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reaper-royalty · 5 years ago

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Vatican Museums (Musei Vaticani)

The entrance is in Viale Vaticano near Piazza Risorgimento. There is also a regular free bus service from Piazza S.Pietro (on the left of Bernini's Colonnades as you face the Basilica).

The Vatican houses one of the world's great art collections. Its 7km of exhibits will daunt even the most energetic tourist. So if you only have limited time plan to take in what interests you most - and hurry past the rest.

A oneway system operates for security reasons, so work out in advance what you wish to miss - you cannot go back for example to the Stanze di Rafaello after visiting the Capella Sistina (Sistine Chapel). Remember also that the Sistine chapel is a long walk - about 400m from the entrance along many corridors and staircases.

Popes have been collecting antique art for at least 500 years and today the Vatican contains the largest number of Greek and Roman statues, reliefs, mosaics and inscriptions of any museum in the world.

The Museo Pio Clementino takes its name from two 18th-century Popes who tried to put some order among the large number of pieces of classical statuary littering the Vatican gardens and palaces.

Note the splendid 4th-century porphyry sarcophagi in the Sala a Croce Greca (hall in the shape of a Greek cross), also a sculpted head (no. 567) that is most likely a portrait of Cleopatra.

In the octagonal courtyard of the Belvedere Palace, which was the creation of one of the main founders of the Vatican collection, Pope Julius II, you can see one of the most famous sculptures of ancient Greece, the Laocoon, a marble group of the 2nd century bc dug up on the Esquiline hill in 1506 (from Domus Aurea). Laocoon, a priest of Apollo, and his sons were suffocated by serpents as a punishment by the gods. Opposite is the Apollo del Belvedere a fine Roman copy of a famous 4th-century bc Greek bronze.

Nearby in the Atrio del Torso is the famous Torso del Belvedere a fragment of a naked figure seated on the skin of a wild animal. The hidden power in this much damaged piece of marble is reputed to have impressed even Michelangelo.

The Braccio Nuovo (New Wing) a 19th-century addition, contains a telling portrait of Augustus (No. 14) at about the age of 40, and a colossal statue of the Nile river god surrounded by sphinxes and crocodiles.

You now penetrate into part of the Vatican Library. In the Sala Sistina is a strange wooden device which was used to fix the Papal seal or 'bollo' on important Papal documents or 'Bulls' as they were called in English. The central reading room is laid out with various valuable codices, or handwritten versions of the Bible, some written on papyrus.

The Library contains over 70,000 codices, manuscripts and early printed books. On display are a set of love letters from King Henry VIII to Ann Boleyn (evidence used against the sovereign in excommunication proceedings), an illustrated book on falconry by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and autograph letters of Michelangelo and Raphael.

The Capella Sistina (now undergoing its first major cleaning and restoration) is perhaps the most famous and overwhelming of all Rome's art treasures. The chapel, built by Pope Sixtus IV at the end of the 15th century, was decorated by some of the greatest artists of the day, including Botticelli, Signorelli, and Pinturicchio. But it was Michelangelo's painting of the huge ceiling between 1508 and 1512 and his masterpiece, the LastJudgement painted on the main altar wall 23 years later that set the seal of greatness on the building.

Michelangelo was at first reluctant to carry out Pope Julius I’s commission to paint the events of the Creation, and had great difficulty in getting paid for his tour deforce. Refusing all assistance, he locked himself away for years, lying on his back suspended from scaffolding in order to paint over 3000sq m 10,000sq ft of ceiling. It is a feat that still takes away the breath of the visitors who pass through the chapel every day.

If the Creation breathes the very spirit of the Renaissance at its height, the Last Judgement is in very different mood. Terribilitd (terribleness) was the quality in Michelangelo's art that most impressed his contemporaries, and here with Christ standing in final judgement over humanity (including many actual portrait's of the artist's friends and enemies), you feel Michelangelo is making his final statement on life and death, honour and ambition, love and hate.

The Last Judgement did not meet with universal approval. Prudish Popes ordered trousers or loin cloths to be painted on some of the nudes. (They were later removed.) The Sistine Chapel is today used for the election of a new Pope on the death of the Roman Pontiff, and for solemn assemblies of the College of Cardinals.

While Michelangelo was labouring alone on his great ceiling, his rival and fellow artist Raphael was working (with plenty of assistants) on the decoration of the nearby Stanze di Rafaello. (Raphael Rooms). This was the private apartment of Pope Julius II who did not want to live in the Borgia Apartment below, because of its unpleasant historical associations. Two of the rooms, the Stanza della Segnatura, the Pope's study and library, and the Stanza di Eliodoro, his bedroom, are mostly by Raphael's own hand.

Truth, beauty and goodness are the subjects of the frescoes in the first room. The Disputation of the Sacrament and the School of Athens represent respectively religious and philosophical truth, while Apollo and the Muses on Mount Parnassus represent beauty. Goodness is portrayed by the cardinal virtues, prudence, temperance and strength. The second room contains three superb frescoes; the Expulsion of Heliodorusfrom the Temple in Jerusalem, Pope Leo Stopping the Invasion of Attila the Hun, and the Miracle of Bolsena.

The Museo Gregoriano Etrusco should not be missed as it -contains the Etruscan treasure discovered in 1837 in a tomb at Cerveteri (then part of the Pope's earthly domain).

The three occupants of the tomb were buried with gold, silver, jewels, and richly decorated table ware. The Museo Profano and the Museo Cristiano (Profane and Christian Museums) used to be housed in the Lateran Palace and were transferred here into a new building in 1970.

They contain Roman sculpture, inscriptions and sarcophagi dating from the lst-4th centuries ad. The 4th-century statue of the Good Shepherd is an excellent example of the continuity of Mediterranean art forms - the inspiration is clearly pagan and ancient Greek.

If you are not too exhausted, the Pinacoteca or Vatican Picture Gallery contains further riches. It is particularly well endowed with Primitives and 15th century Italian artists.

The Giotto polyptych in Room II and the Melozzo da Forli Angels in Room IV are worth more than a passing glance. In Room VIII there is a Raphael feast. The Transfiguration, Raphael's last work (it was hung above his bier as he lay in state) has been cleaned recently, revealing unexpected new details. Also on view is a set of tapestries woven from Raphael's cartoons for the Capella Sistina, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The Coronation of the Virgin was the first work of Raphael's maturity - he was 20 years old when he painted it.

