#Voting begins in Haryana

[harpianews]

Vidhan Sabha bypoll end result reside updates: Counting of votes in 7 constituencies will begin quickly

Vidhan Sabha bypoll end result reside updates: Counting of votes in 7 constituencies will begin quickly

BJP chief Kuldeep Bishnoi with occasion candidate and son Bhavya Bishnoi after casting vote for Adampur meeting by-election in Haryana’s Adampur meeting by-election. (credit score: Manoj Dhaka) More than 93 per cent polling was recorded in Munugode whereas 76.45 per cent in Adampur. Bihar’s Mokama and Gopalganj recorded 53.45 and 51.48 % voting respectively. More than 57 per cent polling was…

[squarwell-breakingnews]

Live Updates: Polling Begins In Seven Constituencies In Six States

Live Updates: Polling Begins In Seven Constituencies In Six States

The counting of votes will take place on November 6. New Delhi: Voting began on Thursday in the by-election to seven assembly constituencies in six states – a contest symbolic of the fierce turf war between the BJP and regional parties. The polling is being held in Mokama and Gopalganj assembly constituencies of Bihar, Andheri (East) of Maharashtra, Adampur of Haryana, Munugode of Telangana,…

[rafi1228]

Voting Begins For Assembly By-Elections In Seven Constituencies Across 6 States

Voting Begins For Assembly By-Elections In Seven Constituencies Across 6 States

(Image for representational image) New Delhi: The voting for Assembly by-elections in seven vacant seats spread across the states of Maharashtra, Haryana, Bihar, Telangana, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh began on Thursday morning. Polling is being held from 7 am to 6 pm amid tight security and the counting of votes will be conducted on November 6. Bharatiya Janata Party is in a fierce contest with…

[bhaskarhindinews]

LIVE हरियाणा चुनाव: मतदान जारी, अब तक 4 फीसदी वोटिंग

हाईलाइट

हरियाणा की 90 विधानसभा सीटों पर मतदान शुरू

PM मोदी ने ट्वीट के जरिए वोट डालने की अपील की

हरियाणा में विधानसभा चुनाव के मतदान शुरू हो चुके हैं। कांग्रेस और भारतीय जनता पार्टी आज सभी 90 साटों पर चुनाव लड़ रही हैं। इनके अलावा भारतीय समाजवादी पार्टी 87, इनेलो 81, भारतीय कम्यूनिस्ट पार्टी 4 और माकपा 7 सीटों पर चुनावी रणभूमि में उतरी हैं। वहीं सभी सीटों पर निर्दलीय उम्मीदवारों की कुल संख्या भी 434 हैं। इसके अलावा पहली बार चुनाव में हिस्सा लेने जा रही जननायक जनता पार्टी ने भी 80 से ज्यादा सीटों पर अपने उम्मीदवार मैदान में उतारे हैं।

[best24news]

राष्ट्रपति के लिए मतदान शुरू, हरियाणा में कुल वोट वेल्यू 20 हजार 800, जानिए कैसें?

राष्ट्रपति के लिए मतदान शुरू, हरियाणा में कुल वोट वेल्यू 20 हजार 800, जानिए कैसें?

हरियाणा: सीएम मनोहर लाल ने  (CM Manohar lal) कहा कि भारत के 15वें राष्ट्रपति के (President election) चयन के लिए सोमवार को राज्यों के साथ लोकसभा व राज्यसभा में राष्ट्रपति पद के लिए मतदान हो रहा है। मतदान शाम 5 बजे तक चलेगा। कुछ विधायक दिल्ली में भी मतदान कर रहे हैं। हरियाणा में कुल वोट वेल्यू 20 हजार 800 है। इसने डाला पहला वोट: पहला वोट हरियाणा के कैबिनेट मंत्री कमल गुप्ता ने डाला। इसके बाद भाजपा…

[legalupanishad]

6 Legal Rights of an 18-Year-Old in India: You Must Know!

This article on 'Legal Rights of an 18-Year-Old in India' was written by an intern at Legal Upanishad.

