#aeroginosa

[auphelia]

Stem of Ranunculus aquatilis (red circles show aerenchyma tissue for gas exchange)

Leaf of Ranunculus aquatilis (boxes show high chlorophyl concentration)

Cross section of Vicia faba (broad bean) leaf

Dinoflagellate (considered a protist)

Diatome (algae)

Very blurry picture of a clump of cable bacteria

I know these aren't household things but eh- microscope pictures. Three bottom ones are water samples, 4 and 5 from the little lake at my university and 6 from the harbor nearby.

i miss science class bro. we dont put things under microscopes as much as we should

[zahlenfreak]

Crochet patterns in the backburner

These exist written on paper, but will be published digitally eventually. This post is also a reminder for myself. Feel free to leave a note if I should prioritise one over the others.

Dream and Death in chibi form from The Sandman

Patrick Star from Spongebob

Three-legged chair from Suzume

Game Boy for a crochet workshop in June

~~~

Bonus question: ist anyone interested in patterns for my cuddly microbes? I made them a long time ago, but could write something down. The corona stress ball has a written pattern, the others not yet.

[micplant]

Arreglo desértico en cristal • • • #euphorbiaaeroginosa #euphorbiagreenwayi #mammillariavoburnensis #raresucculents #euphorbia #voburnensis #greenwayi #tiendadeplantas #suculentasraras #aeroginosa #euphorbiaceae #raicesmexicanas #plantas #suculentas #plantassuculentas #crassulas #succulentsandcactus #cactusandsucculents #succulentshop #tiendadesuculentas #ventadesuculentasycactus #ventadesuculentas #ventadecactus #ventadecactusysuculentas #ventadeplantas #ventadesuculentasycactuscdmx #ventadecactusysuculentascdmx #sinfiltro https://www.instagram.com/p/CL7Ti5RsrOu/?igshid=zyf702ibr26z

[bulkfuelsaustralia]

Deterioration Control in Aircraft Fuel Tanks Protects Against Expensive Repair Works

Review

Proper upkeep is vital to preventing airplane gas leakages, specifically when checking for deterioration. Repair work are typically costly and also prolonged, grounding planes for much longer than if an appropriate upkeep routine was followed. To guarantee that an aircraft remains airworthy, it is essential to initially understand what causes corrosion and one of the most effective ways of controlling it.

Gas contamination creates deterioration in aircraft fuel tanks. Bacteria is the key root cause of gas contamination and usually comes from currently polluted fuel, or failing to keep fuel tanks effectively sumped and examined. Fuel contamination happens when standing water in the sump bases, or contaminated gas, hosts organisms that live in oil items. These organisms, called cladosporium resinae as well as pseudomonas aeroginosa, reside in the water as well as feed off hydrocarbons in the fuel. The waste products of these microorganisms develop water, sludge and acids that ultimately trigger deterioration.

Rust control in fuel tank repair starts with proper upkeep. There are no products that can completely avoid this microorganisms development; consequently, ensuring a proper upkeep regimen is performed is the only means to maintain rust in check. The good news is, there are numerous items that will lessen the germs, and using these in parallel with a great upkeep regimen will certainly aid avoid costly fixings.

Getting rid of Corrosion

If rust is located in the fuel system, the very first step is to extensively examine the whole gas system. Damage assessment is essential to figure out the level as well as essential next steps, such as airplane fuel leakages repair service. To prepare, first record the corrosion damages. Remodeling corroded areas requires numerous steps, so it is necessary to initial paper all locations corrosion appears.

Remodel entails cleansing and stripping of all finish from the rusty locations, elimination of rust products, and repair of the surface safety movie. Complying with rework, repair service of corrosion damages will certainly consist of removal of all rust as well as rust items. If the damage is serious as well as surpasses the damage limits established by the supplier, the component should be changed.

Getting rid of deterioration is a thorough and also lengthy procedure including blast cleansing and also blending of remodelled locations with bordering surfaces. Continued cleansing with brushes as well as brighteners will provide deterioration control in aircraft fuel tanks going forward.

Aircraft Fuel Leaks Repair Work

Rust can create your fuel tank to be compromised, creating leakages and also other considerable problems. A fuel leak can ground an airplane for days and even weeks, as time consuming repair work are performed. Actually, airplane gas leaks repair service is one of one of the most time consuming fixings. The steps happen over days, rather than hours, and need extreme analysis to make sure ideal leakage repair.

The primary step is to carry out a complete examination. During this action, it is critical for a number of concerns to be answered, consisting of:

When does the leakage show up?

Is it leaking just when the tank is complete?

Does the leakage quit when the container is just half complete?

Does it leak continuously?

Where is the leakage noticeable on the airplane?

