#after release from prison in 1888 he was never arrested again

[leyhejuhyunghan]

Les XX and Peter Benoit (Belgian,1834–1901) and Henri Rochefort (French, 1831-1913), and Édouard Manet (French, 1832-1883), Le déjeuner sur l'herbe, 1863

#LesXX and Peter Benoit (Belgian,1834–1901) and Henri Rochefort (French, 1831-1913), and Édouard Manet (French, 1832-1883), Le déjeuner sur l'herbe, 1863

Les XX and Belgian musicians Peter Benoit (Belgian,1834–1901) and Jan van Beers (Belgian, 1852-1927), Henri Rochefort (French, 1831–1913) and Victor Hugo (French, 1802-1885) and Édouard Manet (French, 1832-1883)

Les XX and Belgian musicians

Between 1888 and 1893, Vincent d’Indy worked with Octave Maus and a group of Belgian musicians, including the internationally famous violinist, Eugene Ysaye, to create a dynamic concert series ofavant-garde music. Each year the principle French composers o f the day, including Gabriel Faurd, Ernest Chausson, Charles Bordes, Peter (pp.9-10) Benoit, Emanuel Chabrier, Cesar Franck, Julien Tiersot, Chevillard, and Paul Vidal, would travel from Paris to Brussels, to hear world-class performances o f their music and often perform their works to large and appreciative audiences o f the general public. The phenomena was exceptional and in essence paralleled the art exhibitions, which involved many ofthe principle Parisian artists from Van Gogh, to Seurat, Monet, Rodin, Gaugin, Pissaro, Lautrec and Redon, to name but a few.

“Les Vingt and the Belgian Avant-Garde" A Discussion of the Music Staged Under the Auspices of Les Vingt; its Esthetic Relationship to Music, Art and Literature in Belgium and France, with reference to Le Societe Nationale de Musique, Paris. Andrew Smith, University of Hartford, 2003, pp. 9-10

Peter Benoit (Belgian,1834–1901) - Rubens Cantata (1877) https://youtu.be/CEoWft7jUsA

Peter Benoit (Belgian,1834–1901) and Henri Rochefort (French, 1831-1913), and Édouard Manet (French, 1832-1883), Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863

Peter Benoit (17 August 1834 – 8 March 1901), was a Flemish composer of Belgian nationality.

Petrus Leonardus Leopoldus Benoit was born in Harelbeke, Flanders, Belgium in 1834. He was taught music at an early age by his father and the village organist. In 1851 Benoit entered the Brussels Conservatoire, where he remained till 1855, studying primarily with FJ Fétis. During this period he composed music to many melodramas, and to the opera Le Village dans les montagnes for the Park Theatre, of which in 1856 he became the resident conductor. In 1857 he won the Belgian Prix de Rome for his cantata Le Meurtre d'Abel. The accompanying money grant enabled him to travel through Germany. In the course of his journings he found time to write a considerable amount of music, as well as an essay called L'École de musique flamande et son avenir. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benoit

Henri Rochefort (French, 1831-1913)

Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay (30 January 1831 – 30 June 1913[1]) was a French politician. He was born in Paris and died in Aix-les-Bains. His father was a Legitimist noble who, as Edmond Rochefort, was well known as a writer of vaudevilles; his mother's views were republican. After experience as a medical student, a clerk at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris, a playwright and a journalist, he joined the staff of Le Figaro in 1863; but a series of his articles, afterwards published as Les Français de la décadence[2] (3 vols., 1866–68), brought the paper into collision with the authorities and caused the termination of his engagement.

In 1869, after two unsuccessful candidatures, he was returned to the Corps Législatif, (the then lower house of the French Parliament) by the first circonscription of Paris. He was arrested on the frontier, only to be almost immediately released, and forthwith took his seat.