Introduction

In this article, we will take a look at what are the legal rights of an 18-year-old in India. We will understand the meaning of a child, when the age of majority is attained, the Indian Majority Act, and finally rights of an individual who has attained the age of majority.

Definition of a Child

In International Law, a ‘child’ means every human being who is below the age of 18 years which is mentioned in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). It is an international legal agreement that is accepted and ratified by most countries. India has always recognized the category of persons below the age of 18 years as a distinct legal entity which is exactly why people can vote or get a driving license and/or enter into legal contracts only and only when they attain the age of 18 years. According to the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 marriage of a girl who is below the age of 18 years and a boy under 21 years is restrained from marriage. Moreover, after signing and ratifying the UNCRC in 1992, India had to change its law on juvenile justice to ensure that every person who is below 18 years of age, who needs care and protection, is entitled to receive it from the State.

The Indian Majority Act, 1875

According to section 3(1) of the Indian Majority Act 1875, unless or otherwise, any personal law specifies a different age of majority, every person who is domiciled in India would attain the age of majority upon the completion of 18 years. Section 3(2) of the Act states that to compute the age of any person, the day on which they are born is counted as a whole day and an individual would attain the age of majority at the very beginning of that day. In cases where the court appoints a guardian or if an individual is under the court of wards then they would attain the age of majority after the completion of 21 years.

Rights that can be enjoyed at 18 years old in India

In the case of Preeti and the State of Haryana, the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that children usually attain the age of psychological and physiological maturity much before the legal age of majority. An important question was raised whether the legal age of the majority is on par with modern society. The age of majority for a minor is determined by when the minor achieves mental and physical maturity. However, it depends upon current societal values including various socio-economic factors but most importantly, what society expects from its minors. Rights given to 18 years old may include:- 1- Right to marry: Earlier, the age of getting married was 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys. But recently the government increased the minimum age for marriage for girls from 18 years to 21 years of age. 2- Right to vote: Earlier the voting age in a democracy mainly was 21 years or higher but in the 1970s several countries reduced the age to 18 years. According to the Sixty's first Constitutional Amendment, the voting age was decreased from 21 years to 18 years for the election of the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies. One can apply for a voter Id card once they attain the age of majority. Voter ID is a photo identity card issued by the Election Commission of India to all Indian citizens who are eligible to vote. 3- Right to driver's license: In India, after the age of 18 years and above one can become eligible for applying for a driving license for driving motor vehicles. Different license categories are there for non-transport vehicles or private vehicles and transport vehicles. 4- Apply for a pan card: When an individual starts earning, a pan card is needed for filing income tax returns. A PAN Card is a permanent account number issued by the Indian income tax department. One can also apply for a pan card before they turn the age of 18 years but it will be seen as a minor pan card. 5- Bank Account and ATM Card: One can open their own Bank Account after 18, no doubt before 18 also you can start a bank account for savings and school scholarships, etc. But Minor Bank Account has some restrictions. Not all facilities are available as compared to normal accounts such as ATM Card or debit card, internet banking, checkbook facility, etc. 6- Enter into a contract: In India, since 18 years is the age of majority, individuals who are the age of 18 years, do not have any capacity to enter into a contract. A contract or an agreement entered into by a minor is null and void from the beginning and no one can sue them for specific performance or damages. The State provides minors with civil and criminal immunities.

Conclusion

According to the new amendment made in the Indian Majority Act, the new minimum marital age for females will take precedence over all personal laws; thus, the legal age of marriage will be raised for all females, regardless of religion. Before this amendment, in 1978, the Indian government raised the legal minimum marriage age for girls from 15 to 18 years and boys from 18 to 21 years. The Delhi High Court has held that an individual of 18 years of age has full-fledged authority to lead their life according to their terms and parents are not allowed to force them to do things against their will.

