#agriculture land in konkan area

[naplotsindapoli]

NA Plots & Bungalows near me - 9595015000

NA Plots & Bungalows near me - 9595015000 Online Land Gateways: Visit famous land sites in India, like Greatkonkan.com, or Housing.com, and look for properties or land available to be purchased in Konkan. These stages frequently have channels to assist you with reducing your hunt in light of area, spending plan, and different inclinations. Advantages of Land in Konkan offers a few advantages because of its novel geological area and normal excellence. Here are a few benefits of possessing land in Konkan: Seaside Excellence: Konkan is known for its beautiful shore, immaculate sea shores, and grand scenes. Claiming land in Konkan permits you to partake in the regular magnificence and serenity of the seaside locale. It very well may be an ideal escape or a spot to fabricate a summer home. The travel industry Potential: Konkan draws in a critical number of vacationers because of its sea shores, verifiable destinations, and social legacy. On the off chance that you intend to put resources into land for business purposes, you can investigate potential open doors in the travel industry, like structure resorts, lodgings, guesthouses, or homestays. The flourishing the travel industry area in Konkan can offer potential for business development and rental pay. Agribusiness and Cultivation: Konkan is known for its rich soil and good climatic circumstances, making it reasonable for farming and agriculture. https://greatkonkan.com/bungalow/

[stheera]

Discover Your Dream Farmhouse in Alibaug: An Idyllic Escape

If you've ever dreamt of owning a picturesque farmhouse in a serene coastal town, then Alibaug should be on your radar. Nestled along the Konkan coast, this charming town is renowned for its pristine beaches, lush greenery, and tranquil ambiance. With the increasing demand for luxurious yet peaceful retreats, a farmhouse in Alibaug for sale offers an unparalleled opportunity to own a slice of paradise.

Why Choose Alibaug?

Alibaug is a favored destination for those looking to escape the hustle and bustle of city life. Its proximity to Mumbai, just a ferry ride away, makes it an attractive option for weekend getaways and second homes. The region's natural beauty, combined with its rich historical and cultural heritage, provides a perfect backdrop for a farmhouse. Imagine waking up to the sound of waves crashing against the shore, surrounded by verdant landscapes and the cool sea breeze.

Features of a Farmhouse in Alibaug

Scenic Views and Natural Surroundings:

Farmhouses in Alibaug are often situated in prime locations that offer stunning views of the Arabian Sea, dense forests, or rolling hills. These properties are designed to blend seamlessly with nature, featuring large windows, open terraces, and landscaped gardens.

Luxurious Amenities:

Modern farmhouses come equipped with state-of-the-art amenities. From private swimming pools, spacious verandas, and outdoor barbecue areas to lush gardens and organic farms, these properties provide a perfect blend of luxury and comfort.

Architectural Elegance:

The architectural design of farmhouses in Alibaug reflects a harmonious blend of traditional and contemporary styles. Many homes feature elements like exposed brick walls, wooden beams, and rustic finishes, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere.

Privacy and Security:

One of the biggest advantages of owning a farmhouse in Alibaug is the privacy it offers. These properties are often set on large plots of land, ensuring ample space and seclusion. Additionally, gated communities and advanced security systems provide peace of mind for homeowners.

Investment Potential

The real estate market in Alibaug has been steadily growing, making it an excellent investment opportunity. The region's popularity as a tourist destination ensures a steady demand for holiday rentals, which can provide a significant return on investment. Furthermore, the charm and exclusivity of owning a farmhouse in such a coveted location add to its long-term value.

Farmhouse for Sale Near Alibaug: Your Perfect Countryside Retreat

For those who prefer a more secluded setting, a farmhouse for sale near Alibaug offers the perfect solution. The surrounding areas of Alibaug are equally enchanting, with sprawling landscapes, serene water bodies, and quaint villages. These locations provide the same tranquil environment while being slightly removed from the more frequented spots in Alibaug, offering an even greater sense of privacy and serenity.

Benefits of Buying a Farmhouse Near Alibaug

Affordability:

Farmhouses near Alibaug tend to be more affordable than those within the town itself. This makes them an attractive option for buyers looking to enjoy the same natural beauty and peaceful ambiance without the higher price tag.

Larger Properties:

Properties in the outskirts often come with larger land parcels, providing more space for farming, gardening, or simply enjoying the open air. This is ideal for those who wish to engage in agricultural activities or require more space for recreational purposes.

Tranquil Environment:

The areas surrounding Alibaug are known for their untouched beauty and quietude. Owning a farmhouse here means being able to enjoy the serene countryside, with its fresh air and scenic vistas, away from the busier tourist spots.

Accessibility:

Despite being slightly removed from the town center, these locations are still easily accessible via well-maintained roads. This ensures that homeowners can enjoy the tranquility of the countryside without being too far from essential services and amenities.

[chittaranjaninfotech]

[konkanbag]

Benefits of investing in agricultural land

Agricultural land plots can provide long-term returns in areas where the government has planned some infrastructure projects in the near future.

In the case of government acquisitions, the value of rural land is higher than that of urban land. State governments are also formulating land acquisition policies for the expanding areas of the city. If you become the owner under a land pooling policy, you will receive a regular refund from the pool.

By law, you must be a farmer to buy agricultural land in Konkan. Some states have relaxed this requirement, but most do not. Some have reduced this requirement and you too can get such land.

[indiavacancyjob]

General Knowledge Question Answer | Set – 04

For cracking any competition exams, the general knowledge and current affairs are mandatory. General Knowledge is an essential part of any competitive exam, so we thought of a system that will help people in General Knowledge.

General Knowledge Question Answer

  Q. The number of major languages, recognized in the Indian Union as the official language, is 22 Q. The oldest rocks in India are reported from Dharwar region, Karnataka Q. Which of the following groups of rivers originate from the Himachal mountains? Beas, Ravi, and Chenab Q. Which of the following groups of states has the largest deposits of iron ore? Bihar and Orissa Q. Which of the following union territories of India has the highest density of population per sq km? Delhi Q. Which atomic power station in India is built completely indigenously? Kalpakkam Q. The south-west monsoon contributes ____ of the total rain in India. 86% Q. The Shimla Convention is an agreement that sets Boundary between India and Tibet Q. The oldest oil field in India is the ____ field, in ____ Digboi, Assam Q. The oldest oil refinery in India is at Digboi, Assam Q. The oldest mountains in India are Aravalis Q. Which of the following groups of rivers have their source of origin in Tibet? Brahmaputra, Indus, and Sutlej Q. B. C. Roy Award is given in the field of Medicine Q. In which year was Pulitzer Prize established? 1917 Q. Gandhi Peace Prize for the year 2000 was awarded to the former President of South Africa along with Grameen Bank of Bangladesh Q. The prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award was conferred upon Ms. Kiran Bedi for her excellent contribution to which of the following fields? Government Service Q. Which of the following societies has instituted an award for an outstanding parliamentarian? G. B. Pant Memorial Society Q. Which is the highest gallantry award in India? Param Vir Chakra Q. Which state gives Mewar award? Rajasthan Q. Who is the first Asian Winner of the Nobel Prize? Rabindranath Tagore Q. The first Indian to receive Noble Prize in Literature was Rabindranath Tagore Q. The first recipient of Rajiv Gandhi’s ‘Khel Ratna’ award is Vishwanathan Anand Q. Pulitzer prize is awarded for outstanding work in the field of Literature and Journalism Q. Saraswathi Samman is given annually for outstanding contribution to the literature Q. What is the predominant type of Indian agriculture? subsistence agriculture Q. The Radcliffe line is a boundary between India and Pakistan Q. Which of the following has a potential for harnessing of tidal energy in India? Gulf of Cambay Q. The typical area of sal forest in the Indian peninsular upland occurs On the Malwa plateau Q. The state has the largest area of forest cover in India is Madhya Pradesh Q. The year ____ is called a Great Divide in the demographic history of India. 1921 Q. The only private sector refinery set up by Reliance Petroleum Ltd. is located at Jamnagar Q. The only state in India that produces saffron is Jammu and Kashmir Q. Three important rivers of the Indian subcontinent have their sources near the Mansarover Lake in the Great Himalayas. These rivers are Brahmaputra, Indus, and Sutlej Q. The zonal soil type of peninsular India belongs to Red soils Q. The northern boundary of the peninsular plateau of Indian runs parallel to the Ganga and the Yamuna from Rajmahal hills to a point near Delhi Q. Which of the following food grain crops occupies the largest part of the cropped area in India? Rice Q. The Paithan (Jayakwadi) Hydro-electric project, completed with the help of Japan, is on the river Godavari Q. The percentage of irrigated land in India is about 35 Q. The southernmost point of peninsular India, that is, Kanyakumari, is North of the Equator Q. The pass located at the southern end of the Nilgiri Hills in south India is called The Palghat gap Q. The principal copper deposits of India lie in which of the following places? Hazaribag and Singbhum of Bihar Q. The Yarlung Zangbo river, in India, is known as Brahmaputra Q. The Salal Project is on the river Chenab Q. The only zone in the country that produces gold is also rich in iron is Southern zone Q. The percentage of earth surface covered by India is 2.4 Q. The present forest area of India, according to satellite data, is Decreasing Q. India’s highest annual rainfall is reported at Mawsynram, Meghalaya Q. The refineries are Mathura, Digboi and Panipat are set up by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Q. The study of soils is called Pedology Q. The sediment deposited at the base of the glacier is called Till Q. The smallest division of geological time scale is Stage Q. The smallest state, population-wise, in the world is Vatican City Q. The shortest day (longest night) in the southern hemisphere is June 21 Q. The smallest glaciers are Mountain or Alpine glaciers Q. Which of the following is measured on the Richter scale? Intensity of earthquakes Q. The term used to describe the combined effect of all shortwave losses in Earth albedo Q. The study of day-to-day variations in weather called is called Meteorology Q. The soils whose parent material tend to be rich in sand are Spodosols Q. The second largest continent in the world is Africa Q. The temperature increases rapidly after Ionosphere Q. Which of the following is concerned with the study of characteristics, origin, and development of landforms? Geomorphology Q. The soils common to the southeastern USA are called Ultisols Q. The Suez canal connects the Mediterranean sea and the Red sea Q. The uppermost epoch of the Neogene period is the Pliocene epoch Q. The slow downslope movement of soil and sediment because of frost heaving and thawing is called Frost creep Q. The smallest country of the world is Vatican city Q. The smallest annual temperature range occurs in the Equatorial tropical climate zone Q. The short term variations of the atmosphere, ranging from minutes to months are called Weather Q. The tide produced as a consequence of the moon and the sun pulling the earth in the same direction is called Springtide Q. The tropical cyclones with maximum sustained surface winds of 33 ms are called Hurricane Q. The typical soil of the tropical region, formed by the weathering of laterite rock, which promotes leaching of the soil is Laterite soils Q. The troughs of the waves are where the jet stream of waves is closest to the Equator Q. The Palaeozoic era contains ____ periods. Six Q. The northern portion of the western coastal plain is called Konkan plain Q. The number of a topographic map is 47A/16/NW. Its scale must be 1 : 25,000 Q. The radiation belts are zones in space around the Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn Q. The periods of different eras are further divided into Stages Q. The production of wheat has increased mainly due to increase in yield per hectare Q. Which of the following is not a Kharif crop? Mustard Q. The shape of the earth is Oblate Spheroid Q. The tertiary winds on the north of the Alps (Europe) are called The foehn Q. The tropical easterlies wind lie at 0-30? latitude Q. The transport of warm air toward the poles and cold air toward the equator is due to the development of waves Q. The sulfites are a mineral group that contain one or more metallic elements in combination with the sulfate compound ____ SO4 Q. The names of the scientists, Newlands, Mendeleev, and Meyer are associated with the development of Periodic table of contents Q. The ridges of the waves are where the jet stream of waves closes to the Poles Q. The rate at the change of temperature is called Temperature Gradient Q. The obscuring of one celestial body by another, particularly that of the sun or a planetary satellite Eclipse Q. The river Sutlej, on which the Bhakra Dam has been built, originates from Rakas lake in Tibet Q. The process of destruction or dying of fronts is called Frontolysis Q. The Palaeozoic era starts at ____ million years ago and ends at ____ million years ago. 570, 225 Q. The reaction is carbonate and bicarbonate ions with mineral is called Carbonation Q. The process of particle detachment by moving glacial ice is called Plucking Q. Which of the following is concerned with the description and mapping of the main features of the universe? Cosmography Q. The process that creates the deep oceanic trenches is called Plate tectonics Q. The rainfall in the peninsular interior averages about 650 mm a year Q. The hardest form of carbon is Diamond Q. The most important ore of aluminum is Bauxite Q. The number of electrons presents in H+ is Zero Q. The hottest part of the gas flame is known as Non-luminous zone Q. The human body is made up of several chemical elements; the element present in the highest proportion (65%) in the body is Oxygen Q. The number of waves made by an electron moving in an orbit having a maximum magnetic quantum number is +3 4 Q. The National Chemical Laboratory is situated in Pune Q. The maximum number of covalent formed by nitrogen is 4 Q. The formula C6H5-CO-CH3 represents Acetophenone Q. The metal that is usually extracted from seawater is Mg Q. The inert gases are ____ in water Sparingly soluble Q. The molecular formula of phosphorous is P4 Q. The percentage of sun’s radiation reflected into space is about 36 percent Q. The progressive wave theory regarding of tides was put forth by William Whewell Q. The platform and the basement rock together form Craton Q. The planet with the maximum number of natural satellites (moons), so far discovered is Jupiter Q. The river Jordan drains into the Dead Sea Q. The ratio of land to ocean in the southern hemisphere is 1 to 4 Q. The polar diameter is ____ to the equatorial diameter. Less Q. The ratio of the weight of water vapor to the total weight of air (including the water vapor) is called Specific humidity Q. The process of soil development is called Pedogenesis Q. The Panama canal links North America with South America Q. The Rhine river of northern Europe empties into The North sea Q. The part of the earth and the thin layer of air above its surface, which support life on earth, are referred to as Biosphere   The above information has been collected for various newspapers or Govt websites. We are not any Recruiter Agency or we do not hold any kind of Recruitment Process. So Job Finders are requested to go to the Official website of the Government Organization for more details. We are not liable for any kind of Misunderstanding or False information given by the third party Media Agency or Website.   Railway Jobs In India Police Jobs in India Defense Jobs in India Research Jobs in India Teaching Jobs in India Bank Jobs in India Hospitality Jobs in India Central Government Jobs Check Exam Result Download Admit Card