He renewed his onslaught on the Empire, starting a new paper, La Marseillaise, as the organ of political meetings arranged by himself at La Villette. The staff was appointed on the votes of the members, and included Victor Noir and Paschal Grousset. The violent articles in this paper led to the duel which resulted in Victor Noir's death at the hands of Prince Pierre Bonaparte. The paper was seized, and Rochefort and Grousset were sent to prison for six months. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Luçay

Édouard Manet (French, 1832-1883), The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863, Oil on canvas, 208 cm × 264.5 cm (81.9 in × 104.1 in), Musée d'Orsay, Paris. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Déjeuner_sur_l’herbe

Peter Benoit (17 August 1834 – 8 March 1901), was a Flemish composer of Belgian nationality.

Petrus Leonardus Leopoldus Benoit was born in Harelbeke, Flanders, Belgium in 1834. He was taught music at an early age by his father and the village organist. In 1851 Benoit entered the Brussels Conservatoire, where he remained till 1855, studying primarily with FJ Fétis. During this period he composed music to many melodramas, and to the opera Le Village dans les montagnes for the Park Theatre, of which in 1856 he became the resident conductor. In 1857 he won the Belgian Prix de Rome for his cantata Le Meurtre d'Abel. The accompanying money grant enabled him to travel through Germany. In the course of his journings he found time to write a considerable amount of music, as well as an essay called L'École de musique flamande et son avenir.[1]

Fétis loudly praised his Messe solennelle, which Benoit composed in Brussels on his return from Germany. In 1861 he visited Paris for the production of his opera Le Roi des Aulnes ("The Erl King"), which, though accepted by the Théâtre Lyrique, was never performed. (He also composed a work for piano and orchestra called Le Roi des Aulnes.) While there he conducted at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens. Again returning home, he astonished the musical community with the production in Antwerp of a sacred tetralogy, consisting of his Cantate de Noël, the above-mentioned Mass, a Te Deum and a Requiem, in which were embodied to a large extent his theories about Flemish music.[1]

Benoit passionately pursued the founding of an entirely separate Flemish school, and to that purpose even changed his name from the French "Pierre" to the Dutchequivalent "Peter". Through prodigious effort he succeeded in gathering a small group of enthusiasts who recognized with him the potential for a Flemish school that would differ completely from the French and German schools. However these intentions failed, as the school's faith was tied too closely to Benoit's music, which was hardly more Flemish than it was French or German.[1]

Benoit's most important compositions include the Flemish oratorios De Schelde (The river Scheldt) and Lucifer (which met complete failure when it was staged in London in 1888), the operas Het Dorp in 't Gebergte (The village in the mountains) and Isa, and the Drama Christi, a huge body of songs, choruses, small cantatas and motets. Benoit also wrote a great number of essays on musical matters.[1]

He also composed a Flute Concerto (Symphonic Tale), Op. 43a, and a Piano Concerto (Symphonic Tale), Op. 43b.

He died in Antwerp on 8 March 1901, aged 66.[1]

Honours[edit] 1881: Commander in the Order of Leopold. [2] 1882: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium. [3]

Peter Benoit painted by Jan van Beers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benoit#/media/File:Benoit-door-vBeers-jr.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benoit

Jan van Beers (artist) Jean Marie Constantin Joseph "Jan" van Beers (27 March 1852 – 17 November 1927) was a Belgian painter and illustrator, the son of the poet Jan van Beers. They are sometimes referred to as Jan van Beers the elder and Jan van Beers the younger. In 1884, Jan Van Beers produced the pen-and-ink sketches for the edition de luxe of his father's poetry. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Beers_(artist)

Jan van Beers (Belgian, 1852-1927), When stars set https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Beers_(artist)#/media/File:When_stars_set_by_Jan_van_Beers.jpg

Jan van Beers (Belgian, 1852-1927), The melon seller https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Beers_(artist)#/media/File:Jan_van_Beers_-_The_Melon_seller.jpg

Jan van Beers (Belgian, 1852-1927), Boy with hummingbird https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Beers_(artist)#/media/File:Boy_with_hummingbird,_Jan_van_Beers.jpg

Jan van Beers (Belgian, 1852-1927), Henri Rochefort, undated. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Beers_(artist)#/media/File:Jan_van_Beers_-_Henri_Rochefort.jpg

Henri Rochefort Victor Henri Rochefort, Marquis de Rochefort-Luçay (30 January 1831 – 30 June 1913[1]) was a French politician. He was born in Paris and died in Aix-les-Bains. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Luçay