Is the leak only originating from a rivet?

Next off, validate the sort of gas system in your aircraft. The manufacturer's upkeep handbook provides crucial details concerning your fuel tank system. There are three key fuel tank types - integral or "damp wing", gas cell, as well as built-up metal or fiberglass inside the wing. Each calls for details actions to execute appropriate fixings.

Once you have figured out the fuel tank system in your aircraft, it is time to do a second examination. This must be an extra complete assessment accessing the fuel tank. During this examination, note if panels are wet or have a strong odor of fuel. It is essential to bear in mind that leaks can take a trip a long way, making aircraft gas leaks repair a challenging procedure.

As soon as leakages are uncovered, the repair services can be carried out in the field or performed by an FAA-approved repair terminal. Each fuel tank needs slightly difference processes to finish the fixing. Once finished, it is crucial to re-install any type of fuel tanks removed by using the upkeep manual treatments.

Inspect again for large leakages. If none are found, it is necessary to wait at the very least one more day before installing gain access to panels to make sure that tiny leakages are absent. If there are no leakages, the gain access to panels can be set up and the airplane readied for flight.

[juniperpublishersna]

Enzybiotics, A New Class of Enzyme Antimicrobials Targeted against Multidrug–Resistant Superbugs-Juniper Publishers

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DRUG DESIGNING & DEVELOPMENT

Summary

Gut microbiota with 2X1012 bacterial populations is essential for synthesis of vitamins, coenzymes and many other biomolecules in human and animal. But high dose of antibiotics destructed (since 1928) such bacteria in the alimentary tract posing a threat to extinct of human life. As a result signalling from human and bacteria orchestrated to build a defence to protect symbiotic relations saving both life forms. Bacteria synthesized hundreds of new genes (MDR Genes) to destroy antibiotics in different modes of actions. G-20 leaders and scientists have vowed a strong action plans (as assembled recently in Germany) to abolish the horror of superbugs which are claiming millions of death worldwide. Enzymes as therapeutic antibiotics has taken as emerging new antimicrobials derived from bacteriophages as well as bacteria like Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Histeria monocytogenes. Simply, autolysins, lysozymes, lysins and bacteriocins are great enzybiotics. Genetically modified enzybiotic (GMEnzy) has now a new field of enzyme antibiotic production using molecular biology and genetic engineering principles to overcome the antibiotic resistance. GMEnzy database has built for researchers and is available at http:// biotechlab.fudan.edu.cn/database/gmenzy/.   

Introduction

The term enzibiotic was coined from two words, enzyme and antibiotic and usually refers as the bacteriophage enzymes that attack the cell wall of bacteria with lyses [1]. However, enzybiotic present in bacteria, bacteria infected phages and in body fluids like tears, saliva and animal mucous [2]. Antibiotics had used 80 years with success to eradicate pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas and Vibrio species. However, last two decades gradual increase of clinical isolates had shown with >95% now ampicillin and amoxicillin resistant which was controlled by synthesis of new derivatives of penicillin like cephalosporin and carbapenem drugs [3]. In 2009 NDM-1 Escherichia coli was found however, resistant to all class of penicillins including Beta-lactamase inhibitors like cavulinate and sulbactam but avibactam [4]. Skin infections by MRSA Staphylococcus aureus, PDR nosocomial infections by Pseudomonas aeroginosa and XDR tuberculosis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis are now serious threat to human and alternative approaches should be needed to overcome such crisis [5]. MDR genes (blaTEM, amp, blaNDM, blaOXA, sul1/2, catB3, aacA4, aacC2, aph, aad, dhfr, arr3,strA/B,etc) and drug efflux genes (tetA, acrAB-TolC, mexAB-oprM, mcr, macAB, norA, mdtA etc.) are wide spread in conjugative plasmids and chromosomes of superbugs which are also found in rain, sea and river water posing a threat to global peoples [6].

Thus a new field of science is enzybiotics which is under clinical trial in many research foundations. If enzybiotic is injected into patient with success then all physicians believe that such single enzyme or chimera enzyme would be most useful in superbug cure [7]. It is to save gut microbiota that provide life saving coenzymes involved in glycosysis, TCA cycle and ATP generation [5].   

Result

Some important enzybiotics are:

(a) Lysins. PlyG is Phage-y amidase which can destroy Bacillus anthracis (Figure 1) [8].

(b) Bacteriocins. Lysostaphin is Streptococcus simulans enzyme that acts as endopeptidase on Staphylococcus aureus and many Streptococcei sp. (Figure 2) [9].

(c) Autolysins. S. equidermis autolysin enzyme lyses β (1-  >4) glycoside bong between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl  muraminic acid of many bacteria (Figure 3) [10].