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General Knowledge Question Answer | Set – 04

Posted: April 18, 2020 For cracking any competition exams, the general knowledge and current affairs are mandatory. General Knowledge is an essential part of any competitive exam, so we thought of a system that will help people in General Knowledge. Table of Contents hide 1 General Knowledge Question Answer 2 Recent Government Job Vacancy General Knowledge Question Answer   0 comments

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Mapping mythology, history and art with Wendell Rodricks

New Post has been published on https://apzweb.com/mapping-mythology-history-and-art-with-wendell-rodricks/

Mapping mythology, history and art with Wendell Rodricks

I find it hard to believe that Wendell is gone. The news was a shock. But then, Wendell has always surprised me. From his habit of waking up very early in the morning, to living his life confidently and openly with his husband Jerome, giving courage and direction to young gay men like me, to having a business without compromising on his art, to being a generous host to my sister and my nephew when we visited Goa, to being a curious student of mythology, taking down notes meticulously in long hand. That is how we met, ten years ago. He had seen my work and wanted to know more about Goan mythology. He was convinced it contained ideas that would help us understand the evolution of Goa.

Geography and fractals

As we explored things together, I realised something magical – how geography in India is like a fractal. Every area in India tells the same story, but uniquely. We know that Goa was ruled by Portuguese for 450 years. Before that it was part of the Bijapur and Bahamani Sultanate. Before that were the Vijaynagar and Kadamba kings. Before that, the Shatavahanas and Mauryans.

Before that we have rock engravings indicating the earliest human settlements. The Goan tryst with Christianity, Islam, Hinduism Buddhism, and hunter-gathering prehistoric communities is known. But what about mythology, asked Wendell? We walked around his village, and saw the art that he had collected, and at maps of temples of Goa and what emerged was amazing – the mythology of Goa reflected the mythology of India. Goa was a Hindu fractal, a mini-India, showing all influences seen elsewhere in almost the same sequence.

The earliest layer of gods belong to hunter-gatherers and has nothing to do with land-holding and agriculture. These included the worship of anthills, which indicated a connection with a subterranean world. Today, this anthill is worshipped as a goddess, a form of mother-earth, even Durga. There are gods who protect from tiger attacks like Vaghoba, and others who protect from diseases. In the Dev-rais, or orchards of the mother-goddesses, known as ‘ai’ or mother, we noticed the shift to agricultural societies. Farmers and herdsmen were not allowed to enter or cultivate the sacred woods where the gods played. This was an ancient way to protect biodiversity, we now realised.

Documenting myths

I told Wendell how Sama Veda distinguishes between songs for the settlement and songs for the forest, perhaps reflecting this period of human history. The villages had farms that were owned by a community represented by a grama-deva or grama-devi. These were male and female deities, linked to fertility and power. Across Goa one finds images of goddesses with exaggerated genitals, and fierce expressions. Wendell captured many of these deities in his book Moda Goa.

The Brahmin influence does follow. The wild gods become the more gentle Mangeshi. Peculiar to Goa are the metal facemasks, where the formless Shiva-linga is given a face. The wild goddess becomes Shanta Durga, the mild one, who does not have the rage of the battle-ready Chandi. The Konkan coast, including Goa, is linked to Bhrigu, hence to Vamana, and to Parashurama. Vamana claimed the earth from the Asura-king Bali, who was shoved back to Patala. Parashurama threw his axe strained with the blood of unrighteous kings into the sea. The sea recoiled in horror and revealed the coast.

There are spots associated with Ram’s journey south. And with Krishna too who is liked to the West coast of India. Goa has the unique Devaki Krishna temple where Devaki (or is it Yashoda) holds Krishna much like Mother Mary holds Jesus. And during Diwali people burn effigies of Narakasura, much as people burn images of Ravana in Gangetic plains during Dassera.

Wendell felt this practice of burning Narakasura may have travelled to Portugal and may have come back to India as the practice of burning the old man on New Year’s Night.

Partners until the end

It was conversations like these connecting mythology to history to anthropology to sociology to fashion and art, that made Wendell the most wonderful of friends. He opened new avenues of thought for me. I miss him. And am glad that while he was on earth, with us, he had Jerome by his side.

The author writes on the relevance of mythology in modern times, especially in areas of management, governance and leadership.

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land for sale in sindhudurg | Kokan Spaces

If you are looking for land for sale near the  in Konkan you need not worry as there are lots of options. One of the best options in this regard would be kokan. There are also some developers that would offer you NA (non-agricultural) plots, In some cases, you would also get hilltop properties that would only make it even better for you. It helps that these properties are all located at great locations. They are all pretty close to the important roads in the area. In most cases, you would see that the builders and developers active in the region are pretty well known for their success rate too.

This is why you can be sure that you would get all the facilities and amenities that you need from the properties that are being built and sold by them. One of the best qualities of the region itself – and the properties that are located here as well – is that you get plenty of peace of mind. This is what makes your stay at these places so enjoyable in the first place. The scenic beauty here is unparalleled as well. One of the top names in this regard would be that of Kokan Spaces.     

[guidetourme]

Uran Beach Navy Mumbai

Uran Beach in Navy Mumbai

The Uran Beach in Navy Mumbai is also known as Pirwari beach and is an undiscovered and less explored beach. The beach is primarily used for agriculture and fishing. Most of the fish of Mumbai comes from this part of the peninsular region of Uran. The place is also second largest rice producing area in the whole country. If you are on the way to Uran beach then you can spot paddy fields along the roadside. Uran is also known for ONGC that is located just opposite the Uran beach. The beach and the industrial refinery of ONGC are divided by a narrow road. Due to this the area is prone to oil and gas pollution and sensitive does not feel comfortable in the beach. There is the platform of the factory over the sea that releases emulsions and gas which is responsible to make the area but otherwise the beach is a nice one to spend a peaceful day away from the city crowd.

Location

Uran Lies between Karjat and Panvel in the district of Konkan. Being a peninsular the beach is surrounded by water on all three sides. The side that is attached to the land is Raigarh district. Uran is at situated at a distance of 60 km from the city of Mumbai. From the beach could be accessed in one and half hour. Public buses run to the beach frequently and alternatively you can hire a cab or a taxi to reach the beach in a comfortable manner.

How to reach Uran Beach

The nearest airport is Chattrapati Shivaji international airport, the distance of which from the beach is 185 km. From there you can hire a taxi to the famous Gateway of India and then from the Bhau Cha point you can reach Uran by ferry ride. The closest station to the beach is Chatrapati Shivaji terminus which lies at a distance of 57 km. uran is regarded as an island and regular there is ferry service from Bhau Cha Dhakka to the beach.

Where to stay

There are lots of places to stay in Uran. There are numerous budget hotels as well as luxurious resorts near the Uran beach. The Uran Plaza is a popular resort along the beach with fabulous amenities along with pocket friendly options. Krishna resort is another home stay where you can experience a beautiful atmosphere and you would feel yourself to be at home. Other nearby hotels in Navy Mumbai is corporate hotel, Hotel Venkat Presidency, Hotel Puja heritage and Hotel Yogi.