References

- Understanding Child Rights. Vikaspedia. Retrieved from:- https://vikaspedia.in/education/child-rights/understanding-child-rights  - Indian Majority Act: Defining Legal Parameters Of Adulthood. Get Legal India. Written by Deeksha.  Retrieved from:- https://getlegalindia.com/indian-majority-act/  - Rights of an 18 year old. Quora.com. Written by Harsh Rane in 2019. Retrieved from:- https://www.quora.com/I-have-turned-18-and-I-am-Indian-What-rights-do-I-have  - Delhi HC gives 18-yr-olds right to choose. DNAIndia. WRITTEN BY Kanu Sarda on Jul 12, 2010. Retrieved from:- https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-hc-gives-18-yr-olds-right-to-choose-1408523/amp  Read the full article

[bharatlivenewsmedia]

Voting for Rajya Sabha elections begins in 4 states

Voting for Rajya Sabha elections begins in 4 states

Voting for Rajya Sabha elections begins in 4 states Polling to elect members of the Upper House of the Parliament on 16 Rajya Sabha seats spread across four states – Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Haryana- began on Friday morning.Polling that began at 9 am will conclude at 4 pm.Forty-one candidates from Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,…

[adminnewstrust24]

Results of Haryana civic elections will be announced today, counting of votes will begin at 8am

Results of Haryana civic elections will be announced today, counting of votes will begin at 8am

Election Result counting/Representative image The results of the civic elections held in Haryana on 27 December will come today. The counting of votes will begin at eight in the morning. On the instructions of the State Election Commission, the concerned district administration has made adequate arrangements for security arrangements. Elections have been held for the Municipal Corporation of…

[disuv]

Farmers Protest against FarmerBill2020

Just few days ago the farmers of Panjab called protests on against #Farmerbills2020 and as per their plan marching towards Delhi but unfortunately their name dragged into Khalistan supporters group.

In result , they have been screwed up at Haryana border by delhi police . Now situation is beyond control . Yesterday , in this winter season deployed police force used water Canon to disperse protesters but so far not succeeded .

The farmers are demanding to revoke Farmersbill and want to enter in delhi but deployed police force is not allowing them to march ahead . I am very upset to know about this act by delhi police following Home minister official order against marching farmers . India is facing Covid19 and almost economy is sunk down . Due to winter season now covid19 is spreading more faster than usual . Thousands of farmers without mask protesting at Haryana border and the government of india is acting as if nobody will get covid19 .

This how an older being treated by police force . The farmers who produce foods are considered in india as a voter . They can't raise their voices against government . They don't have right but have to cast their votes .

The Sikh community has its own value in indian history but they way they are being treated in this protest is vituperative . I am not advocating farmers but very much concerned about them . They may be wrong and been told by others to call on protest against Modi Government but it doesn't mean that Government of india will treat them as a criminal .

I am against this act by Government . Had better if government would enter them in delhi but now situation is worst and not manageable at all .

In the very beginning of Lockdown in March the prime minister of india addressed to the nation

" mitron, I guarantee you ample foods in the lockdown period . There will be no shortage of foods and beverages, so don't panic and support me to fight against Covid19 ".

I must say modi ji, you made statement because of Indian farmers . Of course there is no shortage but it is because of our farmers . You must acknowledge this and talk with them if they have any doubt against Farmersbill2020 . Let them enter in delhi.

~disuv

@disuv

[bbcbreakingnews]

By-poll results 2020: Counting of votes begins for 58 assembly constituencies across 11 states