#vatican museums #vatican #italy #rome #roma #travel #vatican city #popes #sistine chapel #pinacoteca #vatican picture gallery #capella sistina

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tkmedia · 3 years ago

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The path to accountability for Canada’s residential school graves

Warning: The story below contains details of residential schools that may be upsetting. Canada’s Indian Residential School Survivors and Family Crisis Line is available 24 hours a day at 1-866-925-4419.Canada – Niigaanwewidam Sinclair says the recent discoveries of mass graves of Indigenous children have vindicated what his community has long known. “Every Indigenous community has stories of lost children, so none of this is surprising,” Sinclair, associate professor at the University of Manitoba, told Al Jazeera. “The only surprising element really is that Canadians are so surprised.” At least three First Nations in Canada recently uncovered hundreds of unmarked graves of Indigenous children on the grounds of former “residential schools” – government-founded, assimilation institutions that were run by various churches for more than 100 years. From the late 1800s until 1996, Canada forcibly removed 150,000 Indigenous children from their families and forced them to attend the institutions. They were made to cut their long hair, forbidden from speaking their languages, and many were physically and sexually abused. Thousands are believed to have died. For decades, survivors have known of their deaths, but now with more access to technology, the graves are being examined. As First Nations publicise the exact numbers of lost children, a wave of grief has crashed through Indigenous communities. The findings have also fuelled calls for accountability from Ottawa and the churches that ran day-to-day operations at the institutions – notably the Roman Catholic Church, which was in charge of most of them. But Indigenous leaders say neither the federal government nor the Catholic Church have done enough to address continuing harms caused by the institutions – nor have they acted to implement a long list of recommendations put out by a federal commission of inquiry in 2015. That commission concluded Canada had committed “cultural genocide” through the residential schools system. “They don’t have a plan, they don’t have the means or the political will to deliver on the small amount of initiatives that they’ve committed to, and if anything, they’ve disappointed widely on the commitments they make. Their words don’t match their actions,” said Sinclair, referring to the Canadian government.

Calls to Action

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was envisioned as a way to document the stories of residential school survivors and bring them justice, but years after the TRC issued its calls to action, Canada and the Catholic Church have only implemented eight of 94 recommendations, a December 2020 report by the First-Nation-led research centre, the Yellowhead Institute, found. However, as graves of Indigenous children were counted over the last month, Canada has made progress on four more, said Eva Jewell, associate fellow at the Yellowhead Institute, who co-authored the report, although she cautioned that it is not clear if those four have been fully implemented yet. “Canada can summon the political will when there’s heat on them,” she told Al Jazeera. “There’s a lot of pressure on Canada to act and to do something, and suddenly there’s been a renewed interest in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s calls to action. They’ve been neglected for so long, and suddenly here was this finding, and Canadians were rushing to figure out, ‘well, I thought we were doing something.'” Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada told Al Jazeera in an email this month that the country’s 2019 budget provided $28m ($33.8m Canadian) over three years to support the recommendations on deaths at the schools specifically. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his ministers have reiterated that they remain committed to supporting First Nation communities in their efforts. But Indigenous advocates say too little has been done, and Jewell said the existing dynamic puts pressure on Indigenous people to take action when a tragedy makes headlines. “There was no time to mourn, there was no time to sit with the grief, it was just an immediate spring to action and seize the moment, and try to harness the attention and the political will to push through the things that really matter, and that will really affect change in our community,” she said. “I would like to see more sustained commitment and action, and I hope Canadians will commit to that.”

Church responsibility

The TRC’s calls to action include an apology from Pope Francis for the role the Catholic Church played in the residential schools system, and aid from the federal government to help uncover unmarked graves and identify remains. But the pope has not apologised, expressing “pain” this month after 215 Indigenous children were found in unmarked graves at Kamloops Indian Residential School in the western province of British Columbia. Weeks later, some 715 Indigenous people’s remains were discovered at Marieval Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan. Both institutions were run by the Catholic Church, furthering calls for the church to hand over all of its records. “The Church needs to accept full responsibility, release all its Indian Residential School records, and trade in shallow placatory remarks for meaningful apologies through action,” Grand Chief Stewart Phillip, president of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs, said in a statement.

People from Mosakahiken Cree Nation hug in front of a makeshift memorial at the former Kamloops Indian Residential School Donald Bolen, the Archbishop of Regina, the capital of Saskatchewan, said the archdiocese has limited residential school records. But he said death records from 1885 to 1952 were handed over to Cowessess First Nation, which discovered the unmarked graves at Marieval. The archdiocese also has some correspondence outlining when many priests began working at residential schools in that area, Bolen told Al Jazeera. “Within the limits of privacy laws, we’re sharing what we have and we’ll assist Indigenous communities with communications with religious communities who might have more information,” he said, adding that the archdiocese also provided $70,000 in 2019 to help the First Nation in its search for the unmarked graves. Meanwhile, two religious communities of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate – which operated both the Marieval and Kamloops institutions – said on June 24 that they would “disclose all historical documents maintained by us and in our possession, in accordance with all legislation, about our involvement”. Bolen would not comment directly when asked why Pope Francis has not yet apologised. He said an Indigenous delegation would travel to Rome before the end of the year to meet with the pope. “The pope will have a chance to hear from them directly and then to engage,” Bolen said. “That process is really vital.”

Independent investigation

Meanwhile, the residential school discoveries have garnered international condemnation, including from a panel of United Nations experts who on June 4 called for “full-fledged investigations” of the grave site at Kamloops. Murray Sinclair, the former chair of the TRC, also recently told The Globe and Mail newspaper that any investigation “should not be left in the hands of the government or the churches and must instead be created in consultation with Indigenous people”. Trudeau was asked during a news conference on June 25 how far his government would be willing to go to get accountability, including whether police or international experts should investigate. “I think the first thing we need to do is be there for the communities and what they want, and what they need, and what answers they need to get,” he responded. “Every step of the way, my pledge to all Canadians is that we will put Indigenous peoples and their wishes – for their loved ones, for their communities – at the very core of whatever next steps we take.” Asked whether police or international groups should investigate residential school sites, PM Trudeau says there needs to be accountability but says "that needs to be driven by and based on the choices and desires and needs of the people who are at the centre of this."#cdnpoli pic.twitter.com/JCMaUaqM7Y — CPAC (@CPAC_TV) June 25, 2021 Melanie Klinkner, associate professor at Bournemouth University and expert on mass graves, said two elements stand out in the residential schools discoveries: the circumstances of the children’s deaths and the potential unlawfulness in how their bodies were disposed of. She said states have a duty to conduct “a full and effective investigation” when suspicious deaths are reported. “The investigation needs to be independent, it needs to be impartial, it needs to be done in such a way that there’s confidence in the findings. It also means that they must be capable of resulting in accountability processes,” Klinkner told Al Jazeera. Klinkner added that other forms of justice also are at play in Canada, including the identification, return and reburial of the Indigenous children’s remains in a culturally sensitive manner, potential historical commemorations at the sites, and support for residential school survivors. “The onus is on the government to uphold the rule of law,” she said, “which is why I think an investigation has to happen.” Sinclair at the University of Manitoba said for Canada to properly atone for its genocide, it must return the land to Indigenous people, recognise treaty rights, and adopt a long-term plan to implement the TRC calls to action, as well as the recommendations in a report on missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. “Now is the time to create a country different than that which we have inherited,” he said. Read the full article