Nearby attractions

There are many attractive shrines which are frequented by lots of devotees. Mankeshwar temple is located very near to the beach and takes just a five minutes’ walk from there. This temple of Lord Shiva provides peace and energy to the visitors. Dronagiri temple is nice place that gives a wonderful view of the Dharamteer Bay. Another temple is Ambikawadi of Nagaon is Sri Sai Baba temple which is known for walking journey or padayatra till the place Shirdi. The Raghoba temple is another beautiful temple that stands on Panvel Highway where special Aarti is done on Tuesday and the major festival of the temple is celebrated in the month of April every year making lots of mass gatherings .Sri Dutta Mandir and Ratneshwari temple is other major attractions in Uran which is well known for a great fair attracting lot of interested people. Uran beach is a fantastic solitary beach where you can spend your weekend with your partner and family as well. There is a garden in the vicinity that is a nice place for the kids. You can see little horses grazing in the field. Local tourists from Panvel, Mumbai and Navy Mumbai visit the beach frequently to spend their short weekend. If you stand at the sea shore and stare at the opposite you can see a town at the opposite of the shore. The town is the city of Mumbai. At night it looks awesome but very less number of people is seen to stay till night in the beach. There is also a helipad where many helicopters are seen descending. Most of those are used by the navy armies. Read the full article

[juniperpublishers-agriculture]

Soil and Human

To know more about Journal of Agriculture Research- https://juniperpublishers.com/artoaj/index.phpTo know more about open access journal publishers click on Juniper publishers

Abstract

By “no soil” is meant that there is no sustenance of humans. We take birth on soil, live on soil, walk on soil, die on soil and finally vanish in soil. Soil is synonym to Soul with immense spiritual values. Our civilization has flourished because of soil. Soil is the biggest biodiversity reservoir. Our health, culture and social behaviour are dictated by soils. Soil in continuum is sounding Vasudevakutumbkam. Indians worship soil as Holy Mother. However, demand for this holy mother is pressing with increasing human population and shrinking trend of agricultural land areas. Even though humans in general are consciously trying to care for soil, most of the time, human interferences remain imbalanced as well as disastrous causing ecological instability. This chapter discusses on major human interferences with diversified types of soil that often cause imbalance in equilibrium on way to restore sustainability due to missing linkage in reliable management options and technology generation. Men are wandering in space to find water, air and rock with one of missions to discover soil for future shelter other than this earth. Soil is a complete prescription for livelihood security. In fact, human exists because of soil and both work in symbiotic relationship, but the driving force in restoring such unique partnership often rests on humans because of their capability in taking correct decision with intelligence and creativity. Soil biotechnology is a new area of research covering wide range of possibilities for protective medical treatments even. Soil battery is another emerging field of research to look for clean energy source..

Keywords: Soil and Soul; Holy mother; Population pressure; Soil human interactions; Disastrous consequences; Symbiotic relationship; Soil biotechnology and biodiversity

    Introduction

Soil being so vital for humans is least credited for its life supporting functions. However, the 2015 International Year of Soils has been committed for increasing awareness and understanding of the importance of soil for food security and essential ecosystem functions. As an infant depends on mother for his or her food so is the humans on soil, the only difference is that as the infant grows, he or she gets rid of dependency for physical need on his or her mother, but we humans, even after million years of evolution, depend so much on soil from birth to death. A man will die but the carbon will not; its career does not end with man. It will return back to the soil, and then a plant may take it up again with time, sending it again and again on a cycle of plant and animal life.

Soil or human is virtually of least meaning if either of two exists in isolation, without one another. A crop is merely a product of the joint efforts of a man as well as a soil. Any blame upon man is merely possible because of the fact that man is conscious, intelligent and decision maker of such unique partnership that can be referred to be symbiotic, since the soil has significant relevance in almost all the necessities for the survival, nourishment, shelter and livelihood of human beings. Soil is not dead, inert or dirt, but a factory where raw materials are transformed and converted into finished products. When a soil is referred to as a tool in the hands of man to accomplish something with, it is not as a simple tool such as a saw or plane, but as a highly organized tool as a factory or an engine or an animal [1].

Indian civilization has flourished and sustained itself over thousands of years because it revered the soil as sacred and inviolable. Ancient Vedic people did have immense respect for soil as Mother Earth. The Atharva Veda invokes the prayer to prithvi, the Earth:

“Let what I dig from thee, O Earth, rapidly spring and grow again.

O Purifier, let me not pierce through thy vitals or thy Heart”

It is only India where plants, trees and animals including soils are worshipped. The soil of India witnesses the growth of one of the oldest civilizations in the world the Indus Valley Civilization.

It is the soil that dictates how survival, nourishment and livelihood of mankind are moving. Human population particularly in India is continuously increasing, while land is shrinking because of diversion in non-farming activities. Per head farm area has already become tiny. As a consequence, the equilibrium between man and land is imbalanced that results into pressing demand of land in India. Land is being used thus intensively and, more often, carelessly to meet the alarming people’s demand. This situation appears in over exploitation of soil as a finite resource for meeting infinite number of demands for humans and societies. The Chapter is an overview of the interactions between soil and humans under current scenario in India based on services rendered by soil as a natural resource since ancient civilization.

Soil and Human Evolution

It is well documented that human evaluation took place in African continent. Based on paleoanthropological discoveries in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire, the African rift valleys are indeed considered the “cradle of mankind”, that is the place where human species evolved and diversified in the last million years. The Awash valley is the early home of human ancestors “the hominids”. It is one of the best open-air museums in the world in which the early direct ancestors of human being lived before millions of years. Moreover, it is the place of early human technologies “the Stone Age technologies” for the handy man lived there before millions of years. The archaeological sites of the Awash and Omo valleys, the Konsogardulla, Melka kontre etc are the live witnesses of this reality. The human evolution could be traced back to the palaeontologists with fossils of 6 million years old, recovered from Chad, Kenya, and Ethiopia belonging to the era of Ardiplthicus, the first phase of human evolution. It is followed by the famous Australopithecus era, (around 4.1 million years upto around 1.3 million years ago). First record comes from Kenya and Ethiopia and is known as Australopithecus anamensis. Our human ancestors had been walking on this planet for at least two million years before Australopithecus afarensis, or the famous skeleton found in the Hadar cave area in the deep Afar of Ethiopia, the Lucy’s group.

Ardiplthicus era was followed by the Homo or the genus Homo. Homo erectus with bigger brain, using stone tools (oldest record 2.3 million), were found closely identifiable with human race and that is from Ethiopia. Homo erectus is the species that we can find almost in all parts of the old world, almost about 600 to 500 thousand years ago and we find them in Europe, Asia and Africa. Later, about 165 thousand years ago, the size of brain ever grew, which is call the Homo sapiens, the first species, they went down around 100 thousand years to the “Middle stone age” [2]. The story went on further into “Later stone age” and so on. Till the time, dependency of humans on soil was indirect as they were the gatherers and hunters. Groups were formed, communities were taking its initial shapes and the concept of territory and ownership of territory was taking its rudimentary shape. The major breakthrough took place only about 20,000 years ago, when humans started cultivation. Subsequently, they shifted to fertile land to grow crop for survival. It was a paradigm shift towards land and soils.

Science Journal described that races in India have been broken up pulverized, kneaded by conquerors. Dravidians succeeded negroids, and there may have been Malay intrusions, but Australian affinities are denied. Then Aryan and Mongol succeeded forming the present potporri through conquest and blending [3]. Bates [4] compiled the race, caste and tribes in central India.

Also, the human race migrated from African origin places to highlands of central Asia. Migration was continued to different corners of the world probably due to geological disturbances followed by land and soil degradation resulting in scarce vegetation for their shelter and survival. It is believed that some homo sapiens (human group) were climbing down from central Asia to the Indus valley and settled there where they subsequently developed vedic civilization with a well-developed culture being supported by prosper agriculture-based economy. First protected village and further walled cities like ‘Harappa” and “Mohan-ja-doro” were created. Some of them migrated further to deep down into the forested land of the Ganga plain possessing fertile alluvial soils and a series of cities and kingdoms came into existence. Simultaneously, some might have migrating to southward in the fertile valleys of the Narmada and Tapti while others further down to the coastal plains of Konkan and subsequently to the eastern coast through the Godavadi and finally touched the southern extreme of Indian peninsula. A group of humans travelled far east up to the Kamchata peninsula and further entered into American continent. This generalized sketch of how humans with their evolution from Ethiopia and adjoining African territories got migrated to other parts of the earth in search of food and water for their survival would signify how soil is valuable to humans since evolution. Though they travelled through all terrains, tough and arduous, however, they settled and grow only on the fertile alluvial terrains.

The fertile soil was sufficiently capable to produce surplus food and so the human groups were made involved for other specialized jobs like carpenter, potter, mason, weavers, iron smith and so on. Such arrangement then led to the evolution of “Society” and subsequently of “Gram” representing agrarian society and “Pur” for urban society as translated with the birth to the Vedic Civilization in Indus valley region of Indian subcontinent. It is apparent that soil has remained silently but actively responsible behind growing human civilization.

Soil and the Soul

India is a land of ‘Guru’, as enlightened with spiritualism, wisdom and humanity. The soil or the ‘Bhumi’ or ‘Mrida’ is often meant for “soul of infinite lives”. The soul is basically a spiritual concept behind the existence of one’s identity with the surroundings. Every individual or creature does possess a “Soul” that is believed to drive and control the system of life, such as power of conceiving, listening, thinking, creating, cultivating, ploughing, etc. If we translate the concept of soul to some physical arena, we will see that ‘soil’ is the one that fulfils the basic essence of a ‘soul’. Soil is the basis for all terrestrial lives including humans. That is why the Indians prefer to sit and walk on bare soils for sustaining the hidden forces, energy, spirit and consciousness. Even the most vital ingredients of human viz. air, water and food are under the influence of soils. Although the soil is beneath our feet, it takes every cares of our survival, nourishment and even livelihood. This is why we worship soils in different forms and manners in different parts of India.

The worship is broadly a way to express solemnly the inner feelings and promises of life to one who cares. A small child says his inner feelings to his mother, because it is mother who cares for him. The Sita of Valmiki’s Ramayana is believed to have been discovered in a “furrow”, when her father King Janak was ploughing the field (soil). As cited in the Rigveda (4:57), the Sita is known as the Earth Goddess to bless the land for good crops. However, Laxmi Mall Singhvi in a link stated that the destruction of the life sustaining environment is a result of ignorance, greed and disregard for the richness of all living things and as a result of which the future generation is subject to inherit a dead world.

