.

The excerpt below is from the 3rd section of “Songs to Joannes.”

While living in Florence, she was introduced to Italian Futurism by F.T. Marinetti, Giovanni Papini, and Carlo Carrà. It was artistic and social movement that centralized the importance of speed, energy, and dynamic movement in a modern world being drastically altered by machines. Electrified by this vigorous and powerful philosophy, Mina Loy explored concepts such as time and progress in poems like “Time-Bomb.”

The present moment is an explosion , a scission of past and future

leaving those valorous disreputables , the ruins ,

sentinels in an unknown dawn strewn with prophecy .

Only the momentary goggle of death fixes the fugitive momentum .

Despite her interest in the philosophies the Futurists upheld, Loy was jaded by their disregard for women’s issues. As concepts, time and modernity seemed to be a domain ruled by men. I am reminded of how time has been characteristically attributed to men, from the Greek god of time Chronos to the inventor of time zones, Sir Sandford Fleming.

In a modern patriarchal world, time is the methodical organization of a cosmos constantly in flux. Masculine Time disregards a past irrelevant to the achievements and ambitions of men and tumbles into a future that maintains the stagnancy of their power. Masculine Time is a linear interpretation. It’s the clock-in/clock-out schedule, the deadlines for completing a project or product, the compartmentalized slots for meetings, productivity, and even down time.

What does Time mean for women?

Mina Loy was attempting to answer this question through her art, in direct and indirect ways. Her inquiries mirror my own, and I am astonished that our conceptual time-lines overlap. Even though she died in 1966, 29 years before I was born, the world she lived was charging headfirst into modernity. Unchecked capitalism, technological advances, and an impatient insistence on the benefits of material progress characterized both her context and mine.

In the preface of a section of poems in The Lost Lunar Baedeker, written between 1914-1920 and entitled “Futurism x Feminism: The Circle Squared,” she writes:

There is no Space or Time Only intensity, And tame things Have no immensity.

Feminist Time reflects time’s cyclical nature, respecting it as an ambiguous yet strangely repetitive system that exists beyond structure.

Mina Loy, alongside other feminists, queer activists, and general outcasts, was not a pliable cog in the machine. She stretched the limitations of the boxes society and people in her personal life tried to contain her in. For this, she is conceptually queer. Non-normative, rebellious, and living an existence that cascades into infinity.

Disillusioned by the misogyny of the Futurists and their dangerous leaning towards fascism, Mina Loy distanced herself from the movement’s leaders and wrote her own feminist interpretation of the Futurist philosophy. In 1914 she wrote “Feminist Manifesto,” a call to women everywhere to shed their conditioning and embrace independence. It remained unpublished until 1982, when it appeared in the reprint of her poetry collection The Last Lunar Baedeker. She never saw it published in her lifetime.

Her feminist manifesto articulates the various ways women perpetuate their own insubordination, such as depending on men to define their roles, identity, and value. She’s particularly critical of the construct of virginity, believing that it’s used to control women’s lives and personal freedom.

Her perception of the future as an opportunity for justice and liberation reflect many marginalized group’s attitudes towards its as well. In activist spaces that hope to create a better, more inclusive future, all present actions and initiatives orient themselves towards that goal.

Mina Loy was not the stereotypical freedom fighter and her identity as a middle-class white woman living in Europe and the United States allowed her privileges that many others didn’t have access to. But she was always sensitive towards the plights of those who faced oppression and injustice.

“Mina Loy was not the stereotypical freedom fighter and her identity as a middle-class white woman living in Europe and the United States allowed her privileges that many others didn’t have access to. But she was always sensitive towards the plights of those who faced oppression and injustice.” (click to tweet)

In the 50s, she lived in the Bowery district in New York City, preferring the company of people who struggled with addiction, poverty, and living in society’s margins over her Surrealist colleagues. Her artwork during this time reflects the search for meaning in a context that’s spiritually desolate.

Perhaps her empathic attitude towards society’s rejects reflects the way she felt growing up. Raised by a mother who believed imagination was sinful, Mina was constantly punished and derided for her creative spirit. No doubt this caused her pain throughout her life, even when she no longer lived at home. And yet, her poetry breathes with transformative vitality. She dares to imagine a world where women exist wholly as themselves, their value disconnected from the preferences of men.