MORENA: Counting of votes for by-polls held in 58 assembly constituencies across 11 states in the country began at 8 am on Tuesday. This will be carried out along with the vote-counting process in Bihar where the first major electoral exercise was held amid the pandemic. The result of 28 assembly constituencies in Madhya Pradesh will decide the fate of Shivraj Singh Chouhan led-BJP government which requires at least eight more MLAs for a clear majority in the state assembly. Visuals from counting centres in Indore and Morena were out on Tuesday morning. By-polls were held in Joura, Sumaoli, Morena, Dimani, Ambah, Mehgaon, Gohad, Gwalior, Gwalior East, Dabra, Bhander, Karera, Pohari, Bamori, Ashok Nagar, Mungaoli, Surkhi, Malhara, Anuppur, Sanchi, Biaora, Agar, Hatpipliya, Mandhata, Nepanagar, Badnawar, Sanwer and Suwasra of Madhya Pradesh. Gujarat’s Dang counting centre also started the counting of votes for eight assembly constituencies in the state. The assembly seats of Abdasa, Limdi, Morbi, Dhari, Gadhada, Karjan, Dang and Kaprada in Gujarat are up for contest in the current by-polls in Gujarat. Apart from this, by-polls on 7 seats in Uttar Pradesh, 2 seats each in Odisha, Nagaland, Karnataka and Jharkhand, and one seat each in Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Haryana were held. The results of the bye-election will be announced today.

The post By-poll results 2020: Counting of votes begins for 58 assembly constituencies across 11 states appeared first on BreakingNews.

source https://bbcbreakingnews.com/2020/11/10/by-poll-results-2020-counting-of-votes-begins-for-58-assembly-constituencies-across-11-states/

[newsmatters]

Haryana Bypoll Result: Counting of votes underway in Baroda Assembly constituency Image Source : PTI Haryana Bypoll Result: Counting of votes for Baroda Assembly bypoll seat begins…

[everythingshouldbereality]

Haryana Bypoll Result: Counting of votes underway in Baroda Assembly constituency Image Source : PTI Haryana Bypoll Result: Counting of votes for Baroda Assembly bypoll seat begins…

[sachwlang]

Bypolls result Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Gujarat Chhattisgarh Haryana Nagaland Karnataka Jharkhand Telangana Manipur

Bypolls result Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Gujarat Chhattisgarh Haryana Nagaland Karnataka Jharkhand Telangana Manipur

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Image Source : FILE PHOTO

Counting of votes in bypolls to take place on Tuesday.

Counting of votes would be held on Tuesday in assembly byelection to 58 seats in 11 states including Madhya Pradesh where the results would decide the fate of the Shivraj Singh Chouhangovernment. The counting will begin at 8 AM as per the Election Commission’s COVID-19 guidelines which restrict the number…

[theeconomica4news]

Voting for Baroda bypolls begins; fate of 14 candidates to be decided Image Source : PTI Voting begins for Baroda bypoll Polling for the Baroda bypoll began in Haryana on Tuesday.

[popularnews]

Rajya Sabha Election Result 2020 LIVE Updates | Voting Begins, BJP Congress Battle in Madhya Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Jharkhand Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Haryana | भाजपा को 8 और कांग्रेस को 4 सीटें मिलीं; एमपी में सिंधिया और दिग्विजय जीते; गुजरात में भाजपा के तीनों उम्मीदवारों को जीत मिली

[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 Political Science (India) Chapter 9 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Solutions (India Since Independence)

Chapter 9 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q 1. Unscramble a bunch of disarranged press clipping file of Unni-Munni… and arrange the file chronologically. (a) Mandal Recommendations and Anti Reservation Stir. (b) Formation of Janata Dal. (c) The demolition of Babri Masjid. (d) Assassination of India Gandhi. (e) The formation of NDA government. (f) Godhra incident and its fallout. (g) Formation of UPA government.

  Answer: (a) Assassination of India Gandhi(1984). (b) Formation of Janata Dal (1989) (c) Mandal Recommendations and Anti Reservation Stir (1990) (d) The demolition of Babri Masjid (1992) (e) The formation of NDA government (1997) (g) Formation of UPA government (2004) Q 2. Match the following:

Answer: (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii). Q 3. State the main issues in Indian politics in the period after 1989. What different configurations of political parties these differences lead to?

