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24th King of Portugal (4th of the Bragança Dynasty): King João V of Portugal, “The Magnanimous”

Reign: 9 December 1706 – 31 July 1750 Acclamation: 1 January 1707, Lisbon Predecessor: Pedro II

João V (22 October 1689 in Lisbon – 31 July 1750 in Lisbon), known as the Magnanimous (o Magnânimo) and the Portuguese Sun King (o Rei-Sol Português), was a monarch of the House of Bragança who ruled as King of Portugal during the first half of the 18th century. João V's reign saw the rise of Portugal and its monarchy to new levels of prosperity, wealth, and prestige among European courts.

João V's reign saw an enormous influx of gold into the coffers of the royal treasury, supplied largely by the royal fifth (a tax on precious metals) that was received from the Portuguese colonies of Brazil and Maranhão. João spent lavishly on ambitious architectural works, most notably Mafra Palace, and on commissions and additions for his sizable art and literary collections. Owing to his craving for international diplomatic recognition, João also spent large sums on the embassies he sent to the courts of Europe, the most famous being those he sent to Paris in 1715 and Rome in 1716.

Disregarding traditional Portuguese institutions of governance, João V ruled as an absolute monarch. As a continuation of a Bragança dynasty policy that stressed the importance of relations with Europe, João's reign was marked by numerous interventions into the affairs of other European states, most notably as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. On the imperial front, João V pursued an expansionist policy, with significant territorial gains in Portuguese India and Portuguese America.

João V was a very pious man who devoted large parts of his day to prayer and religious study. He rewarded his long-awaited recognition as a lawful monarch by Pope Benedict XIV with a fervent devotion to the Catholic Church and some very large donations to the Holy See. The Pope granted João V the style "Most Faithful Majesty," which appealed to him greatly. However, João's relationship with the papacy varied at different periods in his reign; there were both close relations and conflicts at different times during the reigns of five different popes.

João was born on 22 October 1689 at Ribeira Palace

in Lisbon to King Pedro II and Queen Maria Sophia of Neuburg. He was baptized on November 19 at the Royal Palace Chapel and given the full name João Francisco António José Bento Bernardo. João was not his father's first son; he had an older brother, João, who died a year before João's birth, thus the court was overjoyed to have a new male heir to the kingdom.

Upon his baptism, João was not given the traditional titles of the heir apparent to the Portuguese throne, Prince of Brazil and Duke of Bragança, but merely the default title Infante of Portugal. This was intended as a sign of respect for his elder brother's death, which had happened only months before.

João had a stimulating upbringing surrounded by some of the most brilliant minds of Europe at the time. It was agreed by the court that João's care as a child was to be strictly run by women only, a custom of the Portuguese court, and the Portuguese nobility as a whole. João's governess (who was later the governess for all of the sons of Pedro II) was Maria de Lencastre, the Marquise of Unhão, who was given that position more for her beauty and status than for her suitability as a child care giver.

The policies that João's father had pursued made the Portuguese court wealthy, the national economy stable, and the imperial military strong. This made a richly varied and interesting childhood possible for John. As a child, he was under the tutelage and heavy influence of the Jesuit Fathers Francisco da Cruz, João Seco, and Luís Gonzaga. Father Luís Gonzaga was in charge of the education of all of King Pedro's children; he taught them military education, politics, astronomy, nautical studies, mathematics, and history. As the prince grew up, he was mentored in political affairs by Luís da Cunha,

a prominent Portuguese diplomat.

When João reached age seven, his father determined that his eldest sons were sufficiently educated in basic subjects and decided to take over supervision of their instruction himself, though his interest in mentoring them quickly faded. This was formalized when he and his brother Francisco, Duke of Beja,

were admitted into the Order of Christ on 7 April 1696. Later that year, the king finally decided to confer on João the titles of the heir apparent, namely Prince of Brazil and Duke of Bragança. On 1 December 1696, on the anniversary of the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640, a grand ceremony was held in which João was invested with his titles. The ceremony involved the placing of a large ermine and red velvet mantle on his shoulders, as well as the adornment of his person with various jewels and royal regalia.

Just over a month before João's tenth birthday in 1699, his mother Queen Maria Sofia died at the age of 33. This caused João to retreat from court and become depressed for many months. Catarina of Bragança, his aunt and the former Queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland, then took control of his education. She resided in the palace she had built, Bemposta Palace,

and remained João's main tutor and female role model until her death in 1705.

In April 1700, João fell terribly ill; it was assumed that he was on his death bed. Fearing his imminent demise, he asked for his last rites and confessed his sins. To everyone's surprise, he rallied and soon returned to his normal activities, his complete recovery being considered a miracle by the court.

The death of João's sister Teresa Maria in February 1704, greatly saddened him. It caused him to avoid appearing at court for some months and to estrange himself from his father, who favoured João's younger brother, Manuel, Count of Ourém.

During this time, much gossip was spread and worries arose about whether João would ever recover from his depression. In May of that year, he eventually returned to the court and reconciled with the king, saying that his saudades for his sister would not get in the way of his performing his duty to the king.

In early December 1706, Pedro II moved himself to the Royal Quinta in Alcântara, as he was growing ill and needed space from the court. On the fifth of that month, the king caught a high fever, and the court doctors met to examine him fully. They determined his health was greatly deteriorating. The next day, Pedro II called all of his children to his bedside and told them of his coming demise. He appointed João as prince regent of the kingdom and asked that all of his children follow João's wishes. Although he appointed João the prince regent, Pedro II still favoured his youngest son Manuel, and the king gave Manuel a special gift that no other child received.

King Pedro II died in his sleep on 9 December 1706. Following his death, Ribeira Palace was redecorated as a reflection of the mourning. On the façade towards the Terreiro do Paço,

large black banners were hung from the windows for this purpose. A month later, the time was declared to be appropriate for João to be acclaimed king. Preparations for João's acclamation had already been started and once allowed, the royal palace was redecorated; the black banners were replaced with red ones, and fruit wreaths were hung throughout all of the palace.

On the day of João's acclamation, 1 January 1707,

his new throne was placed on the balcony of the Torre do Rei (Tower of the King) of Ribeira Palace. Specially-made tapestries illustrating the allegories of Justice and Prudence were hung high above the Terreiro do Paço to remind the public that these were the traits their king would have. Once João sat down on his throne, wreaths made of gold were laid around the throne and balcony. Wearing his Cross of the Order of Christ,

and with the Portuguese Crown Jewels

beside him, and not on him, as was the Portuguese royal custom, João was acclaimed "His Majesty, by the Grace of God, King of Portugal and the Algarves, before and beyond the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, our Lord, John, the fifth of that name in the table of the Kings of Portugal."

João was now king of an empire that stretched four continents. He was also the head of state of a kingdom that was at war with Spain and France. His first regnal act was to renew Portugal's membership in the League of Augsburg and continue in the war alongside the England and the Habsburgs. Portugal quickly supplied more troops to aid her allies in the war. This new level of Portuguese involvement allowed João's general, António Luís de Sousa, Marquis of Minas, to capture Madrid on 28 June 1706. While Portugal put vast resources into the war, contrary to João's predecessors, who avoided conflicts in Europe, activity in the war soon lost the interest of the king, who had more pressing affairs to attend to.

During his life, Pedro II had worked a long time to secure João a marriage with an Austrian archduchess in order to guarantee Portugal's alliance with the Habsburgs. João continued these negotiations and finally succeeded in negotiating a deal. On 27 June 1707, Fernão Teles da Silva, Count of Vilar Maior, signed a marriage contract with Holy Emperor Joseph I

that made official a match between João and the emperor's sister, the Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria. The contract also set the archduchess's dowry at 100,000 crowns, a vast sum for the day.

The armada that Portugal sent to escort Maria Anna from the Lower Countries to Lisbon arrived in the Tagus river estuary on 26 October 1708.

The flagship, in which Maria Anna traveled, berthed at the docks of the private garden of Ribeira Palace, where João and a party of the kingdom's richest and most powerful nobles met the new queen for the first time. The marriage celebrations lasted until 27 December; they were sumptuous and very costly.

