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droctaviolovecraft · 7 months ago

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ANM-047: Inbred Warrior

http://mothrainstitution.wikidot.com/anm-047

"Glory to the monarchy!"

Subject Classification: M-02-047

Damage Type: Physiker 🔴

Danger Level: LETHAL ⚫️

Anomaly Type: Literary

Discovery Classification: Trauma (02)

Department: MOTHRA Institution Library

Lead Researcher: Dr. Octavio Lovecraft (03)

Identification: Consanguineous Warrior

Containment: ANM-047 must be kept confined in a standard humanoid containment cell, measuring 9m by 2m and 4m in height. The containment walls should be made of ANM-035, approximately 40cm thick, while the door should be titanium, accessible only with a level 4 access card. The environment should have a medieval decoration, including a large bookshelf with various historical books, stories, and tales, mainly medieval or books involving the imperial family of the Habsburg¹ dynasty.

No one without some relationship to the European noble family or without Spanish nationality should come into contact with 047, or even enter its containment. Interviews and experiments should be conducted by those who have the same lineage unless the purpose of such an experiment is different, in which case, test subjects (prisoners) should be used.

The anomaly's containment is located in the MOTHRA Institution Library. Under the care of Dr. Octavio Howard Phillips "Lovecraft." The containment in this case remains completely isolated from other anomalies, in an underground area below the library.

Description: ANM-047 is a male individual, originally measuring 2.26m in height and weighing approximately 385kg. The subject appears to be of Spanish nationality, although his body is severely deformed and exhibits clear genetic mutations and conditions, as follows:

• Exaggerated mandibular prognathism², with the lower jaw being prominent and bulbous, likely due to other combined conditions.

• Combined acromegaly and gigantism, the subject's body is dense, while his height is abnormal for individuals of his type³.

• Very wide and bulbous nose.

• The individual has a total of 168 (one hundred and sixty-eight) teeth⁴ inside his mouth, with about 2 (two) rows of teeth, both above and below, with the front row having grown over the original teeth, apparently never having brushed them, as they are also considerably worn, blood-stained, and with small human remains stuck to them.

• Kyphosis.

• Cranial elephantiasis⁵.

• Photophobia, his eyes are sensitive to light⁶.

• Sharp vision adapted to darkness.

• Larger muscles⁷ and rib cage, although the musculature of 047 is not noticeable, giving the impression that his arms are just fat.

• Two human hearts⁸.

• Superhuman resistance and strength⁹.

• Swollen and deformed feet.

• Addiction to consuming human flesh and blood, ANM-047 shows a preference for babies and virgin women.

• Technophobia. ANM-047 seems to be more accustomed to medieval environments/scenarios.

• Very thick neck and prominent brow bones due to acromegaly.

• Presence of a supernatural amount of blisters and randomly swollen areas throughout the individual's body, mainly around his neck, which is dominated by a numerous amount of blisters and cancerous tumors.

• Albinism.

• Mental instability, panic attacks linked to post-traumatic disorder.

• Universal alopecia.

• Cleft lip.

• Gardner syndrome, the individual also has teeth on the roof of his mouth.

• Arachnodactyly and polydactyly, while his right hand has 8 (eight) fingers, the left hand has 10 (ten)¹⁰.

• Dolicostenomelia in both arms¹¹, the legs have a "normal" size for the entity.

• Facial and cranial asymmetry.

Blood tests indicated that ANM-047 is highly consanguineous, certainly having an origin of extreme endogamy and incest, his coefficient of consanguinity then exceeding 1,959 coi, with the highest being recorded as 0.353 coi¹². The individual constantly complains of pain, and due to his conditions, he also has difficulty speaking, always speaking muffled and as if he were straining to speak, maintaining a strong Spanish accent and a hoarse and thick voice, the individual is also capable of speaking French, medieval English, Portuguese from Portugal, and German. The subject tends to speak as in the Middle Ages, maintaining the posture and behavior of a guard, and indeed, ANM-047 also wears heavy metal armor over a simple set of clothes, the armor ends up making him 2.48m tall, besides making him weigh 45kg more, the individual also carries a large sword¹³, whose handle is dark and the blade appears to be silver, the sword is still considerably sharp, even with so much rust, with its blade measuring 180cm. ANM-047 jokes about a possible tetanus that can cause in the "enemies of the empire".

ANM-047's neck has become dominated by an unknown number of cancerous tumors that seem to have developed over time, reaching a very dense number and shape, making it almost impossible to x-ray such a region of his body because of it. If strong attacks hit the tumors, they are capable of exploding, spreading a yellowish and sticky liquid in the area, depending on the size of the tumor, reaching an even larger area. The liquid is highly toxic and radioactive, capable of causing deformities and various types of different cancers over time, including above 100% death rate. The tumors tend to regenerate and grow over time, apparently also keeping the anomaly "healthy", in a way.

Note: Tests and in-depth research indicate that ANM-047 would be the son of Maria Antonia of Austria, whose father remains unknown.

ANM-047 is friendly to Spaniards and descendants of the Habsburg dynasty, even after years of the end of the Habsburg dynasty, 047 is able to identify who has, or does not have, any European noble lineage or blood, 047 will protect these people with his life, as well as obey their orders. Conversely, ANM-047 tends to cut off the heads of non-Habsburgs using his sword, or impales the victims, then he will feed on the victim's body, consuming even bones, it is observed that in a few hours 047 has completely consumed the entire corpse, leaving only bloodstains.

ANM-047 has requested:

- 15 (fifteen) prostitutes. (Under consideration)

- 30 (thirty) newborn babies. (Under consideration)

- Flag of the royal house of Habsburg. (Allowed)

- Flag of the Brazilian Empire. (Allowed)

- A coat of arms of the Habsburgs. (Allowed)

- A photograph of ANM-047 dressed in a Spanish military uniform. (Under consideration)

- Portrait of Maria Antonia of Austria. (Allowed)

- Medieval torture instruments, including sexual torture instruments. (Denied)

- Permission to have an orgy. (Denied)

- Permission to return to service in the Spanish imperial army. (Denied)

- Permission to take care of the children and babies of other employees. (Denied)

- Exotic animals, including a lion. (Denied)

- 10L of wine. (Under consideration)

- Receive visits from female employees or test subjects. (After ANM-047 attempted ████████ a female prisoner. Denied)

----------------

Researcher's Footnotes:

1: The books, among other things in the anomaly's room, such as a record player, keep the entity calmer, and perhaps the only modern object that the entity does not fear.

2: Mandibular prognathism was common among members of the Habsburg family, and one of the most noticeable characteristics of 047, besides his tumors.

3: The creature's weight is likely due to various deformities, such as swollen areas and blisters around the neck, in addition to the subject being definitely overweight.

4: The creature's teeth seem to be "pushed back," his mouth full of teeth also seems to help him easily devour human parts.

5: ANM-047's skull seems to give him extra protection, even with all the armor.

6: 047's irises are blue and bright.

7: The warrior's muscles appear to be atrophied and, at the same time, powerful.

8: X-rays identified that ANM-047 has 2 (two) human hearts instead of one, both seem to function perfectly.

9: ANM-047 does not feel pain, probably also having CIPA, while the individual is very strong, being able to break metal bars with bare hands.

10: Extra fingers are functional.

11: The subject's arms reach knee height.

12: The highest coefficient of consanguinity was from the granddaughter of Charles II of Spain.

13: His sword appears to have originated around 1666.

This document contains detailed information about a highly dangerous anomaly known as ANM-047. Extreme caution is advised when interacting with or approaching this anomaly.

#anomaly #mothra institution #art #project #scp #scp foundation #site #writing

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dwellordream · 3 years ago

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“Henry's marriage to Catherine had long since grown cold. Though his wife remained, and would remain, loyal and devoted, Henry was in very different case. The raptures of the early days had faded and the consequent demands upon him for self-discipline and generosity had found him wanting. Catherine was five years his senior. In I527 he was still in his prime, in his mid-thirties, she over forty. As king he could satisfy desire all too easily, for who would refuse a king easily, especially a king such as he? Fidelity was rare among monarchs and the temptation besetting him, in particular, strong.

At first Henry had been a gallant husband. Catherine had accompanied him to every feast and triumph, he had worn her initials on his sleeve in the jousts and called himself 'Sir Loyal Heart'. He had shown her off to visitors, confided in her, run to her with news. Though there had been talk of a lady to whom he showed favour while campaigning in France, he had slipped home ahead of his army and galloped to Catherine at Richmond in order to lay the keys of the two cities he had captured at her feet.

We cannot know when he first succumbed to the temptation of adultery, but it must have been within five years of his marriage, when there appeared on the scene one Elizabeth Blount, a lady-in-waiting of Queen Catherine and a cousin of Lord Mountjoy - and she may not have been the first. She caught the king's eye during the New Year festivities in I5I4, that is, shortly after he had returned from the first campaign in France. Bessie Blount eventually bore him a son, in I519. Subsequently she married into a gentle family, the Talboys of Lancashire, with a dower of lands in that county and Yorkshire assigned by act ofParliament. Hers, then, was a fate less than death; and her son, the duke of Richmond, was occasionally to acquire considerable political and diplomatic significance.

Next there was Mary Boleyn, since 1521 wife of William Carey, daughter of a royal councillor and diplomat, and sister of Anne. That Mary was at one time Henry's mistress, and this presumably after her marriage, is beyond doubt. Years later there was a strong rumour that she too had born Henry a son, but we cannot be sure. Anyway we may guess that the liaison was over by l526, and when her younger sister climbed on to the English throne, with perhaps pardonable pique, she dismissed Mary from the court. The latter was to do well enough, with her family at the centre of affairs during the reign of her niece, Elizabeth I - which was more than could be said of Bessie Blount. And finally there was Anne, Thomas Boleyn's younger daughter.

Following in the wake of her sister, who had been in the entourage that accompanied Mary Tudor to France in 1514, Anne had crossed the Channel about 1519 to enter the household of Queen Claude, wife of Francis I, an amiable lady who had several young girls in her care and supervised their education. The newcomer to the royal school must have been about twelve years old. She stayed in France until the out- break of war in 1522 and then came home, by which time she was on the way to becoming an accomplished and mature girl. She does not seem to have been remarkably beautiful, but she had wonderful dark hair in abundance and fine eyes, the legacy of Irish ancestors, together with a firm mouth and a head well set on a long neck that gave her authority and grace.

On her return, if not before, her future had apparently been settled, ironically by Henry and Wolsey. She would marry Sir James Butler, an Irish chieftain and claimant to the earldom of Ormond, to which the Boleyns, rivals of the Butlers, had long aspired. Anne was therefore to mend the feud by uniting families and claims. Had this familiar kind of device been executed, and had this been the sum total ofher experience ofhow marriage and politics could interweave, things might have been very different for England, if not for Ireland. But Butler's price was too high and Anne remained in England.

Her father, aided perhaps by her grandfather, the second duke of Norfolk, had meanwhile brought her to Court, as he had her sister before her. There she eventually attracted attention, first from Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet, a cousin of hers; then from Henry Percy, son of the earl of Northumberland and one of the large number of young men of quality resident in Wolsey's household. Alas, Percy was already betrothed. At the king's behest, Wolsey refused to allow him to break his engagement and, summoning him to his presence, rated him for falling for a foolish girl at Court. When words failed, the cardinal told the father to remove his son and knock some sense into him. Percy was carried off forthwith- and thus began that antipathy for Wolsey that Anne never lost.

But it may well be that, when Henry ordered Wolsey to stamp on Percy's suit, it was because he was already an interested party himself and a rival for the girl's affection of perhaps several gay courtiers, including Thomas Wyatt. The latter's grandson later told a story ofhow Wyatt, while flirting once with Anne, snatched a locket hanging from her pocket which he refused to return. At the same time, Henry had been paying her attention and taken a ring from her which he thereafter wore on his little finger. A few days later, Henry was playing bowls with the duke of Suffolk, Francis Bryan and Wyatt, when a dispute arose about who had won the last throw.