Answer: In the decade of eighties, the country witnessed five main developments which had a long lasting impact on politics: 1. End of Congress system. 2. Mandal issues 3. New Economic Reforms 4. Babri Masjid Issues

5. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi 1989 elections led to defeat of Congress and emerged the era of ‘Multi Party- System’ when no single party secured majority in Lok Sabha elections since 1989. It led the era of coalition government also when regional parties played an crucial role in forming a ruling alliance. Since 1989, there have been nine governments at the centre either coalition government or minority government supported by other parties. In this phase, government could be formed only with the participation of many regional parties. The nineties also saw the emergence of powerful parties to represent Dalits and backward classes and regional assertions as well. Q 4. “In the new era of coalition politics, political parties are not aligning or realigning on the basis of ideology.” What arguments would you put forward to support or oppose this statement?

Answer: The statement is justified because in the new era of coalition politics the emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than ideological positions and political alliance without ideological agreement: 1. Coalition politics has shifted the focus from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. 2. Most parties of NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of B JP still they came together to form government and remained in power also for full term. Q 5. Trace the emergence of BJP as a significant force in post-Emergency politics.

Answer: The major trends in the electoral performance of BJP since 1989 can be traced as follows: 1. In the elections of 1989, the National front under V.P. Singh came to power supported by left front and BJP from outside because they wanted to keep the Congress out of power. Due to Mandal Commission Report and implementation of its recommendations forced BJP to reconsider its support and finally withdrew it. Thus, in November 1990, the rule of National Front came to an end. 2. In 1996 BJP minority government was formed for a short period. In June 1996 BJP failed to get majority support in the vote of confidence and thus collapsed. 3. From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and others formed alliances NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The regional Parties demanded more share in the government to extend their support. 4. The political competition during nineties and divided between the coalition led by BJP and coalition led by Congress. Q 6. In spite of the decline of Congress dominance the Congress party continues to influence politics in the country. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Answer: The defeat of Congress Party in 1989 marked an end of Congress dominance over Indian Party System. But Congress continued to influence politics in country: 1. Congress improved performance and came back to power after mid term elections in 1991. 2. It also supported United Front government. 3. In 1996, the left continued to support the non-Congress government but this time Congress supported it as both Congress and Left wanted to keep BJP out of power. 4. Thus, Congress remained an important party and ruled country more than any other party even during the period since 1989. But it lost the kind of centrality it earlier enjoyed in the party system. Q 7. Many people think that a two-party system is required for successful democracy. Drawing from India’s experience of last twenty years, write an essay on what advantages the present party system in India has.

Answer: In the first decade of electoral politics India did not have a recognised opposition party. But some of vibrant and diverse opposition parties had come into being even before the first General Election of 1952 as the non-Congress parties. Hence, the roots of almost all the non-Congress parties of today can be traced to one or the other of the opposition parties of 1950s. All these opposition parties gained only a representation, still their presence played a crucial role in maintaining democratic character of system. Hence due to following reasons two party system is required for successful democracy: 1. Within two party systems, the opposition party offers a sustained and principled criticism of policies and practices of ruling party keeping it under a strict check. 2. By keeping democratic political alternative alive, these parties prevented the resentment with the system from turning anti-democratic. On the basis of above mentioned features it is justifiable to have a two party system which have following advantages: 1. India has arrived at more competitive politics. 2. Political parties act within the spheres of consensus. 3. -New forms, vision, pathways of development have been identified. 4. Issues like poverty, displacement, minimum wages, livelihood and social security are being put on political agenda. 5. Issues of justice and democracy are being voiced by various classes, castes and regions to remind states its responsibility. Q 8. Read the passage and answer the questions below: Party politics in India has confronted numerous challenges. Not only has the Congress system destroyed itself, but the fragmentation of the Congress coalition has triggered a new emphasis on self-representation which raises questions about the party system and its capacity to accommodate diverse interest,…. An important test facing the polity is to evolve a party system or political parties that can effectively articulate and aggregate a variety of interests. —Zoya Hasan (a) Write a short note on what the author calls challenges of the party system in the light of what you have read in this chapter. (b) Given an example from this chapter of the lack of accommodation and aggregation mentioned in this passage. (c) Why is it necessary for parties to accommodate and aggregate variety of interests? Answer: (a) The author calls challenges to coalition government as well as coalition in Congress party itself to trigger a new emphasis on self-representation. (b) To unsolve a party system to accommodate diverse interests but the political parties formed under the leadership of Kanshi Ram for Dalits only. (c) It is necessary for parties to accommodate and aggregate variety of interests to maintain the culture of India ‘Unity in Diversity’ so that there should be no space for separatist movements in India.