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aradxan · 5 years ago

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You got bulk mail by Silanov Door with advertising papers in the little town of San Quirico d’Orcia in the Val d’Orcia (In English: "Valley oft he Orcia"), Province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy Some background information: San Quirico d'Orcia is a municipality of about 2,500 inhabitants in the Province of Siena in the Italian region of Tuscany, located about 80 kilometres (50 miles) southeast of Florence and about 35 kilometres (22 miles) southeast of Siena inside the Val d‘Orcia landscape. It is named in honor of Saint Quiricus. Located on the Via Francigena, San Quirico d'Orcia borders the municipalities of Castiglione d'Orcia, Montalcino and Pienza. The settlement was already inhabited by the Etruscans, who were a powerful and wealthy civilization of ancient Italy between 800 and 500 BC. In the 8th century, San Quirico was first mentioned in a document. In the 13th century, it entered under control of Siena. Until the 15th century its town walls were extended and enhanced by the Sienese governers. But after the defeat of the Republic of Siena in 1559, the Florentine family Medici took control of the whole area. In 1677, San Quirico was enfeoffed cardinal Flavia Chigi by Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici and after the cardinal’s death, the town was governed by members of the cardinal’s own noble family Zondadari Chigi. The Val d'Orcia, or Valdorcia, is a region of Tuscany, central Italy, which extends from the hills south of Siena to Monte Amiata. Its endless gentle, cultivated rolling hills, which are covered with grain or sunflowers in the summer and vineyards, olive groves, cypresses, beech or chestnut trees all year round alternate with medieval habitations, rural villas and castles boasting impervious towers – all of which is diffused in a tranquilly-isolated nature. This is the scenario that is laid out before the eyes of the visitor to Val d’Orcia. In 2004, the Val d'Orcia was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. According to UNESCO the valley is an exceptional exemplar of the way in which a natural setting was redesigned during the Renaissance (in the 14th and 15th centuries), reflecting the ideals of good governance in the Italian city-state. Additionally, these splendid localities were celebrated by the painters of the Sienese School, which flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries. The Val d‘Orcia is often described as the perfect combination of nature and culture, but it is also an ecosystem which bears witness oft he rural population that has cultivated and farmed the ground since the Middle Ages. However, also five-million years of geological history have left their mark on this territory that, today, is abundant in plant and animal species. Even the deposits of lava from volcanoes no longer active – such as Mounts Radicofani and Amiata – have contributed to the delineations and details of the area; the lava, hardened, gave form to those dark stones known as trachytes. The valley is not only traversed by the river Orcia, but also by the rivers Asso, Formone, Vellora and Vivo. Furthermore the historic road Via Francigena and the Roman road Via Cassia pass through valley that covers and area of altogether 61,188 hectare (151,200 acres). Occasionally the landscape is broken by gullies and picturesque towns and villages such as Montalcino, San Quirico, Pienza, Castiglione and Radicofani. In the northwest the Val d’Orcia borders the Crete Senesi landscape while in the northeast it is flanked by the Val di Chiania. Until 1250, the Val d’Orcia was under the rule of the noble family Aldobrandeschi, but subsequently noble families of the nearby town of Siena took control of the valley. They were attracted by the continuous transit of men and commerce along the fundamental pathways Via Francigena and Via Cassia. The most notable of these families was the family Piccolomini, which also provided several popes, among them the famous Pius II. It was him who commissioned to transform the little village of Corsignano into the town of Pienza and hence into a place which he thought is the "ideal town". However, after the mid-1500s, Val d’Orcia became a valuable part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and thereby of the Florentine orbit – solely for its agricultural aspect. Thus, it was the family Medici that improved the valley’s infrastructure in the years that followed. Within the Val d'Orcia is a strip of land following the Orcia river that is used as a wine-growing area between the DOCG zones of Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano. Here the Sangiovese and Trebbiano-based wines are produced under the Orcia Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) status. The DOC red wine is composed of at least 60 percent Sangiovese with other local varieties, such as Abrusco, permitted to fill in the remainder of the blend. The dry white wine and Vin Santo style DOC wines are composed of at least 50 percent Trebbiano with other local varieties filling out the rest of the blend. All grapes destined for DOC wine production are limited to a maximum harvest yield of 10 tonnes/hectare with the finished wines required to have a minimum alcohol level of at least 12 percent. But the region is also very rich in other high quality local products such as the "Pecorino" cheese of Pienza (a typical cheese made with sheep's milk), the genuine olive oil, saffron, mushrooms, (including truffles), sweet chestnuts, honey and a lot of other specialties. https://flic.kr/p/TFM9dE

#Flickr

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thermillimeter-blog · 8 years ago

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Anonymous: THE L33T, part 2/5

[Transcript by Fearless One]

So. We now know a bit more about the elites of today and what they believe and do. Lets look into the plan for the New World Order they are calling Global Government and International Community today. It has 3 parts to it. It is the same three parts they have always tried to bring into practice through history. You can see the exact schemes. The exact chess moves repeated by them time and time again. In every facet of life.

The first part. One government is already in place. As we saw earlier thanks to the 10 kingdoms under the UN which is controlled and owned by the Vatican. We are all under the ownership of the Jesuit Vatican. The only thing to do now is tear down all the countries and kingdoms we fooled masses think we live in today. To get us all on board.

The next part which is happening now. One currency. This is the reason why the dollar is being dissolved. The planned destruction called the migrant crisis we see today with the middle east and Africa is due to a war planned well before the seventies. Just another crusade to destabilize countries. De populate. Destroy history again so they can once again re write it. They have always destroyed historical sites and hospitals and schools. For centuries. For thousands of years. This is what they have done. The same elite Jesuit Blood Line. All of the divisions they force on us and corral us into. They use against us. They create divisions of every kind. One every level. Then, they will put forth the idea of change. Whatever the change is, it will ensure more safety. Or more peace. Or more wealth. Whatever you need to hear to follow the wolf in sheeps clothing. They create a problem. Then they give you the solution. So they do now with the collapse of the dollar. World Police. World Government called Community. And coming up next. One Religion.

Because of time restrains we will not be able to cover much history of the elite as we are focused on exposing them and what they are doing today. In this movie.

