#adductor hallucis oblique

[stefanduell]

MUSCLES OF THE FOOT - PART 4 ⠀ [CADAVER DISSECTION ANATOMY] ⠀ There are 10 intrinsic muscles located in the sole of the foot. They act collectively to stabilise the arches of the foot, and individually to control movement of the digits. ⠀ The third layer contains three muscles. The flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis are associated with movements of the great toe. The remaining muscle, the flexor digiti minimi brevis, moves the little toe. ⠀ Flexor Hallucis Brevis (Video 1,2) The flexor hallucis brevis muscle is located on the medial side of the foot. It originates from two places on the sole of the foot. Attachments: Originates from the plantar surfaces of the cuboid and lateral cuneiforms, and from the tendon of the posterior tibialis tendon. Attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe. Actions: Flexes the proximal phalanx of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint. Innervation: Medial plantar nerve. ⠀ Adductor Hallucis (Video 3,4) The adductor hallucis muscle is located laterally to the flexor hallucis brevis. It consists of an oblique and transverse head. Attachments: The oblique head originates from the bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals. The transverse head originates from the plantar ligaments of the metatarsophalangeal joints. Both heads attach to the lateral base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe. Actions: Adduct the great toe. Assists in forming the transverse arch of the foot. Innervation: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (Video 5,6) The flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle is located on the lateral side of the foot, underneath the metatarsal of the little toe. It resembles the interossei in structure. Attachments: Originates from the base of the fifth metatarsal. Attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit. Actions: Flexes the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit. Innervation: Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve. Check and subscribe my YouTube channel for more information about treatment and exercises: www.youtube.com/stefanduell ⠀ #anatomy #feet #footpain #foot #fascia #soccer #biomechanics #tensegrity #running #football #yoga #pilates #gym https://www.instagram.com/p/B_woffPpKQq/?igshid=sde8yiv0i1w2

[peterpositief]

Permanent Perfection Massages: Massage van de voeten

Permanent Perfection Massages: Massage van de voeten

Relaxmassage van de voeten, door Peter, professioneel & gediplomeerd masseur.

Relaxmassage van de voeten

Massage van voeten

Effleurage van de voet

Vanuit het onderbeen  voer ik met strijkbewegingen de olie uit over de gehele voet om de voet te laten ontspannen en de huid op te warmen

Stretchen van de voet

Ik houd de enkel met een hand vast, leg de andere hand en onderarm op de voet en stretch de…

[thegaitguys]

The muscle they named wrong?

Why would you name a muscle after its supposed function when its function is actually something totally different? Probably due to what made sense from how it looked, not by how it acted. Of course, we are talking about the abductor hallucis.

Think about all the anatomy you have learned over the years. Think about all the taxonomy and how it was done: sometimes by thename of the discoverer and more often by its anatomical location. The abductor hallucis seems to be the latter. 

The abductor and adductor hallicus function from approximately midstance to pre swing (1-4) (toe off), applying equal and opposite rotational vectors of force (in an ideal world) of the proximal phalynx of the hallux. This should resolve into a purely compressive force (5). In a closed chain environment, the transverse head of the adductor hallicus should act to prevent “splay” of metatarsals, along with the lumbricals and interossei (6), providing stabilzation of the forefoot (7) and rearfoot (8) during preswing, while the oblique head serves to help maintain the medial longitudinal arch. 

The abductor hallicus is actually a misnomer, as it most cases it is not an abductor but rather a plantar flexor of the 1st ray, particularly the proximal hallux, (assisting the peroneus longus) and supinator about the oblique midtarsal joint axis (5).  In the majority of cases, there doesn’t appear to be a separate, distinct insertion of the adductor hallicus to the base of the proximal phalynx, but rather a conjoint insertion with the lateral head of the flexor hallicus bevis into the lateral sesamoid and base of the proximal phalynx (9-11), emphasizing more of its plantar flexion function and stabilizing actions, rather than abduction. 

In one EMG study of 20 people with valgus (12) they looked at activity of adductor and abductor hallucis, as well as flexor hallucis brevis and extensor hallucis longus. They found that the abductor hallucis had less activity than the adductor. No surprise here; think about reciprocal inhibition and increased activity of the adductor when the 1st ray cannot be anchoroed. They also found EMG amplitude greater in the abductor hallucis by nearly two fold in flexion. 