By late 1710, João and Maria Anna had not produced an heir to the throne. It had been two years since the couple had been married, and the court was starting to question the future of the House of Bragança. In early 1711, the king met with Franciscan Cardinal Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde, High Inquisitor of the Portuguese Inquisition, who told him that if he promised God to build a Franciscan convent in Mafra, God would deliver his long desired heir. Accordingly, João promised that if Maria Anna became pregnant before the end of 1711, he would build a Franciscan convent in Mafra. João's wish would come true later that year, when Maria Anna fulfilled her duty as queen and gave birth to the Infanta Maria Barbara of Bragança on 4 December 1711.

João and Maria Anna had a successful marriage, but lived largely separate lives. Maria Anna devoted herself to preserving the decorum of the royal court and her own religious interests, while João concerned himself with whatever pleased him at the moment. João kept many mistresses throughout his royal career, including Filipa de Noronha, Paula de Odivelas,

Luísa Inês Antónia Machado Monteiro, Madalena Máxima de Miranda, Inácia Rosa de Távora, and Luísa Clara de Portugal.

Maria Barbara's birth was followed by the birth of Pedro, Prince of Brazil, on 19 October 1712, which temporarily gave João a male heir.

Prince Pedro's death on 29 October 1714 greatly saddened him, but he took solace in the fact that his son, the Infante José (now Prince José), had been born on June 6 earlier that same year. Following the birth of Prince José, João and Maria Anna would have three more children: Infante Carlos, born 2 May 1716, Infante Pedro, born 5 July 1717, and Infante Alexandre, born 24 September 1723. Of the last three infantes, only two would survive to adulthood, Infante Carlos and Infante Pedro; only one would continue the Bragança line: Infante Pedro.

João's children were trained rigorously growing up. His plan was to have an intelligent son who could take his place as king, a strategically married daughter, and well-prepared statesmen sons; but he would achieve only part of his goal. From her birth, Infanta Maria Barbara's marriage had been closely arranged and monitored by João. When the engagement of Mariana Victoria of Spain

to Louis XV of France

was nullified, João proposed Infanta Maria Barbara as a possible bride for Louis XV, but in the end she was refused. João still managed to gain something from the dissolution of the engagement between Louis XV and Mariana Victoria, i.e., a wife for his son Prince José and a husband for Infanta Maria Barbara, Mariana Victoria's older brother Fernando, Prince of Asturias.

Negotiations between Portugal and Spain began in 1725, and four years later João's eldest children would be matched with their spouses-to-be. The princesses Maria Barbara and Mariana Victoria were exchanged at a ceremony, called the Exchange of the Princesses (Troca das Princesas), held on the Caia River on 19 January 1729. Prince José married Mariana Victoria on 19 January 1729 in Elvas, and Infanta Maria Barbara married Prince Fernando on 20 January 1729 in Badajoz.

None of João's three other sons would marry in his lifetime. Infante Alexandre died at the age of five, and Infante Carlos died at the age of twenty without any marriage proposals or children. Only Infante Pedro would live long enough to marry, but João did not live long enough to see it. Infante Pedro married the daughter of his older brother King José I, Princess Maria Francisca, Princess of Brazil, on 6 June 1760. When Princess Maria became Queen Maria I of Portugal upon the death of her father, King José I (João's son), Prince Pedro became King Pedro III, following Portuguese royal law that if the consort of a queen regnant produced children with the queen regnant, he would become king of Portugal jure uxoris.

João fathered at least four children from various extramarital affairs: António of Braganza, by Luísa Inês Antónia Machado Monteiro, Gaspar of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga, by Madalena Máxima de Miranda, José of Braganza, High Inquisitor of Portugal, by Paula de Odivelas, and Maria Rita of Braganza, by Luísa Clara de Portugal. Out of his four illegitimate children, the three males were all recognized as João's sons and were collectively known as the Children of Palhavã, after the Palace of Palhavã that belonged to Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal,

where they lived at João's expense. The Children of Palhavã received educations worthy of nobility and went on to become noteworthy members of the clergy. Maria Rita was never officially recognized as his daughter, but he informally arranged for her life at the Convent of Santos and managed her expenses. The husband of Maria Rita's mother, Jorge de Meneses, attempted to stop João's actions for Maria Rita, but the king had him exiled to Spain and then to England.

Regnal politics

When João became king, he chose to reign as an absolute monarch. Notably, he never convened the Portuguese Cortes, the ancient parliament of the three estates in Portugal, and actively ignored meetings of the Council of State. However, João did not act by himself when making decisions; rather, he frequently consulted a close circle of well-informed advisers and held weekly intimate audiences with members of all three estates, which he preferred to larger institutions, such as the Cortes and the Council of State, which he viewed as incompetent and bloated. The Count of Povolide remarked on John's governance style, stating that "he established a predominance of personal consultation over institutional consultation."

The highest position in the king's government was that of Secretary of State of Portugal, the equivalent of a modern-day prime minister. This position was always filled by a favourite of João, the most notable one Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real,

whom the king consulted with on every matter, to such a degree that it often appeared that he was the king's only minister. When João became king, he inherited a powerful and large Council of State made up of numerous bishops, nobles, and bureaucrats, which was charged with being the utmost consultory body to the king, as it was during the reign of João's father. However, João's dislike of institutions and consultative bodies led him to cease convening the council formally, leading the prominent politician and diplomat Luís da Cunha to refer to the king as a despot and his government as absolutist.

Although the Council of State was never convened, several of its members were nonetheless close advisers to the king. Alongside Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real, Cardinal João da Mota e Silva and High-Inquisitor Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde were close advisers to the king, the former eventually substituting Mendonça Corte-Real as Secretary of State when he died in 1736. Though he disbanded most institutions, João notably maintained the Junta of the Three Estates, a governing junta created by João's grandfather, King João IV, which managed the finances and maintenance of military installations, troop raising, and taxation related to defense. Having engaged in multiple conflicts throughout his reign, both in Europe and his empire, João understood the necessity of the junta and carefully picked its members, only selecting those deemed the most knowledgeable and competent. Similarly, João maintained the Council of the Treasury, which managed the finances of Portugal and its empire, including tax collection and budget accounting for the majority of Portugal's organizations (except the military), and exerted authority over the Casa da Índia, the Royal Mint, and the custom houses across Portuguese territory.

When João ascended the throne, he found himself entangled in the War of the Spanish Succession, as King Pedro II had signed the Methuen Treaty in 1703, which aligned Portugal to the Grand Alliance against the House of Bourbon and allowed Grand Alliance forces to launch their invasion of Spain from Portugal. Only months after assuming the throne, John saw his forces overwhelmingly defeated in at the Battle of Almansa, a defeat that jeopardized Portuguese forces in Spain and the outcome of the war. Portuguese forces continued to fight alongside the Grand Alliance until agreeing to an armistice with Spain and France on 8 November 1712. The war finally came to an end in 1713 with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht, whereby Portugal regained possession of territories conquered by the Bourbon coalition and acquired new territories in South America.

With the War of the Spanish Succession ended, João could re-establish relations with the courts of Europe. His first grand act of diplomacy was the dispatch of Luís Manuel da Câmara, 3rd Count of Ribeira Grande, as his ambassador to the court of Louis XIV of France, in early August 1715. The grandson of François, Prince of Soubise, and cousin of Hercule Mériadec, Prince of Guéméné, Câmara was personally chosen by João to foster amicable relations with the French court. No expense was spared on the count's triumphal entry into Paris, which cost 100 Louis d'or and received such great applause from the people of Paris that Alexandre de Gusmão, the count's secretary, stated that "the Count of Ribeira Grande has eternalized the grandness of our generous king." Although King Louis would die only weeks after the Portuguese embassy's arrival to France, the richness and extravagance of its entry to Paris was noted at the French court and across Europe and gained a new level of prestige for João and his kingdom.

As João concerned himself with the presentation of Portugal at the court of Europe from home through the planning and organization of important embassies, the king's brother, Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém, was similarly raising the name of Portugal throughout Europe. Having left the country in 1715 without the king's permission (as was required for royalty and high nobility), the Count of Ourém traveled throughout Europe, staying with Portuguese ambassadors and nobles across the continent, causing quite a fanfare. Although the king was displeased that Manuel left without permission, the king forgave the infante, writing to Manuel "your age absolves your mistake". Now having the king's permission, Infante Manuel entered the service of Prince Eugene of Savoy,

serving alongside him at the successful Battle of Petrovaradin. Over the next 17 years, the Count of Ourém moved from court to court as a celebrity and military hero and was even considered as a candidate as King of Poland by provision of the 1732 Treaty of the Three Black Eagles. Manuel's adventures throughout the continent inspired several literary works and gained him celebrity, raising Portugal's prestige in the eyes of Europe.

