#XQuery

[kitwallace]

An executable model for Biodiversity Net Gain 4.0

Natural England published the latest version of the Biodiversity Metric - BNG 4.0 in April 2023. It remains under continuing review. BNG 4.0, possibly amended, is likely to become mandatory when the remaining parts of the Environment Act 2021 come into force towards the end of the year. It is a very comprehensive suite of documents with supporting tools designed to aid in the calculation of biodiversity net gain.

A full baseline habitat analysis for a proposed development together with the proposed habitat changes requires the gathering, organisation and processing of a large amount of data. A macro-enabled Excel spreadsheet has been provided in the package, which is expected to be used widely, if not exclusively, for nearly all BNG calculations. Spreadsheets are, however, inherently difficult to comprehend, check and test.

This project is an attempt to provide an open source online tool to perform the same analysis which is comprehensible, checkable against the BNG guidance and testable.

Spreadsheets

Wonderfully useful though spreadsheets are, they do have some major downsides.

Unreadable Formula

Computation is defined using expressions which reference cells or ranges of cells by sheet name and cell address. There are mechanisms for giving cells meaningful names, but these are rarely used and not used in the BNG spreadsheet. This renders the spreadsheet very difficult to read and check without extensive navigation around multiple sheets and sub-tables embedded within sheets. Even then the meaning of the cells has guessed from column and row labels which themselves are mere descriptions rather than having any semantic value.

Macros and hidden columns further limit comprehension.

Lack of a coherent model

Because data and computation are interleaved within a spreadsheet, there is no separation of data from its processing and hence no guarantee that the same kind of data (all the rows in a table) will be computed in the same way.

Lack of a test strategy

Software engineering has developed strategies for enabling repeated testing of software so that the whole system can be re-tested after a minor change has been made which may have unforeseen consequences. Test-driven development goes further and requires test data and the results expected from that data to be created before development so that the behavior can be developed and tested incrementally. Although there are specialist tools such as Rapise which can assist with spreadsheet testing they are expensive.

Readability and testing are important because industry experience shows that an overwhelming number of operational spreadsheets have faults which, in some cases, has led to disastrous consequences for their users. Clearly, a tool which supports legislation should be provably correct.

As the computer scientist Tony Hoare said:

“There are two ways of constructing a software design: One way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies, and the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies. The first method is far more difficult.”

In this project we strive for simplicity.

A conceptual data model

A Entity-Attribute-Relationship (EAR) conceptual model captures the structure of the data in an information system. EAR models are typically used with Relational Databases which are composed of multiple inter-dependent tables.

Tables (such as the Habitat table in BNG 4.0 which list the 132) are conceptualized as Entities which define the common properties of every row in the table, i.e., every instance of the entity. The main part of this definition is the list of fields in the record which can be thought conceptually as attributes of the entity. Each attribute describes the type of values which can be held in the field, the permitted and default values and whether it is mandatory or optional. Relationships describe how one entity is related to another, typically by common attributes.

An executable conceptual model

An executable model is an extension of a data model which in addition defines the rules for computing attributes which are not raw data. In the software engineering approach, Model-Driven Development, such models can be used to generate the compiled software. For this project, the rules are interpreted using software written in XQuery running on the open source eXist-db XML database. As the user enters data for an instance of an entity (a row of a table), the software will evaluate the rules in the model in an appropriate order and compute the values of all the computed attributes, rather as a spreadsheet does. Here however the rules are expressed in readable formula which use the names of other attributes in the same entity and of those in related tables.

Formula conventions

The formulae are expressed in the XQuery language, although most need only the XPath subset. Two shortcuts are used:

$self/fieldname is a reference to a field in the record being processed.

table(‘tablename’) is a reference to the rows of a named table which may be a base reference table such as Habitat or a project-specific table such as Habitat_Baseline.

XPath expressions allow the rows to be filtered with a condition in [ ] and fields accessed by /fieldname

For example, the rule to compute the list of Habitats in a Broad Habitat is:

table('Habitat')[Broad_Habitat=$self/Broad_Habitat]/Habitat

which means:

Take all the rows of the Habitat table where the Broad_Habitat is the same as this rows Broad_Habitat and return the list of Habitat values in those rows.

To retrieve the Distinctiveness Score of the selected Habitat from the Habitat table:

table('Habitat')[Habitat=$self/Habitat]/Distinctiveness_Score

The language provides a range of common functions. This is the formula used in the overall Project Summary to sum all the On-site Baseline Habitat units:

sum(table('Habitat_Baseline')[On-off-site='On-site']/Total_habitat_units)

Here is the full model for the Habitat_Baseline.