Pointing with the finger which bore the pilfered ring, Henry cried out that it was his point, saying to Wyatt with a smile, 'I tell thee it is mine.' Wyatt saw the ring and understood the king's meaning. But he could return the point. 'And if it may like your majesty,' he replied, 'to give me leave that I may measure it, I hope it will be mine.' Whereupon he took out the locket which hung about his neck and started measuring the distance between the bowls and the jack. Henry recognized the trophy and, muttering something about being deceived, strode away.

But the chronology ofAnne's rise is impossible to discover exactly. All that can be said is that by I525-6 what had probably hitherto been light dalliance with an eighteen or nineteen year-old girl had begun to grow into something deeper and more dangerous. In the normal course of events, Anne would have mattered only to Henry's conscience, not to the history of England. She would have been used and discarded - along with those others whom Henry may have taken and who are now forgotten. But, either because of virtue or ambition, Anne refused to become his mistress and thus follow the conventional, inconspicuous path of her sister; and the more she resisted, the more, apparently, did Henry prize her.

Had Catherine's position been more secure she would doubtless have ridden this threat. Indeed, had it been so, Anne might never have dared to raise it. But Catherine had still produced no heir to the throne. The royal marriage had failed in its first duty, namely, to secure the succession. Instead, it had yielded several miscarriages, three infants who were either still-born or died immediately after birth (two of them males), two infants who had died within a few weeks ofbirth (one ofthem a boy) and one girl, Princess Mary, now some ten years old. His failure to produce a son was a disappointment to Henry, and as the years went by and no heir appeared, ambassadors and foreign princes began to remark the fact, and English diplomacy eventually to accommodate it, provisionally at least, in its reckoning.

Had Henry been able to glimpse into the second halfofthe century he would have had to change his mind on queens regnant, for his two daughters were to show quality that equalled or outmeasured their father's; and even during his reign, across the Channel, there were two women who rendered the Habsburgs admirable service as regents ofthe Netherlands. Indeed, the sixteenth century would perhaps produce more remarkable women in Church and State than any predecessor - more than enough to account for John Knox's celebrated anti-feminism and more than enough to make Henry's patriarchal convictions look misplaced. But English experience of the queen regnant was remote and unhappy, and Henry's conventional mind, which no doubt accorded with his subjects', demanded a son as a political necessity.

When his only surviving legitimate child, Mary, was born in February 1516, Henry declared buoyantly to the Venetian ambassador, 'We are both young; if it was a daughter this time, by the grace of God sons will follow.' But they did not. Catherine seems to have miscarried in the autumn of 1517 and in the November of the following year was delivered of another still-born. This was her last pregnancy, despite the efforts of physicians brought from Spain; and by 1525 she was almost past child-bearing age. There was, therefore, a real fear of a dynastic failure, of another bout of civil war, perhaps, or, if Mary were paired off as the treaty of 1525 provided, of England's union with a continental power.

Catherine, for the blame was always attached to her and not to Henry, was a dynastic misfortune. She was also a diplomatic one. Charles's blunt refusal to exploit the astonishing opportunity provided by his victory at Pavia and to leap into the saddle to invade and partition France had been an inexplicable disappointment. Of course, had Henry really been cast in the heroic mould he would have invaded single- handed. But established strategy required a continental ally. Eleven years before, in 1514., Ferdinand of Spain had treated him with contempt and Henry had cast around for means of revenge, and there had been a rumour then that he wanted to get rid of his Spanish wife and marry a French princess.

Whether Henry really contemplated a divorce then has been the subject of controversy, which surely went in favour of the contention that he did not - especially when a document listed in an eighteenth-century catalogue of the Vatican Archives, and thought to relate to the dissolution of the king's marriage - a document which has since disappeared - was convincingly pushed aside with the suggestion that it was concerned with Mary Tudor's matrimonial affairs, not Henry's. Undoubtedly, this must dispose of the matter even more decisively than does the objection that, in the summer of 1514, Catherine was pregnant. In 1525, however, the situation was different. Charles had rebuffed Henry's military plans and, by rejecting Mary's hand, had thrown plans for the succession into disarray.

For a moment the king evidently thought of advancing his illegitimate son - who, in June 1525, was created duke of Richmond. But this solution was to be overtaken by another which Henry may have been contemplating for some time, namely, to disown his Spanish wife. Catherine, therefore, was soon in an extremely embarrassing position. Tyndale asserted, on first-hand evidence, that \Volsey had placed informants in her entourage and told of one 'that departed the Court for no other reason than that she would no longer betray her mistress'.' When Mendoza arrived in England in December 1526, he was prevented for months from seeing the queen and, when he did, had to endure the presence of Wolsey who made it virtually impossible to communicate with her. It was the ambassador's opinion that 'the principal cause of [her] misfortune is that she identifies herselfentirely with the emperor's interests'; an exaggeration, but only an exaggeration.

The king, then, had tired of his wife and fallen in love with one who would give herself entirely to him only if he would give himself entirely to her; his wife had not borne the heir for which he and the nation longed, and it was now getting too late to hope; he had been disappointed by Catherine's nephew, Charles V, and now sought vengeance in a diplomatic revolution which would make the position of a Spanish queen awkward to say the least. Any one of these facts would not have seriously endangered the marriage, but their coincidence was fatal. If Henry's relations with Catherine momentarily improved in the autumn of 1525 so that they read a book together and appeared to be very friendly, soon after, probably, Henry never slept with her again.

The divorce, which came into the open in early 1527 was therefore due to more than a man's lust for a woman. It was diplomatically expedient and, so some judged, dynastically urgent. As well as this, it was soon to be publicly asserted, it was theologically necessary, for two famous texts from the book of Leviticus apparently forbade the very marriage that Henry had entered. His marriage, therefore, was not and never had been, lawful. The miscarriages, the still-births, the denial of a son were clearly divine punishment for, and proof of, transgression of divine law. Henry had married Catherine by virtue of a papal dispensation of the impediment of affinity which her former marriage to Arthur had set up between them.

But Leviticus proclaimed such a marriage to be against divine law - which no pope can dispense. So he will begin to say. And thus what will become a complicated argument took shape. Henry had laid his hand on a crucial weapon - the only weapon, it seemed, with which he could have hoped to achieve legitimately what he now desired above all else. How sincere he was is impossible to determine. More than most, he found it difficult to distinguish between what was right and what he desired. Certainly, before long he had talked, thought and read himself into a faith in the justice of his cause so firm that it would tolerate no counter-argument and no opposition, and convinced himself that it was not only his right to throw aside his alleged wife, but also his duty - to himself, to Catherine, to his people, to God.

At the time, and later, others would be accused of planting the great scruple, the levitical scruple, in Henry's mind. Tyndale, Polydore Vergil and Nicholas Harpsfield (in his life of Sir Thomas More) charged Wolsey with having used John Longland, bishop of Lincoln and royal confessor, to perform the deed. But this was contradicted by Henry, Longland and Wolsey. In 1529, when the divorce case was being heard before the legatine court at Blackfriars, Wolsey publicly asked Henry to declare before the court 'whether I have been the chiefinventor or first mover of this matter unto your Majesty; for I am greatly suspected of all men herein'; to which Henry replied, 'My lord cardinal, I can well excuse you herein. Marry, you have been rather against me in attempt- ing or setting forth thereof' - an explicit statement for which no obvious motive for misrepresentation can be found and which is corroborated by later suggestions that Wolsey had been sluggish in pushing the divorce forwards.

Longland too spoke on the subject, saying that it was the king who first broached the subject to him 'and never left urging him until he had won him to give his consent'. On another occasion Henry put out a different story: that his conscience had first been 'pricked upon divers words that were spoken at a certain time by the bishop of Tarbes, the French king's ambassador, who had been here long upon the debating for the conclusion of the marriage between the princess our daughter, Mary, and the duke of Orleans, the French king's second son'. It is incredible that an ambassador would have dared to trespass upon so delicate a subject as a monarch's marriage, least of all when he had come to negotiate a treaty with that monarch.

Nor was it likely that he should have sug- gested that Mary was illegitimate when her hand would have been very useful to French diplomacy. Besides, the bishop of Tarbes only arrived in England in April 1527, that is, a few weeks before Henry's marriage was being tried by a secret court at Westminster. The bishop could not have precipitated events as swiftly as that. No less significantly, another account ofthe beginnings of the story, given by Henry in 1528, says that doubts about Mary's legitimacy were first put by the French to English ambassadors in France - not by the bishop of Tarbes to his English hosts.

He and his compatriots may have been told about the scruple or deliberately encouraged by someone to allude to it in the course of negotiations, but did not invent it; nor, probably, did Anne Boleyn - as Pole asserted. It is very likely that Henry himselfwas the author ofhis doubts. After all, he would not have needed telling about Leviticus. Though he might not have read them, the two texts would probably have been familiar to him if he had ever explored the reasons for the papal dispensation for his marriage, and he was enough of a theologian to be able to turn to them now, to brood over them and erect upon them at least the beginnings of the argument that they forbade absolutely the marriage which he had entered.

Wolsey said later that Henry’s doubts had sprung partly from his own study and partly from discussion with 'many theologians'; but since it is difficult to imagine that anyone would have dared to question the validity of the royal marriage without being prompted by the king, this must mean that the latter's own 'assiduous study and erudition' first gave birth to the 'great scruple' and that subsequent conference with others encouraged it. Moreover, Henry may have begun to entertain serious doubts about his marriage as early as 1522 or 1523, and have broached his ideas to Longland then - for, in 1532, the latter was said to have heard the first mutterings of the divorce 'nine or ten years ago'.'

By the time that Anne Boleyn captured the king, therefore, the scruple may already have acquired firm roots, though probably not until early 1527 was it mentioned to Wolsey who, so he said, when he heard about it, knelt before the king 'in his Privy Chamber the space of an hour or two, to persuade him from his will and appetite; but I could never bring to pass to dissuade him therefrom'. What had begun as a perhaps hesitant doubt had by now matured into aggressive conviction.”

- J.J. Scarisbrick, “The Repudiation of the Hapsburgs.” in Henry VIII

#henry viii of england #j.j. scarisbrick #history #tudor

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lukeskywaker4ever · 5 years ago

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24th King of Portugal (4th of the Bragança Dynasty): King João V of Portugal, “The Magnanimous”

Reign: 9 December 1706 – 31 July 1750 Acclamation: 1 January 1707, Lisbon Predecessor: Pedro II

João V (22 October 1689 in Lisbon – 31 July 1750 in Lisbon), known as the Magnanimous (o Magnânimo) and the Portuguese Sun King (o Rei-Sol Português), was a monarch of the House of Bragança who ruled as King of Portugal during the first half of the 18th century. João V's reign saw the rise of Portugal and its monarchy to new levels of prosperity, wealth, and prestige among European courts.

João V's reign saw an enormous influx of gold into the coffers of the royal treasury, supplied largely by the royal fifth (a tax on precious metals) that was received from the Portuguese colonies of Brazil and Maranhão. João spent lavishly on ambitious architectural works, most notably Mafra Palace, and on commissions and additions for his sizable art and literary collections. Owing to his craving for international diplomatic recognition, João also spent large sums on the embassies he sent to the courts of Europe, the most famous being those he sent to Paris in 1715 and Rome in 1716.

Disregarding traditional Portuguese institutions of governance, João V ruled as an absolute monarch. As a continuation of a Bragança dynasty policy that stressed the importance of relations with Europe, João's reign was marked by numerous interventions into the affairs of other European states, most notably as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. On the imperial front, João V pursued an expansionist policy, with significant territorial gains in Portuguese India and Portuguese America.

João V was a very pious man who devoted large parts of his day to prayer and religious study. He rewarded his long-awaited recognition as a lawful monarch by Pope Benedict XIV with a fervent devotion to the Catholic Church and some very large donations to the Holy See. The Pope granted João V the style "Most Faithful Majesty," which appealed to him greatly. However, João's relationship with the papacy varied at different periods in his reign; there were both close relations and conflicts at different times during the reigns of five different popes.

João was born on 22 October 1689 at Ribeira Palace

in Lisbon to King Pedro II and Queen Maria Sophia of Neuburg. He was baptized on November 19 at the Royal Palace Chapel and given the full name João Francisco António José Bento Bernardo. João was not his father's first son; he had an older brother, João, who died a year before João's birth, thus the court was overjoyed to have a new male heir to the kingdom.