João's reign was characterized by a stressed importance of relations with Rome and the Papacy, though the state of relations with the Holy See largely depended on the Pope at the time. João sought acknowledgement by the pope as a lawful and righteous monarch as a means of international recognition of his capabilities and authority. Relations with João's first pope, Clement XI,

were largely successful, resulting from mutual beneficial agreements. In 1716, in response to a request by Pope Clement XI to João for aid in the fight against the Turks, the king sent an armada of Portuguese ships to assist Venice and Austria in their conflicts with the Turks that was led by his brother, Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja, and Lopo Furtado de Mendonça, Count of Rio Grande. In the same year, João ordered a formal, triumphal entry for his ambassador in Rome, Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Meneses, Marquis of Fontes. Seeking to mimic the response received at the French court, 5,000 cruzados were spent on a luxurious entry for the Portuguese envoy. The ceremonial procession included a convoy of 300 carriages surrounding the pièce de résistance of the procession, the Oceans Coach,

an ornate carriage made in Lisbon to demonstrate the wealth of the Portuguese empire to Rome. Having impressed the papal court, Pope Clement XI raised the dignity of the Archdiocese of Lisbon to the Patriarchate of Lisbon, making the Portuguese capital only one of two dioceses with this title in Europe, alongside Venice. João's good fortune with the papacy and Italy would continue to raise the next year, in 1717, when the aid of a Portuguese squadron of ships helped win the Battle of Matapan, in the ongoing Ottoman-Venetian War.

Pope Clement XI's successor, Pope Innocent XIII,

had served as Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal from 1697 to 1710, at the court of João and his father King Pedro II. However, Innocent XIII's time in Portugal is cited to have been the source of his dislike of the Society of Jesus, owing to the immense power that the Jesuits held at the Portuguese court and the concessions they held across the Portuguese Empire at the time. An ongoing issue of importance to the Portugal was the long-standing Chinese Rites controversy, which largely concerned the methods used in Asia by the Jesuits, which were largely under patronage of the Portuguese. Innocent XIII's decision to prohibit the Jesuits from continuing their missions in China caused great upset at the Portuguese court. Though Innocent XIII's successor, Pope Benedict XIII,

was the only Pope to descend from Portuguese royalty (descending from King Dinis I of Portugal),

relations were no warmer with Portugal than under his predecessor. Discontent with the Vatican's dismissal of his requests, João retaliated against Benedict XIII in 1728, closing the Papal Nunciature in Lisbon, recalling all Portuguese cardinals from Rome, and prohibiting official relations between Portuguese subjects and the Holy See. Though Benedict XIII sought to resolve the issues through an amicable intermediary, King Philip V of Spain,

though João refused.

An issue of significance to João concerned the rank and appointment of the Apostolic Nuncio in Portugal, which the king wished to be raised to the dignity of a crown-cardinal and demanded input in the selection process. Both Clement XI and Innocent XIII had denied João's requests and Benedict XIII had failed to mediate a resolution. Only during the fourth papacy of João's reign was the issue resolved, when Pope Clement XII

acquiesced to the king's demands, in 1730, elevating the Portuguese nunciature to the dignity shared only with France, Austria, and Spain. João's last pope and Clement XII's successor, Pope Benedict XIV,

had a markedly better relation with the king, granting the king his desired recognition as a lawful Christian monarch. In 1748, the pope awarded the title of Most Faithful Majesty to João and his successors.

João's reign saw the rise of the Americas as the bastion of Portuguese imperial power, as fortunes became less lucrative in Asia and Africa. Under João, the Portuguese Empire saw territorial gains in modern-day Brazil, India, Kenya, Uruguay, East Timor, Angola, and Mozambique, among others.

Portuguese America occupied the highest priority in João's administration of the Portuguese Empire. The American colonies of Brazil and Maranhão had become vital sources of wealth to the royal treasury, making the protection, expansion, and good governance of Portuguese America crucial to imperial policy in the Joanine era. Expansion of Portuguese territory in the Americas was also a concern, which was primarily achieved through military incursions into the interior of the continent by Bandeirantes. Portugal also regained control of Uruguay following the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1714, and successfully defended it against an attempted Spanish reconquest in the Spanish–Portuguese War of 1735–37.

In the 1690′s, during the final years of King Pedro II's reign, precious resources were discovered in Brazil, namely vast gold and diamond deposits. However, exploitation of the resources primarily began in João's reign, with the establishment of mining companies, taxation systems, and a mercantilist supply chain, which ushered in a period known as the Brazilian Gold Rush. The Royal fifth was instituted as a form of taxation on mining activities, requiring a fifth of all gold to go directly to the king's treasury. In an effort to consolidate royal authority while promoting efficient governance, João took control of the Captaincy of São Vicente (in 1709) and the Captaincy of Pernambuco (in 1716), establishing direct royal governance in the two most valuable provinces of Brazil. In 1721, João ordered the separation of the region of intense mining from the rest of the Captaincy of São Vicente, into the autonomous captaincy of Minas Gerais (General Mines), allowing for the colonial administration to collect taxation more effectively.

Asia had been the traditional base of the Portuguese Empire's wealth and power, but its declining returns became especially noticeable during João's reign as gold and diamonds from the Americas flowed to Lisbon. Portuguese India, historically the "crown jewel" of the empire, was economically constrained, especially under the restrictive rule of the Portuguese Inquisition in Goa, which prohibited commerce with non-Christian merchants. Concurrently, Portugal's most important ally in the Indian subcontinent was the Mughal Empire, entered into a drastic decline following 1707, coinciding with the rise of the Maratha Empire, long-time enemies of the Portuguese. Portugal suffered territorial losses after the Battle of Vasai and the Maratha conquest of Baçaim, although the size of Portuguese India would triple from 1713 to 1788, in an era known as the Novas Conquistas (New Conquests). The declining importance of Portuguese India resulted in numerous administrative reorganizations during João's reign, including the independence of Portuguese Mozambique from rule by the Viceroy of Portuguese India, as well as the creation of a direct commercial route from Portugal to Portuguese Macau (present day China) which eliminated the stop at the Indian port of Goa.

The Portuguese colonization of Africa was less important to João's colonial priorities compared to the Americas and Asia. Minor contentions with Dutch corsairs blocking shipments to and from the Portuguese Gold Coast in the 1720′s resulted in successful Portuguese victory over the Dutch in minor naval battles. Notable, tensions were also raised with Britain in 1722 when British forces established a fortification in Cabinda (in modern-day Angola), which had been claimed and evangelized by the Portuguese since the 15th century. A notable rare exception to the long-standing Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, João ordered galleons from the Armada do Brasil to dispatch to Cabinda to either take possession of the fort or destroy it and its men, resulting in a Portuguese victory in 1723. Portugal briefly reconquered Mombasa (modern-day Kenya) in 1728, only to lose control over it again in 1729, ending the last period of Portuguese rule in Mombasa.

Joanine culture

João is often remembered as one of the greatest patrons of the arts in Portuguese history, having commissioned numerous construction projects and artistic studies. The king's most famous and important work was the Royal Palace-Convent of Mafra.

In early 1711, married to Maria Anna of Austria for three years and without an heir, João grew worried for the future of the House of Bragança. He met with D. Nuno da Cunha e Ataíde, High-Inquisitor of Portugal, who assured the king that if he promised to build a convent for Franciscans in Mafra, in the Lisbon countryside, Maria Anna would bear him a child by the end of 1711. João agreed to do so. Construction started in 1717, with plans for a modest church convent for one hundred friars. However, in the following years, with a gratuitous flow of gold from the American colonies of Brazil and Maranhão, the plans were altered to become a magnum opus of João's reign, accommodating three hundred friars and adjusted to become a hybrid convent-palace, including a royal library, a basilica, and a vast set of apartments for the royal family. Noting the vast size and scope of the project, Charles de Merveilleux, a Swiss nobleman living in Portugal in 1726, remarked that "King João has decided to build a second Escorial."