(d) Lysozymes. Egg white lysozyme is muramidase that destroy peptidoglycans and very effective against Gram (+) bacteria [11].

The lysins are 453-473aa long extracellular enzymes and have been sequenced from Streptococcus suis, Streptococcus agalactiae and others (protein ids. WP_061713285, WP_043026720, WP_070043600) with 50-150 mutations among themselves [12,13]. The multispecies bacteriocin (protein id. WP_013103375) has only 54% amino acid similarities to the Leuconostoc sp. Bacteriocin secretory protein (protein id. WP_030058663) but further pharmacological data are lacking. Autolysins are also much diverged as S. aureus enzyme (protein id. AAA99982; accession no. L41499) has only 60% homology with 8% gap to other autolysin enzymes (protein id. BAD83399) [14]. Genetically recombinant Lysins have great potential in curing MDR-bacteria [15-18]. P2neumococcal LytA autolysin, a potent therapeutic agent in peritonitis-sepsis caused by highly beta-lactamase resistant Streptococcus pneumonia [19,20].   

Discussion

Enzybiotics is an emerging field of medicinal science with many molecular approaches have undertaken which have patent litigations and many data are hidden from GenBank database now [13]. It also has combined with phage therapy technologies targeting both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial pathogenesis originating from MDR genes of superbugs [10]. We believe as MDR genes are created both from human and bacteria symbiosis, it will be there with gut microbiota [5]. So to eliminate the pathogenic bacteria alternative to antibiotics will be forthcoming like gene medicines (antisense, Casper-Cas, SiRNA, miRNA, ribozyme) and nanodrug-carriers [21]. Thus enzybiotic is in good place in molecular medicine and its success is ahead. Novel chimerical endolysins with broad antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was reported [16,22]. About 1144 enzybiotics along with 216 natural resources (heterogeneous phyto-antibiotics) have been listed in GMEnzy database [2,13,23,24].

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[mbimphblog]

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON FRESH AND DRIED Zingiber officinale Rosc | Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science

The purpose of this study was to look into the antibacterial activity of fresh and dried Zingiber officinale Rosc. rhizomes. The antibacterial activity of microorganisms such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, K. pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa was investigated utilising the disc diffusion method in this work. K. pneumoniae had the largest inhibitory zone (25 mm), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm), Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and E. coli, each with 22 mm. The antifungal activity of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillum sp, and Fusarium sp was investigated utilising the agar well diffusion method. The highest zone of inhibition against Fusarium sp (14 mm) was seen at a concentration of 100 g of fresh material, followed by A. flavus (12 mm), A. terreus (10 mm), and Penicillum sp (10 mm). Please see the link :- http://mbimph.com/index.php/AJOAIMS/article/view/1791

[shroom-n-doom]

Results were insignificant 🙃 absolutely fucking fuming 🙃 friendship ended with P. Aeroginosa 🙃 now salmonella is my best friend 🙃

[caglararli]

Aeroginosa Mimari. #caglararli https://www.instagram.com/p/B_iOJGJlME9/?igshid=84vm4un1qi2g

[juniperpublisherscellscienc-blog]

New Vision of New Sources- Juniper Publishers

Fresh, clean food is important to good nutrition. Preventing food from becoming contaminated with food poisoning bacteria reduces losses and illnesses. Bacteria in food can reduce the food's nutrient value and also cause disease. Bacteria that cause disease are called pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria can cause diseases in humans, in other animals, and also in plants. Some bacteria can only make one particular host ill; others cause trouble in a number of hosts, depending on the host specificity of the bacteria. The diseases caused by bacteria include food poisoning, tooth ache anthrax, even certain forms of cancer. Disease causing (or pathogenic) bacteria can contaminate food and water and cause food poisoning in the form of diseases such as typhoid, cholera and hepatitis. Pathogenic bacteria are sometimes represented as (deadly) dangerous enemies that lurk in the dark, unseen, ready to attack. Some bacteria kill a high percentage of people infected. Bacteria have invented many different strategies to make us ill. These strategies are called bacterial pathogenicity.

Microbial contaminated food is a problem, fast foods and restaurants are not committed to food storage and workers' health. A report from the Saudi Food and Drug Authority indicates that there are approximately 5,000 cases of food poisoning per year in Saudi Arabia [1]. The symptoms of food poisoning commonly include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and fever, although not all of them may occur in every case. Symptoms vary depending upon the cause and usually start between one and 36 hours after eating the contaminated food and may last for several days. Food poisoning may be fatal, depending upon the cause and the overall fitness of the sick person. Some bacteria, for example most salmonella bacteria, can increase in numbers in food very rapidly under some circumstances. Contamination of foods is a common cause of outbreaks of food poisoning. Food that is contaminated with large numbers of bacteria can be a source of contamination of other foods. Contamination of foods can happen when food contaminated by hands, flies or other insects or pests touches a clean food or when clean foods touch a contaminated surface or utensil.