Upon his baptism, João was not given the traditional titles of the heir apparent to the Portuguese throne, Prince of Brazil and Duke of Bragança, but merely the default title Infante of Portugal. This was intended as a sign of respect for his elder brother's death, which had happened only months before.

João had a stimulating upbringing surrounded by some of the most brilliant minds of Europe at the time. It was agreed by the court that João's care as a child was to be strictly run by women only, a custom of the Portuguese court, and the Portuguese nobility as a whole. João's governess (who was later the governess for all of the sons of Pedro II) was Maria de Lencastre, the Marquise of Unhão, who was given that position more for her beauty and status than for her suitability as a child care giver.

The policies that João's father had pursued made the Portuguese court wealthy, the national economy stable, and the imperial military strong. This made a richly varied and interesting childhood possible for John. As a child, he was under the tutelage and heavy influence of the Jesuit Fathers Francisco da Cruz, João Seco, and Luís Gonzaga. Father Luís Gonzaga was in charge of the education of all of King Pedro's children; he taught them military education, politics, astronomy, nautical studies, mathematics, and history. As the prince grew up, he was mentored in political affairs by Luís da Cunha,

a prominent Portuguese diplomat.

When João reached age seven, his father determined that his eldest sons were sufficiently educated in basic subjects and decided to take over supervision of their instruction himself, though his interest in mentoring them quickly faded. This was formalized when he and his brother Francisco, Duke of Beja,

were admitted into the Order of Christ on 7 April 1696. Later that year, the king finally decided to confer on João the titles of the heir apparent, namely Prince of Brazil and Duke of Bragança. On 1 December 1696, on the anniversary of the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640, a grand ceremony was held in which João was invested with his titles. The ceremony involved the placing of a large ermine and red velvet mantle on his shoulders, as well as the adornment of his person with various jewels and royal regalia.

Just over a month before João's tenth birthday in 1699, his mother Queen Maria Sofia died at the age of 33. This caused João to retreat from court and become depressed for many months. Catarina of Bragança, his aunt and the former Queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland, then took control of his education. She resided in the palace she had built, Bemposta Palace,

and remained João's main tutor and female role model until her death in 1705.

In April 1700, João fell terribly ill; it was assumed that he was on his death bed. Fearing his imminent demise, he asked for his last rites and confessed his sins. To everyone's surprise, he rallied and soon returned to his normal activities, his complete recovery being considered a miracle by the court.

The death of João's sister Teresa Maria in February 1704, greatly saddened him. It caused him to avoid appearing at court for some months and to estrange himself from his father, who favoured João's younger brother, Manuel, Count of Ourém.

During this time, much gossip was spread and worries arose about whether João would ever recover from his depression. In May of that year, he eventually returned to the court and reconciled with the king, saying that his saudades for his sister would not get in the way of his performing his duty to the king.

In early December 1706, Pedro II moved himself to the Royal Quinta in Alcântara, as he was growing ill and needed space from the court. On the fifth of that month, the king caught a high fever, and the court doctors met to examine him fully. They determined his health was greatly deteriorating. The next day, Pedro II called all of his children to his bedside and told them of his coming demise. He appointed João as prince regent of the kingdom and asked that all of his children follow João's wishes. Although he appointed João the prince regent, Pedro II still favoured his youngest son Manuel, and the king gave Manuel a special gift that no other child received.

King Pedro II died in his sleep on 9 December 1706. Following his death, Ribeira Palace was redecorated as a reflection of the mourning. On the façade towards the Terreiro do Paço,

large black banners were hung from the windows for this purpose. A month later, the time was declared to be appropriate for João to be acclaimed king. Preparations for João's acclamation had already been started and once allowed, the royal palace was redecorated; the black banners were replaced with red ones, and fruit wreaths were hung throughout all of the palace.

On the day of João's acclamation, 1 January 1707,

his new throne was placed on the balcony of the Torre do Rei (Tower of the King) of Ribeira Palace. Specially-made tapestries illustrating the allegories of Justice and Prudence were hung high above the Terreiro do Paço to remind the public that these were the traits their king would have. Once João sat down on his throne, wreaths made of gold were laid around the throne and balcony. Wearing his Cross of the Order of Christ,

and with the Portuguese Crown Jewels

beside him, and not on him, as was the Portuguese royal custom, João was acclaimed "His Majesty, by the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, before and beyond the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, our Lord, John, the fifth of that name in the table of the Kings of Portugal."

João was now king of an empire that stretched four continents. He was also the head of state of a kingdom that was at war with Spain and France. His first regnal act was to renew Portugal's membership in the League of Augsburg and continue in the war alongside the England and the Habsburgs. Portugal quickly supplied more troops to aid her allies in the war. This new level of Portuguese involvement allowed João's general, António Luís de Sousa, Marquis of Minas, to capture Madrid on 28 June 1706. While Portugal put vast resources into the war, contrary to João's predecessors, who avoided conflicts in Europe, activity in the war soon lost the interest of the king, who had more pressing affairs to attend to.

During his life, Pedro II had worked a long time to secure João a marriage with an Austrian archduchess in order to guarantee Portugal's alliance with the Habsburgs. João continued these negotiations and finally succeeded in negotiating a deal. On 27 June 1707, Fernão Teles da Silva, Count of Vilar Maior, signed a marriage contract with Holy Emperor Joseph I

that made official a match between João and the emperor's sister, the Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria. The contract also set the archduchess's dowry at 100,000 crowns, a vast sum for the day.

The armada that Portugal sent to escort Maria Anna from the Lower Countries to Lisbon arrived in the Tagus river estuary on 26 October 1708.

The flagship, in which Maria Anna traveled, berthed at the docks of the private garden of Ribeira Palace, where João and a party of the kingdom's richest and most powerful nobles met the new queen for the first time. The marriage celebrations lasted until 27 December; they were sumptuous and very costly.

By late 1710, João and Maria Anna had not produced an heir to the throne. It had been two years since the couple had been married, and the court was starting to question the future of the House of Bragança. In early 1711, the king met with Franciscan Cardinal Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde, High Inquisitor of the Portuguese Inquisition, who told him that if he promised God to build a Franciscan convent in Mafra, God would deliver his long desired heir. Accordingly, João promised that if Maria Anna became pregnant before the end of 1711, he would build a Franciscan convent in Mafra. João's wish would come true later that year, when Maria Anna fulfilled her duty as queen and gave birth to the Infanta Maria Barbara of Bragança on 4 December 1711.

João and Maria Anna had a successful marriage, but lived largely separate lives. Maria Anna devoted herself to preserving the decorum of the royal court and her own religious interests, while João concerned himself with whatever pleased him at the moment. João kept many mistresses throughout his royal career, including Filipa de Noronha, Paula de Odivelas,

Luísa Inês Antónia Machado Monteiro, Madalena Máxima de Miranda, Inácia Rosa de Távora, and Luísa Clara de Portugal.

Maria Barbara's birth was followed by the birth of Pedro, Prince of Brazil, on 19 October 1712, which temporarily gave João a male heir.

Prince Pedro's death on 29 October 1714 greatly saddened him, but he took solace in the fact that his son, the Infante José (now Prince José), had been born on June 6 earlier that same year. Following the birth of Prince José, João and Maria Anna would have three more children: Infante Carlos, born 2 May 1716, Infante Pedro, born 5 July 1717, and Infante Alexandre, born 24 September 1723. Of the last three infantes, only two would survive to adulthood, Infante Carlos and Infante Pedro; only one would continue the Bragança line: Infante Pedro.

João's children were trained rigorously growing up. His plan was to have an intelligent son who could take his place as king, a strategically married daughter, and well-prepared statesmen sons; but he would achieve only part of his goal. From her birth, Infanta Maria Barbara's marriage had been closely arranged and monitored by João. When the engagement of Mariana Victoria of Spain

to Louis XV of France

was nullified, João proposed Infanta Maria Barbara as a possible bride for Louis XV, but in the end she was refused. João still managed to gain something from the dissolution of the engagement between Louis XV and Mariana Victoria, i.e., a wife for his son Prince José and a husband for Infanta Maria Barbara, Mariana Victoria's older brother Fernando, Prince of Asturias.

Negotiations between Portugal and Spain began in 1725, and four years later João's eldest children would be matched with their spouses-to-be. The princesses Maria Barbara and Mariana Victoria were exchanged at a ceremony, called the Exchange of the Princesses (Troca das Princesas), held on the Caia River on 19 January 1729. Prince José married Mariana Victoria on 19 January 1729 in Elvas, and Infanta Maria Barbara married Prince Fernando on 20 January 1729 in Badajoz.

None of João's three other sons would marry in his lifetime. Infante Alexandre died at the age of five, and Infante Carlos died at the age of twenty without any marriage proposals or children. Only Infante Pedro would live long enough to marry, but João did not live long enough to see it. Infante Pedro married the daughter of his older brother King José I, Princess Maria Francisca, Princess of Brazil, on 6 June 1760. When Princess Maria became Queen Maria I of Portugal upon the death of her father, King José I (João's son), Prince Pedro became King Pedro III, following Portuguese royal law that if the consort of a queen regnant produced children with the queen regnant, he would become king of Portugal jure uxoris.

João fathered at least four children from various extramarital affairs: António of Braganza, by Luísa Inês Antónia Machado Monteiro, Gaspar of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga, by Madalena Máxima de Miranda, José of Braganza, High Inquisitor of Portugal, by Paula de Odivelas, and Maria Rita of Braganza, by Luísa Clara de Portugal. Out of his four illegitimate children, the three males were all recognized as João's sons and were collectively known as the Children of Palhavã, after the Palace of Palhavã that belonged to Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal,

where they lived at João's expense. The Children of Palhavã received educations worthy of nobility and went on to become noteworthy members of the clergy. Maria Rita was never officially recognized as his daughter, but he informally arranged for her life at the Convent of Santos and managed her expenses. The husband of Maria Rita's mother, Jorge de Meneses, attempted to stop João's actions for Maria Rita, but the king had him exiled to Spain and then to England.

Regnal politics

When João became king, he chose to reign as an absolute monarch. Notably, he never convened the Portuguese Cortes, the ancient parliament of the three estates in Portugal, and actively ignored meetings of the Council of State. However, João did not act by himself when making decisions; rather, he frequently consulted a close circle of well-informed advisers and held weekly intimate audiences with members of all three estates, which he preferred to larger institutions, such as the Cortes and the Council of State, which he viewed as incompetent and bloated. The Count of Povolide remarked on John's governance style, stating that "he established a predominance of personal consultation over institutional consultation."

The highest position in the king's government was that of Secretary of State of Portugal, the equivalent of a modern-day prime minister. This position was always filled by a favourite of João, the most notable one Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real,

whom the king consulted with on every matter, to such a degree that it often appeared that he was the king's only minister. When João became king, he inherited a powerful and large Council of State made up of numerous bishops, nobles, and bureaucrats, which was charged with being the utmost consultory body to the king, as it was during the reign of João's father. However, João's dislike of institutions and consultative bodies led him to cease convening the council formally, leading the prominent politician and diplomat Luís da Cunha to refer to the king as a despot and his government as absolutist.

Although the Council of State was never convened, several of its members were nonetheless close advisers to the king. Alongside Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real, Cardinal João da Mota e Silva and High-Inquisitor Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde were close advisers to the king, the former eventually substituting Mendonça Corte-Real as Secretary of State when he died in 1736. Though he disbanded most institutions, João notably maintained the Junta of the Three Estates, a governing junta created by João's grandfather, King João IV, which managed the finances and maintenance of military installations, troop raising, and taxation related to defense. Having engaged in multiple conflicts throughout his reign, both in Europe and his empire, João understood the necessity of the junta and carefully picked its members, only selecting those deemed the most knowledgeable and competent. Similarly, João maintained the Council of the Treasury, which managed the finances of Portugal and its empire, including tax collection and budget accounting for the majority of Portugal's organizations (except the military), and exerted authority over the Casa da Índia, the Royal Mint, and the custom houses across Portuguese territory.