With the new plans for a palatial complex, the project at Mafra, entrusted to royal architect João Frederico Ludovice,

became much more than a fulfillment of a religious promise, but rather a demonstration of monarchical power and wealth. By 1729, 15,470 workers from throughout Portugal and its colonies were contributing to the construction of the palace, alongside a total of 6,124 infantrymen and cavalrymen, making a total of 21,594 persons involved in the building process and site that year. While the majority of the palace was completed by 1730, João was so consumed in completing the project that he decreed it mandatory for all inhabitants of the villages of Mafra and Ericeira to work at the palace, requiring an excused permission not to participate, and only under extraordinary circumstances. In regard to the exuberant cost of the palatial complex, Merveilleux remarked that "three quarters of the royal treasury and nearly all of the gold brought on the fleets from Brazil were here, at Mafra, turned into stone."

Mafra stood as a monument to regal power, even though it would become only a pleasure palace and never a seat of authority. João commissioned numerous operas, comedies, and serenades to be celebrated at the palace with great pomp, and its enormous property became the favoured hunting grounds of the royal family for centuries to come. The king also began to celebrate his birthday annually at Mafra, starting in 1732. João housed one of the largest and most sumptuous libraries in Europe within the palace,

with over 36,000 volumes dating from the 14th to the 18th centuries. A curiosity about this library is that it used bats to preserve the books from the moths. This library and the Coimbra Univeristy Library are the only libraries in the World to use this method of preservation of the its books. Works at Mafra would continue until 1755, when the devastation wreaked by the Great Lisbon earthquake required as many workers as possible to rebuild the city.

João was afflicted with dropsy which caused his death in 1750 at age 60. He rest in the Bragança Pantheon.

King João has the following children:

By Maria Ana of Austria (7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754; married by proxy on 27 June 1708)

Maria Barbara, Queen of Spain (4 December 1711 – 27 August 1758) Married Fernando VI, King of Spain. She had no children from this marriage.

Pedro, Prince of Brazil (19 October 1712 – 29 October 1714) Prince of Brazil from birth to his death.

José I of Portugal (6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777) King of Portugal from 1750 until 1777. He was married to Mariana Victoria of Spain, daughter of King Philip V of Spain. He had four children from this marriage.

Infante Carlos of Portugal (2 May 1716 – 1 April 1736) He died at the age of 19, of a fever.

Pedro III of Portugal (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) King of Portugal, jure uxoris, from 1777 until 1786. He was married to Queen Maria I of Portugal. He had seven children from this marriage.

Infante Alexandre of Portugal (24 September 1723 – 2 August 1728) He died at the age of 4, of smallpox.

By Luísa Inês Antónia Machado Monteiro

António of Bragança (1 October 1714 – 14 August 1800) One of the three Children of Palhavã. João V recognized him and gave him share of his estate.

By Madalena Máxima de Miranda (c. 1690 – )

Gaspar of Bragança (8 October 1716 – 18 January 1789) Archbishop-Primate of Braga from 1758 until 1789. One of the three Children of Palhavã. João V recognized him and gave him share of his estate.

By Paula de Odivelas (1701 – 1768)

José of Bragança (8 September 1720 – 31 July 1801) High Inquisitor of the Portuguese Inquisition from 1758 until 1777. One of the three Children of Palhavã. João V recognized him and gave him share of his estate.

By Luísa Clara de Portugal (21 August 1702 – 31 August 1779)

Maria Rita of Bragança (28 May 1731–27 November 1808) Nun at the Convent of Santos, in Lisbon. João V did not officially recognize her, but he paid for her expenses.

#king joao v of portugal #king of portugal #bragança dynasty #portugal history

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fotoortografias · 3 years ago

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Um Puto Voador

Era criança. Parecia-lhe agora que era criança, ao ver-se ridículo, franzino, seboso, a escalar uma árvore por entre pirralhos gordurosos como ele. As bicicletas rodeavam o grupo como chacais em busca das suas presas. As conversas gritavam absurdos como revelações epifânicas, geralmente envolvendo realidades complexas como o futebol e os deuses obscuros das estrelas do rock. O sexo permanecia latente, escondido em revistas sujas, pensamentos puros e fricções noturnas.

Ele subia uma árvore. Subia como quem sobe na consideração dos outros, nas expectativas do mundo, como quem constrói uma lenda feita de troncos de madeira, folhas empoeiradas e joelhos esfolados. De um lado corria o ribeiro, misterioso, distante (visto do alto) com os seus lodos bizarros que escondiam sapos coaxantes, terríveis cobras orelhudas e até peixes escamosos e de cavanhaque. Do outro o alcatrão ardente do verão crepuscular. Coberto de hieróglifos desenhados a pneus de velocípedes de rodas dispersas e travões quebrados. De manchas de óleos de motores fanhosos e de travões desafinados. De autocarros nacionalizados de laranja revestidos à pressa e de elétricos que já não vinham há muitos anos. De pais atrasados ao fim de semana e de filhos abandonados à expectativa da sexta à tardinha, antes do pôr do sol. De gritos para o jantar que tarda e de choros de quem cobiça a sorte do outro.

Os olhares fixam-se invejosos na audácia do trepador. Na inconsciência do rebelde que não faz o que lhe mandam mas os absurdos que lhe passam pela cabeça. Ou nem sequer passam. As ideias correm disformes pelos membros cobertos de nódoas negras e o irresponsável reage, mais com as tripas que com a cabeça. Sobe e contempla o deslumbramento da plateia. Por um breve instante é senhor do mundo, imperador dos pirralhos, rei das alturas. Abre as asas recém descobertas por entre as mangas da camisa e voa, mais alto do que alguma vez sonhou ser possível. Sobrevoa o largo, vê os comparsas dispersos nas manchas alcatroadas, povoadas de raios de bicicleta e de tênis Sanjo sujos de lama. Vê os transeuntes espantados com o insólito de um puto voador, que largou o corcel Vilar junto aos camaradas terrestres e banais e largou asas rumo ao futuro, à memória dos velhos e à saudade dos defuntos. Voou sobre a ponte vetusta, onde fintava os carros domingueiros a contragolpes de guiador, viu as casas saloias, os quintais de estrume repletos, os barracões onde vacas leiteiras davam queijos não pasteurizados e burros anacrónicos davam as horas aos aldeões desterrados, submersos nos encantos nostálgicos da ruralidade e da miséria. Viu o ribeiro que ia correndo, entre canaviais, cobras e lagartixas, até à cascata decrépita, antes de se despenhar no mar, por entre ruínas de sonhos turísticos do passado.

Viu a estrada que subia, montava a aldeia rumo às vistas pitorescas e às praias repletas, por onde se arrastavam motorizadas estridentes a horas impróprias e automóveis clássicos de pobres.

Viu tudo isto e muito mais antes de perder as asas do seu desejo viril e ruir por entre galhos e torr��es, arrastando a pele e o orgulho ribanceira abaixo até ao mergulho final. A água iludiu as fracturas mas encharcou-lhe a glória. A roupa desfeita, entre farrapos e sangue, louvou-lhe a ousadia. As chagas ardiam mas os olhos permaneciam secos, fiéis ao alento do herói. As caras de espanto rodeavam-no, imaginando tragédias, mas o evento era festivo. O dia em que um miúdo voou por sobre os sonhos dos outros. E aterrou esfolado na memória de todos. Pelo menos na minha.

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elarea · 3 years ago

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101 papales años

Hoy cumple 101 años de vida una gran e histórica institución del fútbol uruguayo que desde la Tercera División lucha por recuperar su sitio en el círculo de privilegio del fútbol uruguayo.

La siguiente es la historia del Club Atlético Bella Vista:

Equipo que nació grande, aunque tardíamente, pues el barrio Bella Vista tuvo fútbol desde que las lanchas que descargaban barcos que fondeaban en la Aguada, acercaban dos grupos británicos trascendentes en la popularización del deporte, marineros y carboneros.

Fundado entre las barras de la sociedad recreativa "El Moscón" y la fonda "Francesa", se reunieron con el padre Marino Guerra, de la iglesia Maturana, que fue quien sugirió los colores "papales".También la peluquería del "Japón", del mayor de los Zibechi, sumó animadores, viejos futbolistas y botijas que crecían pidiendo cancha.