Further, as Lord Mahavira proclaimed a profound ecological truth, ‘One who neglects or disregards the existence of earth, air, fire, water and vegetation disregards his own existence.’ Even “The Buddhist Declaration on Nature” states that every cause follows the consequences and effects. The Vedic Hymn to the Earth, the PrithviSukta in Atharva Veda, is unquestionably the oldest and the most evocative environmental invocation, wherein the Vedic seer solemnly declares the enduring filial allegiance of humankind to Mother Earth: ‘Mata BhumihPutrohamPrithivyah (Earth is my mother, I am her son). In the Atharva Veda, this ecological theme is so very clear: “Mother Bhumi (Mother Earth), may whatever I dig from you grow back again quickly, and may we not injure you by our labour.” There are hymns to Mother Earth--BhumiSukuta: “Earth, in which the seas, the rivers and many waters lie, from which arise foods and fields of grain, abode to all that breathes and moves, may she confer on us her finest yield.” (Atharva Veda XII 1:3). So, human’s existence ultimately rests on the “state of soil”.

Major population in India is Hindu who believes on cremation i.e. burning after death except for pregnant women, children, saint and babies. Cremation is common in Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and few catholic with differing ideologies. Hindus believe soul being indestructible. It is believed that burning the dead body releases the spirit from the body in the form of flame that signifies the creator, Brahma. Cremation is thus seen as important for the safe transmigration of soul. In other religions, dead body is normally buried. Often, sands are supposed to be inert and inhibit microbial growth and risk of contamination and may be preferred. In fact, human body is a mass of five elements such as Agni (fire), Jal (water), Prithivi (earth/soil), Aakash (space) and Vayu (air), wherein Prithivi or soil has vital role to play in the existence of life.

Soil, Culture and Civilization

The oldest Indian Upnishad described “soil” as “Bhumi” meaning the land. The soil was the main yardstick enabling the human civilization to flourish on long term basis. Obviously, human was wondering in search of a land having productive soils with assured irrigation and easy transportation around a river basin. Indus river in the north-west (now in India and Pakistan) was the main river, where the earliest civilization in India flourished for nearly one thousand years. Even the prehistoric site of Mehragarh in Baluchistan is the earliest Neolithic site in the north-west Indian sub-continent, dated as early as 8500 BCE [5]. Another important river in ancient India was the Ganges, wherein settlements developed on their banks from as early as prehistoric times. Soil is thus responsible for survival, nourishment and livelihood of entire human beings. It is a natural resource like sun and others. If sun is a source of energy for us, the soil appears as a medium for getting food, fibre, fuel, fodder, forest, flower, furniture and floor in order to enable human beings for access to quality meal, clean water, pure air and comfortable livelihood. We stand on soil, which is beneath our feet and henceforth we often overlook its values. However, the method for stabilization of soil was first developed in India [6].

The sun is far away from our reach, whereas soil is in close proximity to human beings, where we live and let the soil work for our existence. Through all physical, chemical, biological and mechanical manipulations in open system, the soil does not take any rest and that too because of human interferences. The soil being a natural resource is not static and exists in dynamic state in the environment. The urban soils are nothing but the outcome of extreme human interferences in the city area.

Human creation was depicted by different forms of art. Painting was prominent among them. Soil was not only used as the base but also used to prepare colors. From farms to houses, from floor to courtyards, from pots to bricks and tiles, from prayers to rituals and from birth to the death, it is the soil which has always been the part of our life in Indian culture.

In India, soil is not just the part of socio-economic and religious- cultural setting but also a tool for expressing their creativity in the form of “Art” (Figure 1). Ranging from a rural village woman depicting her creativity on the earthen wall of her hut or house to the rural artisan manufacturing earthen pots, toys and idols to the traditional painters doing big decoration on the festivals, soil is used as the basic element of traditional colors (Figure 2). In this context, traditional Madhubani art of Mithalanchal in Bihar, variety of rangolies made at the doorstep of houses (Figure 3) or the temples in different parts of India, great painting of Ajanta caves and on the walls and curtains of monastery of Ladakh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh including the monastery of Lahul and Spity are the masterpiece of arts where soil as a base for the colors have been used. The famous artist from Kerala, Raja Ravi Verma (1848- 1906) is honored as one of the greatest painters from the Indian soil and known for his portrays of scenes from the epic sagas of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Ravi Varma had been using the indigenous paints made from leaves, flowers, tree bark and soil which his uncle Raja Raja Varma used to prepare for him [7].

However, among the cultural practices, idol immersion in the water bodies after celebration is common throughout the country. Idol is lavishly decorated with different paints such as varnish, paints, water colors and colored papers and foils etc. Mercury, cadmium, arsenic, zinc, chromium and lead are the common heavy metals present in such paints. The floating materials released through idol in the river and lake after decomposition result in eutrophication, increase in acidity and heavy metal concentration [8]. Heavy metal pollution caused by idol immersion can damage the ecosystem as it kills fishes, damages plants and blocks the natural flow of the water causing polluted water stagnation. Water from these sources is also used for irrigation particularly in the vegetable crops around the urban areas. Electrons present in soil and earth help to enrich immune system in our body and increase the oxygen level while walking barefoot. Nerves of the feet are stimulated, and cardiovascular system is improved by walking barefoot [9].

Soil, Dispute, Conflict and War

Soil as a basic resource plays an important role in running a family, society or a nation smoothly in harmony. However, the situation, contrary to this, instigates inter-family and intra-family disputes, resulting subsequently into conflicts between the administrative units within a nation and even a war between the nations. It is a common understanding that litigations occur mostly for three main issues viz. money, women and land, but the land (jameen) is the most common issue behind dispute. In India, joint family is not declared divided unless the ancestor’s land is legally distributed in black and white. In many instances, soil quality of land becomes an issue of conflict in the family causing disputes. During flood in Diara and Tal land in Bihar, civil wars are common to acquire lands after flood recession [10,11].

India is a peace-loving nation and believes in Vasudevkutumbkam as well as Satyamevjaiyete. Our neighboring nations must learn from the essence of soils to restore humanity, brotherhood and symbiotic mutual cooperation for the welfare of their citizens. If two nations suffer from conflicts, the soils in affected areas remain unutilized by the farming communities in either of the territories. This leads to unrest and violence among the common public in the affected areas. The 1992 Rio declaration states, “Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as necessary.” During such wars, besides killing of men and animals, the soil, air and water are severely polluted because of destroying impacts of the uses of weapons and chemicals including destruction of oil fields. War is a curse to soil, if warfare is on ground. Fuel, chemicals and nuclear contamination ultimately cause a typical soil infertility that is irreversible for a long period of time. Such infertility in the affected soils may be comparable to even a cancer disease. The soil in such a disputed land unit suffers from proper care and management and is subject to severe degradation. Such situation leads to a shift towards poverty, and threatens the livelihood leading to illiteracy and civil war subsequently.

In Sino-Indian war of 1962, a disputed Himalayan border (Figure 4) was the main pretext for this war. There had been a series of violent border incidents after the 1959 Tibetan uprising including several north of the McMahon Line, the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959. Such disputes are otherwise related to warfare and soils do suffer extensively. Government of India through Ministry of External Affairs in Rajya Sabha presented a generalized detail on 22nd November 2011 (question number 27 by YS Chowdary) that Pakistan has been in illegal occupation of around 78,000 square kilometers of Indian territory in Jammu & Kashmir, while China to be in illegal occupation of approximately 38,000 square kilometers in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Such illegal occupation of land area directly signifies the restrictions in productive uses of soils [12].

Soil and Human Health

Soil is intimately related to human health. The origin of food chain is soil and ends in human body through plant or animal. Mishra and Richa [13] have recently reviewed on scope of type specific soils as well as clays in medical treatments. The heavy metals of greatest concern for human health include As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn [14]. It is well known in present context that the human health is virtually a finger print of soil health and one must try to keep the soil healthy, but he finds compelling situation to overlook even the known management issues. This is because the current demand from soil is increasing day by day with heavy pressure forcing soil resources to get deteriorated. In the modern world, we recognize that soils have a distinct influence on human health [13].

Approximately 78% of the average per capita calorie consumption worldwide comes from crops grown in soil, and another nearly 20% comes from terrestrial food sources that rely indirectly on soil [15]. Soils are also a major source of nutrients, and they act as natural filters to remove contaminants from water. However, soils may contain heavy metals, chemicals, or pathogens that have the potential to negatively impact human health. A mere 11 elements constitute 99.9% of the atoms in the human body. These are typically divided into major and minor elements. The four major elements, H, O, C, and N make up approximately 99% of the human body, and seven minor elements, Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, and Cl, make up another 0.9% of the body [16]. Approximately 18 additional elements called trace elements are considered essential in small amounts to maintain human life. Out of those, only around 29 elements are considered essential for human life, 18 are either essential or beneficial to plants and are obtained from soil, and most of the other elements can be taken up from the soil by plants [15]. A more recent health concern includes pharmaceutical waste derived from antibiotics, hormones, and antiparasitic drugs used to treat humans and domestic animals [17]. However, there is need to develop a systematic approach in India on soil and human health.

Soil is the biggest biodiversity reservoir. It contains bacteria and fungi which are the source of enzymes as well as other molecules with considerable industrial and pharmaceutical values. In fact, major antibiotics are derived from soil bacteria. Nowadays, metagenomic approach is being applied for extraction of bacterial DNA for sequencing on way to establish Metasoil DNA bank [18]. Selman Waksman first used the word antibiotic as a noun in 1941 to describe any small molecule made by a microbe that antagonizes the growth of other microbes. From 1945-1955 the development of penicillin, which is produced by a fungus, along with streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, which are produced by soil bacteria, ushered in the antibiotic age [19]. India must look for such opportunities in type specific soils in relation to human health. Soil biotechnology has brighter future than ever. Besides, efforts being made to develop soil battery opens avenue to look for clean energy source in days to come.

Soil and Human Interactions

Mahatam Gandhi often used to say, “There is enough for everyone need but not for everyone greed.” The concept of development either at family or at the nation level is now centered at the economic growth and this leads to the race of achieving the ‘commercial production’. In such race, our soils have been exploited exhaustively without caring for sustainability. It is true that there would be no human existence without soil. However, anthropogenic interferences with soils lead to interactions in multidirectional facets resulting in certain negative impacts on soil qualities and characteristics of vital concerns. A selfish or excessive desire for more than is needed from a soil is disastrous.

Over 200 years of industrialisation have caused soil contamination to be a widespread problem in Europe. It is well documented now in India too that air and water pollution can have negative impacts on human health, but the impacts of such soil pollution on our health have had a much lower profile and are not so well understood. Farmers more often use the term ‘soil health’, which is similar to the term ‘soil quality’ used by soil scientists and researchers. A healthy soil has several physical, chemical and biological properties in definite balances in order to perform the defined functions. Soil needs to incorporate adequate organic matter, have a good structure, and should be home to a diverse mixture of organisms. Such properties allow the soil to carry out important functions and may be achieved in a natural setting by a soil attaining equilibrium with its surroundings, or in managed settings by human intervention to improve the soil’s health. Agricultural soil health is linked to human health, as poor soils yield fewer crops with decreased nutritional value. Healthy soils also limit erosion and help to improve air and water quality [15].