Mapping the Excel Spreadsheet to the Conceptual Model

The reference tables were extracted from the tables in the BNG 4.0 calculator tool and exported as CSV, then loaded into the eXist database using column headings as attribute names. Some names were changed to better reflect their role. The key Habitat table was restructured to have two key columns: Broad Habitat and Habitat.

Three tables were multidimensional, with row headings one dimension and one or two levels of column headings for the other dimensions.

Habitat_Condition: Spreadsheet Table G-8 Condition lookup, Technical Annex 2 Data Table 2 Habitat condition score matrix.

Habitat_Creation_Year: Spreadsheet Table G4 Temporal Multipliers, Technical Annex Data 2 Table 3: Habitat creation matrix.

Habitat Enhancement Year: Spreadsheet Table G-5 Enhancement Temporal, Technical Annex 2 Data Table 3: Habitat enhancement matrix 

The data in these tables are sparse, so multiple cells are marked as 'Not Possible'. For computational purposes it is preferable to convert these to simple tables with multiple keys and with 'Not Possible' combinations removed to be dealt separately with when the data is missing.

The tables which contain project-specific data are based on the same tables in the Spreadsheet. For simplicity I combined each pair of On-site and Off-site tables into a single table. This ensures that the only difference is the application of a spatial multiplier for the Off-site entries.

Comparison with the Natural England Spreadsheet

So far, the model is limited to the Area Habitat tables, both on-site and off-site as well as support for tree surveys. Testing has been so far limited to defining a number of real-world cases in both the Natural England Spreadsheet and in the XQuery on-line system and comparing the results.

This is the set of projects so far implemented. All are viewable but a pin number is required to edit all but the Test Project.

Given the complexity of some of the formula, we have identified very few issues:

The computation in the Spreadsheet for Enhancement Habitat Units is at odds with the formula given in Technical Annex 2 BOX TS 7-1. The Spreadsheet formula only uses the Post-Intervention Area, whereas Equation 3 refers to the Pre-Intervention Area as well.

The Off-site Enhancement calculation makes no use of the Spatial Risk multiplier although this is present in the sheet.

Rounding in the Spreadsheet is sometimes incorrect which creates small differences in totals to those in the online version where values are computed throughout to double precision and rounded on display.

Technical Annex 2 Table 2 Habitat Condition Score Matrix and hence Spreadsheet table G8 Condition look-up allows the Bramble Scrub Habitat to have both 'Condition Assessment N/A' and 'Fairly Poor'.

Further work

The project is at the prototype stage and parts of the BNG model are yet to be implemented, in particular the linear habitats of hedges and waterways and some overall validity checks. Automated testing is feasible but has not yet been implemented. It would be interesting to know if Natural England have test data which they could share.

We hope this project will be a useful contribution to the establishment of BNG4.0. A repository for the project is being created on GitHub.

Oct '23

Version 2 of the platform under development.

~ prefix replaced by $self

[wuschool]

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[rutuja-2105]

XPath for Selenium, Playwright & Cypress Web Automation Testing

For web automation testing, identifying robust locators for web elements is crucial to prevent test failures due to “Unable to locate element” errors. This article focuses on creating robust locators using XPath. Before diving into the techniques, let’s get familiar with XPath.

XPath (XML Path Language) is a query language used to locate elements on a webpage, defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It allows processing of values based on the XQuery and XPath Data models.

Why XPath is Necessary:

Precision: Accurately locate web elements.

Flexibility: Handle complex and dynamic web elements.

Versatility: Use in various web automation tools.

Understanding XPath is essential for creating robust web locators and enhancing the reliability of automated tests.

XPath for Selenium, Playwright & Cypress Web Automation Testing click here to know more about XPath. I appreciating to Yogesh to written this blog. also visit to www.spurqlabs.com to read more blog like this.

[1256986]

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[kitsongs]

Joni Mitchel : Big Yellow Taxi

I was giving a talk about Biodiversity Net Gain and programming at Declarative Amsterdam last year. My draft talk was OK but could do with a little extra. Overnight the words of Joni's song came to mind and I used a couple of quotes when I delivered the talk the next day. I had actually loaded the music onto my phone but chickened-out when the time came, partly because it was a hybrid event and I wasn't sure how it would come over to the remote participants.