So, the abductor hallucis seems to be important in abduction but more important in flexion. Either way, it is a stance phase stabilizer that we are beginning to know a lot more about. As for the name? You decide...

Dr Ivo Waerlop, one of The Gait Guys

1. Basmajian JV, Deluca CJ . Muscle Alive. Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, MD 1985, 377

2. Root MC, Orien WP, Weed JH. Normal and Abnormal Function of the Foot. Clinical Biomechanics, Los Angeles, CA 1977

3. Mann RA. Biomechanics of Running. In Pack RP. d. Symposium on the foot and leg in running sports. Mosby. St Louis, MO 1982:26

4. Lyons K, Perry J, Gronley JK. Timing and relative intensity of the hip extensor and abductor muscle action during level and stair ambulation. Phys Ther 1983: 63: 1597-1605

5. Michaud T. Foot Orthoses and Other Forms of Conservative Foot Care. Newton MA 1993: 50-55

6. Fiolkowski P, Brunt D, Bishop et al. Intrinsic pedal musculature support of the medial longitudinal arch: an electromyography study. J Foot & Ankle Surg 42(6) 327-333, 2003

7. Travell JG, Simons DG. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1992; 529

8. Kalin PJ, Hirsch BE. The origin and function of the interosseous muscles of the foot. J Anat 152, 83-91; 1987

9. Owens S, Thordarson DB. The adductor hallucis revisited. Foot Ankle Int. 2001 Mar;22(3):186-91. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 May;82(5):345-9.

10. Brenner E.Insertion of the abductor hallucis muscle in feet with and without hallux valgus. Anat Rec. 1999 Mar;254(3):429-34.

11. Appel M, Gradinger R. [Morphology of the adductor hallux muscle and its significance for the surgical treatment of hallux valgus][Article in German] Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1989 May-Jun;127(3):326-30.

12. Arinci I, Geng H, Erdem HR, Yorgancioglu ZR Muscle imbalance in hallux valgus: an electromyographic study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003 May;82(5):345-9.

#halluxvalgus #halluxabductovalgus #bunion #footmuscleactivity #gait #thegaitguys

[rev-medicine]

The foot can be easy to learn.🦶🏼Just take one step forward @rev.med Read below ⤵️⁣⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ 🗣 Please *Tag* your classmates & share the experience! ⁣⁣ ⁣⁣ ✅ Overview & Index⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ Our view: Plantar aspect (Sole) of the Foot ⁣⁣⁣ The 3rd layer of Muscles⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ *Flexor Hallucis brevis⁣⁣⁣ Origin - Cuboid, third cuneiform⁣⁣⁣ Insertion - Proximal phalanx of big toe⁣⁣⁣ Nerve - Medial plantar⁣⁣⁣ Action - Flexes big toe @rev.med⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣⁣ *Adductor Hallucis: ⁣⁣⁣⁣ Oblique head: ⁣⁣⁣ Origin - Bases of metatarsals 2-4⁣⁣⁣ Insertion - Proximal phalanx of big toe⁣⁣⁣ Nerve - Lateral plantar⁣⁣⁣ Action - Adducts big toe ⁣⁣⁣⁣ Transverse head⁣⁣⁣ Origin - Lateral four metatarsophalangeal joints⁣⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣⁣ *Flexor digiti minimi brevis⁣⁣⁣ Origin - Base of 5th metatarsal⁣⁣⁣ Insertion - Proximal phalanx of little toe⁣⁣⁣ Nerve - Lateral plantar⁣⁣⁣ Action - Flexes little toe @rev.med⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣⁣ **Long Plantar Ligament is a long and flat ligamentous band that attaches to the plantar surface of calcaneus and moves distally to attach to the plantar surface of cuboid bone and bases of 2-5th metatarsal bones.⁣⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ @rev.med⁣⁣⁣ @rev.med⁣⁣⁣ ⁣⁣⁣ #foot #REVmed #REVupyourbrain #REVmedicine https://www.instagram.com/p/CN2vKEGB2dM/?igshid=v7eff8yz4mf7

[teefietales]

Foot/Ankle - Muscles

Layer 1 - most outside

outside licorice: abductor digiti minimi

middle licorice: flexor digitorum brevis

inside licorice: abductor hallucis

Layer 2 - some inside

thick middle ankle licorice: quadratus plantae

smaller near ball-of-foot licorice: lumbricals

Layer 3 - more inside

outside swedish fish: flexor digiti minimi brevis

across middle toes swedish fish: adductor hallucis (transverse)

thick swedish fish near big toe: adductor hallucis (oblique)

v-shape big toe swedish fish: flexor hallucis brevis with sesamoids

Layer 4 - innermost

inside the balls of foot area: interossei muscles

[meiwoplastination]

Deep muscles of foot plastination specimen for plastination exhibition and medical education clearly shows long plantar ligament, oblique head of adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, plantar interossei, dorsal interossei, flexor digiti minimi brevis, etc.