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

Very Short Answer Type Questions [ 1 Mark] Q 1. Name two alliances/fronts that formed the government at the centre in 1989 and 1996 respectively. 

Answer: National front-1989,United front-1996. Q 2. Mention any two incidents of violence against minority community which are a threat to democracy.

Answer: 1. Violent anti-Mandal protest 2. Godhra incident Q 3. What is the difference between a coalition party and coalition in Congress system?

Answer: Coalition party government refers government of more than two regional and political parties whereas coalition in Congress system refers to encouragement of various factions inside the party with different ideologies. Q 4. Which organisation took up the cause of Bahujans?

Answer: The Backward and Minority Classes Employees Federation (BAMCEF) took various steps and strong position in favour of political power to Bahujans including SCs, STs, OBCs and minorities. Q 5. What was the status of BSP?

Answer: The Bahujan Samaj Party emerged under the leadership of Kanshi Ram supported by Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and U.P. But in 1989 and 1991 elections, it achieved a breakthrough success in U.P. Q 6. When did the phase of coalition politics begin?

Answer: With elections of 1989, coalition politics began in India i.e. National front in 1989, United Front in 1996 and 1997 and UPA in 2004. Q 7. When were new economic reforms announced?

Answer: In 1991.

Very Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

Q 1. AWho was the chairperson of Mandal Commission? State any one recommen¬dation made by him/her.

Answer: Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal was the chairperson of Mandal Commission set up in 1978 to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of society and recommend ways to identify these classes. The Mandal Commission gave its recommendations in 1980: 1. The commission advised that backward classes should be understood to mean backward castes since many castes other than the SCs were also treated as low in caste hierarchy 2. Reservation 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these groups. 3. It recommended land reforms to improve the condition of OBCs. 4. Hence, Mandal commission made recommendations in economic and occupational structures. Q 2. State any two major political happenings of 1984 in India.

Answer: 1. Assassination of Indira Gandhi 2. Lok Sabha elections were held. Q 3. What was change in electoral performance of Congress party and BJP from 1984¬2004?

Answer: 1. In the elections of 1989, Congress secured 197 seats but did not get majority. Therefore, it decided to sit in opposition. 2. The National Front under V.P. Singh came to power supported by left front and BJP from outside. 3. The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to emergence of Congress as the single largest party and formed the government supported by AIADMK. 4. In 1996, BJP minority government was formed for short period. Later in June 1996 United Front with the support of Congress formed the Government and H.D. Deve Gowda became Prime Minister and after 11 months I.K. Gujral came to power to rule till March 1998. 5. From March 1998 to October 1999, BJP and other parties formed alliances NDA (National Democratic Alliance) under the leadership of Atal Behari Vajpayee and regional parties demanded more share in government to extend its support. 6. In the elections of May 2004, Congress and its allies formed UPA (United Progressive Alliance) and came to power and Manmohan Singh became Prime Minister. Q 4. When was India’s New Economic Policy launched? Who was its chief architect?

Answer: It was launched in 1991 as the structure adjustment programme and it was started by the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao: 1. India’s New Economic Policy was launched by the then Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. 2. The economic changes first became visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction that Indian Economy had pursued since independence towards liberalised and open economy. Q 5. What happened to the state government after demolition of Babri Masjid?

Answer: 1. The BJP state government was dismissed. 2. Alongwith that, other states where the BJP was in power, were also put under President’s rule. 3. A case against Chief Minister of U.P. was registered in Supreme Court. Q 6. What led to the serious debate over secularism?

Answer: The demolition of disputed mosque at Ayodhya on December 6,1992, by Karseva, led to a serious debate over secularism: 1. Most political parties condemned the demolition and declared it to be against secularism. 2. A debate took place about using religious sentiments for electoral purposes. Q 7. List the four groups to be emerged in 1990s.