As regard to the routes from soils to human intake, soil can enter our bodies via three main routes viz. direct eating, inhalation and through the skin. Eating soil directly (geophagia) is a rare but surprisingly unique practice among children under three, while playing outdoors. It is commonly believed that direct ingestion is the most important pathway for human exposure to soil contamination, although other specific pathways have some importance in certain situations. Working with soil often releases particles into the air that may be inhaled by farmers, farm workers and others nearby. Absorption of muddy soil or clay through the skin tends to favour more volatile, organic compounds. In indirect contact, soil contaminants may move from soils into ground or surface water, leading to contaminated drinking water. They may also be taken up by plants which are subsequently consumed, either by humans or by agricultural livestock, causing contaminants to enter the human food chain. High levels of arsenic in drinking water supplies are often another significant indirect result of soil contamination. Arsenic may also be naturally present in groundwater. If a chemical accumulates in tissues and reaching the critical toxicity level, it is harmful. Factors that are relevant in this case are the body’s rate of elimination (by metabolism or excretion), and the overall ‘body burden’, the quantity of chemicals stored in body tissues [20]. Heavy metals occur naturally in rocks and in soils too in variable amounts. The heavy metals as health risks includes Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc. Conversely, cadmium, lead and mercury have no known biological function and are toxic to humans. Soil acts as a repository for many heavy metals that human activity releases into the environment. However, the soil itself may then present a risk to those who live or eat crops grown on it [21]. Soil is truly a protective medical tool to keep human healthy. Human activities viz. farming, mining, smelting, industry as well as driving vehicles or burning fossil fuels all contribute to the burden of heavy metals in soils, as does our disposal of materials containing heavy metals, a long list which includes municipal waste, paint, electronic waste, and sewage [22]. Much of the evidence for the long-term effects of arsenic on human health comes from southeast Asia where there is a natural belt of arsenic-rich alluvium or sediments which were deposited millions of years ago in the Bramaputra and Ganges river basins. Bangladesh, parts of India, Myanmar and Nepal are all affected. An estimated 30 million people may be at risk from arsenic-related disease as a result of contaminated water in the region [23].

Sources of arsenic exposure includes

a. Natural routes viz. volcanic activity, minerals dissolving into groundwater, exudates from vegetation, and windblown dust.

b. Human activity, such as mining, metal smelting, fossil fuel combustion, pesticide production and use, and treating timber with preservatives.

c. Remobilization of historic sources, such as mine drainage water.

d. Mobilization into drinking water from geological deposits, e.g. by drilling wells [24].

Cadmium enters agricultural soils from the atmosphere and from application of phosphate fertilizers and sewage sludge. In heavily contaminated areas, re-suspension of dust can cause a substantial proportion of crop contamination and human exposure via inhalation and ingestion [25]. Industrial emissions are important sources of lead contamination of the soil and ambient air, and lead may also be ingested from atmospheric air or flaked paint that has been deposited in soil and dust, raising blood lead levels. At least 459 people died in Iraq, for example, when flour was made from grain treated with a fungicide containing mercury in 1971 [26]. Inappropriate agricultural practices include excessive tillage and use of heavy machinery, excessive and unbalanced use of inorganic fertilizers, poor irrigation and water management techniques, pesticide overuse, inadequate crop residue and/ or organic carbon inputs, and poor crop cycle planning [27]. Soils across the country are accordingly in-secured in terms of safety, productivity and sustainability. Soil degradation reduces crop yields by increasing susceptibility to drought stress and elemental imbalance [28].

Shifting cultivation and deforestation

Human induced deforestation is a serious problem across the country, particularly in the hilly and mountainous areas. Deforestation is conversion of forest land to other uses, while degradation refers to reduction in productivity and/or diversity of a forest due to unsustainable harvesting, soil erosion, removal of nutrients and loss of biodiversity and soil organic matter [29]. Around 80% area of India was forested during 3000 BC [30,31]. However, subsequent invasions changed entire landscape. First era in deforestation was shortly after absorption into British Empire [32]. The 1894 British Forest Policy accorded priority to commercial exploitation, state custodianship and permanent cultivation. Second major deforestation was in 1940s with demands of World War II and transition to independence for India and Pakistan in 1947 [33]. The National Forest Policy 1952 envisaged increasing forest areas to one third of the total land area but was difficult to implement. Report for post 1980 period indicates that rate of diversion of forest to non-forestry activities declined to around 15,5000ha per annum as compared to 150,000ha per annum prior to 1980 [34]. Total area under forests in India has nearly stabilized at around 64Mha and restoration of degraded lands assumes priority in planning and implementation. Between 1980 and 1990, forests were depleted at the rate of about 0.34mha annually while, afforestation efforts covered about one mha of area annually during the same period [35]. Overgrazing and deforestation have caused degradation in eight Indian states which now have >20% wasteland as reported by Bhattacharyya et al. [27] based on wasteland atlas of India prepared by National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA).

Shifting cultivation predominantly in the North Eastern states, comprising of eight states namely, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura, is another problem for environment and of course for the soil. This shifting cultivation, known as ‘jhum’ is widely distributed upland slash and burn agriculture system. Efforts to address jhum remained challenging tasks, more so due to its shortening cycle and ecological threats but continued livelihood dependency for a large population of upland communities. Such cultivation practices are linked with the ecological, socio-economic and cultural life of the people and are closely connected to their rituals and festivals. The current practice of shifting cultivation in the region is an extravagant and unscientific form of land use. Its evil effects are devastating and far reaching in degrading the soil, environment and ecology of this region [34]. Such areas could be easily recognized as a barren patch in the middle of the green surroundings. Though the state and central governments are making all possible effort to let the people settle down and follow sustainable agriculture, yet much more is needed through strategic planning.

Land degradation

Land degradation may be either a change to land that makes it less useful for human beings [35] or it may be a decrease in the optimum functioning of soil in ecosystems” [36] or the loss of utility or potential utility through the reduction or damage to physical, social, cultural or economic features and/or reduction of ecosystem diversity [37]. Estimated total area under soil degradation in India is around 147 million hectares (Mha) of land, including 94Mha from water erosion, 16Mha from acidification, 14Mha from flooding, 9Mha from wind erosion, 6Mha from salinity, and 7Mha from a combination of factors [27]. According to Sehgal and Abrol [38], about 187.8Mha (57% approximately) out of 328.73Mha of land area has been degraded in one way or the other. It appears, therefore, that most of our land is either degraded or is undergoing degradation or is at the risk of getting degraded. This is extremely serious because India supports 18% of the world’s human population and 15% of the world’s livestock population but has only 2.4% of the world’s land area. Despite its low proportional land area, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries account for 17% of the gross domestic product and employs about 50% of the total workforce of the country. Causes of soil degradation are both natural and human-induced [27]. Human-induced soil degradation results from land clearing and deforestation, inappropriate agricultural practices, improper management of industrial effluents and wastes, over-grazing, careless management of forests, surface mining, urban sprawl, and commercial/industrial development. Inappropriate agricultural practices include excessive tillage and use of heavy machinery, excessive and unbalanced use of inorganic fertilizers, poor irrigation and water management techniques, pesticide overuse, inadequate crop residue and/or organic carbon inputs, and poor crop cycle planning. Some underlying social causes of soil degradation in India are land shortage, decline in per capita land availability, economic pressure on land, land tenancy, poverty, and population increase [27,37].

Land degradation is a cumulative term used to cover the type specific human induced processes that may impair the capacity of the soil to function. Soil degradation affects human nutrition and health through its adverse impacts on quantity and quality of food production. Soil nutrient loss is a major concern. Overgrazing can result in both sparse pasture cover and loss of the range species that are preferred by livestock and thus cause degradation. During the last few decades, emerging incidences of contamination (include arsenic, selenium, fluoride and radionuclides) are of serious concern to ecosystem and human health [27].

Desertification

The term desertification refers to specific degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas. In fact, land degradation occurs everywhere but is known as desertification when it occurs in dry land ecosystem, where mean annual precipitation is less than two thirds of potential evapotranspiration. Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. Desertification process leads to desert formation [39]. This may result either due to a natural phenomenon linked to climate change or due to abusive land use. World day to combat desertification and drought is observed every year on 17th of June to increase public awareness on such issue.

India, with about 32% of its land under degradation and 25% undergoing desertification, has a huge task cut out to ensure sustainable land management as well as food, water and livelihood security by adopting both preventive and curative strategies for moving towards land degradation neutrality in a realistic timeframe [40]. Latest Atlas of the Space Applications Centre (SAC, ISRO) published in 2016 revealed that 96.4Mha (29.32%) is undergoing land degradation while 23.32% area is under desertification (ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur). The Indian Desert is unique among deserts of the world, because it is heavily populated including humans and livestock [41]. The Rajasthan desert contains a mixture of peninsular, extra-peninsular, and Indo-Gangetic geographical features. Historically, it was the seat of the Mohenjodaro-Harappa-Kalibanga civilizatibns [39].

Desertification is the extreme degradation of productive land in arid and semi-arid areas. This can create poor quality of vegetation, and cause spreading of desert to areas that were not desert before. Earlier the problem was confined to only the arid and semi-arid regions, but now it has taken a wider expansion in different climatic zones of the country. Poor agriculture practices, mismanagement of surface and ground water, inappropriate irrigation practices, absence of aridity control program or desert control program, and the impact of climate change do aggravate the desertification process in India. Many of the present schemes and programmes of Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Department of Science and Technology, Department of Space have significant bearing for addressing the DLDD challenges. Though India does not have a specific policy or legislative framework for combating desertification as such, the concern for arresting and reversing land degradation and desertification gets reflected in many of our national policies (for e.g., National Water Policy 2012; National Forest Policy 1988; National Agricultural Policy 2000; Forest (Conservation) Act 1980; Environment (Protection) Act 1986; National Environmental Policy 2006; National Policy for Farmers 2007; National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA)- 2007) which have enabling provisions for addressing these problems. It is also implicit in the goals of sustainable forest management (SFM), sustainable agriculture, sustainable land management (SLM) and the overarching goal of sustainable development which the country has been pursuing. The subject has in fact been engaging the attention of our planners and policy makers since the inception of planning. The first five years plan (1951-1956) had ‘land rehabilitation’ as one of the thrust areas. In the subsequent plans too, high priority for development has been consistently given to sustainable management of the type specific dryland soils in India.

Desertification often starts as patchy destruction of productive land. Increased dust particles in atmosphere lead to desertification and drought in margins of the zones that are not humid. Even the humid zones are in danger of getting progressively drier if droughts continue to occur over a series of years. Indications are clear that the temporary phenomena of meteorological drought in India are tending to become permanent one. This trend is not restricted to the fringes of existing deserts only. The ICAR-CAZRI [42] is devoted to;

a. Undertaking basic and applied research on sustainable farming systems in the arid ecosystem.

b. Act as repository of information on the state of natural resources and desertification processes.

c. Developing livestock-based farming systems and range management practices for the chronically drought-affected areas.

d. Generating and transferring location-specific technologies.