When João ascended the throne, he found himself entangled in the War of the Spanish Succession, as King Pedro II had signed the Methuen Treaty in 1703, which aligned Portugal to the Grand Alliance against the House of Bourbon and allowed Grand Alliance forces to launch their invasion of Spain from Portugal. Only months after assuming the throne, John saw his forces overwhelmingly defeated in at the Battle of Almansa, a defeat that jeopardized Portuguese forces in Spain and the outcome of the war. Portuguese forces continued to fight alongside the Grand Alliance until agreeing to an armistice with Spain and France on 8 November 1712. The war finally came to an end in 1713 with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht, whereby Portugal regained possession of territories conquered by the Bourbon coalition and acquired new territories in South America.

With the War of the Spanish Succession ended, João could re-establish relations with the courts of Europe. His first grand act of diplomacy was the dispatch of Luís Manuel da Câmara, 3rd Count of Ribeira Grande, as his ambassador to the court of Louis XIV of France, in early August 1715. The grandson of François, Prince of Soubise, and cousin of Hercule Mériadec, Prince of Guéméné, Câmara was personally chosen by João to foster amicable relations with the French court. No expense was spared on the count's triumphal entry into Paris, which cost 100 Louis d'or and received such great applause from the people of Paris that Alexandre de Gusmão, the count's secretary, stated that "the Count of Ribeira Grande has eternalized the grandness of our generous king." Although King Louis would die only weeks after the Portuguese embassy's arrival to France, the richness and extravagance of its entry to Paris was noted at the French court and across Europe and gained a new level of prestige for João and his kingdom.

As João concerned himself with the presentation of Portugal at the court of Europe from home through the planning and organization of important embassies, the king's brother, Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém, was similarly raising the name of Portugal throughout Europe. Having left the country in 1715 without the king's permission (as was required for royalty and high nobility), the Count of Ourém traveled throughout Europe, staying with Portuguese ambassadors and nobles across the continent, causing quite a fanfare. Although the king was displeased that Manuel left without permission, the king forgave the infante, writing to Manuel "your age absolves your mistake". Now having the king's permission, Infante Manuel entered the service of Prince Eugene of Savoy,

serving alongside him at the successful Battle of Petrovaradin. Over the next 17 years, the Count of Ourém moved from court to court as a celebrity and military hero and was even considered as a candidate as King of Poland by provision of the 1732 Treaty of the Three Black Eagles. Manuel's adventures throughout the continent inspired several literary works and gained him celebrity, raising Portugal's prestige in the eyes of Europe.

João's reign was characterized by a stressed importance of relations with Rome and the Papacy, though the state of relations with the Holy See largely depended on the Pope at the time. João sought acknowledgement by the pope as a lawful and righteous monarch as a means of international recognition of his capabilities and authority. Relations with João's first pope, Clement XI,

were largely successful, resulting from mutual beneficial agreements. In 1716, in response to a request by Pope Clement XI to João for aid in the fight against the Turks, the king sent an armada of Portuguese ships to assist Venice and Austria in their conflicts with the Turks that was led by his brother, Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja, and Lopo Furtado de Mendonça, Count of Rio Grande. In the same year, João ordered a formal, triumphal entry for his ambassador in Rome, Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Meneses, Marquis of Fontes. Seeking to mimic the response received at the French court, 5,000 cruzados were spent on a luxurious entry for the Portuguese envoy. The ceremonial procession included a convoy of 300 carriages surrounding the pièce de résistance of the procession, the Oceans Coach,

an ornate carriage made in Lisbon to demonstrate the wealth of the Portuguese empire to Rome. Having impressed the papal court, Pope Clement XI raised the dignity of the Archdiocese of Lisbon to the Patriarchate of Lisbon, making the Portuguese capital only one of two dioceses with this title in Europe, alongside Venice. João's good fortune with the papacy and Italy would continue to raise the next year, in 1717, when the aid of a Portuguese squadron of ships helped win the Battle of Matapan, in the ongoing Ottoman-Venetian War.

Pope Clement XI's successor, Pope Innocent XIII,

had served as Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal from 1697 to 1710, at the court of João and his father King Pedro II. However, Innocent XIII's time in Portugal is cited to have been the source of his dislike of the Society of Jesus, owing to the immense power that the Jesuits held at the Portuguese court and the concessions they held across the Portuguese Empire at the time. An ongoing issue of importance to the Portugal was the long-standing Chinese Rites controversy, which largely concerned the methods used in Asia by the Jesuits, which were largely under patronage of the Portuguese. Innocent XIII's decision to prohibit the Jesuits from continuing their missions in China caused great upset at the Portuguese court. Though Innocent XIII's successor, Pope Benedict XIII,

was the only Pope to descend from Portuguese royalty (descending from King Dinis I of Portugal),

relations were no warmer with Portugal than under his predecessor. Discontent with the Vatican's dismissal of his requests, João retaliated against Benedict XIII in 1728, closing the Papal Nunciature in Lisbon, recalling all Portuguese cardinals from Rome, and prohibiting official relations between Portuguese subjects and the Holy See. Though Benedict XIII sought to resolve the issues through an amicable intermediary, King Philip V of Spain,

though João refused.

An issue of significance to João concerned the rank and appointment of the Apostolic Nuncio in Portugal, which the king wished to be raised to the dignity of a crown-cardinal and demanded input in the selection process. Both Clement XI and Innocent XIII had denied João's requests and Benedict XIII had failed to mediate a resolution. Only during the fourth papacy of João's reign was the issue resolved, when Pope Clement XII

acquiesced to the king's demands, in 1730, elevating the Portuguese nunciature to the dignity shared only with France, Austria, and Spain. João's last pope and Clement XII's successor, Pope Benedict XIV,

had a markedly better relation with the king, granting the king his desired recognition as a lawful Christian monarch. In 1748, the pope awarded the title of Most Faithful Majesty to João and his successors.

João's reign saw the rise of the Americas as the bastion of Portuguese imperial power, as fortunes became less lucrative in Asia and Africa. Under João, the Portuguese Empire saw territorial gains in modern-day Brazil, India, Kenya, Uruguay, East Timor, Angola, and Mozambique, among others.

Portuguese America occupied the highest priority in João's administration of the Portuguese Empire. The American colonies of Brazil and Maranhão had become vital sources of wealth to the royal treasury, making the protection, expansion, and good governance of Portuguese America crucial to imperial policy in the Joanine era. Expansion of Portuguese territory in the Americas was also a concern, which was primarily achieved through military incursions into the interior of the continent by Bandeirantes. Portugal also regained control of Uruguay following the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1714, and successfully defended it against an attempted Spanish reconquest in the Spanish–Portuguese War of 1735–37.

In the 1690′s, during the final years of King Pedro II's reign, precious resources were discovered in Brazil, namely vast gold and diamond deposits. However, exploitation of the resources primarily began in João's reign, with the establishment of mining companies, taxation systems, and a mercantilist supply chain, which ushered in a period known as the Brazilian Gold Rush. The Royal fifth was instituted as a form of taxation on mining activities, requiring a fifth of all gold to go directly to the king's treasury. In an effort to consolidate royal authority while promoting efficient governance, João took control of the Captaincy of São Vicente (in 1709) and the Captaincy of Pernambuco (in 1716), establishing direct royal governance in the two most valuable provinces of Brazil. In 1721, João ordered the separation of the region of intense mining from the rest of the Captaincy of São Vicente, into the autonomous captaincy of Minas Gerais (General Mines), allowing for the colonial administration to collect taxation more effectively.

Asia had been the traditional base of the Portuguese Empire's wealth and power, but its declining returns became especially noticeable during João's reign as gold and diamonds from the Americas flowed to Lisbon. Portuguese India, historically the "crown jewel" of the empire, was economically constrained, especially under the restrictive rule of the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa, which prohibited commerce with non-Christian merchants. Concurrently, Portugal's most important ally in the Indian subcontinent was the Mughal Empire, entered into a drastic decline following 1707, coinciding with the rise of the Maratha Empire, long-time enemies of the Portuguese. Portugal suffered territorial losses after the Battle of Vasai and the Maratha conquest of Baçaim, although the size of Portuguese India would triple from 1713 to 1788, in an era known as the Novas Conquistas (New Conquests). The declining importance of Portuguese India resulted in numerous administrative reorganizations during João's reign, including the independence of Portuguese Mozambique from rule by the Viceroy of Portuguese India, as well as the creation of a direct commercial route from Portugal to Portuguese Macau (present day China) which eliminated the stop at the Indian port of Goa.

The Portuguese colonization of Africa was less important to João's colonial priorities compared to the Americas and Asia. Minor contentions with Dutch corsairs blocking shipments to and from the Portuguese Gold Coast in the 1720′s resulted in successful Portuguese victory over the Dutch in minor naval battles. Notable, tensions were also raised with Britain in 1722 when British forces established a fortification in Cabinda (in modern-day Angola), which had been claimed and evangelized by the Portuguese since the 15th century. A notable rare exception to the long-standing Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, João ordered galleons from the Armada do Brasil to dispatch to Cabinda to either take possession of the fort or destroy it and its men, resulting in a Portuguese victory in 1723. Portugal briefly reconquered Mombasa (modern-day Kenya) in 1728, only to lose control over it again in 1729, ending the last period of Portuguese rule in Mombasa.

Joanine culture

João is often remembered as one of the greatest patrons of the arts in Portuguese history, having commissioned numerous construction projects and artistic studies. The king's most famous and important work was the Royal Palace-Convent of Mafra.

In early 1711, married to Maria Anna of Austria for three years and without an heir, João grew worried for the future of the House of Bragança. He met with D. Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde, High-Inquisitor of Portugal, who assured the king that if he promised to build a convent for Franciscans in Mafra, in the Lisbon countryside, Maria Anna would bear him a child by the end of 1711. João agreed to do so. Construction started in 1717, with plans for a modest church convent for one hundred friars. However, in the following years, with a gratuitous flow of gold from the American colonies of Brazil and Maranhão, the plans were altered to become a magnum opus of João's reign, accommodating three hundred friars and adjusted to become a hybrid convent-palace, including a royal library, a basilica, and a vast set of apartments for the royal family. Noting the vast size and scope of the project, Charles de Merveilleux, a Swiss nobleman living in Portugal in 1726, remarked that "King João has decided to build a second Escorial."

With the new plans for a palatial complex, the project at Mafra, entrusted to royal architect João Frederico Ludovice,

became much more than a fulfillment of a religious promise, but rather a demonstration of monarchical power and wealth. By 1729, 15,470 workers from throughout Portugal and its colonies were contributing to the construction of the palace, alongside a total of 6,124 infantrymen and cavalrymen, making a total of 21,594 persons involved in the building process and site that year. While the majority of the palace was completed by 1730, João was so consumed in completing the project that he decreed it mandatory for all inhabitants of the villages of Mafra and Ericeira to work at the palace, requiring an excused permission not to participate, and only under extraordinary circumstances. In regard to the exuberant cost of the palatial complex, Merveilleux remarked that "three quarters of the royal treasury and nearly all of the gold brought on the fleets from Brazil were here, at Mafra, turned into stone."

Mafra stood as a monument to regal power, even though it would become only a pleasure palace and never a seat of authority. João commissioned numerous operas, comedies, and serenades to be celebrated at the palace with great pomp, and its enormous property became the favoured hunting grounds of the royal family for centuries to come. The king also began to celebrate his birthday annually at Mafra, starting in 1732. João housed one of the largest and most sumptuous libraries in Europe within the palace,

with over 36,000 volumes dating from the 14th to the 18th centuries. A curiosity about this library is that it used bats to preserve the books from the moths. This library and the Coimbra Univeristy Library are the only libraries in the World to use this method of preservation of the its books. Works at Mafra would continue until 1755, when the devastation wreaked by the Great Lisbon earthquake required as many workers as possible to rebuild the city.

João was afflicted with dropsy which caused his death in 1750 at age 60. He rest in the Bragança Pantheon.

King João has the following children:

By Maria Ana of Austria (7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754; married by proxy on 27 June 1708)

Maria Barbara, Queen of Spain (4 December 1711 – 27 August 1758) Married Fernando VI, King of Spain. She had no children from this marriage.

Pedro, Prince of Brazil (19 October 1712 – 29 October 1714) Prince of Brazil from birth to his death.