The original name for this elite group and the one they use to call themselves in secret today. Is the Synagogue of Satan. Changed to Synagogue of Zion. Changed to Scribes. Pharisees. Sadducees. And so on. Long before they were called Jesuits. They were called Magi. Jesuit means Magi or Magick which is the study of the satanic occult. Called Kab allah today. It is alchemy. Astrology. Mysticism. Occult. To be a true Jesuit or Magi, you must be in the blood line, just like their relatives the Spartans. They keep the blood pure. Further, the candidate must be deemed worthy. Usually depended on their financial status combined with occult power. They study astrology and use many symbols in all that they do. Signs and Symbols rule the world. It is a code.

The star is probably the most popular one. The Star of Solomon which represents Saturn. Apollo. Baal. Nimrod. Osiris. The god of the Sun who is El. or. Satan. The hexagram and the pentagram are both Luciferian symbols with different and extensive meanings. As all symbols. If you want to be awake. Then you better know the meanings of the symbols they brain wash us with subliminally and blatantly.

So. The Magi, short for Maju siya, who were sorcerers, magicians, astrologers from Persia in and long before 4 BC. In that time, they were called kings. It is just another term for priest. They are magicians. Masters of deception. They always rename, because they know it confuses those who are not vigilant. A rose by any other name. We must be awake.

The power structure or government they use calls for two leaders. In the Vatican today we see a Black and White Pope. When they ruled ancient Egypt there was a Priest and a King. Before that when they were still in the woods of Germany and called the Pannonians after their god Pan who is Lucifer. They used a Kagan and Bek. Then they moved to Rome and created the General and a Chaplain. Military and Religion. The Puppet Military Force and Master of the Mind. We hope you can see which is the more powerful. And stop feeding the trolls.

Alakazar once warned: “The audience will always look where the magician looks. The magician must never look at what he wants to conceal. The audience will treat as important what the magician treats as important, and as unimportant what the magician treats as unimportant.”

One Egyptian high priest, Kartir, led a crusade to purify Zoroastrianism. This is what the elite called their religion at that time. Kartir led a crusade to do what crusades do. Depopulate. Force populations into a certain government or religion. No different than the crusade going on today. He carved the Zoroastrian teachings on rock faces of mountains, which can still be seen in Iran and throughout the middle east today. The Zoroastrians believed fire was sacred and Kartir limited the use of fire by the real Jews, including flames used in lamps. They tried to dominate education among the Jews and destroyed synagogues. Are you starting to see how nothing changes. The elite are not Jews.

Persia was invaded. The Zoroastrian priests decided they needed a new religion again. They chose a devout Roman Catholic named Muhammad to study and become a disciple of the Kab Allah. The elite erased the name they went by from his copies of their documents, and created Muhammad as the new Zoroaster. Jesuit. Poster Child. As usual. It is all exposed in their own writings. The quran details it entirely. Do not be upset. They did the same thing with every religion. They used Ignatius Layola as the new face of Jesuits to do the name change. Once again. What do you expect. Religion is an indoctrination. A brain control program. And we have no one to blame but ourselves.

At this time in Egypt. The Jesuit priests. Called Zoroastrians at this time. Decided to change their god Nimrod to Horus and Osiris whose eye we see at the top of their pyramid. Sun worship dominated Egypt just as it dominated every empire in history. Lucifer is the god of the sun. The angel of light. They change names often. They change terms often. Claimed to be able to transfer the sun god Osiris into a circular wafer. In the ritual the followers ate the wafer they believed to now be turned into the flesh of their sun god Lucifer. The letters IHS on the sun shaped wafers stand for Isis. Horus. Set.

Joseph Smith was the face of Mormonism and it was started, like Scientology. In exactly the same way as Muhammad. Joseph Smith was drugged by the CIA. Then they red passages of the Bible to him and made him write down what he heard. And the masses mindlessly devour all propaganda the elite throw at them. Billy Graham. Rush Limbaugh. Jerry Falwell. And all the other mega men across the world. They are false prophets. They tell lies and steal your money to give to the elite. We see today our poster children for truth and freedom. Edward Snowden and Julian Assange. Both well known CIA agents funded and related to the Rothschilds. They are both used to honey pot real whistle blowers and steal your money by creating funds and foundations and telling you they are to support someone who they are exploiting. Because they came forward with truth. This is how it has always worked. Divide and Conquer. They create whatever they need to to continue creating division in us all. They herd us into groups and keep us brain washed and blind. They feed us propaganda that we believe without even thinking because of their mind control.

The truth is not comfortable. But this is all fact. And much more we have written out and exposed to you. There is far more on all religions in our document. Most of their deceptions are created in the same way. A pawn is used as the face of truth or change. A puppet. When the task is done the elite sacrifice them or make them a prophet or saint. Or award winner. Star. The elite play both sides. Always. So. How can we know who is a real truth speaker and fighter for humanity? For starters. We must be diligent. We must watch. And we must act when they step out of line. Like a viper in the sand. We wait for them to step too close. And strike them when they do. We are the ones to keep them in line. The power is ours. They must tell us their plans before they do them. According to the oath. A deeper oath than those we have discussed thus far.

Their patterns can be seen through history and the tribe they are is exposed with much more in our writing so we will continue now with what is happening today.

The Knights of Malta are seen today, known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. It represents itself as a charitable organization and works with the UN since 1994 providing hospitals and help to the poor, hungry and with natural disasters. Other branches are called FEMA and Red Cross. They continue pushing the world on the depopulation agenda. What better way than when you are in total control of the health. The food. The medicines. The elite love the sick and poor because they are closer to death which is exactly what they want you to do. Die. That is why Red Cross spreads diseases in their vaccines to experiment on and kill off millions of people every year in the name of charity.

They are deceivers. FEMA is in charge of the death camps that have been used for over one hundred years in America. This should not have to be explained to you or anyone. The amount of exposing videos and documents on these topics is overwhelming. There is no excuse for ignorance.

Still you think the One World Order is not in place. You want to complain and act shocked and amazed when the elite play their games. This is not shocking. This is nothing new. And there is much. Much. More.

End Of Part 2 out of 5.

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touristicplaces · 5 years ago

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LOOK !10 Top Tourist Attractions in Rome 2020/2021

Rome, town wherever hope springs eternal.

It is a town that's pleased with its ancient wonderful heritage, the center of a civilization

that once distended its empire throughout Europe, continent, and Asia.

Rome could be a town covered history and Christianity.

First-time guests could also be simply powerless by all this brilliant town has got to supply.

After all, one will realize history and art on virtually each turning point.

That’s why guests might want to try to their school assignment to slim down what they require to

see and do before they get on a plane sure for the Italian capital.

1-Galleria Borghese.