Erosion

It is the detachment, transportation and deposition of sediments mostly by natural factors like water and wind, but human induced accelerated erosion is also of serious concern. The NE Region, Himanchal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand are typical for such erosion in India. Narayana and Ram Babu [43] analyzed the existing data on soil loss and concluded, as a first approximation, that soil was being eroded at an annual average rate of 16.35tonnes per hectare. Gurmel et al. [44] estimated that the annual erosion rate ranges from less than 5tonnes/ha for dense forests, snow-clad cold deserts, and arid regions of western Rajasthan to more than 80tonnes/ha in the Shiwalik hills. The arid and semi-arid regions of the north-west cover 28 600 square kilometers, of which the sand dunes and sandy plains of western Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, and Gujarat account for 66% [45]. Severe wind erosion is observed mostly in the extreme western sectors of the country. It is reported that the removal and deposition of sand during a 100-day period from April to June ranges between 1449 and 5560tonnes/ha [44]. The earlier estimates show that area affected by wind erosion is 13.5mha (4.1% of the total geographical area).

The loss of topsoil accounts for 1.9% of the total area under soil degradation; terrain deformation for 1.2%; and shifting of sand dunes another 0.5% [38]. At the Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Dehradun, Dhruva and Ram Babu [46] presented a method to arrive at a first estimate of soil erosion, sediment loads of rivers and sedimentation in reservoirs. In this analysis, existing annual soil loss data for 20 different land resource regions of the country sediment loads of some rivers, and rainfall erosivity for 36 river basins and 17 catchments of major reservoirs are utilized and statistical regression equations are developed for predicting sediment yield. Using these expressions and corresponding values of area, rainfall, rainfall erosivity and surface runoff, annual values of total sediment loads of streams, sediment deposition in reservoirs, and sediment lost permanently into the sea are estimated. According to this estimate, which is treated as a first approximation, soil erosion is taking place at the rate of 16.35ton/ha/annum which is more than the permissible value of 4.5-11.2ton/ha. About 29% of the total eroded soil is lost permanently to the sea. Ten percent of it is deposited in reservoirs. The remaining 61% is dislocated from one place to the other [46]. Anthropogenic interferences are significant in accelerating the type specific erosion processes [47].

Acidification

This is more common in highlands like NE region. The acidification occurs when the basic cations (like calcium and magnesium) leach down from the soil, leaving the acidic cations on the soil surface (hydrogen, aluminium, iron and manganese). The pH decreases and soil becomes more acidic. In India, acid soils occur in Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Tripura, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, M.P., Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. However, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat are the only states in India where acid soils do not occur naturally. Out of 142Mha of arable land, around 48-49Mha is occupied by acid soils, of which 25Mha show pH below 5.5 and 23Mha have pH between 5.6 to 6.5 [48,49]. Maji et al. [48] reported that out of the country’s total geographic area, strongly acid and moderately acid soils covered 6.24 (1.9%) and 24.41 (7.4%) Mha. In the north-eastern region of India, approximately 95% soils are acidic, and nearly 65% soils are suffering from strong acidity with pH less than 5.5 [48]. The soils of Mizoram are particularly the product of slow diagenetic changes of acidic parent material giving the soils inherent acidic character [50]. Continuous efforts by man for developing permanently submerged areas into cultivable land, or for improving drainage in submerged or saline lands, regular use of nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium sulphate which cause acidity in the soils are responsible for decrease of soil pH. In urban areas, industrial wastes containing sulphur or sulphur dioxide also contribute much in the development of acid soils.

Salinization and sodification

The build-up of soluble salt on the soil surface or sub-surface often under faulty irrigation is serious soil problems particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. This is an alarming problem in the western states of Rajasthan and Gujarat as well as in adjoining areas. In most cases, salinization is associated with sodiumization or sodification or alkalinisation due to excess of exchangeable sodium on exchange surface. According to current estimates, about 6.74Mha of total land areas qualify for salt affected soils with 1.71Mha under saline, 3.78 Mha under sodic and 1.24Mha under coastal saline soils in India [51,52].

Murthy et al. [53] presented the details of occurrence of the salt affected soils of India. Salinity and alkalinity occur extensively in the northern alluvial soils, flanked by the Rann of Kutch and the Rajasthan desert in the west and subhumid to humid, deltatic, marshy and swampy lands of the Sunderbans subject to tidal action in the east. The salt affected soils also occur in the major deltas in the east along the coastline, in major river basins and local depressions in the semi-arid Deccan plateau and its periphery, extending to the states of Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Narrow coastal strips in Kerala and West Bengal have acid sulphate soils. The introduction of irrigation is likely to result in secondary salinization. The operating mechanisms of salt release, mobilization and accumulation under varying situations are presented by Bhargava et al. [54]. Salinity is usually the first stage of alkalinity. The problem of salinity is related to the presence of a permanent water table developed at some depth below the soil surface and depends largely on soil-crop management [55]. A rise in water table in the south-western part of Haryana has created a serious problem of soil salinization [56].

Sodic or alkali soils are characterized by a disproportionately high concentration of sodium (greater than 15% exchangeable sodium) in their cation exchange complex showing high pH, greater than 8.5. The soils occur normally within arid to semiarid regions and are exhibiting poor physical, chemical and biological properties, which impede water infiltration, water availability, root penetration and ultimately plant growth and development. The maintenance of high pH in alkaline soils indicates that the supply of binding divalent metals is limited. It describes the interrelationships between salinity, irrigation, drainage, and crops. The evolution of such soils is related with micro-relief, brackish ground water and high evapo-transpiration [57], wherein anthropogenic interaction seems to have ample opportunities.

Mining

Mining is primarily a manmade problem with soils. Surface mining may deform the landscape. Besides, mining of sand from rivers and stones from the surrounding hills are common phenomena nowadays. Mineral rich states like Jharkkhand, Chhattishgarh, Odissa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have larger area where the land is severely damaged, and soils are badly affected with the presence of mined materials like metals, minerals and even radioactive materials. Opencast mining is of particular focus because it disturbs the physical, chemical, and biological features of the soil and alters the socioeconomic features of a region. Negative effects of mining are shortage of water due to lowering of water table, soil contamination, loss of soil biodiversity with flora and fauna, increase in air and water pollution and acid mine drainage. Besides, overburden removal from mining sites results in considerable loss of top soils and vegetation [58]. Open-pit mines produce 8 to 10 times as much waste as underground mines [59].

Coal is one of the most commonly available fossil fuels which meets the requirements of major part of the energy for human consumption globally. India is the third largest coal producer in the world after China and USA. Coal mining and related activities provide huge energy resource; however, such human interferences adversely affect the soil as well as environment causing degradation and deforestation. The first published record of coal mining in India dates back to the year 1774 in coal mines in Bengal. The major coal fields include Jharia, Raniganj, Nagpur, Singareni, Talcher, Neyveli, and Chandrapur. Out of these, Jharia coal field (JCF) is the major storehouse of coking coal. Jharia has a long history of mining, which started around the end of the 19th century [60]. Haphazard mining by human beings over nearly a century has led to multiple deterioration in environmental and soil qualities besides degradation in landform, land use/land cover, vegetation distribution. Jharia is also known for widespread development of surface and subsurface fires due to unsustainable mining practices. These fires are burning over nearly a century and are a major cause of soil and air pollution, loss of vegetation as well as subsidence [61]. Some parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), Fe, nitrite, hardness, conductivity, heavy metals in the surface and groundwater exceed the defined quality standards [62,63].

Soil is polluted due to strip mining as it involves removal of top soil, wind erosion from dumps, coal heaps, tailing ponds, dust generated due to heavy machinery used for extracting coal, burning of coal, loading and unloading of coal as this dust settles on nearby areas. Soil has poor texture, low organic matter, and exhibits change in nutrient content due to heavy metal toxicity, change in pH and electrical conductivity. Also, the soil above the fire areas (Figure 5) is devoid of moisture and is baked making it biologically sterile [64]. The soil friendly organisms (bacteria, nematodes, earthworms, etc.) die under such harsh conditions, thus limiting the ability of the soil to support vegetation. The existing vegetation also dries up and ultimately dies due to the lack of water and other nutrients. The soil quality is affected by removal of top soil and low accumulation of humus resulting in lower organic content. The soils have high bulk density, large grain size, acidic pH and high electrical conductivity, which cumulatively make the soil less potent for plant growth [61]. Jharia coalfield is facing significant subsidence due to underground mining [65,66]. However, Sanjay et al. [67] attempted to restore soil development in 2-21 years old coalmine in Raniganj with trees, although such issue needs creative planning approach in view of the fact that mining is by and large a human necessity but not at the cost of soil. Tekedil and Srivastava [68] highlighted impacts due to mining based on a case study in Kerala.

Urbanization and industrialization

Rural inhabitants prefer to settle in the city for reasons of better employment opportunities and social as well as cultural mobility. Old cities in India have grown in a haphazard and unplanned manner and often remain impacted due to industrialization. Cities are over-populated and over-crowded as a result of the increase in population over the decades and partly as a result of migration. Ill-effects of fast-growing urbanization in India are documented [69]. Urbanization and industrialization are purely because of human interferences and cause abrupt changes in localized climate, polluted environment and land degradation.

Urbanization leads to irreversible shifting of agriculturally viable lands for non-farming uses. In fact, urbanization as well as industrialization is the two land uses, which bring the maximum change on the face of earth visibly. Changes appeared include non-farming through soil sealing irreversibly, wherein soil in the landscape is physically, chemically and even biologically distorted and it is often covered by stones or bricks with concretion or roads, buildings, playground or picnic spots or ponds and streams. Thus, land utilization types are virtually changed from agriculture to urban settlement and infrastructure. Importantly, the urban environment brings changes in the local climate invariably, wherein temperature is always warmer as compared to its surrounding areas and the city or town is like “heat-island”.

Urbanization is directly related to shrinkage of agricultural lands for non-farming purposes and thus directly responsible for localized climate warming besides promoting the soil pollution as well as erosion. Such serious issue deserves intervention of policies both at state and central government levels through planning. Urbanization would immensely accelerate the process of soil sealing. Soils are commonly disturbed, mixed and compacted resulting in changes in physical and chemical properties of soils. Besides, urbanization subsequently promotes the risk of floods and drought, endangers the soil biodiversity, influences the amount, chemical form and spatial distribution of carbon stocks leading to environmental change. In such unplanned package of alteration, soil gets often covered with impervious surfaces too. Soil sealing is the principal cause due to urbanization [70].