José I of Portugal (6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777) King of Portugal from 1750 until 1777. He was married to Mariana Victoria of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain. He had four children from this marriage.

Infante Carlos of Portugal (2 May 1716 – 1 April 1736) He died at the age of 19, of a fever.

Pedro III of Portugal (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) King of Portugal, jure uxoris, from 1777 until 1786. He was married to Queen Maria I of Portugal. He had seven children from this marriage.

Infante Alexandre of Portugal (24 September 1723 – 2 August 1728) He died at the age of 4, of smallpox.

By Luísa Inês Antónia Machado Monteiro

António of Bragança (1 October 1714 – 14 August 1800) One of the three Children of Palhavã. João V recognized him and gave him share of his estate.

By Madalena Máxima de Miranda (c. 1690 – )

Gaspar of Bragança (8 October 1716 – 18 January 1789) Archbishop-Primate of Braga from 1758 until 1789. One of the three Children of Palhavã. João V recognized him and gave him share of his estate.

By Paula de Odivelas (1701 – 1768)

José of Bragança (8 September 1720 – 31 July 1801) High Inquisitor of the Portuguese Inquisition from 1758 until 1777. One of the three Children of Palhavã. João V recognized him and gave him share of his estate.

By Luísa Clara de Portugal (21 August 1702 – 31 August 1779)

Maria Rita of Bragança (28 May 1731–27 November 1808) Nun at the Convent of Santos, in Lisbon. João V did not officially recognize her, but he paid for her expenses.

#king joao v of portugal #king of portugal #bragança dynasty #portugal history

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thearrangment-phff · 6 years ago

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LXI.

May 2018

ARCHDUCHESS ISABELLA, THE DUCHESS OF SUSSEX HAS BEEN SAFELY DELIVERED OF TWO SONS

Her Imperial and Royal Highness Archduchess Isabella, The Duchess of Sussex was safely delivered of two sons at 5:15pm and 5:32pm.

The first baby weighs 10lbs 6 oz and the second baby weighs 11lbs 2 oz

The Duke of Sussex was present for the birth

The Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh, The Prince of Wales, The Duchess of Cornwall, The Duke of Cambridge, The Duchess of Cambridge, Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg and members of both families have been informed and are delighted with the news.

Her Imperial and Royal Highness and her children are both doing well and have been remaining in Belgium since the birth.

“How are you?”

“Very tired and still in pain,” answered Isabella.

“I went to go see the young princes. They are all you Belle.”

“Thank you, Michel, but they are not princes. Harry’s grandmother did not give them titles,” replied Isabella.

“But they will be one day.”

“Yes, but-”

“Have you thought about godparents yet?” interrupted Michel.

“I have,” answered Isabella.

“Forgive me. Since Alix gave birth to Olympia last year, I have been in heaven.”

“I understand.”

“It reminds me of my childhood that’s all. The dozens of cousins running around, the marriages, and the children. My mother is ecstatic about your sons,” smiled Michel.

“I only have three godparents chosen so far. One is Harry’s longtime friend and mentor, the other is Harry’s private secretary. The third is King Philippe.”

“The King? A great choice. He would be honored to godfather to a British prince. Something like that probably has not happened since the days of Queen Victoria.”

“I was also thinking of Henri,” added Isabella.

“My Henri?” asked Michel.

“Yes. He’s always been there for me, and I’ve just given birth in the Château he will one day inherit... so it seems like the right thing to do.”

“Anyone else?”

“A couple of cousins from both Harry and I and maybe some of Harry’s friends but that’s all. I was thinking of Charlie and Bertie each having about five or six godparents each,” answered Isabella.

“How you heard anything about Marie Gabrielle?” asked Michel.

“She’s on bedrest last time I heard. She’s due the first week of June and Antonius has been over the moon about having his little boy in his arms.”

“I also know your sister-in-law Kathleen is pregnant again. How many great-grandchildren for uncle Jean?”

“By the end of this year, it will be seventeen great-grandchildren. Charlie and Bertie are numbers seven and eight for Her Majesty,” answered Isabella.

“I have no doubt there will be several announcements in January. By 2019 I presume uncle Jean will have 25 great-grandchildren.”

“Perhaps. Grandpapa does have 17 grandchildren. Her Majesty only has 8. There is much difference between the two.”

“Of course there is. In our family, you have as many children as you want. With the British they can’t do that, they have too many eyes on them.”

“Do you think it was wise to marry Harry?”

Michel gave Isabella a shocked look, “Do you really want my opinion?” asked Michel.

“Of course. You are my family after all,” answered Isabella.

“I think it would have been wiser to marry my son or Joachim.”

“Marry Henri? I never thought about that so much in all honesty,” replied Isabella.

“Well, you and he did have flirtation before you and Joachim ever were something.”

“Michel, Joachim and I were always something.”

“Well yes, but I always thought that you and Henri would have been perfect. I can only hope he will marry someone with a great bloodline like yours,” smiled Michel.

“You mean your family. We have the same family after all,” laughed Isabella.

“Yes, well, you do have dozens of cousins. Bourbons or Habsburgs will be okay with me,” laughed Michel.

“Forgive me, but I think it’s time for me to relax. If you find my mother, please send her up here,” asked Isabella.

“Darling what’s wrong?” asked Marie Astrid.

“I just have some questions,” answered Isabella.

“Oh of course. What are they?”

“How long will I be bleeding for?” asked Isabella.

“Some women bleed a little as 2 weeks, but for the most part it will be a month,” answered Marie Astrid.

“I feel so disgusting now. Giving birth is nothing like I expected. Why didn’t anyone tell me anything?!”

“You just had a more difficult pregnancy. I can assure you that most women and maybe even you will never have to experience something like that,” replied Marie Astrid.

“How are they? Are they healthy? I worry about them.”

“Gabriella finished feeding them a while ago. Don’t forget to thank your sister for doing that for you while you recover. They are large babies Belle! Such handsome little boys, they remind me of you when you were such a tiny little thing,” beamed Marie Astrid.

“How is Harry? Was he okay during... everything?”

“Poor boy was a mess. He was so worried for you and the boys. He looked so happy holding the boys in his arms. Everyone is just over the moon!”

“What about my stomach? I still look so pregnant.”

“With most women, it takes about a month for the uterus to return to normal size. Although, since you had twins and huge twins might I add, I think it would be well over two months for you,” answered Marie Astrid.

“I tried walking today and I just couldn’t. I gave birth almost a week ago, and it feels like it’s only been a day!” said Isabella.

“You were very weak in the beginning, it was a difficult pregnancy, and your body just needs time to recover. You have no rush to leave this room any time soon. Besides by the time you’ve healed, you’ll just feel so tired with two babies.”

“Okay,” replied Isabella accepting defeat.

“The Duchess of Sussex has given birth to Charles Henry Ferdinand Baudoin Jean Philip and Albert Maximilian Christian Leopold Felix Ludwig. Both the children and the mother are doing fine. The Duchess of Sussex has been remaining in Belgium until it is safe for her to travel.”

June 2018

“Belle I am telling you he is the cutest thing in the world!” yelled Marie Gabrielle, Isabella’s cousin.

“I’m so happy for you Elle!”

“I think we’ve decided on a name too, Zeno. It’s a family name on Toni’s side, and we just fell in love with it.”

“Any middle names yet?” asked Isabella.

“Probably Philippe after the king. Maybe Jean for great-grandpapa or Thierry for Toni’s grandfather.”

“What about godparents?”

“Nothing. I haven’t even chosen names, let alone godparents Belle,” laughed Marie Gabrielle.

“I think Wenceslas or Johan would be perfect as a godfather,” suggested Isabella.

“Why not Constantin?”

“Constantin had a baby last month, he’s had his fair share of attention for the year. Besides, you know Wenceslas is my favorite of all of you,” replied Isabella.

“Well I am hurt Belle,” joked Marie Gabrielle.

“You have to call me the moment you pick a date for Zeno’s christening! I cannot wait to be with the family again.”

“What about Charlie and Bertie’s christening? Surely that will come before Zeno’s.”

“I was planning for it in a couple of days but my body is still recovering, and I don’t feel like going out in public just yet,” answered Isabella.

“How much longer do you think you and the twins will stay in Belgium? Surely you are wanted in London.”

“Buckingham Palace is going to release a statement that I will need time to recover after the difficult birth but obviously be vaguer than that.”

“Belle, Ella said that you almost died giving birth to those boys. Surely they will give you all the time to recover.”

“I did not almost die! That is such an exaggeration. Her Majesty would give me all the time in the world to recover, but the press and the people would not like it. I am the Edelweiss, and she is the English Rose,” said Isabella.

“It amazes me how confident yet insecure about yourself,” laughed Marie Gabrielle.

“I think this conversation has run its course. Goodbye Elle.”

“Okay. Goodbye Belle. Don’t worry too much, you are much too pretty for that,” laughed Marie Gabrielle.

#PHFF #Prince Harry Fanfiction #Prince Harry Fanfic #Royal Fanfic #Royal Fanfiction #Fanfiction

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jewish-philosophy · 7 years ago

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Jewish Assimilation in Austria.

The accession of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741–1790) as sole ruler of the Habsburg lands in 1780 ushered in a tumultuous decade of change. The enlightened absolutist emperor intervened in the internal affairs of his Jewish subjects on an unprecedented scale, with the intent of altering the contours of Jewish culture and society.

Joseph II’s mother, Maria Theresa, had, during her 40-year reign (1740–1780), already introduced major reforms aimed at strengthening her vulnerable dominions. As an absolutist ruler, the empress had sought to concentrate power in her hands and bring about a measure of uniformity in her far-flung realms.

Joseph II was determined to pursue the absolutist policies of his mother, but abandoned her caution and perceived half-measures, and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment. Mother and son had dramatically parted ways over religious toleration. In a sharp exchange conducted while Joseph was on a visit to France in June and July 1777, he questioned the wisdom of the prevailing policy of discrimination and urged complete freedom of worship. His mother was appalled, viewing his religious toleration as a sign of indifference that would prove disastrous to her realms. Most probably it was not by chance that it was during this very time she penned her oft-cited bitter assessment of Jews: “I do not know a worse public plague than this nation; with their fraud, usury, and money dealing they reduce people to beggary, practicing all sort of evil transactions that an honest man abhors. Therefore, they are to be kept away from here and [their numbers] diminished as far as possible.” While her son shared many of these sentiments—“I have never regarded the so numerous Jewry in my hereditary lands as the best kind of people,” he wrote in 1788—he nevertheless tried to overcome his aversion and improve their lot. His reign inaugurated the modern tutelary state’s policies of tough love toward its Jewish subjects.

Within a year of succeeding his mother to the throne, Joseph issued a cluster of sweeping reforms, among them the Edict of Toleration for Protestants, permitting private worship and access to public office. Addressing a different set of issues, he also issued Edicts of Toleration for his Jewish subjects, separate patents (systematic regulations made public) for each of the various possessions where Jews had been permitted to reside in significant numbers: Bohemia, 19 October 1781; Lombardy, Goricia, and Gradisca as well as Trieste, between September and December 1781; Austrian Silesia, 15 December 1781; Lower Austria (Vienna), 2 January 1782; Moravia, 13 February 1782; Hungary, 31 March 1783; Galicia, 27 May 1785 and 7 May 1789.

Earlier, on 13 May 1781, Joseph had made his intentions known to both the supreme chancellor Count Blümegen and the Hungarian chancellor Count Pálffy, outlining a series of measures that would make the “numerous members of the Jewish nation more useful to the state.” Utility was measured by the standards drawn from current ideas of political economy, heavily influenced by populationist and to some extent by then outdated physiocratic notions that judged Jewish economic endeavors as “unproductive,” a term that carried moral and not only economic connotations.