Los pioneros fueron los propios jugadores, con la voz cantante de los más veteranos y los valores que surgían, contribuyendo desde entonces con muchos de los más prestigiosos nombres de la triunfal época olímpica. Unidos el primer núcleo ferrotranviario de Agraciada y Uruguayana, el Arroyo Seco y la estación de Bella Vista, que le dio el nombre, sumó entusiastas de íntima amistad, hermanos, compañeros y vecinos, siendo el club de los cuatro Melogno, Domingo, Chichí, el Vizcacha y Angelito, los tres Carbone, los dos Romero, el Bebe y el Cabezón, Vicente y Orestes Zibechi, los Valverde, los Artigas y nada menos que José Nasazzi y José Leandro Andrade, nombres consulares del fútbol uruguayo en su época amateur.

Fundado el 4 de octubre no hizo más que armarse ese primer año, debutando en Intermedia en 1921 y resultando campeón invicto. En Primera desde 1923, colaboró con la dorada época de dominio celeste sudamericano e inmediatamente mundial.

Su primera canchita fueron "Los hornitos", en Segunda Maturana y la calle Gil, junto a la quinta de los Mahilos. Ya para los segundos Juegos Olímpicos de París, en 1924, contribuyó con las dos figuras más importantes de aquel Uruguay que causó primero en España, con la "Ráfaga Olímpica" de nueve partidos y nueve victorias y fundamentalmente en Colombes, al consagrarse y ser la mayor sensación de Francia y toda Europa, con la base del capitán José Nasazzi y la "Maravilla Negra", como fue bautizado por el público francés José Leandro Andrade.

Año 1980.

Animó con sus hombres la gira europea de Nacional (reforzado) en 1925 y luego la Primera B con el Cisma, ganando el Uruguayo de la serie "B", con igual categoría de la "A", luego del laudo Serrato (1926). En 1929 inauguró nueva cancha en una antigua quinta de Storace, en la calle Lucas J. Obes, que desde el 12 de noviembre de 1931 se llamó Parque Olivos, hoy Parque "José Nasazzi".

Su actuación desde el profesionalismo, que estrenó en 1932, tuvo altibajos y anécdotas increíbles, como su descenso a Primera B, que Bella Vista había inaugurado en 1942. El descenso de 1950 fue mediante sorteo, luego de no lograr superarse en tres partidos de definición contra Montevideo Wanderers. Animador por décadas de Primera B e incluso Intermedia (1958-59), retornó a la A recién en 1969, luego de vencer en memorable final matutina a Huracán Buceo, llenando el Estadio Centenario, el 13 de octubre de 1968.

Reapareció en la A con"Patín" Santos, Bonifacino, Cámera, Hornes, Néstor Soria, Salazar, Franqui, Pisano, Mayero, Retamar, Valiente, Pirincho Pérez, "Ciengramos" Rodríguez y Aníbal Montero. Pareció un homenaje póstumo al Mariscal Nasazzi, que falleció ese año.

Con nuevo descenso en 1974, un año en la Primera B (1975), otro ascenso y nuevos bríos, llegó con felicidad hasta las últimas décadas. Bella Vista fue cuarto en el campeonato de 1987, undécimo en 1988 y quinto en 1989. Muy lejos en el tiempo de su hermosa etapa olímpica, fue Campeón Uruguayo en 1990.

Los campeones de 1990.

Lo ganaron en la cancha Juan Alberto Acosta, José "Martillo" Aguiar, Juan Bogado, Ricardo Canals, Erardo Cóccaro, Carlos De León, Raúl Falero, Enrique Ferraro, Julio Luis García, Alejandro Grandi, Alvaro Gutiérrez, José Guillermo López, Henry Ariel López Báez, Julio D. Morales, Rubens Navarro, Guillermo Núñez, Julio César Ribas, Gerardo Gabriel Rodríguez, Ruben Adrián Silva, Hitler Saldivia "Tilico", Sergio D. Umpiérrez, Gabriel Varela y Fernando Vilar, dirigidos por Manolo Keosseian y entrenados por Aníbal Gutiérrez Gil.

Finalmente Bella Vista fue Campeón de la Liguilla Pre Libertadores en 1998 y reavivó su participación en el trascendente torneo sudamericano interclubes, donde alcanzó importantes actuaciones.

En el 2005 redondeó una espectacular campaña en Segunda División que lo devolvió a Primera tras su descenso en la temporada anterior. Luego volvió a descender y tras graves problemas económicos se desafilió de la A.U.F. Volvió a la Competencia oficial para la temporada 2017, disputando la recién creada Segunda B Nacional. Al año siguiente logró el ascenso a la Segunda División pero en el 2019 volvió a descender a la última Divisional.

#Uruguay #Efemérides #Bella Vista #1920 #Primera División #Segunda División #Tercera División #C #Intermedia #Copa Libertadores #Liguilla Pre Libertadores #Torneo Competencia #Nasazzi #Giras

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showpets · 4 years ago

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Baixa umidade do ar agrava síndrome do “olho seco”

Ainda em agosto começamos a sentir os primeiros efeitos do período mais quente na capital, o B-R-O BRÓ. Com a alta das temperaturas, as taxas de umidade do ar que estão cada vez mais baixas, ficando inferior aos 40%. Esse percentual baixo traz perigos para o corpo, que vão desde problemas respiratórios até agravamento do “olho seco”. De acordo com o oftalmologista Mateus Vilar os teresinenses devem redobrar a atenção com a lubrificação dos olhos, já que no período seco podem ocorrer alterações na qualidade do filme lacrimal. “A lágrima é responsável por alimentar, proteger, oxigenar e limpar a superfície dos olhos. Elas também mantêm lisa a córnea, a lente externa do olho que é uma das estruturas oculares responsáveis pela refração. O tempo seco ajuda na evaporação da camada aquosa da lágrima, trazendo vários problemas e agravando a síndrome do olho seco”, explica o profissional. Os principais sintomas observados são coceira, queimação, olhos vermelhos e irritados, visão embaçada que melhora com o piscar, lacrimejamento excessivo, sensibilidade à luz e desconforto após uso de aparelhos eletrônicos. Dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde revelam que a doença acomete mais as mulheres. Entre elas a doença chega a afetar 6,6% contra 2,8% entre os homens. O especialista explica que essa incidência maior está relacionada aos hormônios sexuais femininos e outros fatores. “No ciclo menstrual, gravidez e menopausa há alterações na córnea como variações de espessura, hidratação, curvatura, sensibilidade. Além disso, outro fator é o uso maior de lentes de contato pelas mulheres. O risco de desenvolver olho seco aumenta três vezes com o desgaste das lentes de contato, pois elas aumentam a evaporação da lágrima”, afirma. Além do olho seco, a baixa umidade ainda agrava problemas respiratórios pois resseca as vias aéreas. Os principais sintomas são tosse seca, ressecamento da garganta e sangramento nasal. “Nesse momento que estamos vivenciando, ainda observamos uma piora desses problemas por conta do uso de máscaras. As pessoas bebem menos, até como uma forma de proteção, e o uso das máscaras também gera um processo de irritabilidade de via aérea. O conselho é o aumento da hidratação. O recomendado é beber bastante líquido, entre dois e três litros diários”, orienta o otorrinolaringologista, Antônio Luís de Lima. from Notícias de Barras, do Piauí, do Brasil e do Mundo https://bit.ly/2Ra98mE via IFTTT

#IFTTT #Notícias de Barras #do Piauí #do Brasil e do Mundo

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lilylaserna-blog · 4 years ago

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What to eat in Portugal: 5 must-try dishes

Attention all foodies! If you have a strong craving for meat and seafood, Portugal is the place to be. From tangy cod fish, to palatable soups, to succulent meat sandwiches, we will explore the top five foods to try in Portugal.

Coming in at #1 we have Caldo Verde. Known as one of the country’s most savory dishes, Caldo Verde combines rich flavors to produce the perfect blend of sweet and sour. The foundation of this soup dish is garlic, potatoes, and smoked sausage, which is then topped with collard greens, salt, pepper, and olive oil.

Close-up of Caldo Verde, 2009. The dish is often topped with a crispy Mafra bread.