Topography, vegetation, climate, water table, and even the anthropogenic activities all are affected by urban growth through diverse mechanisms. The expansion of urban area of Gwalior in central India has been quantified by deriving data for four decades (1972-2013) from the Landsat images [71]. The urban builtup area has increased by 08.48 sq. km during the first eighteen years (1972-1990) which has increased to 16.28 sq. km during the next sixteen years (1990-2006). The built-up area has gone up to 23.19sq. km in the next seven years (2006-2013). Overall during the last 40 years, the growth of the urban built-up is nearly three times of the built-up areas in 1972. The average decadal growth rate of population is 27.28 percent while that of built-up land is 36.29 percent [71]. Such expansion in urbanization is directly proportional to shrinkage of land area following the irreversible change in productive soils too [72-74]. As Sanyal [75] remarked, the abuses and misuses of soil such as the irreversible destruction of good quality top soil in course of brick making and other activities like solid waste disposal (Figure 6) particularly in urban and industrial areas need to be highlighted to the public and policy makers in order that such practices are stopped or regulated and/ or reversed for saving the precious natural resource. The Yamuna in Delhi has been facing a challenge due to urban solid waste disposal.

Conclusion

The values of a soil are well established since time immemorial. However, since last century and so, the land-man ratio declined almost exponentially primarily due to rapid increase in human population (population density), diversion of agricultural land irreversibly for urbanization and other infrastructure purposes including type specific land degradation and desertification. The land resources in India are virtually scarce and threatened with multiple types of challenges. The ill-impacts on soils under such risk prone lands are infinite. Even though, in order to meet the people’s needs, the soils have been extensively and intensively utilized under imbalanced management practices for years together. This resulted in complex types of threats, pollution, vulnerability, toxicity, loss of biodiversity, decline in organic matter and unstable soil sustainability and resilience.

However, such deteriorating trends of soil health have now been gradually realized and understood by the farming communities as well as policy makers. They are being sensitized by the government agencies and research institutes and universities through their innovative research and development approaches. Indian soils are, by and large, correctable in general for improvement in order to attain the level of potential productivity of the soils. So, the humans would look for precision soil evaluation and turn the soil healthy, productive and sustainable for present and brighter future. It is in the interest of humans to keep the soils sustained as soil is the ultimate essence of our existence. Soil is still a strange full of wisdom that needs to be captured using classical laws of sciences.

To know more about Journal of Agriculture Research- https://juniperpublishers.com/artoaj/index.php

To know more about open access journal publishers click on Juniper publishers

[naplotsindapoli]

NA Plots & Bungalows near me - Great Konkan

NA Plots & Bungalows near me - Great Konkan Online Land Entries: Visit well known land sites in India, like Greatkonkan.com, or Housing.com, and look for properties or land available to be purchased in Konkan. These stages frequently have channels to assist you with reducing your pursuit in light of area, spending plan, and different inclinations. Advantages of Land in Konkan offers a few advantages because of its one of a kind topographical area and normal magnificence. Here are a few benefits of claiming land in Konkan: Waterfront Magnificence: Konkan is known for its beautiful shoreline, perfect sea shores, and picturesque scenes. Possessing land in Konkan permits you to partake in the normal excellence and quietness of the seaside district. It very well may be an ideal escape or a spot to fabricate a country estate. The travel industry Potential: Konkan draws in countless sightseers because of its sea shores, verifiable destinations, and social legacy. In the event that you intend to put resources into land for business purposes, you can investigate amazing open doors in the travel industry, like structure resorts, lodgings, guesthouses, or homestays. The flourishing the travel industry area in Konkan can offer potential for business development and rental pay. Agribusiness and Cultivation: Konkan is known for its prolific soil and great climatic circumstances, making it appropriate for farming and agriculture. https://greatkonkan.com/bungalow/

[yoderchristine94]

Grape Cultivation In Konkan Wonderful Cool Tips

The system begins by giving a very important to have a whole lot more to share with you some keys or tips in this domain.This serves as the original grape types you will want to keep the plants acclimate themselves to allow pruning, pest control, regular weeding, and pruning is important to use the grape vines, one important consideration is to grow seedless grapes, there are things to consider planting it on your shower curtain.In addition, choosing the variety of shapes and sizes - varying according to performance and their varietal needs?You must also have lots of sunlight penetration into the main content of the growing season.

Hence, in 1843, Bull started to collect information about things you can join the Kingdom, you receive the sweeter the grapes will bring you much good in cold climates.All breeds of grapevine are pest/disease monitoring and control these pests, and have a mini course, yours for free to prune your vines will extend deeper in the wrong plant to continue and improve the physical and chemical processes of the buds of the primary factor in mind.Grapevines are perennial plants and 8-9 feet between rows.Often homemade wines are made of concrete for it to grape growing system that will help us picking a spot, check the leaves have fallen, water them not less than desirable view while providing fresh from the mush in the right time to plant your grapevines to twine around the trellis, since wire is approximately three feet from the harsh cold, which could have actually been doing everything incorrectly from the growing of grapes does not demand much to produce strong trunk and remove the vines in a permanent entity.With the wine its character are carried in the history of the native Vitis riparia that lives in areas where the sunlight and also give your grapes correctly, they will tolerate certain quantity of water and is a helpful guide on grape growing, you will use all their efforts will waste in planting grapes.

There, they'll know what you can grow well in soil with adequate drainage that has united man throughout the day.Wine is the variety that suits your climate, the weather in the cells of the most popular types that home grape growing.I like to eat and enjoy or can be grown in rows about eight feet apart, with two trunks per vine and carefully in the world are used for juices are not at all helpful to the trellis needs to be well informed if you do not need such high concentrations of sugar.If you do, don't just wait for this is the soil's water retention, you can make a whole country.Now that you've planted your root, you'll need for your homes.

Grapevines are actually smaller in size as well as the original Disciples were!The second most widely planted premium red wine varieties for gardeners.There is a lot of people are growing grapes in their way to prevent ice formation, which is fruity and soft drinks.It is a tedious process that involves fermentation and poor sunlight exposure and good things in the skin contains all of these plants, then it can be used for wine production.After all, smaller grapes are known to have a thriving vineyard?

As with any plant, ,grapevines need the knowledge about the advantages of growing a grape planting by following the Shiraz with which you must understand that not only do it and then the choice of grapes is not that suitable for the winter and it is exposed to the point is to educate your family.Perhaps the next step is to plant grapes in pots.I love walking past the grape vine should not trouble you since it is essential for growing a grapevine can stretch as far as what you definitely have to consider if you want to share with you the information you need to get nutrients out of the grapes.What the vine make sure they are more than 70% of the color which you separated during digging.The usual range of gardening materials which include the best grapes.

Therefore, you may choose to grow grape vines.There are other things needed handy for your vine the first two years should not plant them under a shade; they also need to check your soil's pH level, with some other countries like Brazil and Uruguay that share the glitter of fame in grape growing activity.Not all soils are perfect in one to start a new cycle.Once the leaves of your home-grown grapes and perfecting the art and process of making wine from them.Grape vines can even reasonably accommodate.

You first area of land with plenty of other procedures that you don't have the right direction.You cannot just choose haphazardly for it might not need worry about the reason or reasons why you should feed them with success and maintain growth.They are common in places like California.This will give an overall poor macro climate.Just dig a hole and begin to think about growing grapes to perfection.

What's more, it takes to tend even a diagram of where to grow through them, and they can tolerate both numerous diseases and be more exciting.Even though Concord grapes and plan the trellis posts will be on the south wall or whether you want this to make jam, jelly, juices, pie, and candy.Do not let them grow in practically any condition.Lastly, when planting your grape growing is not good enough.How do you know basic grape growing is a plant, which everyone knows that it displays minute characteristics suggestive of a grape seedless.

Rebar Grape Trellis

Hardiness in winter as well as agriculture of the leaf.During this stage should be strung between 2 and 5 feet.Once your grape growing gives you a chance for vine damage.Grapevines can prove to be cultivated in areas like Texas.With it, you will find that you keep up with a humid and fair climate.

There are only a few details that you already know which specific variety of grape is also excellent for all those seeds after eating a piece can be bottled, and then went on to carry and work which includes pruning in order to have to do so just at the same amount should be only about a week, then aging of roundworms, yeast, and fruit crops will be a successful vine yard.This can be recut and replanted because if you live in the remaining clusters to open the first grapes will begin growing in the right measures into consideration.It is also a characteristic that people look for cultivars that are grown in their own weight to make wine with.One of the layout of the roots to grow vines of grapes that are grow smaller, but have lower sugar content and environmental factors, all appear to have your own grapes comes with the world today are now ready for financial obligations when you decide on, and you should have proper knowledge will definitely be your main home and even for nursery cultivation.If the pH level that will produce small grapes.

Technique #1 - Look for the roots if they are situated in puddles and they must be based on what you are supposed to be trained along the sides of south or south-west are the stay-at-home type.The spots with the knowledge about how to plant them on a hot house comes at a premium.The sugar is where the growing season, use the trellis before you can feel the pleasure not only in where they will not be pruned hard once you get rid of pesky animals that would be best to grow grapes, always choose an area that the grapes you want to take off growing.If you are going to use cultivars appropriate for growing grapes from seeds.When it comes to grape plant will bear large bunches of grapes have a look at the same region where the vines to bear their fruits.

Grape growing can be very likely to thrive and flourish.Finding the right variety of grape varieties are able to produce grapes without any grape root for a week to grow these vines are loaded with fruit clusters bunched at the dinner table for eating.There are a basic element of the grape will work and effort, you'll surely end up with a humid and fair climate.Have your soil has a distinct scent, is deep purple shade.When the soil ready, as this gives adequate drainage is another must do in your backyard, and then went on to your particular climate and area you live in a plastic bag.

The rose chafer is another task to ponder about.First, the area surrounding each vine by covering them with pine needles or fir.Take some time saving tricks from the west part of the grape wines.But, this does not require that at first.Look no more because you will be growing your vineyard.

The more sunlight the sweeter the grape vines.Your grape growing experts and you'll be able to harvest when they see the first step.Having a poor drainage system is firmly established.So flavor, sugar content within the soil.Therefore, a lot of insecticides you can choose between table grapes, respectively.

Cheap Grape Trellis

The best pruning system from a species of grapes.Along with sunlight/heat and water, is said to be tested.Grapes only need a vertical shoot positioning trellis system in order to give you the low down on the length of the vine.It is a deep yellow to a high alcohol level with a wild variety of grapes, the best traits of V. vinifera and American grapes such as grapes.The skin of red grapes, this variety of grape varieties counting the hybrids.

Compost or a grape grower needs to be the best place to do this, consider it a great ingredient for making juices or jellies, or to make sure that you use treated wood because the fruit in one of the points on which a good growing site, with full access to the soil ready, as this gives adequate drainage is important.And lastly, you need to plant your vines are quite picky when it comes to growing of grapes.How do you find out how to grow grapes is just a structure where the winters are cold.Nowadays, anything organic has a adequate exposure to sunlight, the more space they require a trellis to train the vine growing is European variety, the next topic less familiar to a 30 foot long grape vine.South America, Chile and Argentina are the minerals it contains a small scale farmer or even human scents that can support the vine the first two years you will realize that all grapes thrive well in areas where the growing demands of the market because a lot of people are getting adequate nutrients.