The means to achieve a useful and “productive” Jewry involved a dual transformation: economic and cultural. The languages of the Jews bred mistrust, misunderstanding, and corrupt practices; hence, Hebrew and Yiddish were to be confined strictly to the religious sphere. Within a space of two or three years all documents were to be formulated in one of the local vernaculars. Education was the means to accomplish this linguistic shift; Jews were to establish their own schools under state supervision or were to send their children to Christian ones without prejudicing in the least their religious beliefs. Universities and other institutions of higher learning should now be opened to Jews. Economic transformation was to be accomplished by removing existing constraints, expanding the range of new branches of livelihood in order to channel Jews away from their “characteristic usury and deceitful trade” toward productive occupations such as agriculture, transportation, crafts, arts, and manufacture. Jews were to be restored to their dignity: their notables could carry swords; they were no longer obligated to pay the degrading body tax or display discriminatory signs such as yellow bands or beards.

In the months that followed, intensive discussions took place at all levels of administration in the different Habsburg dominions where Jews lived. There were objections, especially at the lower levels of the bureaucracy. The emperor felt compelled to issue an imperial resolution on 30 September, later incorporated into the Silesian edict, to clarify the proposed legislation. The main purpose of the new laws, he stated, was not to increase the number of Jews in the realm, but rather through enlightenment and economic opportunities to render Jews no longer harmful to society. In time they would become either good Christians or would improve their moral character and become useful citizens. It is noteworthy that Joseph’s edicts did not abolish the Familiants Laws that limited the Jewish population in the Bohemian lands, or the restrictions on tolerated Jews in Vienna, or the Toleration Tax.

In the wake of the edict, Jewish Normalschulen (“normal” schools; a pedagogic system) were established during the decade of Joseph’s rule: one each in Trieste and Görz, 25 in Bohemia, 42 in Moravia (probably exaggerated), 23 in Hungary (certainly too low), and 93 (rising eventually to more than 120) in Galicia and Bukowina. These schools, located often in quite backward areas, provided thousands of Jewish boys and girls with modest skills in reading and writing as well as arithmetic. (While German was not mandatory, it did become the language of instruction throughout the empire, except in Italy.) This was a utilitarian program, which the traditional Jewish establishment could cautiously accept. Celebrations accompanied the inauguration of schools in Trieste, Prague, Pressburg, Lemberg, and Brody. There is no reason to suppose that there was any principled opposition to these schools; if anything, it was the financial burden that posed a problem. However, a new phase began when Herz Homberg was appointed supervisor of the Jewish normal schools in Galicia in 1787, and a bit later as supervisor of religious education as well. His unprecedented autonomy with regard to the Jewish communities; control of relatively large resources, funds and manpower; supervision not only over the secular, but also the religious educational network; and Haskalah-inflected worldview that did not balk at coercion, aroused suspicion and opposition.

In the years that followed the initial edicts, a number of additional decrees, regulations (more systematic), and patents were issued in order to bring Jewish legal status in line with general reforms. Among these were several that were seen by Jews as unwarranted intervention in their internal religious affairs. In general, the period from 1785 onward was characterized by a more systematic and radical bent, in some ways more liberal, but also tending toward rash social engineering. The promulgation of the general Justice Patent led to a confining of the authority of rabbinic courts to arbitration, proscribing the ban of excommunication, and restricting communal autonomy to purely religious matters (27 May 1785 Galician Patent). The general Marriage Patent of 1786 also impinged upon specific Jewish laws and customs such as divorce (17 January 1788), as did the mandated waiting period of 48 hours before the dead could be buried (3 July 1786). The normal-school certification came to be increasingly exploited as a convenient prerequisite for any number of matters: engaging in certain occupations (already in the Hungarian edict of 31 March 1783); marriage (15 April 1786); qualification for Behelfers, that is, assistants to religious teachers (20 December 1787); and the rabbinate and Talmud study for children (1789 Galician edict).

Potentially more damaging were the emperor’s proposed regulations of Jewish economic activities. Already in the first years of his reign, Joseph ordered the brutal expulsion of several thousand indigent and vagabond Jews from Galicia. Although these draconian measures affected only about 1 percent of Galician Jewry, they gave an indication of what the emperor was capable of. Joseph, like many of his officials, perceived a Jewish presence in the countryside as harmful to the peasantry. Only those Jews who personally worked the land were to be tolerated, even encouraged, in rural areas. At first, the early edicts of toleration spoke only of the possibility of leasing, but the 1785 Galician Patent already permitted Jews expressly to purchase such land. Similar ordinances were passed for the other dominions of the empire. Two months later (16 July 1785), Joseph went further and proposed that Jewish agricultural colonies be set up along the lines of German settlements then being established in Galicia. Groups of Jews petitioned to settle in such colonies: the first of these, Dombrówka near Sandz (Nowy Sącz), was founded in the spring of 1786; the best known was Neu-Babylon near Bolechów. The 1789 Patent declared that every Jewish community was to designate a number of families for agricultural settlement; a quota of 1,410 families was set for Galicia. Inexperienced, lacking funds and allocated poor farm lands, these colonies had little chance of success.

Excluding Jews from leasing various monopolies became the object of a string of ordinances between 1784 and 1787. These measures would have been disastrous to the approximately one-third of Galician Jewry engaged in leasing of one sort or another. Another third would also have been adversely affected by the ban on peddling in Galicia, although buying up produce from peasants was still allowed (27 May 1785 Galician Patent).

Just how far these decrees were implemented is not clear. At times they did not apply to current leases, only to new ones, and at other times a grace period of several years was allowed. The emperor was also none too consistent when dealing with dominions other than Galicia. In May 1786, Joseph proposed that after the termination of present leases in Hungary, Jews should be prohibited from leasing inns. Here, too, about a third of the Jewish populace would have been affected had the emperor not been dissuaded by his Hungarian vice-chancellor Pálffy of this rash move. Likewise, peddling in Hungary was explicitly allowed (7 April 1788) as it was also in Bohemia (4 June 1787).

These various decrees and their reversals were summed up in the 7 May 1789 Galician Patent, which was also meant to be implemented for the rest of the empire. All restrictions on choice of livelihood were now lifted, but the prohibition of leasing of peasant landholdings, mills, tenths, market fees, and inns was maintained. The leasing of entire estates and associated monopolies, however, was now permitted for the first time. Peddling was also allowed in both urban and rural areas. After the death of the emperor, most of these measures were reversed or observed in the breach.

One decree that did have far-reaching consequences ordered Jews to adopt personal and family names (23 July 1787). This was yet another expression of bureaucratic standardization linked to the obligation that rabbis now maintain parish registers (Matrikel) of births, marriages, and deaths. The personal names were expressly ordered to be German ones and were chosen from a prepared list of ostensibly biblical, but often bizarre names such as Abdenago, Achitophel, Nabuchadonosor, and Semiramith. At the same time, typical postbiblical names such as Meir and Akiba were missing. These choices were soon rectified. Jews were usually free to choose their family names (there is little actual evidence of the abuses that reportedly were visited upon Galician Jews by malicious officials); most, save the Italians, chose German names though there were a few who elected Slavic or Hungarian ones.

Military conscription of Jews began in Galicia in February 1788 and spread to the Bohemian lands and Hungary in the months that followed. This was the first time that Jews served as soldiers in modern times. While the war council consistently opposed Jewish participation in the army and recommended that instead Jews be permitted to hire mercenary substitutes, the emperor was quite adamant that Jews do personal service. Repeated petitions and delegations to the emperor proved useless. At first, Jews were designated only for transport and hauling artillery, but soon were permitted to volunteer for combat and to serve in the infantry. It has been estimated that 35,000 Jews served in the Habsburg armies during the quarter of a century of French wars.

The Edict of Toleration issued for Galicia on 7 May 1789 was the most far-reaching to date. It tried to resolve the following question: Were Jews to continue their existence within the state as a separate corporate entity with special privileges and liabilities, or were they to be set on equal footing with other citizens and all that implied as far as rights and duties were concerned? It reiterated what the 1785 Patent had decreed, that the traditional community was now abolished and that Jews were to be fully incorporated into their locales, subsumed under the authority of the local judicial and administrative authorities. The Jewish community was to be conceived from then on as a guildlike association intended only to serve strictly religious needs. The 1789 edict added a new dimension: Jews were now granted equal civil rights in their places of residence along with passive and active voting rights in municipal elections. But what did it mean that Jews were to be treated as equals in a society where inequality of estates still obtained?

The 1789 edict had hinted at its vision in a subparagraph stating that if Jews worked land that incurred urbarial obligations—that is, labor duties of a serf—then they had to fulfill them. But if Jews could be conceivably viewed as serfs, was there a possibility that they could also become nobles? A few months later, a decree enabled Jews to buy up entire estates with all the attending feudal privileges. Israel Hönig applied immediately to purchase the Velm estate, and in consequence requested to be ennobled. On 2 September 1789, he became the first Jew in the Habsburg monarchy to be raised to the nobility.

The 1789 Edict was probably the most influential piece of Jewish legislation in Central and Eastern Europe, since in a truncated fashion—that is, divested of all its truly liberal clauses—it became the model for the Bohemian Judensystemalpatent of 1797, the Prussian legislation for the newly acquired Polish lands, the General-Juden-Reglement für Sud- und Neu-Ost Preussen, and the Law of 1804 and subsequent Russian legislation. Even earlier, Joseph’s initial edicts of toleration had a noticeable impact on many German principalities and even on revolutionary France.

Contemporaries well recognized the importance of the 1789 Edict. Historians have overlooked the explicit reference to Joseph II’s 1789 patent in what has become the classic statement on behalf of Jewish equality, Count Stanislas Clermont-Tonnere’s speech of 23 December 1789 before the National Assembly. “Everything must be refused to the Jews as a nation; everything must be granted to them as individuals...Jewish judicial, legislative, and corporate autonomy must be abolished, he went on. “They must not constitute in the state a political body or estate. They must be individually citizens and if they do not wish to be so, then they must be banished”. “There cannot be a nation within a nation.”

What was this if not a rehearsal of the main features of the Galician Judenpatent? The liberal count continued and made the following clinching argument for Jewish equality: “The Jews in the state of the emperor enjoy not only the rights of citizens, but also still the possibility of attaining those honorific distinctions [meaning Hönig’s ennoblement] that we have destroyed and which still survive there in all their force.” The legislation of Joseph II in 1789 thus represented the farthest point to which enlightened absolutism could move toward Jewish equality within the context of a feudal society of legally differentiated orders.

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topfygad · 5 years ago

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Vienna Alps – Austria’s Semmering and Rax In A Day

Vienna Alps. Did you know that the Alps are just an hour’s drive from Vienna? At the foothills of Europe’s largest mountain range, the Rax and Semmering create Alpine feelings. That said, you will find easy hiking paths, lovely historic villas and lush surroundings as well. In fact, the kind of things Empress Sissi, Sigmund Freud, baron Rothschild and many other Viennese already enjoyed. Here is my day’s guide to the Wiener Alpen.

Hiking In The Rax Alps

Taking the cable car up to the Rax summit is the quickest way to enjoy panoramic vistas. In less than 10 minutes you glide speedily across tree tops, Alpine meadows and rocky mountainsides. While the cable car is state of the art, it was the first touristic funicular in Austria some 95 years ago.

Up there at almost 1,600 meters, the limestone plateau opens up surreal vistas of mountains and valleys. There are several hiking paths connecting Alpine shelters with panoramic vistas. Where ever you walk creeping pines and protected rare plants accompany you.

If you just have two to three hours on the Rax, walk to Ottohaus shelter on a broad largely flat path along the mountain top, at 30 minutes from the funicular station at the top. In the winter you can take a guided snowshoe walk there in about 40 minutes.

In the spring and summer, the Rax Alpine Garden just underneath Ottohaus merits a visit: Imagine a carpet of lupines, columbines, milkwort, mountain avens, campions, and even edelweiss and gentian!

Another really scenic hike is to Luckerte Wand, an amazing rock formation including several caves, near the Rax Alps. You can hire your own private guide for the Luckerte Wand hike, which takes about two hours.

Location: Rax Seilbahn (funicular), 2651 Hirschwang an der Rax 86; Opening Times: end of April to early November

Alternative Option: Semmering

Being part of the Vienna Alps the Semmering saddle south of Rax will ring a bell with railway engineers. In the mid 19th century Carl Ritter von Ghega broke ground building the world’s first normal lane mountain railway: the Semmeringbahn. While you can hike along the historic railway track and its iconic bridge are a UNESCO World Heritage Site mostly modern Austrian Railway carriages now rush through between Vienna and Graz.