In a poem based on her experiences with childbirth and her husband’s infidelity called “Parturition,” she writes:

She is not only a biological mother, but a mother of artistic creation. Her tremendous talent and imagination could not be curbed by a domineering parent or her mediocre male companions. She existed between pain and inspiration, infusing fragments of a self broken by tragedy with the catalytic healing of art.

For this, I hold Mina Loy in my heart as I write poetry about my experiences as a person who describes herself as “queer” and “woman” but doesn’t want to belong to a singular interpretation of them. Loy is one of many historical figures that shattered expectations and constraints, yet was pushed into the margins by a masculinized history. But in my narrative, she is a chapter of my own story, revealing and reflecting the cosmic conundrum of a Femme Chronos.

Cassidy Scanlon is a Capricorn poet and witch who uses her artistic gifts as a channel for healing herself and others. She writes poetry and CNF about mental health, astrology, queer love, pop culture representation, and how social structures shape our perceptions of history and mythology. When she’s not writing, she can be found petting the local stray cats, exploring the swamps of Florida, reading 5 books at a time, and unwinding with her Leo girlfriend.

You can visit her astrology blog Mercurial Musings and explore more of her publications on her website.

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reesclancy · 6 years ago

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Text for book

Sourced from Harvard University

Over the course of the Cold War and beyond, well more than a hundred thousand Latin Americans were made to enter the netherworld of forced disappearance—some 40,000 in Guatemala, between 1,000 and 2,000 in Chile, as many as 30,000 in Argentina, 60,000 in Colombia, perhaps 6,000 in El Salvador, 15,000 in Peru, and, more recently, over 25,000 in Mexico. The numbers are necessarily imprecise because the crime itself is designed to produce uncertainty, leaving no corpses, no traces, no explanations, and hence, no accountability. Even the terminology that has evolved to describe it—the transformation of “to disappear” into an intransitive verb, as in to be disappeared or to disappear someone—is awkward and incomplete, communicating the involuntary nature of a person’s disappearance but nothing about that person’s destiny. It is a language that obscures as much as it reveals, as a desaparecido is neither quite dead nor alive, simultaneously present and absent. The Guatemalan sociologist Carlos Figueroa Ibarra describes the disappeared as “those who will always be nowhere”; for the Chilean theologian Mario I. Aguilar, they are “those who will never grow old,” men and women and children forever frozen in time at the precise moment of their vanishing.

In Argentina, the military junta that took power in 1976 elevated forced disappearance to a perverse art form. Expert manipulators of language to chilling effect, the generals thundered that desaparecidos were “absent forever.” They developed an elaborate process by which disappeared detainees were interrogated, tortured, bundled into airplanes, drugged into submission by licensed medical professionals, and dropped into the sea by the thousands. As one of the pilots of these so-called “death flights” later remembered, the sedated prisoners would plummet from the planes down into the dark waters of the Atlantic Ocean “like little ants.”

And yet, it was the singular horror of forced disappearance—what legal analysts Reed Brody and Felipe González call “perhaps the cruelest form of government abuse” for the torture it inflicts not only on detainees but on their emotional networks—that gave rise to some of the continent’s most iconic 20th-century social movements. These were groups, predominantly of women, who met each other in the course of their daily visits to the morgues in places like Buenos Aires and Guatemala City. (Such is the twisted nature of disappearance—it puts families in the grim position of actually hoping to find the physical remains of their kindred.)

The first such organization was the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, who in 1977 began marching in front of Argentina’s presidential palace, demanding the safe return of their disappeared children. For their efforts, which shook the foundations of the dictatorship’s legitimacy, several of the Mothers were themselves disappeared. A similar story unfolded in Guatemala, where the Mutual Support Group, founded in 1984, saw a number of its founding members disappeared or assassinated by state security forces. To speak out about a disappearance was a tremendous risk. As the Colombian peasant farmer Blanca Meneses Nieves recounts, when she sought help from local authorities—both elected and paramilitary—regarding the disappearance of her four daughters, the paramilitary commander instructed her to “disappear yourself if you don’t want us to kill you too.”