[jasonattaman]

New Post has been published on Dr. Attaman and Dr. Cartier | Pain Management Physicians | (425) 247-3359

New Post has been published on http://bit.ly/310bvMV

Treatments

The Correct Treatment Is Out There!

Our goal for your as our patient is to be able to offer the most effective yet most conservative treatment for your painful issue. This means that if physical therapy, acupuncture, or chiropractic will do the trick, we will prescribe it for you.

In many cases, however, our patients have already tried most such conservative options, and in such a situation we have many different forms of Interventional Pain Management options that can work wonders. Interventional Pain Management is the medical practice of using thin needles to inject medications very accurately and specifically to the painful area(s). Such injections are image-guided, which means that we use a medical imaging device such as x-ray or ultrasound to very gently guide the needle to the painful area. In most cases, we have a specialized interventional pain management procedure developed specifically for your painful condition.

In the rare case you require surgery, we will identify that need and refer you to one of the very best surgeons in the Puget sound. Over the past decade, we have developed a network of outstanding surgeons we work closely with.

Non-Interventional Treatments:

Osteopathic Manipulatioon Physical Therapy Prescription Chiropractic Referral Acupuncture Referral Pain Psychology Referral Massage Therapy Referral

Interventional Pain Management Procedures:

Head: greater and lesser occipital nerve block, supraorbital nerve block, infraorbital nerve block, gasserian ganglion block, sphenopalatine ganglion block, maxillary nerve block

Neck: cervical medial branch block and radiofrequency lesioning (traditional and with CerviCool cooled radiofrequency system), cervical interlaminar epidural block, cervical epidural catheter, zygapophyseal block, superficial cervical plexus block

Thorax: thoracic interlaminar epidural, thoracic transforaminal block, thoracic paravertebral block, thoracic medial branch block and radiofrequency lesioning (traditional and with ThoraCool cooled radiofrequency system), vertebroplasty, thoracic intraarticular zygapophyseal joint blocks, intercostal nerve block under fluoroscopy with contrast, intercostal neurolysis and radiofrequency lesioning

Lumbar: transforaminal epidural blocks, selective nerve root blocks, interlaminar epidural blocks, transforaminal lateral recess blocks, medial branch blocks and radiofrequency lesioning (traditional and with LumbarCool cooled radiofrequency system), intraarticular zygapophyseal joint blocks, pulsed radiofrequency of the dorsal root ganglion, pars defect blocks, hardware screw blocks, vertebroplasty, discography, functional anesthetic discography, Baylis TransDiscal cooled radiofrequency biacuplasty, percutaneous intradiscal coblation nucleoplasty, caudal epidural block, lumbar epidurolysis (Racz technique), sacroiliac joint injection and radiofrequency lesioning (traditional and Baylis SInergy cooled radiofrequency system), intradiscal ozone chemonucleolysis.

Joint Injections: shoulder joint injection, subacromial injection, olecranon bursa injection, hip injection under fluoroscopy, knee injection, trochanteric bursa injection under fluoroscopy, ischial bursa injection, knee injection, ankle joint injection, acromioclavicular joint block, pubic symphysis block under fluoroscopy, xiphisternal block under fluoroscopy

Peripheral Nerve Blocks: suprascapular nerve block and pulsed radiofrequency, median nerve block at the wrist, ulnar nerve block at the wrist, digital nerve block, axillary block with nerve stimulation and ultrasonic guidance, superficial cervical plexus block, ilioinguinal nerve block and pulsed radiofrequency, lateral femoral cutaneous block, genitofemoral nerve block, common peroneal nerve block, genital nerve block, saphenous nerve block, ankle block, pudendal nerve block, pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the pudendal nerve, radiofrequency neurotomy of the genicular nerves (traditional and Coolief cooled radiofrequency system).