Probably the most exciting place to visit is Zauberberg mountain, where my kids learnt to ski. If you are not into winter sports, take a hike in the summer. Like at the Rax Alp, you can take a cable car up to the mountain top. A little lower than Rax’s hilltop station, Liechtenstein mountain lodge is at 1,340 meters above sea level.

For short hikes there are three paths allowing between 30 minutes and three hours of hiking between Sonnwendstein and Hirschenkogel mountains. Alternatively, you can join a wildlife biologist on a private day hiking trip to Semmering. Through July and August, the cable car operates daily, otherwise Thursday to Sunday (as per 2019).

Society Spot Reichenau

Once THE summer resort of the Viennese society, the town and climatic spa of Reichenau has left an air of nostalgia. Against the backdrop of the Viennese Alps quaint town houses mix with stunning villas. By the way, it is from here that Vienna gets his tap water from!

Just next to a mountain range a riverside hiking path leads to a manicured park with flower beds and a lake. Whereas the impressive wooden pavilion once resonated with folk choirs and brass music bands it now houses farmers’ markets and festivals.

Close to the center, affluent Viennese had followed Empress Sissi and Emperor Francis Joseph in setting up camp. After the Southern Railway connected Reichenau with Vienna in the mid 19th century a villa construction boom started in this sleepy town. Across the Schwarza river the Sisi Schloss, aka Rudolfsvilla, became a summer retreat for the young Habsburg family. Though not open to the public you can see various paintings, historic photos and information on the outside wall.

If you are a Sigmund Freud fan, pass by the hotel he used to stay when in Reichenau. At Hotel Knappenhof, general manager Brigitte Klenner-Kaindl has collected various original objects and documents. Among them is case study ‘K’ about the sister of the hotel’s builder, and the only BBC interview of Sigmund Freud. Do contact the hotel in advance if you would like to see the collection.

On the other side of Reichenau you will find pink Villa Wartholz. Until 1918, it was also the residence of the last Habsburg Emperor and his wife, Charles I and Zita. Erstwhile a reclusive society spot for imperials, nobles and celebrities, you will still find it difficult to access the privately owned villa.

Instead, head around to the revitalised Wartholz nursery for coffee and cakes (Wednesday to Sunday). If you visit during the week, sneak into the art gallery of nearby Schloss Rothschild to see the castle’s interiors. In the late 19th century, Baron Nathaniel Rothschild built the magnificent castle to outshine the Habsburg neighbours.

Looshaus am Kreuzberg

While the Reichenau villas all display an elegant historic chic one famous dwelling went against the trend. High on the hills of neighbouring Payerbach Modernist guru Adolf Loos built a retreat for Viennese industrialist Paul Khuner. Far from purist, however, Loos chose to develop the local traditional farmhouse style to create a modern and comfortable home. At first sight, it looks like a charming old farmhouse but reveals quirky features close up: For example, in order to operate the more durable but heavy metal window shutters, Loos let them roll on small wheels along the facade!

When we had lunch on the panorama terrace of the Looshaus hotel and restaurant I inspected the interiors. At first, the side entrance felt small and the ceiling hovered closely above my head like in a usual farmhouse. Unexpectedly, however, the main restaurant room (former living room) opened up into a lofty gallery with two-storey panoramic windows inviting a lush mountain scenery inside. The tasteful 1930s design even included Loos’ two original corner seats near a fire place.

Just behind the house, small paths lead through a sun flooded forest of birches, beeches and fir trees: perfect for a relaxed stroll to soak up nature.

How To Get To the Vienna Alps

You can take fast trains from Vienna to Payerbach-Reichenau in 1.5 hours, and then hire a taxi to go around. Alternatively hire a private car and driver from Vienna – email me at [email protected] – or simply rent a car.

explore more Day Trips From Vienna go back to Vienna Unwrapped homepage

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justforustravel-blog · 7 years ago

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Vienna 36 hours - #GrabenStreet, #HabsburgDynasty, #HofburgPalace, #HungarianEmpire, #LeopoldMuseum, #Museumsquartier, #Schatzkammer, #SchönbrunnPalace, #Vienna, #ViennaInternationalAirport

New Post has been published on http://justforustravel.com/2017/10/16/vienna-36-hours/

Vienna 36 hours

Vienna both the culture and the Arts, is a city rich in terms of both activity. Anyone passing by be sure to ask about Vienna today, you’ll get a few answers in return. But we never, we don’t think of you, and you get all the answers we are starting to fit up to 36 hours.

Willkommen in Wien 09.00

you’ve taken your first step to Vienna, this is probably Vienna International Airport (Flughafen Wien-Schwechat). Like us here if you wish to town, from tram (CAT) from the airport you can reach using the buses at specific intervals, or you can use a shield. If the load is greater, and if you’re forced in public transportation, by taxi about 40? for innerstadt you may be able to. As the city comes to a lot of museums and public transportation, which will give you an advantage in Vienna Card‘. ini, don’t forget to take!

10.30 Express, tourist attractions – I

Vienna Express and while it seems a little funny to look at each of the words, are able to throw a quick tour of the Innenstadt district. Our first stop in the tourist heart cazibeler Express innerstadt Hofburg Palace. At first Habsburg dynasty on the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which houses a lot of palaces, is one of the most beautiful palaces in Vienna. In the house, dozens of not hundreds of millions of work. The Palace, if possible, voice guided NAV; don’t forget that many museums are closed in the days of Tuesday. If you wish to see real gems Royal, inside the house the Schatzkammer‘, or come by.

a lot of wandering in the Palace, time will pass and you’ll get tired. To relieve the fatigue when he left the Palace, turn left and burggarten go. Here relax a little, monitor the environment, and statue of Mozart‘, what you can browse. Near burggarten Vienna, is worth a visit. the Magritte, Durrer, Kandinsky, Monnet, Picasso, Gustav Klimt exhibitions taking place here. The world’s most important exhibitions of the museum known as the Vienna‘s don’t forget that you need a few hours to explore it.

Vienna and opera would be unthinkable to separate the words, right? To experience an opera in Vienna with address the most important here. Opera is regarded as the most spectacular in the world, Staatsoper Wien, you need to enter into a challenging effort to listen to opera. To listen like us if you have time, a 45 minute tour of this magnificent building; you should travel with a guide to the backstage.

15.00 Mozart, accompanied by a sweet and coffee break

we have a right to express a little rest to tourist attractions during Dec. Set in Vienna’s tourist attraction sites, and in particular the Vienna near Staatsoper, Vienna’s most famous cafes, Cafe Mozart should definitely visit. Mozart torte wells and it’s amazing! In addition, you can find this cafe in a Turkish pastry.

16.00 Express tourist attractions – II

Actually, we’re going to an area without any express; Museumsquartier. This region is a large museum complex spread over a large area, actually. A total of 70 apart from the museum, located in the heart of this area, the normal entry%2 day you need to devote 9fartlarda. You can feel it in his lungs as full of art, come here and you can enjoy the cafes, the choice is yours. Like the rest of us Kunsthalle‘s us with the alternatives we have to offer or you can visit other Leopold Museum and Museum of Modern Art you can browse. Also if it is going to be sunny surely enjoy the sun loungers. No, no, no beach, of course!

after leaving the museum behind Parking Rathaus(Municipal Building) walk towards. On my way in here the Volkstheater’Yi (State Theatre) you can see. Seasons, winter; Wiener to increase (Vienna ice dream) expand you can see immediately in front of the municipal building. Wonderful hot chocolate you can drink on the edge of the ice rink. Immediately in front of it Vienna. Built in 1741, this is the Austrian National Theatre; the German-speaking countries is among the most prestigious Theatre as shown. Will not return without seeing this place. There is also a very elegant restaurant just under, it is recommended.

Express to the tourist attractions on a related note, the places we’re talking about a few days in advance if at all possible you need to buy a ticket or make a booking. Otherwise you may not get a ticket.

19.00 dinner: Schnitzel in Vienna

Vienna’s most famous schnitzel dish is undoubtedly. Figlmuller’is the most famous of Vienna also, and for some, maybe it’s for the best. But we’re more local, and private place; the Neubau Schnitzelwirtwe recommend you click here for. Portions carried forward from the plate it seems. Schnitzel serving a 7?you can eat. Knoblauch schnitzel mit Bratkartoffeln (Garlic schnitzel and French fries) legendary flavor.

right to 21.00 a night in Vienna

dozens of options to relieve the fatigue of the day and have some fun in Vienna. Demonstrating your skills on the dance floor with a drink a drink to before and meet new people wonderful homemade, the 1516 Brewing Company our suggestion. Immediately to the bar and asked yourself a Hop India pale ale tell. I must say that currently they are quite popular in Vienna.

23.00 dance and some art and culture

all that day, after my visit to the Museum, the Museum of you, I still have energy left to dance a little bit if you want that there are dozens of night clubs in Vienna. Among them is most interesting and we partied a lot Donau Techno, especially for lovers of techno music it’s a pretty crazy place. Alternative more seekers and a nightclub for those who want to the elite Chaya fuera we can offer. 7. Area, the kind of place quite often if there is an audience.

unusual hostel experience 01.00

very often you can find hotels in Vienna at the height of elegance but a bit more economical and you can live you’re looking for suggestions, believe it or not Hostel is perfect for you. At the same time only 10 people can stay where all the tourist attractions and restaurants in the immediate vicinity of museumquarter this historic building is located in the middle of. Even the hostel with stylish looks and decent surroundings, it’s hard to believe.

market 09.00 is on a Saturday, Sunday, hop on a tram square first business history of St.go. The place filled to overflowing with tourists, you can have a light breakfast accompanied by a cup of espresso. This street, which is one of Europe’s most beautiful markets, stalls selling local products, from mobile restaurants you can find everything. In Vienna also the best location to get souvenirs at a very affordable price.

11.00 of Vienna the unusual house

Vienna The 3rd district, renowned architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser the building of 52 houses, it is quite a magnificent structure and a very interesting exterior with colorful. As you can spend a good time with a coffee in the cafes in the vicinity, you can browse the gift shops.

12.30 away from the city: Schönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn Palace the Palace is Austria’s most important other, however, and a few miles west of the city staying away. Both this palace and the magnificent cultural and from a political perspective is very important to Austria to visit the area and your spare time here you can buy tickets according to the variable that you want to go. Looking for a friend to quit if you wish, you can hang out in the Palace garden for free.

14.30 the Baroque experience

built in the year 1365 in the center of Vienna, St. Stephan’s Cathedral, Vienna is among the most important symbols of today. Stephansplatz Square and the cathedral in the centre of the city can be considered as one of 373 to carefully climb to the top of digits you need to be patient. You can browse to the panoramic image of the city from the top of the tower.

16.00 Vienna’s most famous coffee:Julius Meinl

when he came to Vienna in the land of the most famous you should not leave without his coffee. Julius Meinl, a coffee Barista in a row selected by all the authorities of Julius meinl on Graben and the world’s best street where you can drink the coffee is the best point. Apart from this, you can get the recipes again in Vienna and Graben chocolates and the most beautiful Street where you can watch it in all its glory.

18.00 time spending some cash

we need to adapt it in a manner that is very stylish and elegant Vienna. Graben street today is home to many galleries and boutiques of the most famous designers on earth, one of Vienna’s most famous streets. Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Hermes, Gucci, Prada and Versace are just a few of them.

an elegant dinner 19.30

the city of Vienna before ending your trip if you wish to have a decent dinner on the frequency, immediately Graben Street near Fábio we recommend. You can eat delicious Italian food where you can taste the wines in this elegant restaurant each evening and it’s quite lively. Indeed, the best of Vienna and first-class restaurants.

#Graben Street #Habsburg dynasty #Hofburg Palace #Hungarian Empire #Leopold Museum #Museumsquartier #Schatzkammer #Schönbrunn Palace #Vienna #Vienna International Airport

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euradiso-blog · 7 years ago

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8 Oct 2017

NDST3 GENE = SCIENTIFIC PROOF THAT ASHKENAZIS ARE PRONE TO VIOLENCE & PARANOIA

http://tapnewswire.com/2017/10/ndst3-gene-scientific-proof-that-ashkenazis-are-prone-to-violence-paranoia/

Sun 7:47 am UTC, 8 Oct 2017

posted by Gordon

GENES UNLOCK MYSTERIES

Haaretz News reported: Scientists discover gene that predisposes Ashkenazi Jews to violence and paranoia. If true, this can explain the cause of much of the violence perpetrated by Israelis.