Almost worse than the original crimes were government functionaries’ official denials, phrased to deflect blame away from the state and onto the disappeared individual. The Argentine dictator Jorge Rafael Videla agreed that there were “missing persons” in Argentina, but he contended that “they have disappeared in order to live clandestinely and to dedicate themselves to subversion,” while one of his Guatemalan counterparts, military strongman Oscar Mejía Víctores, argued that many of the supposedly disappeared were “perhaps in some Communist country with some scholarship or in Havana, Cuba.” A common rejoinder to the anguished entreaties of wives, in particular, was to suggest that their husbands had only “disappeared” to take up with other women.

From CONADEP - Nunca Más

The policy of the disappearance of persons could not have been carried out without the detention centres. There were about 340 of them throughout the country. Thousands of men and women illegally deprived of their freedom passed through them, often being kept in detention for years, sometimes never returning. This was where they lived through their ’disappearance’; this was where they were when the authorities would reply in the negative to requests for information in the habeas corpus appeals. There they spent their days at the mercy of others, with minds twisted by the practice of torture and extermination, while the military authorities (who frequently visited these centres) would respond to national and international public opinion by asserting that the disappeared were abroad, or that they had been victims of feuding amongst themselves. (Statements of this nature are included in the answers given by the de facto government to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the OAS - see ’Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Argentina’, 1980.)

The characteristics of these centres, and the daily life led there, reveal that they had been specifically conceived for the subjection of victims to a meticulous and deliberate stripping of all human attributes, rather than for their simple physical elimination.

To be admitted to one of these centres meant to cease to exist. In order to achieve this end, attempts were made to break down the captives’ identity; their spatio-temporal points of reference were disrupted, and their minds and bodies tortured beyond imagination.

These centres were only secret as far as the public and the relatives and people close to the victims were concerned, inasmuch as the authorities systematically refused to give any information on the fate of the abducted persons to judicial appeals and national and international human rights organizations. It goes without saying that their existence and operation were only possible with the use of the State’s financial and human resources, and that, from the highest military authorities down to each and every member of the Security Forces who formed part of this repressive structure, these centres were their fundamental basis of operation.

The reality was continually denied, the military government also making use of the total control it exercised over the media, to confuse and misinform the public. It would subsequently be seen during the hostilities of the war in the South Atlantic, to what extent covering up the truth and misinformation were essential to the most important acts of the military governments between 1976 and 1983.

There are no political prisoners in Argentina, except for a few persons who may have been detained under government emergency legislation and who are really being detained because of their political activity. There are no prisoners being held merely for being political, or because they do not share the ideas held by the Government. (Roberto Viola, 7 September 1978.)

A substantial number of reports and testimonies received by this Commission corroborate the presence of high-ranking military officials in the detention centres. Martha Alvarez de Repetto (file, No. 7055) states:

I was arrested in my house in the town of Corrientes, and taken to offices of the Federal Police in that town. There I was hooded and tortured, and later transferred to the officers’ mess of the 9th Infantry Regiment, where they set up simulated executions and also tortured people. One of the visitors I saw myself and was even interrogated by was the then Commander of the 7th Brigade, General Cristino Nicolaides. Another of the visitors was the then Commander of the 2nd Army Corps, General Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri, who was there in mid-November 1976.

The prisons were crammed with political prisoners, whom the authorities tried to present as common criminals, avoiding any recognition that ideological persecution was reaching levels unheard of in our country before. This legal structure, however, was intimately connected to the other one, of darkness and death, where thousands of disappeared suffered without the slightest chance of protection.

Thus, after lengthy periods in secret detention, many of those released would find their abduction made official by their transfer to public prisons or to police stations.