Answer: 1. Parties in coalition with Congress— UPA (United Progressive Alliance). 2. Parties in alliance with BJP—NDA (National Democratic Alliance). 3. Left front parties (Left Parties). 4. Other parties not to be part of the rest (Others).

Short Answer Type Questions [4 Marks]

Q 1. Describe any four major developments in the Indian politics since 1989.

Answer: In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties. This consensus consists of four elements: (i) Agreement on new economic policies: While many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties are in support of the new economic policies. Most parties believe that these policies would lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world. (ii) Acceptance of political and social claims of the backward castes: Political parties have recognised the social and political claims of the backward castes need to be accepted. As a result, all political parties now support reservation of seats for the ‘backward classes’ in education and employment. Political parties are also willing to ensure that the OBCs get adequate share of power. (iii) Acceptance of the role of state level parties in governance of the country: The distinction between state level and national level parties is fast becoming less important. State level parties are showing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so. (iv) Emphasis on pragmatic consid-erations rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement: Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideo-logical differences to power sharing arrangements. Thus, most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva’ ideology of the BJP. Yet, they came together to form a govern¬ment and remained in power for a full term. Q 2. When and why did a long phase of coalition politics begin in India?

Answer: The era of coalitions could be seen after 1989 elections onwards. The Congress was the largest party but did not achieve a single majority, hence it decided to act as opposition party. This led to National Front (Alliance of Janata Dal and other regional parties). It received major support from BJP and left front. BJP and left front did not join the government but gave support from outside. The coalition era had many PMs and some of them held office for short duration. Q 3. “Coal ition government helps in consensus building”. Do you agree with the statement? Give arguments in support of your answer.

Answer: In the midst of severe competition and conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties consisting of following four elements: 1. Most political parties were in support of new economic policies to lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world. 2. All political parties supported , reservation of seats for backward classes in education and employment and even to ensure the OBCs to get adequate share of power. 3. Role of state level parties was accepted in the governance of country. 4. Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Hence most of the NDA did not agree the Hindutva ideology of BJP, still they came together to form a government and remained in power for full term. Q 4. Write a note on Hindu-Muslim Riots in Gujarat.

Answer: 1. The Anti-Muslim Riots took place at a station called Godhara in 2002. 2. A fire took place on a bogey full of leorsevakos returning from Ayodhya. 3. The hand of Muslims was suspected behind this fire. 4. Widespread violence took place against muslims in which nearly 1100, mostly muslims were killed. 5. Human Right commission criticised Gujarat government’s role in failing to control violence and provided relief to victims. 6. Gujarat riots show that the government machinery also becomes susceptible to passion and alert us the danger involved in using religious sentiments for political purposes.

Passage Based Questions [5 Marks]

1. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: Thus, with the elections of 1989, a long phase of coalition politics began in India. Since then, there have been nine governments at the Centre, all of which have either been coalition governments or minority governments supported by other parties, which did not join the government. In this new phase, any government could be formed only with the participation or support of many regional parties. This applied to the National Front in 1989, the United Front in 1996 and 1997, the NDA in 1997, BJP-led coalition in 1998, NDA in 1999 and the UPA in 2004.

Questions 1. What is meant by coalition politics? 2. Name any two regional political parties which were a part of coalition government. 3. Write the full form of NDA. 4. What does a minority government mean?

Answer: 1. Coalition politics does not have maj ority even to a single party but parties may enter into an alliance or get support of other parties to form government. 2. NDA and United front. 3. National Democratic Alliance. 4. Minority governments are supported by other parties which did not join the government. 2. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: Infact the BSP, under Kanshi Ram’s leadership was envisaged as an organisation based on pragmatic politics. It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujans (SC, ST, OBC and religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population, and were a formidable political force on the strength of their numbers.

Questions 1. Which organisation was formed by Kanshi Ram? 2. Name any two religious minorities. 3. Why are Bahujans considered a formidable political forces?