Sympathetic System: stellate ganglion block, T2 and T3 thoracic sympathetic block, splanchnic block and neurolysis, celiac plexus block and neurolysis, lumbar sympathetic block and radiofrequency lesioning, hypogastric plexus block and neurolysis, ganglion impar block

Implantable Devices: spinal cord and peripheral nerve field stimulator percutaneous trial and surgical implantation, spinal cord stimulation of the conus medullaris for chronic pelvic pain, intrathecal pump trial, and surgical implantation, tunneled epidural and intrathecal catheters, continuous peripheral nerve catheters

Cryoablation Procedures of all nerves

Ultrasound guided pain procedures of all types

Prolotherapy under fluoroscopic guidance

German Neural Therapy under fluoroscopic guidance

ORTHOBIOLOGIC PROCEDURE OPTIONS

Fully certified by the International Orthopedics Foundation (IOF) in orthobiologic procedures to the following structures:

Knee: Intra-articular with ultrasound (supra-patellar pouch), Intra-articular with fluoroscopy, patellar tendon with ultrasound, quadriceps tendon with ultrasound, lateral compartment through patella-femoral joint with ultrasound, lateral compartment through patella-femoral joint with fluoroscopy, medial collateral ligament, meniscus, and coronal ligaments with ultrasound, lateral collateral ligament to fib head, meniscus, popliteus, biceps femoris with ultrasound, distal iliotibial band insertion with ultrasound, Baker’s cyst drainage with ultrasound, posterior medial corner structures (meniscus, pes anserine tendons, meniscus hamstrings insertions) with ultrasound, medial-lateral retinaculum and POL (posterior oblique ligament) with ultrasound, anterior cruciate ligament with ultrasound, anterior cruciate ligament with fluoroscopy, posterior cruciate ligament with ultrasound, posterior cruciate ligament with fluoroscopy, medial and lateral femoral condyle bone access, medial and lateral tibial bone access

Hip: intra-articular with fluoroscopy, intra-articular with ultrasound, labrum and hip capsular ligaments (iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral) with ultrasound, anterior superior and posterior facets of greater trochanter with ultrasound, proximal iliotibial band with ultrasound, posterior-lateral iliac crest muscle origins with ultrasound, anterior superior iliac spine and associated muscle origins with ultrasound, adductor group tendons with ultrasound, hamstrings origin with ultrasound, femoral nerve block, femoral bone access with fluoroscopy, acetabulum bone access with fluoroscopy, hip intra-articular hydrodilation, ligamentum teres under fluoroscopy

Shoulder: intra-articular with ultrasound, intra-articular with fluoroscopy, sub-deltoid with ultrasound, acromioclavicular joint intra-articular with ultrasound, acromioclavicular joint intra-articular with fluoroscopy, supraspinatus, infraspinatus/teres, subscapularis, biceps tendon, coracoacromio/coracoclavicular ligaments and superior glenohumeral ligament , acromioclavicular joint intra-articular, middle glenohumeral ligament/inferior glenohumeral ligament/posterior capsule with labrum, suprascapular nerve block, shoulder intra-articular hydrodilatation, humerus bone augmentation / intraosseous, superior labrum with ultrasound and fluoroscopy, Interscalene supraclavicular nerve block with ultrasound

Ankle: Ankle tibiotalar joint with ultrasound & fluoroscopy, lateral ankle ligaments (anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular ligament) with ultrasound, high lateral ankle ligaments with ultrasound, peroneal tendons (longus and brevis), anterior/posterior tibialis tendon, achilles tendon, tibial nerve block, tibial nerve hydrodissection with ultrasound, deltoid ligament with ultrasound, subtalar joint injection with ultrasound, subtalar joint injection with fluoroscopy, talus bone injection with fluoroscopy, calcaneus bone injection with fluoroscopy

Foot: metatarsalphalangeal joints with ultrasound, metatarsalphalangeal joints with fluoroscopy, plantar fascia with ultrasound, plantar fascia with fluoroscopy, flexor hallucis longus with ultrasound, flexor digitorum longus with ultrasound, digital nerve block with ultrasound, dorsal capsular ligaments of metatarsalphalangeal joints with ultrasound, extensor hallucis longus with ultrasound, extensor digitorum longus with ultrasound, plantar capsular ligaments with ultrasound, plantar plate with ultrasound, sesamoid with ultrasound, talo-navicular under ultrasound, talo-navicular under fluoroscopy, calaneo-cuboid under ultrasound, calaneo-cuboid under fluoroscopy