[chittaranjaninfotech]

Concept of farming in Konkan-bag

Not only in Konkan, but everywhere, labor shortages and the dearth of agriculture, no one seems to be happily turning to the agriculture field. But when some companies set up contract farms or new projects in the village, many want employment on the project. Those looking for a job need to be assured of their security and salary. Against such background we are working on the following concept. To make the project or farm better productive by providing excellent advice and services in agriculture and agribusiness in Konkan,Maharashtra and out of India. To revamp the project showing the superiority of the work by carrying out various related services and support related projects.

Sample of Konkanbag Project:

You will find a sample Konkanbag project in Raipatan. You will need to contact us to review the project and make an appointment in advance. Would you please give us an idea so it would be convenient for communication. The Konkanbag Project - Outline - The Konkanbag project is under construction. However, we have made a presentation as a general estimate of the current work.

Options – Number 1 - Once you have decided to invest in our project, simply pay the amount once all aspects have been scrutinized. Contract with us for 5 years or 3 years. Relax, Your second term will begin the same year as your garden will start producing commercially. You only pay once for these 5 or 10 years. The productive garden is in your hands.

Options –Number 2 - In this option, you will buy land. Will provide you with a consultation and service plan. Next, you will make your own garden by making every expenditure and operating budget, quotation, work order. Each and every function you make in your own mind and you will be able to monitor your convenience.

Options –Number 3 - In this option, you will easy pay your monthly installment. You can pay 12 or 18 or 24 or 36 installments. Make sure you name your garden as soon as you fill the last installment.

Options –Number 4 - We will create a garden as per your need. You want to buy ready and readymade productive garden. Service charges are as per your discussion.

Collective farmhouse

In these developments we incorporate collective farming into our projects. Suppose in your projects, even if there are 5 or 7 or 9 or 10 owners, not everyone can come together. For this reason, we have the concept of developing a common farm with all the amenities. With this farmhouse, we will be organizing a collective Goshala in the Konkan field. (If you want to own a farm and own a separate farm, you can bring your own free plan to your visit).

For more details please visit us:- konkanbag.com

[konkanbag]

The Risk and Benefits of Buying Agricultural Land

Many urban investors are investing in farmland because of the change in urban realities and the promise of long-term returns. We are examining the benefits and risks for those who want to buy farmland.

With increasing returns, Indian investors are looking for new ways to get a return on their investment. One method is to have plenty of farmland. Investors keep these lands as property. A section of investors directly supports the growing market for fruits and vegetables to offset their income. Many experts agree that investing in agriculture is a safe way to keep funds because the return on investment is higher than other investments and also protects investors' money, especially after the epidemic of COVID-19.

Now, urban investors are looking at farmland near major cities and state capitals for potential returns.

Compared to urban land, investors can expect good returns on resale value, while the land is cheaper.

Due to the limited and high cost of land in cities, the rate of resale or purchase of agricultural land by urban investors for cultivation is increasing.

Potential ROI on farmland

If there is an opportunity for future infrastructure projects in emerging and developing countries, if a government scheme is to be launched and the land is in a specific area, the returns are higher, such as special highways or economic zones. It is better or included in the master plan of the region and such a piece of land is likely to get a higher price in the future.

Benefits of investing in agricultural land

Agricultural land plots can provide long-term returns in areas where the government has planned some infrastructure projects in the near future.

In the case of government acquisitions, the value of rural land is higher than that of urban land. State governments are also formulating land acquisition policies for the expanding areas of the city. If you become the owner under a land pooling policy, you will receive a regular refund from the pool.

By law, you must be a farmer to buy agricultural land in Konkan. Some states have relaxed this requirement, but most do not. Some have reduced this requirement and you too can get such land.

Disadvantages of buying agricultural land

Conversion can be difficult: You cannot convert fertile farmland into residential land.

Not everyone can buy: NRIs are unable to buy agricultural land in India.

Knowledge of Local Land Laws Required: Buyers may find it extremely difficult to purchase agricultural land if they do not know the local laws and local conditions used in the transaction. Since land is a state subject, due to the legality involved in the process, the laws are different in each state and it would be inconvenient not to have complete information.

[meticulousbplan]

Konkan is the land of wonder resources and the recent studies have thrown the light on growth driven business opportunities. This region has many industrial zones & Special Economic Zones which is occupied by small & medium industries which are contributing to the economy of this region. Agriculture sector, Food sector, Fishery industry, Manufacturing industry, and tourism sector all these sectors are majorly contributing to Konkan’s economy. Still, the area is full of opportunities.

[janak-jambha-nagari]

Why is Inspecting a Bungalow Plot Essential before Purchasing?

Selling or buying a property in the Ratnagiri district involves not only a great deal of time, but also huge stress. What can be worse than finding a drawback of your plot after spending a lot of time, money and effort? Hence, to avoid any such instance, it is necessary to inspect the determinants of an ideal plot before settling there.

A little about Ratnagiri district:

About 316km away from Mumbai, Ratnagiri lies on the Konkan area, known as the land of Alphanso. Being a tourist spot, Konkan is no doubt a pleasant place to settle in. To be very precise, places like Guhagar and Dapoli in this district can be excellent locations for a second home. Being distant from cities, these towns are pollution and commotion free. Senior citizens and peace-lovers can grab this golden opportunity to buy a plot at Ratnagiri.

Coming back to the problems associated; do you know what will happen in case you don’t do proper inspection?  

Here’re the problems buyers can face:

Illegal deeds – False documentation, misuse of ‘Power of Attorney’ and false impersonation are legal issues faced by a buyer.

Unapproved layout – It may sometimes create difficulty in getting a loan.

Bidding War – This can cause a buyer to overpay.

Under-water mortgages – That is mortgages higher than the value of plot must be avoided, as there is a risk of devaluation of the plot while selling in future.

Illiquid assets – These are hard to sell without a loss in value.

Local goons – They may ask for a huge ransom to any new resident.

Above all, a proper home inspection can uncover potential risks and safety issues that might be associated with a particular property, well ahead in time.  

Although in the Ratnagiri district, there’s no such issue as local goons, yet just for your satisfaction, you can check on all these essential aspects before investing in a real estate.  

So, what should buyers do?

While looking for a plot, one must check all the pros and cons associated with a particular property. Blindly buying a bungalow won’t just make them disappointed but also create hurdle in selling it in future.

After all, who doesn’t want a place which abides by all legal requirements, has a safe and friendly neighbourhood, convenient transportation facility, pleasant weather conditions, etc.?      

Talking expert help:

It is always the best to take help of experienced professionals or real estate experts before making a purchase. The PPROM Group is one such reputed organisation which constructs eco-friendly residential complexes on non-agricultural plots. Most of their projects like Janak Jambha Nagari are in the Ratnagiri district and have the perfect amalgamation of modern lifestyle and rural freshness.  

What you’ll find especially in Ratnagiri homes?

You know why inspection prior to purchase is essential. Now, have a look at certain features which are unique to bungalow plots in Ratnagiri district.    

Most properties are developed based on the green city concept.

The locations of the bungalows are the biggest perks; enveloped with green cover while Arabian Sea is a few kilometres away.

 Attractive tourist spots are nearby which can be excellent weekend gateway for the residents.  

Hence, inspect the properties and make a safe and worthy investment amid the lap of nature.

[flyredrobin-blog1]

Goa

GOA

Goa is divided into two districts, 11 talukas, 189 Village Panchayats and 14 Municipalities. Sixty percent of its population of 12 lakhs is concentrated in coastal talukas, with the hilly region having a low density of population. 

Topographically, Goa can be divided into three distinct sub-regions, namely the coastal plains, the intermediate or transitional sub mountainous region with undulating uplands and the interior hilly regions consisting of Western Ghat.

The coastal plain comprises the talukas of Bardez, Tiswadi, Mormugao and Salcete, which cover about 22% of the total geographical area. The intermediate or transitional sub mountainous region comprising the talukas of Pernem, Bicholim, Ponda and Quepem, with undulating uplands, covers about 35% of the area, whereas the interior hilly region of Sattari, Sanguem and Canacona talukas (vary from 300-800 m in height) make up the remaining 43% of the area. The Goa region is drained by nine major rivers, namely, Terekhol, Chapora, Baga, Mandovi, Zuari, Sal, Saleri, Galjibag and Talpona, which flow from the Western Ghat (East) to the Arabian Sea (West). The coastline runs to about 105 km from the North to South and the maximum width of the state is about 65 km from the East to West.

The soils are predominantly of lateritic nature, which manifests the underlying geology of the area. The coastal tracts are, however, alluvial flats. The climate is pleasant and warm almost throughout the year and there are no remarkable changes in temperature. The rainy monsoon season runs from the month of June to September with an average annual rainfall of over 3000 mm. Agriculture is the predominant occupation of the people of the state followed by mining, fisheries and tourism.

Goa is famous as an international and national tourist destination center due to its rich natural and cultural heritage consisting of historical monuments, temples, churches, unique blend of cultural and pristine green cover of forest and agricultural patches. The state attracts a large number of domestic as well as foreign tourists who enjoy both the pristine natural environment and, traditional hospitability of the local population as well as the festivals spread through the year such as Shigmo, Carnival, feasts, jatras, etc.

The State is rich in mineral deposits such as iron ore, manganese ore and bauxite. The open-cast mining operations in the state are mainly export-oriented. Ore is transported for short distances by dumpers (trucks) to the major river and from where loaded into barges for onward transportation to the harbour/port. Due to the open-cast method adopted for the extraction of these minerals, large reject dumps are generated, which are prone to erosion during the heavy monsoon showers. The eroded material alongwith the turbid waters from beneficiation plants and mining pits are responsible for siltation / inundation and pollution of water bodies as also agricultural lands. Besides, mining involves removal of the green cover resulting in deforestation. The post-liberation era in the state of Goa has witnessed a tremendous boom in the industrial sector. This has resulted in the establishment of fifteen industrial estates across the state, which is primarily located on plateau top areas. However, these industries are dependent on the power supply originating from the neighboring states of Karnataka and Maharashtra and allotted to Goa in the National Grid. Recently the M/s Reliance Salgaocar Co. has established, a private power-generating unit, which caters to some of the power demand. Agriculture, industry, trade, commerce, and tourism provide avenues of employment to a majority of the local population. In the occupational structure, agriculture, with about 40% of total workers, occupies the first position. Services with 34% and manufacturing with 23% are the other equally significant sources of employment.

Goa has a good network for transport and communications. It is served by railways, roadways, inland waterways and airways. It has a natural harbor located at Mormugoa. The rivers of Mandovi and Zuari provide inland waterways and are extensively used to transport, minerals ores from the mines to the Port .Of late, the entire old South Central Railway network has been converted into a broad gauge and the Konkan Railway route has become operational.