Photo Credit-

Flickr handle: Sandro Vilar

https://www.flickr.com/photos/sandrovilar/

FCC:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/sandrovilar/3511851164/in/photolist-6mka11-7H1kgi-byyKTY-7H5jk9-nUBRbQ-s4GuGG-smhHPg-T6HEQg-2j8jMvK-borCtS-bSr3Gc-5xRiDc-9PQcKR-bz5ETS-fiWwap-9PQcNa-fPcTZa-a689hT-5WML76-cterK9-p8QWJt-fZ7n8u-36aee5-aV7crX-92SF3J-GrJ4k6-buuL3N-54ZRzk-V6HLZY-8d6p4V-uSCc7-2bfpp46-9VwduA-2iDgpEe-5LY97C-8pQy7K-FBfA3Q-23k7H3k-bbo8t4-6qPUib-bSr5Gx-rphM9S-8pQy9n-4meEec-8GvvFJ-5JMzB6-9XMzat-5vjGsD-8Gvu7s-RpewJ1

Mastering the art of spice, Frango no Churrasco is next on our list. This Portuguese BBQ chicken dish is seared with a Piri-Piri hot sauce and served with white rice and crispy corn chips. The star of this dish is actually the sauce, as it was created from chili peppers solely found in Mozambique, Africa.

Large pan of Frango no Churrasco served with corn chips on the side, 2008.

Photo Credit-

Flickr handle: Lili Vanili

https://www.flickr.com/photos/lilivanili/

FCC:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/lilivanili/2207770170/in/photolist-4n6p9W-78yZFB-bsZU58-ToGm3r-5TNRNb-6xapL3-3asQra-3asQgK-4iP12F-N27hb-5TJxk8-bXziuA-4nEGbk-T19UQq-91qDec-9kRHqM-8zT3pR-GJ7fY-yfxqxp-bnr8Hj-6XLChh-yfxiuM-t7AKr-6XGyn8-8eaGWA-5Jf2xg-3asPYk-7KEGNo-yw6YzE-4Q6QXf-xA312G-6VoTYt-965cEq-3oKT9q-3axmDG-7PYhXn-8vmiur-bk53Hb-yfC36v-cmLqCs-bidB8a-oJP33E-xA7jA7-f2UTav-cGkd2j-yfx6hv-xA62gE-yfrHUm-yxN834-xA3AFS

Next on the food palate is Bacalhau, also known as Portuguese cod fish. Only found in the cold waters of Norway, this cod fish has quickly become a staple in the country of Portugal. While there are hundreds of Bacalhau recipes, the most popular is Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá, which is a potato casserole mixed with shredded fish, caramelized onions, black olives, and eggs.

Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá, 2009. Eggs are either mixed into the casserole or used as a garnish, as shown above.

Photo Credit-

Flickr handle: Sandro Vilar

https://www.flickr.com/photos/sandrovilar/

FCC:

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Playing with both taste and texture, Lisbon-style Bifanas are sure to leave you wanting more. Bifana is a traditional Portuguese sandwich with thinly-sliced pork cutlets. The pork is first marinated with white wine, lemon juice, garlic, and paprika, then sandwiched between a Portuguese bread roll called papo seco.

A traditional Bifana, 2014. The pork cutlet is topped with caramelized onions.

Photo Credit-

Flickr handle: Matt Ferraz

https://www.flickr.com/photos/mathieuferraz/

FCC:

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Saving the best for last, we have Carne de Porco Alentejana, otherwise known as pork and clams. The pork is marinated with garlic, paprika, white wine, coriander, lemon juice, and a red bell pepper paste that is found in the Alentejo region of Portugal. This dish is often served with baked potatoes and paired with an Alentejo wine.

Carne de Porco Alentejana, 2013. The dish is garnished with lemon wedges, potato slices, and coriander.

Photo Credit-

Flickr handle: Rochelle Ramos

https://www.flickr.com/photos/anamnesiss/

FCC:

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These dishes are merely just a glimpse of the many mouth-watering meals catered in Portugal. To view more Portuguese dishes, feel free to visit this website!

Valente, Simão. “The Top Portuguese Dishes You Need To Try.” Culture Trip. theculturetrip.com, https://theculturetrip.com/europe/portugal/articles/top-10-portuguese-dishes-you-need-to-try-now/. Accessed 13 June 2020.

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manueldearpe-blog · 5 years ago

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Museo, guerra y posguerra

Protección del patrimonio en los conflictos bélicos

Congreso 9, 10 y 11 de octubre de 2019 La conmemoración del 80 aniversario (1939-2019) del salvamento de lo más importante de las obras del Museo del Prado y del patrimonio artístico español –en lo que fue seguramente el momento más grave de su historia– sirve de base para una convocatoria internacional para promover la investigación, el debate y las aportaciones sobre el museo y el patrimonio en caso de conflicto bélico. BicentenarioProgramas públicosPúblico generalCongreso Accesibilidad Con la colaboración de: Inscripción Envío de propuestas de comunicaciones: hasta el 25 de junio Envío de comunicaciones aceptadas: hasta el 30 de septiembre Inscripción de asistencia: a partir del 24 de julio a las 9 h hasta el 30 de septiembre o completar aforo Destinatarios Público general Lugar de realización Auditorio del Museo del Prado Precio 100 € (descuentos aplicables) Coordinación Área de Educación del Museo del Prado Fechas de celebración 9, 10 y 11 de octubre de 2019

Calendario

Octubre 2019 Mié 9 Jue 10 Vie 11

Congreso Internacional

ProgramaPresentaciónSeccionesDirectorComité científicoInvitados especialesColaboraciónInscripción de comunicacionesTarifas