Elbow: elbow joints with ultrasound and fluoroscopy (radiohumeral and humeroulnar), medial and lateral epicondyle with ultrasound, ulnar collateral ligament with ultrasound, radial collateral ligament/lateral collateral ligament with ultrasound, radial annular ligament, biceps insertion, triceps tendon insertion, ulnar nerve hydrodissection with ultrasound

Hand/Wrist: intercarpal with ultrasound , intercarpal with fluoroscopy, digit intra-articular (metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, distal interphalangeal joint) with ultrasound, Digit intra-articular (metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, distal interphalangeal joint) with fluoroscopy, carpometacarpal intra-articular with ultrasound, carpometacarpal intra-articular with fluoroscopy, carpometacarpal capsular ligaments with Ultrasound, radial, median, ulnar nerve blocks with ultrasound, digit capsular ligaments with ultrasound, flexor tendons with ultrasound, extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons with ultrasound, scapholunate ligament with ultrasound, 360 degree wrist ligaments with ultrasound, median, ulnar, radial nerve hydrodissection with ultrasound, flexor tendon sheath hydrodilatation with ultrasound, triangular fibrocartilage (TFCC) complex, RUC/DUC ligaments with ultrasound, radial collateral ligament with ultrasound

Spine: C2-C7 facets under fluoroscopy, C2-C7 facets under ultrasound, Cervical supraspinous/interspinous ligaments under ultrasound, Cervical epidurals (interlaminar or transforaminal) under fluoroscopy, greater and lesser occipital nerves under ultrasound, thoracic intra-articular facets under fluoroscopy, thoracic costovertebral facets under fluoroscopy, thoracic costovertebral facets under ultrasound, intercostal nerves under fluoroscopy, intercostal nerves under ultrasound, thoracic supraspinous/interspinous ligaments under ultrasound, lumbar facets under fluoroscopy, lumbar facets under ultrasound, lumbar supraspinous/interspinous ligaments under ultrasound, Lumbar iliolumbar ligaments under fluoroscopy, lumbar epidurals (interlaminar or transforaminal) under fluoroscopy, caudal epidural under fluoroscopy, caudal epidural under ultrasound, sacroiliac joint under fluoroscopy, sacroiliac joint ligaments under fluoroscopy, intervertebral disc injection.

[chrisaustenhonoursproject-blog]

Chris Austen

BA HONS Games Design

BA Hons Project

Module XB3992

Tutor: Ken Lau

Foot Anatomy

The student was not going to sculpt human feet due to time pressure and the character wore boots. However, research on feet anatomy seemed essential as part of the human body.

Bones

Tarsus bones: the seven angle bones located in each foot.

·        Talus: a tarsal bone that is linked with the Tarsus group of bones. The arrangement of these bones allows the Talus bone to move freely in connection with the lower leg bones.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/talus

o   Trochlea of Talus: a bone located at the bottom of the lower leg bones which connects ligaments to them.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelfov/skel37_new.html

o   Head of the Talus: this marks the part where the talus bone connects with the lower leg bones.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/head-talus

·        Lateral Malleolus: occasionally known as the ankle bone. It is a bump/protrusion that is the outside formation of the ankle.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelbov/skel28_new_bov.html

·        Medial Malleolus: the bump formation that widens and sticks out on the lower part of the tibia bone. This shows on the inside of the ankle.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musc05/skel28.html

·        Calcaneus: The heel bone. Located under the talus and forms the heel. It attaches to muscles in the foot that provide movement and functions by taking on the weight of the whole body. It is the largest of all the angle bones (Tarsus)

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelbov/skel39_new_bov.html

The five other tarsal bones are: The Medial Cuneiform Bone, Cuboid Bone, Lateral Cuneiform Bone, Intermediate Cuneiform Bone and the Navicular bone.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelfov/skel39_new.html

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelbov/skel39_new.html

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/intermediate-cuneiform-bone

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/intermediate-cuneiform-bone

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/navicular-bone

·        Metatarsal bones: the five cylindrical bones that form the main body of the foot are connected to the toe bones by the metatarsophalangeal joint, also known as the knuckles on the toes. They are united together by surrounding ligaments which form an arch shape holding them together.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelfov/skel23_new.html

·        Toe phalanges: there are three different small bones that form each of the five toes on a foot, except the big one which (like thumbs) has only two.

o   Proximal Foot Phalanges: the first set of toe phalanges that are connected to the main body of the foot.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelbov/skel24_new_bov.html

o   Middle Foot Phalanges: the middle toe bones which are connected between the distal and proximal toe phalanges.  