The genus Galleria Borghese is associate degree room that was engineered as a celebration house by Cardinal Borghese

in the seventeenth century.

A kinsman of Pope Paul V, the cardinal additionally was a patron of the humanities.

The genus Galleria these days homes several items of paintings, sculptures and alternative antiquities from his

collection.

Paintings by Titian, sculptures by sculpturer, and therefore the National deposit of Musical Instruments

can be seen here.

2-Piazza Navona.

One of the foremost famed of Rome’s several squares, public square Navona was established towards the

end of the fifteenth century, and preserves the form of a Roman structure that after stood here.

The buildings encompassing the sq. stand wherever the spectators once Sabbatum.

Today, the sq. options no but 3 brilliant fountains associate degreed is a vastly

a popular place to sip a cappuccino, shop, and watch street performers.

3-Castel Sant’Angelo.

Castel Sant’Angelo was engineered to be a sepulture for the Emperor Roman Emperor and his family.

Built-in 123 BC, it later became a fort and chateau by the popes.

It was once Rome’s tallest building.

The ashes of alternative emperors were buried there, however, scattered once the Visigoths invaded in

410.

It additionally served as a jail, however, these days the castle could be a deposit.

Among the foremost documented sights in Rome, film buffs can acknowledge it as a setting

from “Angels and Demons”.

4-Roman Forum.

Located within the little vale between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, the Forum Romanum was

for centuries the swarming heart of ancient Rome: the location of triumphal processions and

elections, venue for public speeches, and business affairs.

The Forum these days could be a sprawling ruin of beaux-arts fragments and includes the Arch of Titus and

the Temple of Saturn.

5-Spanish Steps.

Truly monumental steps of a hundred thirty-five steps, the Spanish Steps were engineered with French funds

in the eighteenth century order to link the Bourbon Spanish embassy to the, The Holy See below.

The steps area unit typically terribly crowded, attracting tourists besides as locals World Health Organization use it as a

gathering place.

Each year in could the steps area unit embellished with lovely pink azaleas.

At the foot of the Spanish Steps is that the public square di Spagna and a sober fountain designed by

Bernini.

6-Trevi Fountain.

Completed in 1762, this world-famed Baroque fountain options a mythological sculptural

composition of Neptune, the god of the ocean, flanked by 2 Tritons.

It is therefore named on account of its position at the junction of 3 roads; to compete in

Latin.

The fountain was the setting for associate degree picture scene in Fellini’s film Dolce Vita star

Anita Ekberg and Marcello Mastroianni.

A legend says that one World Health Organization throws a coin within the fountain shall in some unspecified time in the future comes to Rome.

7-Vatican Museums.

The Vatican Museums began within the sixteenth century with a set of sculptures by Pope Julius II.Today,

they cover many museums within the metropolis and embrace a number of the world’s

most important relics.

Attractions of the museums embrace the spiral stairs, the Raphael Rooms and therefore the finely

decorated Sistine Chapel.

Michelangelo painted the chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512.

Today the ceiling, and particularly The Last Judgment, area unit wide believed to be Michelangelo’s

crowning achievements in painting.

To keep the huge crowds in check, the museums have four itineraries that vary

from one and a 0.5 hours to quite five hours.

All itineraries finish within the Sistine Chapel.

8-Pantheon.

One of the simplest preserved Roman buildings, The Pantheon was inbuilt 126 AD as a temple

for all the Roman gods.

The temple has served as a Roman church since the seventh century.

Eight sleek granite Corinthian columns extend across the front of this circular building,

with lesser columns in the back.

Though it's two,000 years recent, the Pantheon’s famed dome remains the world’s largest

unreinforced concrete dome.

It is believed that Marcus solon engineered the Pantheon to be his temple.

The current building was reconstructed by Emperor Roman Emperor within the second century.

9-St. Peter's Basilica.

The center of the Catholic world, the Basilica of St. Peter could be a vast church.

With an inside height of four hundred feet the space vehicle, besides its booster rockets,

could match within, as might the sculpture of Liberty.

The basilica stands on the standard web site wherever Peter the apostle was crucified and

buried.

Construction on the present building began in 1506 and was completed in 1615.

Many famed artists worked on the advanced and its surroundings: the designer designed

the dome whereas sculpturer designed the nice St. Peter’s sq...

10-Colosseum

The coliseum is another of Rome’s major traveler attractions.

Its construction was started by emperor Roman Emperor of the Flavian dynasty in seventy-two AD and was finished

by his son Titus in eighty AD.

The elliptical amphitheater might inhibition to fifty,000 those who clad to look at gladiators

do battle, folks are publically dead and revel in alternative varieties of diversion.

This stone and concrete structure, inbuilt the primary century, was the biggest amphitheater

in the empire.

It is thought-about one amongst the Romans’ greatest beaux-arts and engineering feats.

https://ift.tt/2QfHcO2 Blogger via IFTTT

#IFTTT #Blogger

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brookstonalmanac · 5 years ago