Raw foods including meat, poultry, fish and shellfish, eggs, unpasteurized milk and dairy products, and fresh produce often contain bacteria that cause food borne illnesses. Foods may also be contaminated with bacteria during food preparation in a restaurant or home kitchen. If food preparers do not thoroughly wash their hands, kitchen utensils, cutting boards, and other kitchen surfaces that come into contact with raw foods, cross contamination and the spread of bacteria from contaminated food to uncontaminated food may occur. Many types of bacteria cause food borne illnesses [2]. Examples include: Salmonella (a bacterium present on egg shells and inside eggs), Campylobacter jejuni (found in raw or undercooked chicken and unpasteurized milk), Shigella (a bacterium spread from person to person), Escherichia coli (present in raw or undercooked hamburger, unpasteurized fruit juices and milk, and fresh produce), Listeria monocytogenes (found in raw and undercooked meats, unpasteurized milk, soft cheeses, and ready-to-eat deli meats and hot dogs), Vibrio (a bacterium that may contaminate fish or shellfish), Clostridium botulinum (contaminate improperly canned foods and smoked and salted fish).

Each year, an estimated 48 million people in the United States experience a food borne illness. Food borne illnesses cause about 3,000 deaths in the United States annually [3]. Botulism, microbial food poisoning due to Clostridium botulinum, is one of the more well-known food borne diseases due to the severe nature of the illness. As C. botulinum grows in food it produces a neurotoxin, which causes symptoms approximately 12-36 hours after consumption. In the past botulism was mainly associated with canned foods, but it has recently also been associated with vegetables in oil and some other foods. Staphylococcus aureus also known as 'Golden staph' is important from both a medical and food perspective. About half of us carry this organism on our skin and in nasal passages. Infected cuts or sores can contain large numbers of S. aureus, and such wounds should be kept well covered if a person is handling foods. Animals, including poultry, also carry this bacteria on their bodies, and all raw meat and poultry products should be handled as though they are contaminated. Raw milk can also be a source of this bacteria [4]. Certain gut microflora such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Salmonella spp., and Shigella sp. can cause food poisoning if the food is contaminated with these bacteria. Environmental contamination potentially leads to human or animal illness, and one direct route of contamination is from manure used as an agriculture fertilizer. The concentration of resistant E. coli in feces varies enormously between individuals [5-8].

As a consequence there is much that still needs to be understood about the behavior and pathogenicity of these highly important bacteria. In particular, and from a food industry/ food safety perspective, it is important to better understand the behavior of bacteria, and how to control it. Harmful gut microbiome is devoiced manure. If contaminated produce is not processed, it may contain some of the gut microorganisms when it reaches the supermarket. Manure can cause contamination in food even when not used as fertilizer. In addition, raw milk can be contaminated during the milking process. Contamination of food can also come through water, spraying contaminated water on plants to irrigate, wash, or chill them can contaminate foods, especially leafy green vegetables, are grown in water that has been contaminated by manure, bacteria can adhere to their surfaces and become extremely difficult to wash off. In some cases, they can find their way inside the vegetables' cells where washing will have no effect. Water is not only a problem on the farm; it is used in food processing, or even to wash food at the supermarket.

Patients who have bacterial infected are usually with antibiotics, and the continuing use of antibiotics produces bacteria that can resist the antibiotics. Decreased efficiency and resistance of pathogen to antibiotics has necessitated the development of new alternatives. Moreover, the cost of the drugs is high and also they cause adverse effect on the host, which include hypersensitivity and depletion of beneficial microbes in the gut. There are several sources in nature of compounds that can inhibit pathogenic bacterial growth, and these may provide new antibiotic medicines.

Nowadays there is an increasing demand for biodiversity in the screening programs for selecting therapeutic drugs from natural products, the marine organisms; especially seaweeds are of with immense interest, since they are having a broad range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumorals, anti-inflammatory and antioxidants. Seaweeds have been recognized as potential sources of antibiotic substances. The production of antimicrobial activities was considered to be an indicator of the seaweeds to synthesize bioactive secondary metabolites [8-10].