Although the talk was about the tecnical challenge of implementing spreadsheet -like behavior in XML and XQuery, the context was the dangers to cities that forthcoming legislation on biodiversity in Planning law might pose to urban environments. Whilst the intention is to acheive overall net gain in biodiversity, this is impossible to achive in cities so outsourcing to the countryside is inevitable. I think Joni understood this back in 1969. The song could be our anthem for the Bristol Tree Forum.

The song was written on a brief trip to Hawaii where she was stunned by the beauty of the distant green mountains and the contrast with the parking lot which spread beneath her hotel window. The 'Tree Musuem' is a reference to the island's Botanical Gardesn.

Lyrics below from https://jonimitchell.com/music/song.cfm?id=13

Further info https://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=4491

Spotify https://open.spotify.com/track/1wfzOH54LylpiG8hAOjKcS?si=56c51ff9a1544bc2

Lyrics

They paved paradise And put up a parking lot With a pink hotel *, a boutique And a swinging hot spot

Don't it always seem to go That you don't know what you've got Till it's gone They paved paradise And put up a parking lot

They took all the trees Put 'em in a tree museum * And they charged the people A dollar and a half just to see 'em

Don't it always seem to go That you don't know what you've got Till it's gone They paved paradise And put up a parking lot

Hey farmer farmer Put away that DDT * now Give me spots on my apples But leave me the birds and the bees Please!

Don't it always seem to go That you don't know what you've got Till it's gone They paved paradise And put up a parking lot

Late last night I heard the screen door slam And a big yellow taxi Took away my old man

Don't it always seem to go That you don't know what you've got Till it's gone They paved paradise And put up a parking lot

They paved paradise And put up a parking lot

[iiiiissssss]

هعيش و اموت و مش عارفه افهم xquery

[ayejayque]

How Database Applications Evolved over Time – A short history

Database applications were supposed to be one of the main and central purposes to be used on computers. This is a primary reason for the development of computer systems. The idea was to have faster data processing. This drove the growth of the computer processor speed. In fact, data processing precedes computers. Punched cards were used in the US for data collection for the census at the advent of the 20th century. The first known data processing was by punched cards using mechanical devices. The real expansion and growth in data processing speed, data storage, and the development of database applications started much later in the 1950s. Magnetic tapes were the medium to store data and also to read from them. These applications had a tiered structure and were comprised of network systems. They were tremendously efficient when used with the exact and original query developed for them. The database was not intended to handle new queries or communications. Also, the magnetic tapes needed to be in the same sorted order for retrieving the true data. Later in the 60s hard disks came to the fore. The data retrieval was faster. The data no longer needed to be stored in a sequence. This is a golden period in the advancements of the database Systems. Later, in 1970, a certain Mr. Edgar Codd, the father of the Relational Database Model, conceptualized a new structure for database construction. He ended up authoring a groundbreaking paper ‘A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.’ He freed the database from technical ways of querying. He also marked the start of Data Abstraction. This means hiding details of how the database is implemented to application programmers and end users. A database called System R, based on the concept of Codd was developed by IBM. It was the first one to use a querying language called SQL or Structured Query Language. Eventually, System R further developed into a conventional saleable DBMS product called DB2. Object-oriented programming or OOP was swiftly developing in the 80s. It also helped us break into the Object-Oriented Databases. The idea was to treat data as objects, thereby becoming easier to hypothesize and program, when using this idea. Another great development that happened was the processing speed of processors and also the indexing concept that greatly amplified data access times and routines of the DB. The 90s was a time of the World Wide Web (WWW). This was a time unlike any before it. It was unprecedented. The world had never seen this before. All the data was on the internet to access. Databases, with forwarded links, were diverse and different. It needed a procedure to interchange data proficiently. Also, the database had to be of very high availability. It was supposed to be working 24x7. XML or Extended Markup Language became a standard for providing data exchange and interconnectivity among the different databases and Webpages. Lately, we have seen a growing trend in the NoSQL database. These are dissimilar from so-called classical databases. They do not rely on the Relational Model for their structure. SQL is replaced by UnQL or Unstructured Query Language. This language is still in the development stage. It is very similar to XQuery. When working with huge amounts of data, these kinds of databases are used. Some of the well-known databases are Mongo DB, CouchBase, and HBase used by Facebook, Big Table used by Google, and Dynamo DB used by Amazon.   Read the full article

[tyrantofdarkmount]

Anonymous said:

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What?