A painting by Manet, depicting Rochefort's escape https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Luçay#/media/File:Edouard_Manet_078.jpg

Édouard Manet: Henri Rochefort (1881) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Luçay#/media/File:Edouard_Manet_048.jpg

Life[edit]

His father was a Legitimist noble who, as Edmond Rochefort, was well known as a writer of vaudevilles; his mother's views were republican. After experience as a medical student, a clerk at the Hôtel de Ville in Paris, a playwright and a journalist, he joined the staff of Le Figaro in 1863; but a series of his articles, afterwards published as Les Français de la décadence[2] (3 vols., 1866–68), brought the paper into collision with the authorities and caused the termination of his engagement.

Rochefort circa 1865. Photo by Disderi In collaboration with different dramatists he had meanwhile written a long series of successful vaudevilles, which began with the Monsieur bien mis at the Folies Dramatiquesin 1856. On leaving Le Figaro Rochefort determined to start a paper of his own, La Lanterne. The paper was seized on its eleventh appearance, and in August 1868 Rochefort was fined 10,000 francs, with a year's imprisonment.

He then published his paper in Brussels, whence it was smuggled into France. Printed in French, English, Spanish, Italian and German, it went the round of Europe. After a second prosecution he fled to Belgium. A series of duels, of which the most famous was one fought with Paul de Cassagnac à propos of an article on Joan of Arc, kept Rochefort in the public eye.

In 1869, after two unsuccessful candidatures, he was returned to the Corps Législatif, (the then lower house of the French Parliament) by the first circonscription of Paris. He was arrested on the frontier, only to be almost immediately released, and forthwith took his seat.

He renewed his onslaught on the Empire, starting a new paper, La Marseillaise, as the organ of political meetings arranged by himself at La Villette. The staff was appointed on the votes of the members, and included Victor Noir and Paschal Grousset. The violent articles in this paper led to the duel which resulted in Victor Noir's death at the hands of Prince Pierre Bonaparte. The paper was seized, and Rochefort and Grousset were sent to prison for six months.

The revolution of September was the signal for his release. He became a member of the Government of National Defence, but this short association with the forces of law and order was soon broken on account of his openly expressed sympathy with the Communards. On 11 May 1871, he fled in disguise from Paris. A week earlier he had resigned with a handful of other deputies from the National Assembly rather than countenance the dismemberment of France. Arrested at Meaux by the Versailles government, he was detained for some time in prison with a nervous illness before he was condemned under military law to imprisonment for life.

In spite of Victor Hugo's efforts on his behalf he was transported to New Caledonia. In 1874, he escaped on board an American vessel to San Francisco. He lived in London and Geneva until the general amnesty permitted his return to France in 1880. In Geneva, he resumed the publication of La Lanterne, and in the Parisian papers articles constantly appeared from his pen.

A painting by Manet, depicting Rochefort's escape When at length in 1880 the general amnesty permitted his return to Paris, he founded L'Intransigeant in the radical and socialist interest. For a short time in 1885-86 he sat in the Chamber of Deputies, but found a great opportunity next year for his talent for inflaming public opinion in the Boulangist agitation. He was condemned to detention in a fortress in August 1889 at the same time as General Boulanger, whom he had followed into exile. He continued his polemic from London, and after the suicide of General Boulanger he attacked M. Constans, minister of the interior in the Freycinet cabinet, with the utmost violence, in a series of articles which led to an interpellation in the chamber in circumstances of wild excitement and disorder.

The Panama scandals furnished him with another occasion, and he created something of a sensation by a statement in Le Figaro that he had met M. Clemenceau at the table of the financier Cornelius Herz. In 1895 he returned to Paris, two years before the Dreyfus affairsupplied him with another point d'appui. He became prominent among the anti-Dreyfusards along with people such as Edouard Drumontand Hubert-Joseph Henry, and had a principal share in the organization of the press campaign. Subsequently he was editor of La Patrie. As a result of his journalistic descent, this aristocratic author is remembered today as "the prince of press controversy" ("le Prince des polémistes").