Marine algae represent an inexhaustible reservoir of raw materials used in pharmaceutical, medicine, food industries and cosmetics [11]. Marine algae serve as an important source of bioactive natural substances [12,13]. Special attention has been reported on antibacterial activities related to marine seaweeds against several pathogens [14]. The antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts from 20 species of macroalgae including Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta was evaluated against E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis [15]. Study results indicated that seaweeds have presented a significant capacity of antibacterial activities, which makes them interesting for screening for natural products. The extracts and active constituents of various marine seaweeds have been shown to have antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria [16,17]. The antimicrobial compounds derived from the marine seaweeds consist of a diverse group of chemical compounds [18]. Many substances obtained from marine algae such as alginate, carrageenan and agar as phycocolliods have been used for decades in medicine and pharmacy [19]. Chemical structure types include sterols [20], isoprenoide, amino acids, terpenoids, phlorotannins, steroids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids and acrylic acid can be counted [21]. Numerous substances were identified as antimicrobial agents from algae such as Chlorellin derivatives, acrylic acid, halogenated aliphatic compounds, terpenes, sulphur containing heterocylic compounds, phenolic inhibitors etc.

Medical plants are widely used in the treatment of various diseases in today's world. Plant extracts and their various formulations in the treatment and/or alleviation of several diseases in folk medicine have been dated back to the ancient times. Besides, some natural products also exist in vegetables, fruits and beverages [22]. Medical plants initially draw attention as antimicrobial agents with the extraction of the active compound and essential oils. In a study on 66 essential oils and compounds that exhibited >80% inhibition towards Salmonella typhimurium DT104 and E. coli O157: H7, nine were further studied [23]. They showed that most of the oils and compounds demonstrated high efficacy against S. typhimurium DT104, E. coli O157: H7, and E. coli with K88 pili. In addition, they significantly inhibited E. coli and coliform bacteria in the digest, but had little effect on the total number of lactobacilli and anaerobic bacteria. The chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L'Her., Geraniaceae, was determined and the antimicrobial activities against the S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coliATCC 25 992 were evaluated and exhibited an effect on the bacteria at the concentrations tested [24].

For more Open access journals please visit our site: Juniper Publishers

For more articles please click on Journal of Cell Science & Molecular Biology

[zahlenfreak]

Cuddly Microbes

In 2016 I crocheted some microbes for a friend who's a doctor.

Pseudomona aeroginosa:

Klebsiella pneumoniae:

left: MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus), bottom: Escherichia coli, right: Clostridium difficile:

In 2020... well, you all know it. At least, it's a stress ball:

[aurgumistnightstormer]

Microbiology Mnemonics

1.      Lactose fermenting bacteria: CEEK

a.      C – Citrobacter

b.      E – Escherichia Coil

c.       E – Enterobacter

d.      K – Klebsiella

*these are also referred to as Coliforms

 2.      Non-Lactose Fermenters : ShYPS

a.      Sh – Shigella : Non-motile, non-H­2S producer

b.      Y – Yersinia : Non-motile, non-H­2S producer

c.       P – Proteus : Motile, H­2S producer

d.      S – Salmonella : Motile, H­2S producer

 3.      Toxins that ↑ cAMP:

a.      c – Cholera

b.      A – anthrax

c.       ∑ - E. coli LT

d.      P – pertussis

 4.      Major encapsulated organisms: Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules

a.      S – strep pneumoniae

b.      K – Klebsiella penumoniae

c.       H – Haemophilus influenza Type b

d.      P – Pseudomonas aeruginosa

e.      N – Neisseria meningitidis

f.        C – Cryptococcus neoformans (the yeast)

 5.      Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Mnemonic:

KEEPS:

Klebsiella

Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae

E. coli

Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis

Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

  6.      Gardnerella and Vaginalis vaginal infection diagnosis  "Take a whiff and get a clue for fishy bacteria": Smells like fish (whiff test); clue cells seen under microscope. Gardnerella= Gram negative. Vaginalis= Variable.

 7.      Infections that Cross the Placenta à TORCH

T – Toxoplasma

O – Other (Syphilis)

R – Rubella

C – CMV (cytomegalovirus)

H – Herpes & HIV

 8.      HACEK group infections à group of gram –ve fastidious rods

H – Haemophilus aphrophilus

A – Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

           C – Caridobacterium hominis

           E – Eikenella corrodens

           K – Kingella kingae

·         Responsible for 5-10% infective endocarditis (usually subacute)

·         Most common cause gram –ve endocarditis in non-IV drug users

·         Tx. 3rd gen cephalosporin

[crimson-marine]

Antibacterial Effect of Endophytic Actinomycetes from Marine Algae against Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria_Crimson Publishers

Antibacterial Effect of Endophytic Actinomycetes from Marine Algae against Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria by  Manoharan N in  Examines in Marine Biology & Oceanography

The discovery of new broad spectrum antibiotics is urgent need to combat frequently emerging multi drug resistant pathogens (MDR). Actinomycetes, the most important group of microorganisms isolated from marine sources of the world may be the conclusive solution to this problem. Thus the aim of present study was to isolate and identify many secondary metabolite producing actinomycetes from algae sources. The 20 strains of endophyticactinomycetes were screened from marine green algae Cauler pataxifolia and the surface sterilization was proved, the isolates were internal tissue of the algae. Among the 20, 5 strains have better antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant uropathogens by agar well diffusion method. Interestingly, DMS 3 showed excellent inhibition activity against all uropathogens by various solvent systems. Among the various solvent systems, ethyl acetate was exhibited excellent inhibitory activity and showed 24, 27, 20, 19, 16mm zone against E. coli, P. aeroginosa, K. pneumonia, Enterobacter sp respectively. The MIC and MBC also confirmed that the actinomycete strain DMS 3 as excellent antibiotic producer against MDR. It inhibits MDRs of uropathogens at very lowest concentration (100μg/ml).

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[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Synthesis and Analgesic Activity of 5,6-difluoro-2- Methyl-4H-benzo(d) (1,3)-Oxazin-4-one and 3-Amino- 5,6-difluoro-2-Mehtyl-quinzolin 4(3H)-One

Introduction

Heterocyclic chemistry comprises at least half of all organic chemistry research worldwide. In particular, heterocyclic structures form the basis of many pharmaceutical, agrochemical and veterinary products. Among a wide variety of nitrogen heterocycles that have been explored for developing role in medicinal chemistry and subsequently have emerged as a pharmacophore [1].

Quinazolinone derivatives represent one of the most active classes of compounds possessing a wide spectrum of biological activity. They are widely used in pharmaceutical and agrochemicals. Several reports have been published on the biological activities of quinazolinone derivatives, including their anti-inflammatory [1-7], antimalarial [8-16], anticonvulsant [17-20], and antitumor [21,22], activities.

Quinazolinone peptides were reported for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anthelminthic, antibacterial and antifugal activities [23].

Materials-and-MethodsGeneral Experimental Procedure

All reagents and solvents were purchased from sigma-Aldrich, in Germany. Melting points were determined on a kofler hot stage apparatus and were uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on a Buck scientific IR M500 instrument. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 at 400 MHz with HAZ VOLATILE V2. M Chemical shifts Sare reported in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane. Gas chromatography mass spectra were obtained on a Finingan MAT 44S mass spectrophotometer operating at 70eV. Elemental analysis agreed favourably with the calculated values. Analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to monitor the reactions.

Elemental Analysis

Table 1: Characterization and Physical data of Synthesized Compounds.

The compositions of the compounds are summarized in (Table 1). The C and H contents (both theoretically calculated values and actual values) are indicated.

General procedure for the synthesis of 5,6-difloro-2- methyl-4H-benzo [d] [

1

,

3

]-oxazine-4-one, (1)

This involved the condensation of 0.76g (0.005mol) Methyl 2-amino-5,6-diflorobenzoate with 10ml, 1.02g, (0.01mol) acetic anhydride in 30ml ethanol medium. The reaction was heated under reflux with stirring using a magnetic stirrer until the reaction mixture showed no trace of starting material when the TLC was developed (2 hours). Yield was 2.01g (96%), mp: 149-151°C [24].

General procedure for the synthesis of 3-amino-5,6-difloro- 2-methyl-quinazoline-4(3h)-one (2)

Equimolar amounts (1.61g, 0.01mol) of 5,6-diflöro-2-methyl- 4H-benzo [d] [1,3]-oxazine-4-one, and (0.51g, 0.01mol) hydrazine hydrate were heated under reflux in 30ml ethanol with stirring using a magnetic stirrer until the reaction mixture showed no trace of starting material when the TLC was developed (3 hours). At the end of the reaction, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuum under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator. The white precipitate formed was then filtered, washed three times with 20ml of distilled water [20ml x 3]. The white crystals were dried and recrystallized from dimethylformamide (DMF) to give pure 3-amino- 5,6-difloro-2-methyl-quinazolin-4(3H)–one. Yield was 1.50g(95%) mp : 138-140°C [25].