[collabera-blog1]

Java Software Developer

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[myfpschool]

4. Modelos avanzados de BD

4. Modelos avanzados de BD

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  Las bases de datos o sistemas gestores de bases de datos han sido uno de los elementos de la informática más útiles hasta la fecha. La tecnología experimentó un gran crecimiento debido al uso masivo.

El modelo de bases de datos más utilizado ha sido el modelo…

[webscraping-itsys-blog]

Techniques of web scraping you should know

It’s a process of extraction of data from various websites. It’s a variant of data scraping. The data extracted is then used for analysis. Web scraping involves fetching a web page and then extracting the data from it. Web scraping is used to understand the trend of the market, to understand your competitors and their pricing and then get ahead of them. Web scrapers typically take something from webpage and then use it for other purposes. The data may be parsed, reformatted or put in a spreadsheet etc.

Techniques of web scraping

Web scraping is the process of automatically collecting information from the World Wide Web. Following are some of the best web scraping techniques that can be used for collecting information: –

Human copy and paste – Sometimes a better technology than any ever created. Usually websites don’t want their data to be scraped. For these sites, human touch can do the trick.

Text pattern matching – It’s a very simple yet powerful approach. It’s based on UNIX grep command or regular expression matching facilities of programming languages.

HTTP programming – HTTP requests can be posted to the web server to retrieve static and dynamic web pages.

HTML parsing – websites generally have a large collection of pages generated dynamically. Same category data are usually encoded into similar pages by a common script or template. To parse HTML pages, languages like HTQL and XQuery can be used.

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Conclusion

Web data scraping in modern times has advanced the internet usage, marketing and management to a whole new dimension. The job which demanded days can be finished within few seconds. Extensively used in marketing and artificial intelligence analysis it’s importance cannot be ignored.

[kitwallace]

BNG4.0 : The saga of a single cell

Oct '23 - symbol ~ replaced with the more explicit $self/

Implementation of the BNG4.0 spreadsheet calculator in XML and XQuery requires the translation of multiple formula expressed in Excel language. This is time-consuming process as shown in this example of one column of one table.

The formula of interest is in cell T12 of Sheet A-3 On-Site Habitat Enhancement. The heading is Distinctiveness Change.

I discovered I could copy the formula by double-clicking the cell [previously I'd tried to copy the text in the entry field but couldn't because it was locked]

=IF(E12="","",IF(AND(LEFT(O12,6)="Same d",I12>X12),"Error - Trading rules not satisfied ▲",IF(AND(LEFT(O12,6)="Same b",AND(LEFT(F12,5)<>LEFT(S12,5),I12>X12)),"Error - Trading rules not satisfied ▲",IF(AND(LEFT(O12,6)="Same h",F12<>S12),"Error - Trading rules not satisfied ▲",IF(AND(LEFT(O12,6)="Bespok",F12<>S12),"Error - Trading rules not satisfied ▲",IF(X12<I12,"Error Trading Down ▲",H12&" - "&W12))))))

Decoding the cell references and replacing them with names used in the XML version of this table, we get

=IF(~Ref="","",IF(AND(LEFT(~Baseline_Required_Action,6)="Same d",~Baseline_Distinctiveness _Score> ~Proposed_Distictiveness_Score),"Error - Trading rules not satisfied ▲", IF(AND(LEFT(~Baseline_Required_Action,6)="Same b", AND(LEFT(Baseline_Habitat,5)<> LEFT(~Proposed_Habitat,5),~Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score > ~Proposed_Distictiveness_Score)),"Error - Trading rules not satisfied ▲", IF(AND(LEFT(~Baseline_Required_Action,6)="Same h",~Baseline_Habitat <> Proposed_Habitat),"Error - Trading rules not satisfied ▲", IF(AND(LEFT(~Baseline_Required_Action,6)="Bespok",~Baseline_Habitat <> Proposed_Habitat),"Error - Trading rules not satisfied ▲", IF(~Proposed_Distinctiveness_Score < Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score ,"Error Trading Down ▲",concat(Baseline_Distinctiveness ," - " , ~Proposed_Distinctiveness)))))))

The use of LEFT() here fulfills two roles: to save testing the whole text of Required Action and to partially extract the Broad Habitat from the compound Broad Habitat - Habitat column used in the spreadsheet.

The required actions is taken from the Trading Notes of the baseline habitat which has the same set of values as Distinctiveness.