Text

Events 11.21

164 BC – Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, restores the Temple in Jerusalem. This event is commemorated each year by the festival of Hanukkah. 235 – Pope Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope. During the persecutions of emperor Maximinus Thrax he is martyred. 1009 – Lý Công Uẩn is enthroned as emperor of Đại Cồ Việt, founding the Lý dynasty. 1386 – Timur of Samarkand captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V of Georgia captive. 1620 – Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact (November 11, O.S.) 1676 – The Danish astronomer Ole Rømer presents the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light. 1783 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight. 1789 – North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution and is admitted as the 12th U.S. state. 1832 – Wabash College is founded in Crawfordsville, Indiana. 1861 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin Secretary of War. 1877 – Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record and play sound. 1894 – Port Arthur, China, falls to the Japanese, a decisive victory of the First Sino-Japanese War; Japanese troops are accused of massacring the remaining inhabitants. 1902 – The Philadelphia Football Athletics defeated the Kanaweola Athletic Club of Elmira, New York, 39–0, in the first ever professional American football night game. 1905 – Albert Einstein's paper that leads to the mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc², is published in the journal Annalen der Physik. 1910 – Sailors on board Brazil's warships including the Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Bahia, violently rebel in what is now known as the Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of the Lash). 1916 – Mines from SM U-73 sink the HMHS Britannic, the largest ship lost in the First World War. 1918 – The Flag of Estonia, previously used by pro-independence activists, is formally adopted as the national flag of the Republic of Estonia. 1918 – The Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 is passed, allowing women to stand for Parliament in the UK. 1918 – A pogrom takes place in Lwów (now Lviv); over three days, at least 50 Jews and 270 Ukrainian Christians are killed by Poles. 1920 – Irish War of Independence: In Dublin, 31 people are killed in what became known as "Bloody Sunday". 1922 – Rebecca Latimer Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, becoming the first female United States Senator. 1927 – Columbine Mine massacre: Striking coal miners are allegedly attacked with machine guns by a detachment of state police dressed in civilian clothes. 1942 – The completion of the Alaska Highway (also known as the Alcan Highway) is celebrated (however, the highway is not usable by standard road vehicles until 1943). 1944 – World War II: American submarine USS Sealion sinks the Japanese battleship Kongō and Japanese destroyer Urakaze in the Formosa Strait. 1945 – The United Auto Workers strike 92 General Motors plants in 50 cities to back up worker demands for a 30-percent raise. 1950 – Two Canadian National Railway trains collide in northeastern British Columbia in the Canoe River train crash; the death toll is 21, with 17 of them Canadian troops bound for Korea. 1953 – The Natural History Museum, London announces that the "Piltdown Man" skull, initially believed to be one of the most important fossilized hominid skulls ever found, is a hoax. 1959 – American disc jockey Alan Freed, who had popularized the term "rock and roll" and music of that style, is fired from WABC-AM radio over allegations he had participated in the payola scandal. 1961 – The "La Ronde" opens in Honolulu, first revolving restaurant in the United States. 1962 – The Chinese People's Liberation Army declares a unilateral ceasefire in the Sino-Indian War. 1964 – The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge opens to traffic. At the time it is the world's longest bridge span. 1964 – Second Vatican Council: The third session of the Roman Catholic Church's ecumenical council closes. 1967 – Vietnam War: American General William Westmoreland tells news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing." 1969 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree on the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. The U.S. retains rights to bases on the island, but these are to be nuclear-free. 1969 – The first permanent ARPANET link is established between UCLA and SRI. 1970 – Vietnam War: Operation Ivory Coast: A joint United States Air Force and Army team raids the Sơn Tây prisoner-of-war camp in an attempt to free American prisoners of war thought to be held there. 1971 – Indian troops, partly aided by Mukti Bahini (Bengali guerrillas), defeat the Pakistan army in the Battle of Garibpur. 1972 – Voters in South Korea overwhelmingly approve a new constitution, giving legitimacy to Park Chung-hee and the Fourth Republic. 1974 – The Birmingham pub bombings kill 21 people. The Birmingham Six are sentenced to life in prison for the crime but subsequently acquitted. 1977 – Minister of Internal Affairs Allan Highet announces that the national anthems of New Zealand shall be the traditional anthem "God Save the Queen" and "God Defend New Zealand". 1979 – The United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, is attacked by a mob and set on fire, killing four. 1980 – A deadly fire breaks out at the MGM Grand Hotel in Paradise, Nevada (now Bally's Las Vegas). Eighty-seven people are killed and more than 650 are injured in the worst disaster in Nevada history. 1985 – United States Navy intelligence analyst Jonathan Pollard is arrested for spying after being caught giving Israel classified information on Arab nations. He is subsequently sentenced to life in prison. 1986 – National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary start to shred documents allegedly implicating them in the Iran–Contra affair. 1992 – A major tornado strikes the Houston, Texas area during the afternoon. Over the next two days the largest tornado outbreak ever to occur in the US during November spawns over 100 tornadoes. 1995 – The Dayton Agreement is initialed at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio, ending three and a half years of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1996 – Humberto Vidal explosion: Thirty-three people die when a Humberto Vidal shoe shop in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico explodes. 2002 – NATO invites Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia to become members. 2004 – The second round of the Ukrainian presidential election is held, giving rise to massive protests and controversy over the election's integrity. 2004 – Dominica is hit by the most destructive earthquake in its history. The northern half of the island sustains the most damage, especially the town of Portsmouth. In neighboring Guadeloupe, one person is killed. 2004 – The Paris Club agrees to write off 80% (up to $100 billion) of Iraq's external debt. 2006 – Anti-Syrian Lebanese politician and government minister Pierre Gemayel is assassinated in suburban Beirut. 2009 – A mine explosion in Heilongjiang, China kills 108. 2012 – At least 28 are wounded after a bomb is thrown onto a bus in Tel Aviv. 2013 – Fifty-four people are killed when the roof of a shopping center collapses in Riga, Latvia. 2013 – Massive protests start in Ukraine after President Viktor Yanukovych suspended signing the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement. 2014 – A stampede in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe caused by the police firing tear gas kills at least eleven people and injures 40 others. 2015 – The government of Belgium imposed a security lockdown on Brussels, including the closure of shops, schools, public transportation, due to potential terrorist attacks. 2017 – Robert Mugabe formally resigns as President of Zimbabwe, after thirty-seven years in office.

#Events

0 notes

crownsmenp · 5 years ago

Text

Ep 23. Kinder Morgan Pipeline Negotiations with Indigenous Peoples with Keith Matthew

In 1951 Kinder Morgan began laying a pipeline across the Simpcw First Nation’s land. How was the deal negotiated? By a government official that spoke on behalf of the Simpcw people and Chief and Council was only symbolic. This was during a time when residential schools were considered the norm, and the Indian act controlled almost every aspect of Indigenous People’s lives. This history is where we started our interview with Keith Matthew who is a former Chief and Council of the Simpcw First Nation, a successful businessman, and member and founder of multiple organizations that are working to build economic opportunity for Indigenous People across BC.

Fast forward from 1951 to today and Keith’s community is now a power house of industry, negotiating with Kinder Morgan to secure maintenance and safety contracts for hundreds of kilometers of pipeline, partnering on a $7 million heli ski lodge investment, securing a fibre deal Gilbert Smith Forest Products, and working with Canadian Hydro for the Bone Creek Hydro Independent Power Project in Blue River. Keith has played many key roles along the way and offers deep insight into how deals get done and why so often disputes end up in court.

youtube

Keith tells a story about the time 1910 when Sir Wilfrid Laurier was meeting with indigenous leaders from the central interior of BC and they presented him with a Memorial to Sir Wilfrid Laurier document that outlined a way forward including sharing equity in their land’s resources, however when Sir Laurier lost the election and the work was lost. Keith goes on to explain that as a result of never finalizing that agreement now millions are spent in court because often that is the only path forward to settle disputes between Indigenous Peoples, companies, and the government.

A key element of these disputes is “Proof of Title.” According to Keith the Simpcw First Nation is one of the most litigious bands in Canada because they have not surrendered their unceded land. The attempt his forefathers made to secure an agreement would have both secured his people’s place within Canada’s economy but would have also eliminated billions of dollars in litigation and thousands upon thousands of hours in court over land and development disputes.