Chemistry

Table 2:13C-NMR of Synthesized Compounds

Table 3:13C-NMR of Synthesized Compounds

The introduction of 2-amino substituent is a successful strategy to improve the chemical stability of benzoxazinone. Due to the pharmacological activities of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives, 2,3-disubstituted derivative of quinazoline-4-one were synthesized via the interaction of the benzoxazinone derivative with nitrogen nucleophile with the aim of obtaining more pricise information about the course of the reaction and some interesting pharmaceutical compounds. The reaction of 4, 5-disubstituted derivatives of methylanthranilate and acetic anhydride yielded the cyclic compound 5,6-diforo-2-methyl-4H-benzo[d] [1,3]-oxazin-4-one. The reaction of this compound with hydrazine hydrate yielded 3-amino- 5,6-difloro-2-methyl-quinazoline-4(3H)-one (Table 1-3).

Characterization of 5,6-difloro 2-methyl-4H-benzo [d] [1,3] -oxazin-4-one.(1)

1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO) δ 7.21 – 7.96 (m, 3H, ArH ), 2.52 (s, 3H CH§), 13CNMR (400MHz, DMSO) δ 160.48, 155.15,148.10, 128.09, 120.14, 122.15, 112.71, 112.61, 24.10,. IR (KBr,cm1) 3135, (NH4), 3018 (CH aromatic), 2951, 2871, 2718 (CH aliphatic), 1730(C=0),1150 (C-0).Anal. Cal for C9H6BrN02 ; C 55.21; H 3.07. Found: C 55.22, H 3.08. Yield was 2.01g (96%), mp: 149-151°C.

Characterization of 3-amino- 5,6-difloro 2-methylquinazoline- 4(3H)-one. (2).

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.51 – 7.14 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H, CH3), 13C NMR (400MHz, DMSO) δ 160.14, 154.51, 148.08, 128.21, 122.20, 120.28, 112.41, 112.14, 24.15, IR (KBr,cm1) 3350(NH4),1685 (C=0),1620 (C=N), Anal. Cal. for C9H8BrN30; C 51. 52, H 3.82; Found, C 51.53, H 3.83.Yield was 1.00g (95%) mp: 98-100°C

Discussion

The present study reported the synthesis of two derivatives of quinazolinone, 5,6-difluoro-2-methyl-4H-benzo [d] [1,3]-oxazin- 4-one,(1) and 3-amino-6,7-difluoro-2-methyl quinazolin-4(3H)- one(2).The compounds were investigated for their Antimicrobial activity.

Structural elucidations of compounds synthesized were characterized by correct elemental analysis and careful inspections of spectral data. Looking at the 1H NMR spectra of the compounds synthesized, compound 1 displayed a singlet at δ 3.68 which was due to methyl group. Other singlets appeared at δ7.16 and 6.41 attributed to aromatic protons. Also, 1H NMR spectrum of compound 2 showed a characteristic signal at δ 2.58 (singlet) corresponding to methyl group. Two singlets appeared at δ7.41 and 7.10 attributed to aromatic protons. Another signal appeared at 5.80 which was attributed to the protons of the amino group. For the IR spectra, compound 1 were characterized by absence of υ NH4and presence of υ C-O stretch in 1102cm-1 region of the compound. Compound 2 was characterized by absence of υ C-0 and presence of υNH4 in 3301cm-1 region of the compound.

The 13C NMR spectrum of compound 1, revealed signals at δ16.95, attributed to methyl group, while the aromatic carbon at oms appeared between δ values 100.05-168.28 with the carbonyl carbon atom appearing as the highest δ value of 168.28. Similarly, compound 2 showed signals at δ22.58, attributed to methyl group, while the aromatic carbon atoms appeared between δ values 105.64-160.28, with the carbonyl carbon atom appearing as the highest δ value of 160.28. The compounds synthesized exhibited promising antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas Aeroginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and candida albicans stock cultures.

Conclusion

The present study has showed that the quinazolinone derivatives 1 and 2 have antibacterial activity. Compound 2 has a higher activity against Serratia Marcescens compared to Compound 1.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume5/synthesis-and-analgesic-activity-of-5-6-difluoro-2-methyl-4h-benzo-d-1-3-oxazin-4-one-and-3-amino-5-6-difluoro-2-mehtyl-quinzolin-43h-one.000892.php

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Something I learned in #microbiology my favorite subject out of them all. Sorry for the typo in the video 🧫 Catalase Test 🧪 👨‍🔬 Catalase is a common enzyme found in almost all aerobic organisms. It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. List of catalase positive microorganisms Only medically-important organisms are listed here. 🦠 Staphylococci 🦠 Pseudomonas aeroginosa 🦠 Aspergillus fumigatus 🦠 Candida albicans 🦠 Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Serratia) 🦠 Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces a heat-labile catalase workable only at body temperatures. (at New York, New York) https://www.instagram.com/p/CAfcwn_jUGB/?igshid=w9rprfbzt7b3

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON FRESH AND DRIED Zingiber officinale Rosc |  Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science