Bespoke compensation likely to be required

Same habitat required

Same broad habitat or a higher distinctiveness habitat required

Same distinctiveness or better habitat required

Compensation Not Required

Even with the addition of meaningful names, the code is still difficult to understand. One reason is that this formula either reports a failure to satisfy trading rules or the change in distinctiveness if trading rules are satisfied. These purposes are really independent and it is clearer to break the column into two- one to show the change in distinctiveness, the other to validate the trading rules.

The second reason is that the tests are for the failure of a rule rather that its success. For example, the test for the Required_Action "Same broad habitat or a higher distinctiveness habitat required"

is tested by the condition

AND(LEFT(Baseline_Habitat,5) <> LEFT($self/Proposed_Habitat,5),$self/Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score > $self/Proposed_Distinctiveness_Score))

that is

(Baseline_Broad_Habitat <> $self/Proposed_Broad_Habitat) and ($self/Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score >$self/Proposed_Distinctiveness_Score)

but its not immediately obvious that this is the negation of the rule which can be tested directly by the condition

(Baseline_Broad_Habitat= $self/Proposed_Broad_Habitat) OR($self/Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score < $self/Proposed_Distinctiveness_Score)

or better still since it is the Proposed Habitat which is being checked

(Proposed_Broad_Habitat= $self/Baseline_Broad_Habitat) OR ($self/Proposed_Distinctiveness_Score > $self/Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score)

which can now be easily seen to be a formal version of the rule itself.

If it is necessary to test for the failure of the rule, it is better to negate the rule :

Not (Proposed_Broad_Habitat= $self/Baseline_Broad_Habitat) OR ($self/Proposed_Distinctiveness_Score > $self/Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score)

The following XQuery expression is used as the compute rule in the model for validating the Trading rule:

if ($self/Baseline_Required_Action = "Bespoke compensation likely to be required") then if ($self/Proposed_Habitat = $self/Baseline_Habitat) then "OK" else "Error - Trading rules not satisfied" else if ($self/Baseline_Required_Action = "Same habitat required") then if ($self/Proposed_Habitat = $self/Baseline_Habitat) then "OK" else "Error - Trading rules not satisfied" else if ($self/Baseline_Required_Action = "Same distinctiveness or better habitat required") then if ($self/Proposed_Distinctiveness_Score >=$self/Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score) then "OK" else "Error - Trading rules not satisfied" else if ($self/Baseline_Required_Action = "Same broad habitat or a higher distinctiveness habitat required") then if ($self/Proposed_Broad_Habitat =$self/Baseline_Broad_Habitat or $self/Proposed_Distinctiveness_Score > $self/Baseline_Distinctiveness_Score) then "OK" else "Error - Trading rules not satisfied" else if ($self/Baseline_Required_Action = "Compensation Not Required") then "OK" else concat("Error - Unknown Required action: ", $self/Baseline_Required_Action)

For traceability, it is good to be able to reference this calculation back to section 5.2 of the User Guide. However, because this document is provided only as a PDF and not an HTML document, it is not possible to provide a direct deep link into this part of the document.

Sadly, traceability doesn't seem to be possible for all computations in the spreadsheet. I am unable so far to trace the very next field which validates changes to Habitat_Condition.

Of course we have to trust (or laboriously check) that the same formula adjusted for position is used on all cells in the same column and in the Off-Site version of the sheet.

XQuery language

Although the XQuery language will be unfamiliar to many, this code is likely to be readable by most computer literate folk. This is partly due to the more natural English expressions used - 'let' , 'and' 'or' with '=' having its usual meaning, but perhaps comprehensibility is in the eye of the beholder.

Oct '23

On refection, rather than allowing a free choice of options and then validating that choice, it would better to restrict the available options in the first place. This also allows acceptable options to be seen. Validation is still needed however if data is imported from other sources.

[isolstechnologies-blog]

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Website development services have made their own position in the market. Website development will have a small evolution life cycle conducted by a small evolution team. This is known to be the process and practice of developing your web applications. This is not simple to handle as it has multiple risks. Risk like software bugs or security. In simpler language web design and Development Company go through some simple process of creating a set of programs or a computer program which can perform further several of tasks required by a business.

Tasks handled by any of the software development company are scheduling sales report, calculating monthly expenses, increase efficiency, etc. every software development company has some similar steps which they follow. Steps like the gathering of requirements then prototypes are designed the testing and then implementation and then at the end integration.