Programa

Miércoles 9 de octubre 9 a 9.30 h: Recepción de congresistas. Puerta Jerónimos del Museo del Prado. 9.30 a 10 h: Inauguración del Congreso Ramón Fernández- Baca, Director General de Bellas ArtesAndrés Úbeda, director adjunto de Conservación e Investigación del Museo del Prado y Presidente del Comité Científico del CongresoCristina Latorre Sancho, Subsecretaria del Ministerio de Justicia y Presidenta de la Comisión Interministerial para la Conmemoración del 80 aniversario del Exilio republicano españolArturo Colorado Castellary, Catedrático de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Director del Congreso 10 a 10.30 h: Arturo Colorado Castellary (Universidad Complutense de Madrid): 80 años después: el Museo del Prado y la Guerra Civil 10.30 a 11 h: Francisco de Sert y María del Mar Arnús: José María Sert y el patrimonio artístico español durante la Guerra Civil y la inmediata posguerra 11 a 11.30 h: Descanso 11.30 a 12 h: Miguel Cabañas Bravo (Instituto de Historia, CSIC): Las medidas republicanas para la defensa y preservación del tesoro artístico 12 a 13.30 h. Sesión 1: Destrucción y diáspora del patrimonio durante la Guerra Civil y la posguerra españolas. Las políticas patrimoniales de los dos gobiernos en lucha (presentada por Miguel Cabañas Bravo). Teresa Díaz Fraile (Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España): La entrega de las obras incautadas en la inmediata posguerra Francisco Javier Muñoz Fernández (Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea): Zuloaga en guerra. La obra de Ignacio Zuloaga durante la Guerra Civil en el País Vasco Rebeca Saavedra Arias (Universidad de Cantabria): Mujeres que destruyen, mujeres que protegen. El papel de las mujeres en torno al patrimonio durante la Guerra Civil Carmen Espinosa Martín (Museo Lázaro Galdiano): La Guerra Civil, un antes y un después en la Colección-Museo Lázaro Galdiano (1936-1951) Santos M. Mateos-Rusillo (Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya): La truncada nacionalización de las colecciones privadas incautadas en Cataluña. El caso de la Colección Belloch 13.30 a 14 h: Rafael Seco de Arpe, Fernando Seco de Arpe y Manuel Haro Ramos: Las vicisitudes del traslado del tesoro artístico nacional con motivo de la Guerra Civil, a través de las notas del restaurador D. Manuel de Arpe y Retamino y de las memorias de su hija Concepción de Arpe Valera 14 a 15.30 h: Comida 15.30 a 16 h: Ana María Macarrón Miguel (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Mauricio Macarrón Larrumbe (Historiador del Arte y Guía Oficial de Turismo) y Rita Gil Macarrón(Conservadora-restauradora): Sistemas empleados en los embalajes y transportes de las obras de arte evacuadas durante la Guerra Civil española. Testimonio de la familia Macarrón. 16 a 17.30 h. Sesión 2: Destrucción y diáspora del patrimonio durante la Guerra Civil y la posguerra españolas. Las políticas patrimoniales de los dos gobiernos en lucha (Cont.) (presentada por Arturo Colorado Castellary). Isabel Argerich (Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España): Las publicaciones de la Junta del Tesoro Artístico durante la Guerra Civil Leticia Azcue Brea (Museo Nacional del Prado) y Letizia Arbeteta (Conservadora emérita de Museos Estatales): Dos guerras y un Tesoro: el legado del Gran Delfín a su hijo Felipe V en el Museo del Prado Àngels Casanovas Romeu (Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya): El patrimonio histórico artístico en Barcelona durante los primeros meses de la ocupación de las tropas franquistas Beatriz Sánchez Torija (Museo Nacional del Prado. Área de Educación): Patrimonio fotográfico de un país en guerra. La colección del Museo Nacional del Prado. Jueves 10 de octubre 9.30 a 10 h: Mayte García (Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève): Crónica de un desengaño: 80 aniversario de la exposición “Obras maestras del Prado” en el Museo de Ginebra 10 a 11 h. Sesión 3: La preocupación y solidaridad internacional por el patrimonio español durante la Guerra Civil (presentada por Teresa Díaz Fraile). Gloria Munilla (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya) y Francisco Gracia Alonso (Universitat de Barcelona): James Rorimer, Josep Pijoan y Joaquim Folch i Torres y la génesis de la exposición de Arte Catalán en Nueva York en 1939 Rafael Rodríguez Tranche (Universidad Complutense de Madrid): El Prado y el patrimonio artístico español en la prensa francesa (1936-1939) Anne Le Duigou (École du Louvre, Paris): La Guerra Civil a través de los ojos de Mouseion. Su impacto en la reflexión internacional sobre el patrimonio en caso de conflicto armado 11 a 11.30 h: Descanso 11.30 a 12 h: José María Ballester: La labor de Juan de Contreras y López de Ayala, marqués de Lozoya, en la gestión del patrimonio español en la inmediata posguerra 12 a 13.30 h. Sesión 4: Las devoluciones de obras y las entregas en depósito a museos, instituciones y particulares durante la posguerra (presentada por Alicia Alted Vigil). Yolanda Pérez (Museum I+D+C. Proyecto de I+D de Excelencia, UCM): Entrada al Museu: juliol del 1936. Confiscación y diáspora de las colecciones privadas barcelonesas en la Guerra Civil española Adriana Martín Moreno y Nuria Moreu Toloba (Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas): Las obras incautadas por las organizaciones obreras en la colección del Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas Mariano Cecilia Espinosa (Universidad de Murcia) y Gemma Ruiz Ángel (Museo de Arte Sacro de Orihuela): El arte disperso. Los depósitos de obras de arte en la posguerra: la colección del Museo de Orihuela Inmaculada García Lozano (Fundación de los Ferrocarriles Españoles): Conservación del Palacio de Fernán Núñez en Madrid durante la Guerra Civil y la posguerra, 1936-1942 13.30 a 14 h: Néguine Mathieux (Musée du Louvre): Préparer le pire, protéger l’avenir: un plan pour la protection des œuvres au Louvre pendant la seconde guerre mondiale 14 a 15.30 h: Comida 15.30 a 16 h: Christine Brennan (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York): The Metropolitan Museum of Art and World War II: How Met Staff Protected the Collection at Home and Cultural Heritage in Europe 16 a 17.30 h. Sesión 5: Saqueo y expolio del patrimonio durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La búsqueda de obras perdidas y su reivindicación (presentada por Alicia Alted Vigil). Luis Anguita Villanueva (Universidad Complutense de Madrid): La reivindicación de obras de arte tras la Guerra Civil Española y la Segunda Guerra Mundial: los convenios internacionales de UNESCO, UNIDROIT y las Directivas de la UE de restitución de bienes culturales procedentes del tráfico ilícito Anna O´Connell (London School of Economics and Political Science): Work of the UK´s Spoliation Advisory Panel in the Resolution of Claims for the Return of Nazi-looted Art Karin Müller-Kelwing (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden): Temporada de ambigüedades–la Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial Alessandra Ciangherotti (Librarian, BSR consultant), Carlotta Coccoli (Università di Brescia), Alessandra Giovenco (Archivist, BSR): Recomposing history through images. War damage to Italian Cultural Heritage in World War II through the Ward-Perkins photographic collection at the British School at Rome (BSR): new avenues of in-depth analysis. Anna Tulliach (School of Museum Studies, University of Leicester): New perspectives on Art looting in World War II: instances of Allied plundering acts in Italian museums from the documents collected by John Bryan Ward-Perkins 17:30: Recital de canciones (1936-1939). Laia Falcón, soprano, y Juan Gómez Espinosa, piano: Una canción no es fácil de romper. El tiempo de la Guerra Civil Española en el espejo de la canción de recital Viernes 11 de octubre 09.30 a 10.30 h: Suzanne Bosman, Alan Crookham (The National Gallery, London): The home front: the National Gallery in times of conflict 10.30 a 11 h. Sesión 6: La recuperación de obras. La polémica de la evacuación en caso de conflicto armado (presentada por Isidro Moreno Sánchez). Carles Freixes Codina (Museu Diocesà i Comarcal de Solsona) y María Garganté Llanes (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona): La Reunión de Bourg-Madame: La recuperación del patrimonio medieval en el Museo Diocesano de Solsona Marta Hernández Azcutia (Museo Nacional del Prado) y Pilar Montero Vilar (Universidad Complutense de Madrid): Protección de colecciones ante emergencias en España. El Jardín de las Delicias del Bosco ante un escenario de guerra y terrorismo en el contexto del Marco de Sendai 11 a 11.30 h: Descanso 11.30 a 12 h: Arturo Colorado Castellary e Isidro Moreno Sánchez (Universidad Complutense de Madrid): Investigación histórica y representación digital accesible. Nuevas aportaciones y conclusión del estudio del patrimonio artístico durante la Guerra Civil y la posguerra y su ubicación actual 12 a 12.45 h. Sesión 7: Museos, patrimonio y guerra hoy. Bases jurídicas (presentada por Arturo Colorado Castellary). Ana Laia Lázaro Feo (Universidad de Valencia): Los efectos de los conflictos armados sobre los bienes culturales y la respuesta del Derecho internacional Isber Sabrine y Juan José Ibañez (IMF-CSIC): La protección del patrimonio cultural durante conflictos armados: ¿qué hemos aprendido en los últimos años? Rafael Mateu y Laura Sánchez (Ramón y Cajal Abogados, S.L.P. Departamento de Derecho del Arte y Patrimonio Cultural): Bases jurídicas para la reivindicación de bienes culturales expoliados e incautados en tiempos de guerra. Especial mención a los bienes muebles incautados durante la Guerra Civil Española y la posguerra 12.45 a 13.15 h: Carlos Pérez Chacel: Timoteo Pérez Rubio: silencios y recuerdos 13.15 a 14 h: Debate final y clausura del Congreso NOTA: cada ponencia dispondrá de 30 minutos de exposición y cada comunicación de 15 minutos. Al final de cada sesión habrá un tiempo de preguntas y de debate con la participación de los autores de las ponencias y comunicaciones de dicha sesión y todos los congresistas. Traducción simultánea inglés y español.

Presentación del congreso

Cargamento de los camiones de la evacuación con destino a Valencia Anónimo A principios de febrero de 1939 –del día 3 al 9, con la interrupción de los días 6 y 7 debida al bombardeo franquista sobre la zona–, en setenta y un camiones se evacuaba desde el norte de Cataluña a Francia la parte más importante del patrimonio artístico español. Entre estas miles de obras figuraban unas 600 piezas procedentes del Museo del Prado –con las obras de Velázquez, Goya, Ribera, Murillo, Durero, Tiziano, Rubens…–, además de bienes procedentes de otros museos, iglesias, instituciones y particulares. Tres años antes, en 1936 y con el estallido de la Guerra Civil, la Junta republicana del Tesoro Artístico empezó el proceso de evacuación desde Madrid a Valencia, de allí a Barcelona y Figueres para llegar finalmente a Ginebra en 1939. Los setenta y un camiones fueron conducidos y cargados por las fuerzas republicanas, dirigida la evacuación por Timoteo Pérez Rubio y por los miembros de la Junta Central del Tesoro Artístico, con la colaboración de los miembros del Comité Internacional para el Salvamento de los Tesoros de Arte Españoles, constituido, a instancias del pintor José María Sert, por los principales museos del mundo democrático (Louvre, National Gallery y Tate Gallery de Londres, Rijksmuseum de Amsterdam, Museos Reales de Bellas Artes de Bélgica, Metropolitan Museum of Art de Nueva York). Se trataba de un caso insólito de solidaridad internacional entre museos ante el grave peligro que padecía el patrimonio artístico español. El grueso de las obras españolas evacuadas, tras el inventario realizado por el Comité Internacional, regresó a Madrid en mayo y junio de 1939, pero con una selección de 174 obras del Prado y 21 tapices de Patrimonio Nacional los franquistas organizaron una exposición en el Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Ginebra. La muestra alcanzó –en los meses de junio a septiembre– un éxito inusitado en aquellos días de terribles presagios de un conflicto internacional. A las pocas horas de su clausura, estallaba la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El tren que transportaba las obras a su vuelta a España circuló por las vías francesas con las luces apagadas ante el temor a un posible ataque alemán, llegando a Madrid el 9 de septiembre de 1939. La política activa de evacuación del patrimonio fue llevada después a cabo por numerosos países combatientes durante la conflagración mundial: Francia, Bélgica, Países Bajos, Reino Unido, Italia, Alemania…