This research investigates the antimicrobial activity of the fresh and dried rhizome Zingiber officinale Rosc. To observe the antibacterial behaviour using microorganisms such as E in the current research. Staphylococcus aureus, coli, K. Pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeroginosa have been researched using the process of disc diffusion. In K, the maximum inhibition zone was observed. Pneumoniae (25 mm), followed by Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm), and E. Every showed 22 mm of coli. Antimicrobial activity by the microorganisms Aspergillus flavus, A. Using the method of agar well diffusion, terreus, Penicillum sp and Fusarium sp were examined. The maximum inhibition zone at a fresh sample concentration of 100 μg against Fusarium sp (14 mm) was observed, followed by A. (12 mm) flavus, A. 10 mm (terreus) and Penicillum sp (10 mm). Please see the link :- https://mbimph.com/index.php/AJOAIMS/article/view/1791

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Cegueira

"

A perda da visão é um termo geral para descrever todos os níveis de comprometimento da visão, em um olho ou em ambos (mono ou bilateral). Também inclui o impacto de uma doença ou condição ocular antes de atingir o limiar de deficiência visual. O termo “cegueira” é utilizado para os indivíduos que apresenta um certo grau de prejuízo ou a incapacidade total da visão. As causas da cegueira estão listadas a seguir.

A cegueira infantil pode ser ocasionada por doenças congênitas como a toxoplasmose, sífilis e a rubéola. Outra causa é pela má-formação dos olhos durante a gestação, que pode ser causada pelo reduzido consumo de vitamina A pela mãe durante o período de gravidez.

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O tracoma é uma patologia ocular infecciosa da conjuntiva e da córnea, causada pela bactéria Chlamydia trachomatis, com maior incidência em regiões rurais. Pode ser transmitida por contato direto ou pelas moscas do gênero Hippelates sp. O tratamento é realizado com o uso de antibióticos para tratar a infecção, limpeza facial e melhoria ambiental em áreas onde a doença é endêmica.

A ceratite microbiana é uma inflamação da córnea de origem infecciosa ou não, é considerada grave se não for tratada pois pode se estender para outras estruturas do globo ocular, ocasionando a perda da capacidade visual até a sua perda total.

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Os principais agentes causadores são as bactérias (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa ou Chlamydia trachomatis), contudo os vírus (Herpes simplex ou Herpes zoster), nematódeos (Loa loa, Toxocara ou Oncocera), os protozoários (Acanthamoeba) e os fungos (Fusarium solani, Candida albicans, Fusarium spp e Aspergillus spp) podem provocar a doença.

A contaminação por esses agentes ocorre através de traumas: lesões na córnea permitem uma entrada para microrganismos; o uso de lentes de contato: higienização inadequada das lentes, no estoja de armazenamento, uso de soluções inapropriadas para esterilização e manutenção das lentes ou o uso prolongado das lentes (como dormir); cirurgias oftalmológicas: falta de cuidados, falta de uso de colírios, no pós-operatório pode levar à infecção do olho.

A ceratite não infeciosa é ocasionada por meio de lesões nas córneas, alergias (substâncias tóxicas), o olho seco ou ceratite de Thygeson.

Os sintomas são a vermelhidão no olho, dor ocular, sensação de cisco no olho, fotofobia, lacrimejamento e visão embaçada.

Os cuidados que auxiliam a prevenir a patologia são:

Higienizar diariamente as mãos e os cílios;

Manutenção e limpeza adequada de lentes de contato;

Não coçar os olhos

Uso de colírios durante após uma cirurgia.

A retinopatia diabética é uma complicação crônica do diabete melito, que ocorre a perda da autorregulação dos vasos retinianos e a hipóxia tecidual, e é a principal causa de cegueira em indivíduos adultos.

A oncocercose é uma doença infecciosa endêmica na África, Península Arábica e nas Américas que ocasiona a cegueira irreversível. É provocada pelas lesões oculares causadas pela presença do filarídeo Onchocerca volvulus no olho. É transmitido ao ser humano por um díptero hematófago do gênero Simulium.

Olho com catarata. Foto: sruilk / Shutterstock.com

Doenças como a catarata, degeneração macular e o glaucoma podem levar o indivíduo a perda parcial ou total da visão. Os erros refrativos não corrigidos não podem constituir outra origem para a cegueira. A opacidade da córnea causa a perda da transparência da córnea e pode comprometer seriamente a visão, pode ser causada por diversas patologias do olho, traumas, inflamações, falta de vitamina A, entre outros.

Referências:

BOELTER, M. C. et al. Fatores de risco para retinopatia diabética. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia. São Paulo. Vol. 66, n. 2, 239-247, 2003.

CBO. Cuidados que podem evitar a cegueira – CBO. Disponível em: <http://www.cbo.net.br/novo/publicacoes/revista_veja_bem_07.pdf>. Acesso em: 01/06/2018.

DE OLIVEIRA, P. R. et al. Ceratite fúngica. Arq. Bras. Oftalmol, v. 64, n. 1, p. 75-9, 2001.

HERZOG, M. M. et al. A Oncocercose humana no Brasil e sua dispersão. Tese de Doutorado – Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro,1999.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION et al. Global data on visual impairments 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization Organization, 2012.

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