Personal life[edit]

Édouard Manet: Henri Rochefort(1881) Henri had a long-standing relationship with an editor/translator by the name of Anna-Catherine Strebinger, whom he married in May 1878.[3] Anna-Catherine is featured prominently as "Catherine" in Wanda von Sacher-Masoch's memoir Confessions de Ma Vie. Catherine did translations of many of the works of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. In her book, Wanda describes Catherine's relationship with Henri as being open, with Catherine openly taking many lovers.

Works[edit]

Besides his plays and articles in the journals Rochefort published several separate works, among them being:

Les Petits Mystères de l'Hôtel des Ventes (1862), a collection of his art criticisms Les Dépravés (Geneva, 1882) Les Naufrageurs (1876) L'Évadé (1883) Napoléon dernier (3 vols., 1884) Les Aventures de ma vie (5 vols., 1896) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Henri_Rochefort,_Marquis_de_Rochefort-Luçay

Paschal Grousset (French, 1844-1909) Jean François Paschal Grousset (7 April 1844, Corte – 9 April 1909, Paris) was a French politician, journalist, translator[1] and science fiction writer. Grousset published under the pseudonyms of André Laurie, Philippe Daryl, Tiburce Moray and Léopold Virey.

Grousset was born in Corte, Corsica, and studied medicine before commencing a journalistic career. In 1869 he began working for the weekly newspaper La Marseillaise, writing pro-revolutionary articles. As a result of an attempt by Grousset to challenge Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte to a duel during 1870, Grousset's second, Victor Noir, was shot and killed by Bonaparte during a quarrel. Later the same year Grousset was sentenced to six months imprisonment. He was elected a member of the Paris Commune, becoming a member of its Executive Committee and Delegate for External Affairs.

After the fall of the Commune, he was arrested and, in 1872, he was deported to New Caledonia. He escaped, and lived in Sydney, San Francisco, New York City and London, making a living by teaching French. He returned to France after the 1880 amnesty, becoming involved in literature and physical culture, but eventually returning to politics and, in 1893, becoming a Socialist Deputy for the 12th arrondissement of Paris.

Like Jules Verne, he was another discovery of publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel. He "collaborated" with Verne on Les Cinq Cent Millions de la Begum (1879), L'Étoile du Sud (1884) and L'Épave du Cynthia (1885). Some scholars[who?] believe that these works were based on manuscripts written by Grousset and rewritten by Verne at Hetzel's request.

One of Grousset's most interesting science fiction novels was Les Exilés de la Terre — Selene-Company Limited (1887), probably one of the most fanciful cosmic tales of all times. In it, a consortium which intends to exploit the Moon’s mineral resources decides that, since our satellite is too far to be reached, it must be brought closer to the Earth. A Sudanese mountain composed of pure iron ore becomes the headquarters of the newly established Selene Company. Solar reflectors are used to provide the energy required to convert the mountain into a huge electro-magnet, with miles of cables wrapped around it. A spaceship-cum-observatory is then built on top of the mountain. When the experiment begins, the mountain is ripped away from the Earth and catapulted to the Moon. There, the protagonists have various adventures and eventually return to Earth by re-energizing the mountain.

Other notable works by Grousset published under the Laurie pseudonym include De New York à Brest en Sept Heures [New York to Brest In Seven Hours] (1888), which predicted a transatlantic tunnel; Le Secret du Mage [The Secret Of The Magician] (1890), in which evidence of an advanced prehistoric is discovered; Le Rubis du Grand Lama [The Ruby Of The Great Lama] (1894), which features a steam-powered flying island; Atlantis (1895), which describes how the mythical kingdom has survived under a glass dome at the bottom of the sea near the Azores; Le Maître de l'Abîme [The Master Of The Abyss] (1905), which features a revolutionary submarine, and finally Spiridon le Muet [Spiridon The Mute] (1907), a remarkable novel about a human-sized, intelligent ant. The character of Spiridon, depicted as a non-human alien, gifted with great knowledge, an insatiable scientific curiosity but no human feelings or emotions, the victim of mankind’s petty jealousies and racial fears, is a striking departure from the Vernian influence that permeated the rest of Laurie’s works.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_Grousset

Victor Hugo (French, 1802-1885) Victor Marie Hugo (French: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo] (About this sound listen); 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. Outside of France, his most famous works are the novels Les Misérables, 1862, and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame(French: Notre-Dame de Paris), 1831. In France, Hugo is known primarily for his poetry collections, such as Les Contemplations (The Contemplations) and La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Ages).