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelfov/skel24_new.html

o   Distal Foot Phalanges: the smallest phalanges which form the end digits of the toes.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/distal-phalanges-foot

·        Toe Joints: there are three joints in the toes in connection between the phalanges.

o   The Metatarsophalangeal joint: the joint between the metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanges.

o   Proximal interphalangeal joint: the middle joint between the proximal and middle phalanges.

o   Distal phalangeal joint: the link between the middle and distal phalanges.

http://www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/where-it-hurts/foot-heel-and-toe-pain/foot-anatomy.php

Muscles

·        Abductor Digiti Minimi foot muscle: a muscle that functions by pulling the small toe away from the rest. It goes along the outside of the foot from the Calcaneus and connects to the proximal phalanx of the small toe.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/abductor-digiti-minimi-muscle-foot

·        Abductor Hallucis: a hallux muscle which are muscles that function only for the big toe. This muscle functions by abducting the big toe to move away from the rest.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musbov/musc64.html

·        Adductor Hallucis: located on the foot sole. It functions by adducting the big towards the other toes. The muscle splits into two heads; one is the oblique head which connects to two parts of the foot, the lower bone of the big toe and a bone in front of the calcaneus. The other head is the transverse head that goes under the smaller toes over the sole of the foot.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular-adductor-hallucis-muscle

·        Calcaneal tendon: the strongest and thickest tendon in the human body. Connects the calcaneus to the calf muscle. It helps when standing on toes and provides spring in stepping. However it has no protection and is can easily be injured.

·        Dorsal Interosseous Muscle of the foot: Also known as dorsal interossei. Four muscles that are located between the toe bones that that run along the back of the foot.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/dorsal-interosseous-muscles-foot

·        Extensor Digitorum Brevis: A muscle located on top of the foot in connection with the tendons and controls movement in all the toes apart from the smallest one.

http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/extensor-digitorum-brevis-muscle

·        Extensor Hallucis Brevis: inserts on the proximal phalanx of the big toe, rises from the heel bone and functions in supporting extension of the big toe.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/flexor-hallucis-brevis-muscle

·        Extensor Hallucis Longus: Originates from the middle of the fibula, goes down the inside of the bone, over the ankle bones and connects to the distal phalanx of the big toe. It functions by assisting the ankle's dorsal flexion and straightens out the big toe.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musfov/musc64-new.html

·        Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis: a small muscle located on the foot’s plantar surface under the small toe and functions by flexing it.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musc05/musc15.html

·        Flexor Digitorum Brevis: a large muscle located on the sole inserting on the smaller toes.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musbov/musc15.html

·        Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendons: after the Flexor Digitorum Longus extends down the back of the tibia to the foot, it divides into four parts when it reaches the bottom of the foot. Each part connects to the four toes via the terminal bones. It functions by supporting flexion to the four toes as well as plantar flexion and inversion of the foot.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musbov/musc59.html

·        Flexor Hallucis Brevis: located on the sole of the foot. Consists of two heads that insert on either side of the big toe's proximal phalanx. Functions by helping bend the big toe down.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/flexor-hallucis-brevis-muscle

·        Flexor Hallucis Longus: a hallux muscle that is focused on the big toe. It works in flexing and moving the big toe to a side.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musc05/musc64.html

·        Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon: attaches to the muscle part of flexor hallucis longus to the terminal phalanx in the big toe.  