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benrleeusa · 6 years ago

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[Randy Barnett] Kavanaugh Testimony, Part 1: On Originalism

What he said about his judicial philosophy

I have long agreed that judicial philosophy is a relevant qualification for appointment to the judiciary. By "judicial philosophy," I mean the nominee's views of the proper method of interpreting and applying the text of the Constitution, and of the proper role of the judiciary in a constitutional republic. For this reason, in my view, Democrats may justifiably base their opposition to an otherwise "highly qualified" Republican nominee whose judicial philosophy is objectionable. However, it is incumbent upon those who do to so object to identify their own favored judicial philosophy and explain why the philosophy of a nominee is objectionable. This is a burden that Democrats on the Senate Judiciary Committee largely failed even to attempt to meet. In contrast several Republican Senators did ask Brett Kavanaugh about his judicial philosophy--one critically--and elicited interesting responses. A few of Kavanaugh's responses to Democrats were also illuminating.

In a series of posts, I will highlight some of what Judge Kavanaugh said about his judicial philosophy. In this post, I present his views on originalism [with my comments in brackets]. (Day/Part/Time references are to C*SPAN videos)

Opening statement (3:15:54):

My judicial philosophy is straightforward. A judge must be independent. A judge must be independent and must interpret the law, not make the law. A judge must interpret statutes as written. A judge must interpret the Constitution as written, informed by history, and tradition, and precedent.

Opening statement (3:16:28)

A good judge must be an umpire – a neutral and impartial arbiter who favors no litigant and policy.

Day 2, Part I (12:29):

Being a good judge means paying attention – paying attention to the words that are written. The words of the Constitution, the words of the statutes that are passed by Congress, not doing what I want to do, not deferring when the Executive rewrites the laws that are passed by Congress – respect for the words put into the Constitution itself. That's part of being a good judge, that's part of being independent, that's part of precedent.

Day 2, Part 2 (1:56:18 – in response to Senator Mike Lee re: textualism vs. originalism):

Judging is paying attention to the text of the statute, informed by those canons of construction such as presumption against extraterroriality, presumption of mens rea, presumption against implied repeals […] Originalism, as I see it, means, in essence constitutional textualism, meaning the original public meaning of the constitutional text.

Now, it's very careful when you talk about originalism to understand that people are hearing different things sometimes. So, Justice Kagan, at her confirmation hearing, said we're all originalists now, which was her comment. By that, she meant the precise text of the Constitution matters, and, by that, the original public meaning—of course, informed by history and tradition and precedent. Those matter, as well. There's a different conception that some people used to have of originalism, which was original intent. In other words, what did some people subjectively intend the text to mean, and that has fallen out of the analysis because, for example, let's just take the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause. It says right in the text "equal protection" – equal means equal.

As the Supreme Court said in Strauder, what is that but the law shall be the same for the black and the white – that's Brownv. Board, which focuses on the text. But there were some racist members of Congress who didn't think it should apply in that way to certain aspects of public life. But if you're paying attention to the text, you don't take account of those subjective intentions, nor is it proper as a general proposition to take account of the subjective intentions. They could be evidence in certain cases—the First Amendment, for example—of the meaning of the words.

[…] You don't follow the subjective intention. So, original public meaning originalism—what I have referred to as constitutional textualism, and what Senator Cruz referred to as constitutionalism—I think those are all referring to the same things, which is the words of the Constitution matter. Of course, as I've said repeatedly, you also look at the history. You look at the tradition. Federalist 37 tells us to look at the liquidation of the meaning by historical practice over time. And then you look at precedent, which is woven into Article III, as I said, in Federalist 78.

[This statement indicates that Kavanaugh is well aware of the modern approach to originalism that has been developed over the past 20 years: Original Public Meaning Originalism, which he was at pains to distinguish from original framers intent originalism--REB]

Senator Lee: "If we stipulate for our purposes today […] that originalism refers to, basically, textualism applied in the constitutional sphere with an eye toward identifying the original public meaning of the constitutional text at issue, you're an originalist?" (1:56:26)

Kavanaugh responds: "That's correct"

Day 2, Part II (2:00:06 – in response to Senator Lee's question on arguments against being a textualist originalist judge):

Article VI of the Constitution says this Constitution shall be the supreme law of the land, and the word law is very important there. It is not a set of aspirational principles. It's law that can be applied in court. And what is the law? The law are the words that were ratified by the People, and therefore can be applied in the courts of the United States. And it says the supreme law. What does it mean by that? It means when you pass a statute that is inconsistent with the Constitution, the supreme law controls, namely, the Constitution controls over a contrary statute, and that's of course also discussed in Federalist 78, as well. […] Again, precedent, historical practice subsequent to the passing of the text—we see that in Establishment Clause cases—the court will often look at the text, what's the historical practice and precedent, which is rooted in Article III. Those things all go into it, but the words and the original public meaning are an important part of constitutional interpretation and have been throughout.