Hugo was at the forefront of the romantic literary movement with his play Cromwell and drama Hernani. Many of his works have inspired music, both during his lifetime and after his death, including the musicals Notre-Dame de Paris and Les Misérables. He produced more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime, and campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment.

Though a committed royalist when he was young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism; his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time. He is buried in the Panthéon in Paris. His legacy has been honoured in many ways, including his portrait being placed on French currency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo

Édouard Manet (French, 1832-1883)

Édouard Manet (US: /mæˈneɪ/ or UK: /ˈmæneɪ/; French: [edwaʁ manɛ]; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.

Born into an upper-class household with strong political connections, Manet rejected the future originally envisioned for him, and became engrossed in the world of painting. His early masterworks, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe) and Olympia, both 1863, caused great controversy and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism. Today, these are considered watershed paintings that mark the start of modern art. The last 20 years of Manet's life saw him form bonds with other great artists of the time, and develop his own style that would be heralded as innovative and serve as a major influence for future painters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Manet

[ostensiblynone]

"BLACK BART."

The Los Angeles Daily Herald, Los Angeles, California, United States Sunday Morning, January 27, 1889.

A Sketch of the Notorious Highwayman.

HIS HABITS AND METHODS.

He is Believed to be at Work Again in California—Badly Wanted

The detectives have been advised to keep a sharp look-out for "Black Bart," the famous stage-robber, who it is believed, has resumed his nefarious calling, and is suspected of being the lone highwayman who has been so successfully stopping stages up North recently. The last daring feat, whereby two stages in Mendocino county were robbed within half an hour by the same man, shows that the individual who is at work is an expert at the business, and throws still further the shadow of suspicion on Bart.

...

Since that date [20th of November] up to the present time there have been several other similar affairs in each of which the business was done by one man, and we have reason to believe that all of the robberies were committed by the notorious C.E. Boles, alias C.E. Bolton, alias Black Bart. Between July 1885, and December 4, 1885, he robbed twenty-eight stages in this State alone. He was released from the State Prison at San Quentin, January 23, 1888; spent two weeks in San Francisco, then went to Modesto, Maders, Merced and Visalia, leaving the latter place on February 28th under the name of "M. Moore."

HIS DESCRIPTION is as follows:—Education, liberal; nativity, New York; age, about 60 years; occupation, mining; height, 5 ft. 8 inches; complexion, light; color of eyes, blue; color of hair, iron-gray; heavy mustache and imperial nearly white; size of foot, No. 6; weight, 160 pounds; size of hat, 7 1/4; does not use tobacco in any form, nor intoxicating liquors, nor opium; he has been troubled with throat disease, and his voice, at times, seems somewhat impaired; is a person of great endurance, a thorough mountaineer and a remarkable walker, and claims that he cannot be excelled in making quick trips over mountains and grades; when reading without glasses, holds paper off at arm's length; is comparatively well educated, a general reader and is well informed on current topics: cool, self-contained, a sententious talker, with waggish tendencies, and during his arrest on several occasions exhibited genuine wit under most trying circumstances; made his headquarters in San Francisco for eight years; made but few close friends, and those of first-class respectability; is neat and tidy in dress, highly respectable in appearance, and extremely proper and polite in behavior, chaste in language, eschews profanity and has never been known to gamble, other than buying pools on horse races and speculating in mining stocks.

A SMOOTH WORKER.

During the time that C.E. Boles was engaged in robbing Wells, Fargo & Co., extending over a period of eight years, he lived in San Francisco at a respectable lodging-house, and reported or gave people to understand that he was engaged in mining—owned a mine, in fact. His brief absences from the city when he would rob a stage were supposed to be necessary visits to his mine, and his daily associates never dreamed of his true character.