Answer: 1. BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party) 2. Muslims and Christians 3. Because Bahujans constituted the majority of population, hence they were formidable political force on strength of their numbers.

Long Answer Type Questions [6 Marks]

Q 1. In 2014 elections, people have voted for a stable government at the Centre. Do you think that the era of coalition has ended? Support your answer with suitable arguments.

Answer: After Independence, Congress party came in power. It ruled over the country as a democratic government till 1977. One after the other the government was represented by the Congress Prime Ministers like Nehru, Shastri and then Mrs. Indira Gandhi. It was due to some political upheaval; a state Emergency was declared in 1975. During Emergency all the opposition leaders were jailed and their constitutional powers were seized. It made all the opposition leaders unite and form first united party in the name of Janata Party which came in power in 1977. The general election held soon after the Emergency. Though it couldn’t last long, but it started a new concept of rule in India. One after the other, India saw many governments ruled by alliance group, except a few single-party-led government. But with the elections of 1989, a long phase of coalition politics began in India. Since then there have been nine governments at the centre all of which have either been coalition government or minority government supported by other parties which did not join the government. The National Front government in 1989, the United Front government in 1996 and 1997, the NDA government in 1997, 1998 and 1999 and then UPA government in 2004 and 2009 and again BJP-led NDA government in 2014 have been the coalition governments in India. In none of these governments any one single party had the number enough to form the government at its own. But in 2014, there was a change in the pattern. BJP could gain 284 seats in the Lok Sabha election which was sufficient to form the government at its own -which required to only 272. But as the election was fought with a pre-poll alliance by NDA led by BJP. So the present government was formed with Narendra Modi, the leader of BJP. This election shows that people are again turning to the single party government at the centre which may be stable. People have experienced the lack of stability, lack of policy decision and lack of proper development in the government ruled by the coalition group. Q 2. In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts in 1989, a consensus appeared to have emerged among most parties. Explain any three points. (or) Examine growing consensus over the crucial issues.

Answer: In the midst of severe competition and conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged among most parties consisting of following four elements: 1. Most political parties were in support of new economic policies to lead the country to prosperity and a status of economic power in the world. 2. All political parties supported reservation of seats for backward classes in education and employment and even to ensure the OBCS to get adequate share of power. 3. Role of state level parties was accepted in the governance of country. 4. Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Hence most of the NDA did not agree with the Hindutva ideology of BJP, still they come together to form a government and remained in power for full term. Q 3. What was Mandal Commission? Did it try to solve the problems of other Backward classes? State any two arguments in support of your answer?

Answer: Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal was the chairperson of Mandal commission set up in 1978 to investigate the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of society and recommended way to identify these classes. The Mandal commission gave its recommendations in 1980: 1. The commission advised that backward classes should be understood to mean backward castes since many castes other than the SCs were also treated as low in caste hierarchy. 2. Reservation 27% seats in educational institutions and government jobs for these groups. 3. It recommended land reforms to improve the condition of OBCs. 4. Hence, Mandal commission made recommendations in economic and occupational structures. The government of India accepted recommendations in 1990: 1. 27% jobs reservation has been made in central and state government. 2. Many Welfare Schemes have also been launched as Swarnima National Backward classes Finance and Development Corporation.

Picture/Map Based Questions [5 Marks]

1. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions 1. What does the cartoon represent? 2. Describe the role of such government in Indian Democratic set up. 3. What does this statement “Support the government from outside” mean?

Answer: 1. A puppet government showing example of coalition government. 2. It plays negative and positive role both. In a negative way, it provides unstable form of government. In a positive way, it provides opportuni¬ties to regional parties also in forming ruling alliances. 3. No direct participation and position in government but support in the formation of government. 2. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions 1. What does the picture indicate? 2. Which party is being referred to as one party dominance? 3. Identify female character in the cartoon.

Answer: 1. It depicts change from one party dominance to a multi-party alliance system. 2. Congress. 3. Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

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