Click for Source Article on Scientific Proof of Gene Characteristic

“Now living in Israel, these elite Zionist Jews, who were well-trained in Nazi-style fascism and even favored it when they use it, and have imposed many facets of fascism on Palestinians and even gone further with Apartheid Prisons.

To give the impression that Israel is a democracy, members of the Knesset (Israel Congress) are elected via an extremely odd method. And this phony election is where Israel’s so-called democracy stops. Zionist Khazars rule all PARTIES including LIKUD, of course.

Ashkenazi Khazars make up over 95% of Israel’s population and have NO SEMITE GENES! The Ashkenazi have the NDST3 gene with a 40% higher probability (almost 3 times normal population) of developing schizophrenia and manic depression & those with the disease develop dark emotions and sometimes imagine hearing voices or seeing figures that do not exist. The 3 year study published in Nature Communications by Professor Ariel Darvasi, assistant dean of the Faculty of Life Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Todd Lencz from The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in New York at cost of $2.1 Million shows a tendency to feel violent and that others are out to get them.

1214 AD A ring with a Menorah depiction was found in Kaiseraugst, Switzerland showing Jews were in the area even before Switzerland became a nation in 1291 AD. The Encyclopaedia Judaica mentioned a first documentation in 1214.

1291 Swiss Nation was founded by combining three areas (later called cantons) to form the original nation.

Click for Source Article on History of Jews in Switzerland

1294 AD In Bern many Jews of the city were executed and the survivors expelled for sacrificing a Christian boy.

1,300s AD The Old Swiss Confederacy grew to a loose confederation of many independent small states/cantons growing from the original three central Swiss states/cannons the Templars combined to form the Swiss Nation in 1291. This confederation of eight cantons (Acht Orte) was politically and militarily successful for more than a century, culminating in the Burgundy Wars of the 1470s which established it as a power among France and the Habsburgs.

1494 AD-1559 AD The Swiss made fortunes saving as PAID PRIVATE MERCENARIES around Europe. One case was being hired to fight in the Italian Wars for 65 years (1494-1559)

1513 AD Swiss Confederacy’s success resulted in the addition of more confederates, increasing the number of cantons to thirteen.

1620s Jews were banished from all Swiss towns.

1776 Two villages, Lengnau and Oberendingen, were set aside for Jews in the canton of Aargau. They were restricted to living in only Endingen and Lengnau. The village of Endingen never built a Christian church, only a Jewish synagogue. The local Christians traveled to neighboring villages for church. The Jewish residents were involved in trade and lending. Ashkenazis living in the Surb Valley once spoke a dialect of Western Yiddish, still found today in the region among mostly elderly Jews.

1798 AD The Swiss Confederacy fell to invasion by the French Revolutionary Army after which it became the short-lived Helvetic Republic.

1897 LITTLE Switzerland has Europe’s 10th-largest Ashkenazi population with Zurich having over 1/3 the population with 38 synagogues in the country. The first World Zionist Congress of 1897 was held in Basel and took place 10 times there, more than in any other place in the world. Basel also has a large Jewish population.

1798 the French under Napoleon I invaded Switzerland and set up the Helvetic Republic and reformers attempted to enforce the emancipation of the Jews in the new central Swiss Parliament in Aarau, but that failed.

1802-1803 The Swiss population revolted and turned against the Jews and looted the Jewish villages of Endingen and Lengnau in the “Plum war”. Napoleon seeking a peaceful resolution to the uprising, in 1803 issued the Act of Mediation compromise and no further rights were granted to the Jews.

1850s The village of Endingen had about 1,000 Ashkenazi inhabitants. And the Jewish population was fairly well tolerated, self-managed and maintained its own school.

1862 the Jewish community of Zürich (ICZ) was founded building a Synagoge in 1884.

1874 AD-1876 AD The right to settle freely was granted with the revised constitution of 1874 guaranteeing the freedom of religion. The Jews were granted full equality in civil rights and allowed to travel.

1898 AD-2000 AD Arnold A. Hutschnecker was born into a Jewish family. He read “Mein Kampf” and publicly referred to Hitler as a pig. Members of the SS who were among his patients warned him that he was in danger and he emigrated to the USA in 1936. He practiced as an internist and specialized in psychotherapy during the 1950s. In 1951 he published the bestseller “The Will to Live”. It was read by Richard Nixon who visited him frequently in 1952. They remained friends and Nixon still consulted him when he was president and the last time they met was in 1993 at the funeral of Pat Nixon. In 1970 Hutschnecker authored a report that suggested to test all children aged seven or eight to see if they had a violent nature. 1988 he stated that his report had suffered from ”malevolent distortion” by the media.

Click for Source Article on Arnold Hutschnecker

1911 The word “schizophrenia” was given to mental disease by Dr. Eugene Bluelery, a Swiss Psychiatrist dealing with Ashkenazis. Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939), was one of the most influential psychiatrists of his time and introduction of the term schizophrenia to describe the disorder previously known as dementia praecox. He described a group of diseases, the schizophrenias, including the splitting or fragmentation of the personality. Bleuler introduction autism, denoting the loss of contact with reality, frequently through indulgence in bizarre fantasy and paranoia. Bleuler followed the theories of Sigmund Freud and Bleuler’s assistant was Carl Jung. The symptoms of schizophrenia were recognized almost simultaneously by Blueler, Kraepelin, & Freud at a time when Jews were moving into the affluent middle class and they became clinically important when they began to intermingle with non-Jews. Schizophrenia is a disease that causes people to hear voices and feel mostly negative thoughts including rage boiling inside them. Mostly Schizophrenics began as some form of sociopath. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder impacting about 1% of the population in America. It is marked by severely impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors. They have enhanced perceptions of sounds, colors, and other features of their environment. Most schizophrenics, if untreated, gradually withdraw from interactions with other people, and lose their ability to take care of personal needs and grooming. In the west, patients with schizophrenia fill about 25% of all psychiatric hospital beds. The disorder is considered to be one of the top ten causes of long-term disability worldwide. English term schizophrenia comes from two Greek words that mean “split mind” and was observed by a Swiss doctor named Eugen Bleuler, to describe the splitting apart of mental functions that he regarded as the central characteristic of schizophrenia.

The course of schizophrenia in adults can be divided into three phases or stages:

#1 Patient has an overt loss of contact with reality with psychotic episodes that requires intervention and treatment. #2 Initial psychotic symptoms are brought under control but the patient is at risk for relapse if treatment is interrupted. #3 Maintenance phase, the patient is relatively stable and can be kept indefinitely on antipsychotic medications, but relapses are not unusual and patients do not always return to full functioning.

Psychotherapists today classify schizophrenia into two main types.

#1 Positive schizophrenia, with a rapid (acute) onset of “positive” delusions and hallucinations and tend to respond well to drugs. #2 Negative schizophrenia, are usually described as poorly adjusted before their schizophrenia slowly overtakes them (perhaps as psychopaths) and experience mostly “negative” symptoms and tend to withdraw from others with a slowing of mental and physical reactions in a form of retardation.

1920 The Jewish population of Switzerland peaked at 21,000 and has remained steady ever since, perhaps due to name changes and intermarriage and aging.

1999 Ruth Dreifuss became the first Jewish president of Switzerland.

2000 Census for Switzerland shows 17,914 Jews. Among the Cantons of Switzerland, only Zurich, Basel-City, Geneva and Vaud have a Jewish community exceeding 1,000 people. One third of Swiss Jews reside in the Canton of Zurich (6,252 people).

1972 Schizophrenia was first discovered most significantly in Ashkenazis by Dr. Arnold A. Hutschnecker in research titled “Mental Illness, The Jewish Mental Disease.” Dr. Hutschnecker said that although ALL JEWS are not mentally ill, but mental illness is highly contagious & Ashkenazis are the principle source of infection (& carriers). Dr. Hutschnecker said that every Ashkenazi is born with the seed of Schizophrenia & it is this fact that accounts for the world-wide persecution of Jews. His quote: “the world would be more compassionate towards the Jews if it was generally realized that Jews are not responsible for their condition.” “While Jews attack non-Jewish Americans for racism, Israel is the most racist country in the world…Jews display their mental illness through their paranoia. He explains that the paranoia not only imagines that he(she) is being persecuted, but deliberately creates situations which will make persecution a reality…The Jew hope you will retaliate in kind & when you do, he can tell himself(herself), you are anti-Semitic (which they are not).” – Dr. Arnold A. Hutschnecker. Dr. Hutschnecker likened the Jewish needs to be persecuted to the kind of insanity where the afflicted person mutilates them-self because they want sympathy for them-self….such persons reveal their insanity by disfiguring themselves in such a way to arouse revulsion rather than sympathy. Dr. Hutschnecker noted that the incidence of mental illness has increased in the U.S. in direct proportion to the increases in the Jewish population since the early 1900s & in the 1970s…that prior to the influx of Jews from Europe, the U.S. was a mental healthy nation (practically free of schizophrenia). Dr. Hutschnecker said that research by Dr. S. Gottlieb of Wayne State University indicated that schizophrenia is caused by deformity in the alpha two – globulin protein, which in schizophrenics is a corkscrew–shape protein. The deformed protein is likely caused by an infection, like a virus. Dr. Hutschnecker believes, Jews transmit to non-Jews this infection when they came in close contact. He said that because descended from Western Europe people have not build-up an immunity to the virus they are particularly vulnerable to the disease. “There is no doubt in my mind…that Jews have infected the American population with schizophrenia. Jews are carriers of the disease & it will reach epidemic proportions unless science developed a vaccine to counteract it.” — Dr. Hutschnecker.

Obviously, this Ashkenazi schizophrenia and paranoia disease must be controlled! Many Ashkenazis are so consumed by paranoia & fear they cannot tell right from wrong and this is why their chosen first actions are always aggressive, vindictive, and usually dishonest.

1970s Dr. Hutschnecker quotes Dr. David Rosenthal, Chief of the Laboratory of Psychology at the National Institute of Mental Health (in Maryland USA), who estimated that 60+ million “people in the U.S. suffered from some form of schizophrenic spectrum disorder.” In 1953 the Laboratory of Psychology was established in Maryland. In 1970s, David Rosenthal’s tenure as Chief ended but he continued in the Neuropsychology Section until he retired. Note: We know B-vitamins are key to brain functions working properly, and the Ashkenazi diet may supply too little B-vitamins and this could lead to being open to infections that the rest of the population does not experience.

Click for Source Article on Mental Illness

Source: https://concisepolitics.com/2017/10/07/ndst3-gene-scientific-proof-that-ashkenazis-are-prone-to-violence-paranoia/

Materialisierte Psychose per Selbstbefruchtung

hannes 26/08/2017

https://annaschublog.com/2017/08/25/dna-analyse-israeliten-sind-nicht-die-juden-aus-dem-alten-testament/#comment-2850

Cooler Artikel,

Das läuft so auf maximale materialisierte Psychose per Selbstbefruchtung hinaus. Mit anschließenden Kollateralschäden aller. Die eingeleitete Selbstbeschädigung der eigenen „Kulturrasse“ muss dann aktiv/destruktiv per Macht und Technologien und verführter Selbstvernichtung an den anderen „Kulturrassen“nachvollzogen werden.

Satirisch ausgedrückt. Jeder geborene Jude müsste als Gefährder demnach in die prophylaktische Genanalyse und medizin. „eingestellt“ werden. Jegliche Behandlung mit Talmund/Torah verschlimmert die Symptome und gehört verboten, sowie bei Nichteinhaltung strengstens bestraft. Die weltweiten Folgen dürften ein konstruktives Aufatmen sein. Plötzlich gibt es keine Rassisten mehr, keine Nazikeulen, weniger Lügen – viel mehr Frieden.

Da bin ich doch sofort dabei. Willkommen Zukunft.

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