[Here Kavanaugh unapologetically asserts what, in the 20th Century came to be called the power of judicial review, but which Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall and others described as a duty to follow the higher law of the Constitution against mere legislation.--REB]

Day 3, Part II (29:48 – in response to Senator Cruz's question on what it means to be an originalist and why people should care whether a judge is an originalist):

So, by originalist, it's important to be clear because there are different things people hear when they hear the term "originalist." There was an old school of original intent—the subject intentions of the drafters or ratifiers—and that's not really the proper approach, in my view, for similar reasons to the discussion of legislative history of statutes. By originalist, what I've meant is original public meaning, or constitutional textualism is a term I've used, that refers to the same concept, which is to pay attention to the words of the Constitution. The Constitution, as Article VI makes clear, is law. It is not aspirational principles. It is law. It's the supreme law of the land, and, in that sense, it's superior to statutes. But it is law just like statutes are—superior law. The Constitution itself, including the original amendments, was itself a compromise. So, it's law, and it's a compromise reached in Philadelphia during the summer of 1787. And, of course, Madison's notes and the history of that shows all the compromises that were reached – probably the most famous compromise is the compromise that allows for representation according to population in the House, representation according to state in the Senate, the Connecticut compromise, as it's often referred to. It's important for judges not to upset the formal law that's written in the Constitution or to upset the compromises reached either in the original Constitution or in the amendments. Now one key thing to add to that is precedent, which is part of the constitutional interpretation, as well, as Federalist 78 makes clear. And the judicial power clause of Article III also makes clear. So, a system of precedent is built into how judges interpret the Constitution and constitutional cases on an ongoing basis. That's part of the proper mode of constitutional interpretation and an important system of precedent.

[Another assertion of the difference between original public meaning originalism and original framers intent originalism.--REB]

Day 3, Part III (1:56:13 – in response to Senator John Kennedy's question, "Why do we put so much emphasis on the Federalist Papers or, for that matter, the Anti-Federalist Papers, when you're only getting the point of view of one person?"):

We should be careful when we look at the Federalist Papers. It's a great document. Those papers describe the structure of government in magnificent ways, but they were an advocacy piece to try to convince people in the ratifying convention to vote "yes" on the draft Constitution. So sometimes, as with everything else that's an advocacy piece, you have to be careful to make sure that the words control and not necessarily an advocacy piece about the document. And there were lots of statements in ratifying conventions as well. This was a compromise, and not everyone—probably no one—was 100% happy with the final product. Yet they came together. Ben Franklin performed a critical role at the convention in bringing about the spirit of compromise that ultimately allowed them to get over the finish line with George Washington as the presider at the convention. And that compromise is contained in the words of the document. Of course, precedent is critical to how we, today, decide cases, but the original meaning of the words control over any intent of any one person or group of people.

[Actually, Kavanaugh's impromptu summary of his six or more favorite Federalist Papers was very impressive, but I did not reproduce it here.--REB]

"Do you put much stock in Farrand's treatise, compilation, discussion of the records?"

I find them fascinating, the notes of the convention, seeing day-by-day convention, how things changed and how close we were to so many different things, such as proportional representation of the Senate. That was close. A one-term president, that was close. The debate over the Necessary and Proper Clause…some of those things that caused Gary and Randolph and Mason not to sign the final Constitution because they had such profound disagreements with the structure, and were concerned with having a Bill of Rights, which was not part of the original Constitution. So, I enjoy the notes. You learn from them, but again, those help you understand, but they don't control the actual words of the document. So too the Federalist Papers – they help you understand what's going on, and they help you understand the government, but you have to be focused on the words.

A lengthy colloquy between Senator Kennedy and Judge Kavanaugh about natural rights and originalism was sufficiently wide ranging to merit reproducing at length, which I will do in a separate post.

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