Like any good business leader Keith welcomes competition and he made very clear throughout the interview that his company’s don’t ask for special treatment because they know they can compete at a high level and operate at a fair price. In fact the negotiations between him and Kinder Morgan included that Simpcw First Nation would not be paid a premium for working on the pipeline on their own land. This approach carries over into his contracting company Sketch Arrowhead Contracting Ltd which is involved in heavy mining construction and was awarded a major contract with New Gold Inc.

Keith Matthew is someone who has met the Pope which he describes as “an incredible moment in my life and something that I will cherish forever” but even as a Catholic himself he still stood his ground on behalf of his people to ask for two things, an apology and another meeting. Courage, conviction, and competency are all clearly what Keith brings to the table. Leadership without these things leaves all of us without a clear direction…especially for the next generation. He is paving the way for the next generation(s) to move forward with a foundation that will shape the future of the Simpcw First Nation, Indigenous People, and Canadians.

0 notes

brookstonalmanac · 6 years ago

Text

Events 11.21

164 BC – Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, restores the Temple in Jerusalem. This event is commemorated each year by the festival of Hanukkah. 235 – Pope Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope. During the persecutions of emperor Maximinus Thrax he is martyred. 1009 – Lý Công Uẩn is enthroned as emperor of Đại Cồ Việt, founding the Lý dynasty. 1386 – Timur of Samarkand captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V of Georgia captive. 1620 – Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact (November 11, O.S.) 1676 – The Danish astronomer Ole Rømer presents the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light. 1783 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight. 1789 – North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution and is admitted as the 12th U.S. state. 1832 – Wabash College is founded in Crawfordsville, Indiana. 1861 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin Secretary of War. 1877 – Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record and play sound. 1894 – Port Arthur, China falls to the Japanese, a decisive victory of the First Sino-Japanese War; Japanese troops are accused of massacring the remaining inhabitants. 1902 – The Philadelphia Football Athletics defeated the Kanaweola Athletic Club of Elmira, New York, 39–0, in the first ever professional American football night game. 1905 – Albert Einstein's paper that leads to the mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc², is published in the journal Annalen der Physik. 1910 – Sailors on board Brazil's warships including the Minas Geraes, São Paulo, and Bahia, violently rebel in what is now known as the Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of the Lash). 1916 – Mines from SM U-73 sink the HMHS Britannic, the largest ship lost in the First World War. 1918 – The Flag of Estonia, previously used by pro-independence activists, is formally adopted as the national flag of the Republic of Estonia. 1918 – A pogrom takes place in Lwów (now Lviv); over three days, at least 50 Jews and 270 Ukrainian Christians are killed by Poles. 1920 – Irish War of Independence: In Dublin, 31 people are killed in what became known as "Bloody Sunday". 1922 – Rebecca Latimer Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, becoming the first female United States Senator. 1927 – Columbine Mine massacre: Striking coal miners are allegedly attacked with machine guns by a detachment of state police dressed in civilian clothes. 1942 – The completion of the Alaska Highway (also known as the Alcan Highway) is celebrated (however, the highway is not usable by standard road vehicles until 1943). 1944 – World War II: American submarine USS Sealion sinks the Japanese battleship Kongō and Japanese destroyer Urakaze in the Formosa Strait. 1945 – The United Auto Workers strike 92 General Motors plants in 50 cities to back up worker demands for a 30-percent raise. 1950 – Two Canadian National Railway trains collide in northeastern British Columbia in the Canoe River train crash; the death toll is 21, with 17 of them Canadian troops bound for Korea. 1953 – The Natural History Museum, London announces that the "Piltdown Man" skull, initially believed to be one of the most important fossilized hominid skulls ever found, is a hoax. 1959 – American disc jockey Alan Freed, who had popularized the term "rock and roll" and music of that style, is fired from WABC-AM radio over allegations he had participated in the payola scandal. 1961 – The "La Ronde" opens in Honolulu, first revolving restaurant in the United States. 1962 – The Chinese People's Liberation Army declares a unilateral ceasefire in the Sino-Indian War. 1964 – The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge opens to traffic. At the time it is the world's longest bridge span. 1964 – Second Vatican Council: The third session of the Roman Catholic Church's ecumenical council closes. 1967 – Vietnam War: American General William Westmoreland tells news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing." 1969 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree on the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. The U.S. retains rights to bases on the island, but these are to be nuclear-free. 1969 – The first permanent ARPANET link is established between UCLA and SRI. 1970 – Vietnam War: Operation Ivory Coast: A joint United States Air Force and Army team raids the Sơn Tây prisoner-of-war camp in an attempt to free American prisoners of war thought to be held there. 1971 – Indian troops, partly aided by Mukti Bahini (Bengali guerrillas), defeat the Pakistan army in the Battle of Garibpur. 1972 – Voters in South Korea overwhelmingly approve a new constitution, giving legitimacy to Park Chung-hee and the Fourth Republic. 1974 – The Birmingham pub bombings kill 21 people. The Birmingham Six are sentenced to life in prison for the crime but subsequently acquitted. 1977 – Minister of Internal Affairs Allan Highet announces that the national anthems of New Zealand shall be the traditional anthem "God Save the Queen" and "God Defend New Zealand". 1979 – The United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, is attacked by a mob and set on fire, killing four. 1980 – A deadly fire breaks out at the MGM Grand Hotel in Paradise, Nevada (now Bally's Las Vegas). Eighty-seven people are killed and more than 650 are injured in the worst disaster in Nevada history. 1985 – United States Navy intelligence analyst Jonathan Pollard is arrested for spying after being caught giving Israel classified information on Arab nations. He is subsequently sentenced to life in prison. 1986 – National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary start to shred documents allegedly implicating them in the Iran–Contra affair. 1992 – A major tornado strikes the Houston, Texas area during the afternoon. Over the next two days the largest tornado outbreak ever to occur in the US during November spawns over 100 tornadoes. 1995 – The Dayton Agreement is initialed at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio, ending three and a half years of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1996 – Humberto Vidal explosion: Thirty-three people die when a Humberto Vidal shoe shop explodes. 2002 – NATO invites Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia to become members. 2004 – The second round of the Ukrainian presidential election is held, giving rise to massive protests and controversy over the election's integrity. 2004 – Dominica is hit by the most destructive earthquake in its history. The northern half of the island sustains the most damage, especially the town of Portsmouth. In neighboring Guadeloupe, one person is killed. 2004 – The Paris Club agrees to write off 80% (up to $100 billion) of Iraq's external debt. 2006 – Anti-Syrian Lebanese politician and government minister Pierre Gemayel is assassinated in suburban Beirut. 2009 – A mine explosion in Heilongjiang, China kills 108. 2012 – At least 28 are wounded after a bomb is thrown onto a bus in Tel Aviv. 2013 – Fifty-four people are killed when the roof of a shopping center collapses in Riga, Latvia. 2013 – Massive protests start in Ukraine after President Viktor Yanukovych suspended signing the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement. 2014 – A stampede in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe caused by the police firing tear gas kills at least eleven people and injures 40 others. 2015 – The government of Belgium imposed a security lockdown on Brussels, including the closure of shops, schools, public transportation, due to potential terrorist attacks. 2017 – Robert Mugabe formally resigns as President of Zimbabwe, after thirty-seven years in office.