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Some of the characteristics of getting website development services include short development life-cycle times, multi-disciplinary development teams, business evaluation and analysis with end-users, maintenance, and different business models, small development teams that work on similar tasks and explicit requirement and also rigorous training against requirements.

When talking about the front-end development tool, it focuses mainly on mobile UI (user interface) and UX (user experience) and also provides some abilities like UI design tool, SDKs to access device features and cross-platform support. When talking about various tools according to the platform, it includes, Accelerator and its programming language include HTML5, and C#, Mobile together and its programming language is XPath/XQuery, Android, and its programming language is Java but portion of code can be in C, C++, Kotlin, App inventor for android and its programming language is visual block-based programming language, with interface designer. IBM mobile first studio and its programming language are HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, and native SDK languages w/ Native work light API.

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[rutuja-2105]

For web automation testing, identifying robust locators for web elements is crucial to prevent test failures due to “Unable to locate element” errors. This article focuses on creating robust locators using XPath. Before diving into the techniques, let’s get familiar with XPath.

XPath (XML Path Language) is a query language used to locate elements on a webpage, defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It allows processing of values based on the XQuery and XPath Data models.

Why XPath is Necessary:

Precision: Accurately locate web elements.

Flexibility: Handle complex and dynamic web elements.

Versatility: Use in various web automation tools.

Understanding XPath is essential for creating robust web locators and enhancing the reliability of automated tests.

XPath for Selenium, Playwright & Cypress Web Automation Testing click here to know more about XPath. I appreciating to Yogesh to written this blog. also visit to www.spurqlabs.com to read more blog like this.

[codehunter]

Is there a JSON equivalent of XQuery/XPath?

When searching for items in complex JSON arrays and hashes, like:

[ { "id": 1, "name": "One", "objects": [ { "id": 1, "name": "Response 1", "objects": [ // etc. }] }]

Is there some kind of query language I can used to find an item in [0].objects where id = 3?

https://codehunter.cc/a/javascript/is-there-a-json-equivalent-of-xquery-xpath

[polhpapa]

Fminer xpath

Fminer xpath how to#

Fminer xpath code#

The use of visual clues and “page geography” often leads to more precise and more robust wrappers .

Fminer xpath code#

The possibility of defining, modifying, and testing wrappers in a visual fashion has relieved wrapper designers from the tedious task of having to decipher the HTML code of each target web page, and of writing sequential programs that act on it. #Fminer match portion of html tag code#.#Fminer match portion of html tag manual#.#Fminer match portion of html tag generator#.Selects all elements in the all title elements which have at least one attribute of any kindīy using the | operator in an XPath expression you can select several paths. Selects all the child element nodes of the bookstore element XPath wildcards can be used to select unknown XML nodes. Selects all the title elements of the book elements of the bookstore element that have a price element with a value greater than 35.00 Selects all the book elements of the bookstore element that have a price element with a value greater than 35.00 Selects the last but one book element that is the child of the bookstore element Selects the last book element that is the child of the bookstore element To solve this problem in IE, set the SelectionLanguage to XPath: In JavaScript: xml.setProperty("SelectionLanguage","XPath") Note: In IE 5,6,7,8,9 first node is, but according to W3C, it is. Selects the first book element that is the child of the bookstore element. In the table below we have listed some path expressions with predicates and the result of the Predicates are always embedded in square brackets. Predicates are used to find a specific node or a node that contains a specific value. Selects all book elements that are descendant of the bookstore element, no matter where they are under the bookstore all attributes that are named lang Selects all book elements no matter where they are in the document Selects all book elements that are children of bookstore Note: If the path starts with a slash ( / ) it always represents an absolute Selects all nodes with the name "bookstore" In the table below we have listed some path expressions and the result of the Selects the parent of the current attributes Selects nodes in the document from the current node that match the selection no matter where they are Selects all nodes with the name " nodename" Path expressions are listed below: Expression The node is selected by following a path or steps. XPath uses path expressions to select nodes in an XML document. References DOM Node Types DOM Node DOM NodeList DOM NamedNodeMap DOM Document DOM Element DOM Attribute DOM Text DOM CDATA DOM Comment DOM XMLHttpRequest DOM Parser XSLT Elements XSLT/XPath Functions Web Services XML Services XML WSDL XML SOAP XML RDF XML RSS XSD Data Types XSD String XSD Date/Time XSD Numeric XSD Misc XSD Reference

Fminer xpath how to#

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