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/flexor-hallucis-longus-tendon

·        Flexor Retinaculum: goes between the calcaneus and the medial malleolus forming sets of tendons going beneath the foot.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musfov/musc63-new.html

·        Inferior Extensior Retinaculum: a sheet of connective tissue that forms a "Y" shape crossing over the front of the ankle. The Y starts at the outside of the foot and goes to the arch.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musfov/musc54-new.html

·        Lumbrical Foot Muscles: four little muscles located on the plantar surface of the foot. They extend the lateral toes off the interphalangeal joints. they also flex the lateral toes off the metatarsophalangeal joints.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/lumbrical-muscles-foot

·        Peroneus Brevis: Occasionally known as the fibularis brevis. This muscle inserts on the base fifth metatarsal bone and originates from the mid portion of a shaft of the fibula. It functions in extending and abducting the foot.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musfov/musc78-new.html

·        Peroneus Longus: (long muscle of the fibula) a strap like muscle called an evertor muscle that originates down the lateral edge of the fibula just under the styloid process, goes down the leg to the sole of the foot. In the lower leg, it functions in plantar flexing and turns/everts the foot at ankle point. It connects the two lower leg bones with the foot, supports the arch of the foot and helps in moving the foot downwards.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musfov/musc61-new.html

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musbov/musc61.html

·        Peroneus Longus Tendon: a band of connective tissue that inserts the peroneus longus muscle on the foot by going under a set of nerves and muscle around the ankle.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musbov/musc61.html

·        Plantar Aponeurosis: also known as the plantar fascia. A set of connective tissue bands forming a deep fascia layer going along the sole of the foot.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/plantar-aponeurosis

·        Plantaris Tendon: a muscle that functions as a plantar flexor of the foot on the ankle joint and a weak flexor from the kneecap down the leg. Sometimes compared with the palmaris longus in the forearm.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/plantaris-tendon

·        Quadratus Plantae Muscle: a muscle that helps with flexing the smaller toes. It has two heads: the lateral head is flat and tendinous, which stems from the calcaneus inferior surface to the plantar ligament. The other head, the medial is bigger and muscular which links to the calcaneus medial concave surface. The two heads unite in a flat band which goes under the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus.  

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/quadratus-plantae-muscle

·        Superior Extensor Retinaculum: a layer of connective tissue located over the front shin over the angle connecting to the fibula and tibia bones. The tissue forms in many part of the ankle that functions to hold down tendons running down the front of the ankle.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/superior-extensor-retinaculum

·        Tibialis Posterior: a dorsal flexor muscle located in the ankle and foot that functions by stabilizing the foot during walking.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_musc05/musc61.html

·        Tibialis Posterior Tendon: this tendon divides into three parts under the tibialis posterior muscle. The three parts go into the metatarsals, the ankle bones and the calcaneus.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/tibialis-posterior-tendon

Ligaments:

·        Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligaments: connective bands that link the heads of the metatarsal bones.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelbov/skel81_new_bov.html

·        Long Plantar Ligament: located in the sole of the foot.  

·        The Plantar Calcaneonavicular: a ligament that joins the heel to the ankle.

·        The Plantar Cuboideonavicular: a ligament that joins the ankle to the cuboid bone in the tarsus.

http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/skeletal/long-plantar-ligament

·        Deltoid Ligament: a triangular shaped ligamentous structure that connects the talus, navicular and calcaneus bones to the medial malleolus part of the tibia.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelfov/skel63_new.html

·        Anterior Talofibular and Posterior Talofibular Ligaments: together these two ligaments form a key part on  one side of the ankle by connecting the lateral malleolus to the ankle.

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelfov/ligm22_new.html

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skelbov/ligm22_new_bov.html

[thegaitguys]

Which foot exercises activate the intrinsics?

So, your goal is to strengthen the intrinsics. What exercise is best? Probably the most specific one, right? Well....maybe. These 4 exercises seem to all hit them.

This study looked at the muscle activation of the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi, quadratus plantae, flexor digiti minimi, adductor hallucis oblique, flexor hallucis brevis, and interossei and lumbricals with the short foot, toe spreading, big toe extension and lesser toes extension exercises with T2 weighted MRI post exercises (perhaps not the best way to look at it) and shows they all work to varying degrees.

"All muscles showed increased activation after all exercises. The mean percentage increase in activation ranged from 16.7% to 34.9% for the short-foot exercise, 17.3% to 35.2% for toes spread out, 13.1% to 18.1% for first-toe extension, and 8.9% to 22.5% for second- to fifth-toes extension."

Gooding TM, Feger MA, Hart JM, Hertel J. Intrinsic Foot Muscle Activation During Specific Exercises: A T2 Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Journal of Athletic Training. 2016;51(8):644-650. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.10.07.

link to full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5094843/

[meiwoplastination]

Deep muscles of foot plastinated specimen for medical education clearly shows long plantar ligament, oblique head of adductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, plantar interossei, dorsal interossei, flexor digiti minimi brevis.