#Events

0 notes

brookstonalmanac · 7 years ago

Text

Events 11.21

164 BC – Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, restores the Temple in Jerusalem. This event is commemorated each year by the festival of Hanukkah. 235 – Pope Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope. During the persecutions of emperor Maximinus Thrax he is martyred. 1009 – Lý Công Uẩn is enthroned as emperor of Đại Cồ Việt, founding the Lý dynasty. 1386 – Timur of Samarkand captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V of Georgia captive. 1620 – Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact (November 11, O.S.) 1676 – The Danish astronomer Ole Rømer presents the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light. 1783 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight. 1789 – North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution and is admitted as the 12th U.S. state. 1832 – Wabash College is founded in Crawfordsville, Indiana. 1861 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin Secretary of War. 1877 – Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record and play sound. 1894 – Port Arthur, China falls to the Japanese, a decisive victory of the First Sino-Japanese War; Japanese troops are accused of massacring the remaining inhabitants. 1902 – The Philadelphia Football Athletics defeated the Kanaweola Athletic Club of Elmira, New York, 39–0, in the first ever professional American football night game. 1905 – Albert Einstein's paper that leads to the mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc², is published in the journal Annalen der Physik. 1910 – Sailors on board Brazil's warships including the Minas Geraes, São Paulo, and Bahia, violently rebel in what is now known as the Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of the Lash). 1916 – Mines from SM U-73 sink the HMHS Britannic, the largest ship lost in the First World War. 1918 – The Flag of Estonia, previously used by pro-independence activists, is formally adopted as the national flag of the Republic of Estonia. 1918 – A pogrom takes place in Lwów (now Lviv); over three days, at least 50 Jews and 270 Ukrainian Christians are killed by Poles. 1920 – Irish War of Independence: In Dublin, 31 people are killed in what became known as "Bloody Sunday". 1922 – Rebecca Latimer Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, becoming the first female United States Senator. 1927 – Columbine Mine massacre: Striking coal miners are allegedly attacked with machine guns by a detachment of state police dressed in civilian clothes. 1942 – The completion of the Alaska Highway (also known as the Alcan Highway) is celebrated (however, the highway is not usable by standard road vehicles until 1943). 1945 – The United Auto Workers strike 92 General Motors plants in 50 cities to back up worker demands for a 30-percent raise. 1950 – Two Canadian National Railway trains collide in northeastern British Columbia in the Canoe River train crash; the death toll is 21, with 17 of them Canadian troops bound for Korea. 1953 – The Natural History Museum, London announces that the "Piltdown Man" skull, initially believed to be one of the most important fossilized hominid skulls ever found, is a hoax. 1959 – American disc jockey Alan Freed, who had popularized the term "rock and roll" and music of that style, is fired from WABC-AM radio over allegations he had participated in the payola scandal. 1961 – The "La Ronde" opens in Honolulu, first revolving restaurant in the United States. 1962 – The Chinese People's Liberation Army declares a unilateral ceasefire in the Sino-Indian War. 1964 – The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge opens to traffic. At the time it is the world's longest bridge span. 1964 – Second Vatican Council: The third session of the Roman Catholic Church's ecumenical council closes. 1967 – Vietnam War: American General William Westmoreland tells news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing." 1969 – U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree on the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. The U.S. retains rights to bases on the island, but these are to be nuclear-free. 1969 – The first permanent ARPANET link is established between UCLA and SRI. 1970 – Vietnam War: Operation Ivory Coast: A joint United States Air Force and Army team raids the Sơn Tây prisoner-of-war camp in an attempt to free American prisoners of war thought to be held there. 1971 – Indian troops, partly aided by Mukti Bahini (Bengali guerrillas), defeat the Pakistan army in the Battle of Garibpur. 1972 – Voters in South Korea overwhelmingly approve a new constitution, giving legitimacy to Park Chung-hee and the Fourth Republic. 1974 – The Birmingham pub bombings kill 21 people. The Birmingham Six are sentenced to life in prison for the crime but subsequently acquitted. 1977 – Minister of Internal Affairs Allan Highet announces that the national anthems of New Zealand shall be the traditional anthem "God Save the Queen" and "God Defend New Zealand". 1979 – The United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, is attacked by a mob and set on fire, killing four. 1980 – A deadly fire breaks out at the MGM Grand Hotel in Paradise, Nevada (now Bally's Las Vegas). Eighty-seven people are killed and more than 650 are injured in the worst disaster in Nevada history. 1985 – United States Navy intelligence analyst Jonathan Pollard is arrested for spying after being caught giving Israel classified information on Arab nations. He is subsequently sentenced to life in prison. 1986 – National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary start to shred documents allegedly implicating them in the Iran–Contra affair. 1992 – A major tornado strikes the Houston, Texas area during the afternoon. Over the next two days the largest tornado outbreak ever to occur in the US during November spawns over 100 tornadoes. 1995 – The Dayton Agreement is initialed at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio, ending three and a half years of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1996 – Humberto Vidal explosion: Thirty-three people die when a Humberto Vidal shoe shop explodes. 2002 – NATO invites Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia to become members. 2004 – The second round of the Ukrainian presidential election is held, giving rise to massive protests and controversy over the election's integrity. 2004 – Dominica is hit by the most destructive earthquake in its history. The northern half of the island sustains the most damage, especially the town of Portsmouth. In neighboring Guadeloupe, one person is killed. 2004 – The Paris Club agrees to write off 80% (up to $100 billion) of Iraq's external debt. 2006 – Anti-Syrian Lebanese politician and government minister Pierre Gemayel is assassinated in suburban Beirut. 2009 – A mine explosion in Heilongjiang, China kills 108. 2012 – At least 28 are wounded after a bomb is thrown onto a bus in Tel Aviv. 2013 – Fifty-four people are killed when the roof of a shopping center collapses in Riga, Latvia. 2013 – Massive protests start in Ukraine after President Viktor Yanukovych suspended signing the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement. 2014 – A stampede in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe caused by the police firing tear gas kills at least eleven people and injures 40 others. 2015 – The government of Belgium imposed a security lockdown on Brussels, including the closure of shops, schools, public transportation, due to potential terrorist attacks.

#Events

0 notes