Secciones del congreso

Museos, Guerra Civil y posguerra españolas Las políticas patrimoniales de los dos gobiernos en luchaDestrucción y diáspora del patrimonioLa preocupación y solidaridad internacional por la suerte de los museos españolesLas devoluciones de obras y las entregas en depósito a museos durante la posguerraLa recuperación de obras en el extranjero Patrimonio y guerra de 1939 a la actualidad La polémica de la evacuación en caso de conflicto armadoLas políticas de evacuación del patrimonio durante la II Guerra MundialDestrucción, saqueo y expolio del patrimonioLa búsqueda de obras perdidas y su reivindicaciónMuseos, patrimonio y guerra hoy

Director

Arturo Colorado Castellary, Catedrático de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, especialista en arte visual, patrimonio y comunicación.

Comité científico

Presidente: Andrés Úbeda de los Cobos, director adjunto de Conservación e Investigación del Museo del Prado Miembros: Alicia Alted Vigil, Universidad Nacional de Educación a DistanciaMiguel Cabañas Bravo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasArturo Colorado Castellary, Universidad Complutense de MadridTeresa Díaz Fraile, Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de EspañaIsidro Moreno Sánchez, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Invitados especiales

Personas descendientes de los responsables del salvamento del Museo del Prado y del patrimonio español durante la guerra y la posguerra: Carlos Pérez Chacel (hijo de Timoteo Pérez Rubio)Francisco de Sert y María del Mar ArnúsJosé María Ballester, funcionario internacional, periodista y crítico de arte (sobrino y colaborador de Juan de Contreras y López de Ayala, marqués de Lozoya)Ana María Macarrón Miguel, Mauricio Macarrón Larrumbe y Rita Gil MacarrónRafael Seco de Arpe y Fernando Seco de Arpe

Colaboración

Proyecto de Investigación de Excelencia “Investigación histórica y representación digital accesible. Nuevas aportaciones y conclusión del estudio del patrimonio artístico durante la Guerra Civil y la posguerra” de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Inscripción de comunicaciones

Envío de propuestas de comunicaciones: hasta el 25 de junio de 2019. Enviar título, nombre del autor/autores (máximo 3 autores), institución y un resumen de 40 líneas a [email protected] indicando en el asunto: Propuesta de comunicación para el congreso Museo, guerra y posguera. Protección del patrimonio en los conflictos bélicos. Respuesta de aceptación de comunicaciones: 15 de julio de 2019.Envío de comunicaciones aceptadas: 30 de septiembre de 2019.

Tarifas

Público en general 100 €Estudiantes 50 €Profesores, profesionales e investigadores 65 €Amigos del Museo del Prado 80 € https://youtu.be/YN0XJD6cZXc Read the full article

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henrigcarvalho · 5 years ago

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Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real

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Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real? Então ainda não conhece a nossa super aplicação? Tudo bem! Temos o prazer de lhe apresentar um software totalmente desenvolvido por nós e que o ajudará a realizar aquilo que necessita. Com esta aplicação vai poder controlar o telemóvel de qualquer pessoa. Pode assim ficar a par de todas as conversas efectuadas no mesmo. Esta poderosa ferramenta tem a capacidade de gravar as conversas telefónicas do cartão SIM, Whatsapp, Messenger, Skype entre outros. Saber Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real em Portugal nunca foi tão simples! O que tem de fazer é aceder ao site Gabriel Espião e fazer o download da nossa app.

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Os nossos clientes preferem estar tranquilos com estas questões e estão muito satisfeitos na utilização do nosso software Gabriel Espião. Esta satisfação traduz-se pelos milhares de subscritores e quase trinta mil downloads feitos só em Portugal. Agradecemos aos nossos clientes o reconhecimento pelo nosso profissionalismo. Prometendo que faremos sempre o nosso melhor para que se continuem a sentir informados ao usar a nossa app. Profissionais como somos nunca revelaremos qualquer informação acerca do conteúdo recolhido pelo nosso software. Aceda ao nosso site e comprove.

Alijó, Chaves, Mondim de Basto, Montalegre, Peso da Régua, Ribeira de Pena, Santa Marta de Penaguião, Valpaços, Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Vila Real, Boticas, Mesão Frio, Murça, Sabrosa.

Adoufe, Borbela, Godim, Lordelo, Mateus, Mouçós, Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Santa Cruz e Trindade, Santa Maria Maior, São Dinis, São Pedro Vila Real, Vilar de Nantes.

Abaças, Arroios, Atei, Bornes de Aguiar, Campeã, Candedo, Carrezedo de Montenegro, Cerva, Constantim, Cumieira, Faiões, Favaios, Folhadela, Galafura, Lebução, Loureiro, Mondrões, Oura, Outeiro Seco, Parada de Cunhos, Poiares, Redondelo, Ribeira de Pena e Salvador, Salto, Samaiões, Sanfins do Douro, Santa Cristina, Sedielos, Soutelo de Aguiar, São João Batista de Lobrigos, São Martinho de Antas, São Miguel e São João Batista, São Pedro de Agostém, São Tomé do Castelo, Telões, Torgueda, Vale de Anta, Vale de Nogueiras, Vidago, Vila Marim, Vilar de Ferreiros, Vilar de Maçada, Vilarinho dos Freires.

The post Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real appeared first on Gabriel Espião.

source https://www.gabrielespiao.pt/como-espionar-um-telemovel-gratis-distrito-de-vila-real/

from Controlar Telemovel de Outra Pessoa https://gabrielespiao.wordpress.com/2019/07/17/como-espionar-um-telemovel-gratis-distrito-de-vila-real/

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germinalconsultoria · 8 months ago

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FALA O LEITOR

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#ALDEIA #INFÃNCIA #LIVRO DE MENÓRIAS #PORTUGAL #UM LIVRO PARA SER LIDO #viagem #VILAR SECO

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pacosemnoticias · 2 years ago

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Homem de 75 anos desalojado após explosão de cilindro em Nelas

Um homem, de 75 anos, ficou desalojado, este domingo, 26 de março, na sequência da explosão de um cilindro no interior da sua habitação na localidade de Vilar Seco, em Nelas.

A violenta explosão deixou a casa sem condições de habitabilidade, mas o morador irá ficar alojado na residência de familiares.

O septuagenário sofreu ferimentos e foi transportado para o Hospital de Viseu, adianta a CMTV.

O alerta foi dado às 10:30.

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pmarques91 · 4 years ago

Photo

Empty house, and empty pockets There's an echo in the hall I keep your picture in a locket In the past, we had it all But the Summer fades away Rainy day tomorrow #window #opeth #picoftheday #huawei #photography #eyeem (em Vilar Seco, Viseu, Portugal) https://www.instagram.com/p/CIni4S8hn64/?igshid=1qo0c9nbokkti

#window #opeth #picoftheday #huawei #photography #eyeem

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leonardomartinsvieira · 5 years ago

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Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real

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Alijó, Chaves, Mondim de Basto, Montalegre, Peso da Régua, Ribeira de Pena, Santa Marta de Penaguião, Valpaços, Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Vila Real, Boticas, Mesão Frio, Murça, Sabrosa.

Adoufe, Borbela, Godim, Lordelo, Mateus, Mouçós, Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Santa Cruz e Trindade, Santa Maria Maior, São Dinis, São Pedro Vila Real, Vilar de Nantes.

The post Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real appeared first on Gabriel Espião.

from Gabriel Espião https://www.gabrielespiao.pt/como-espionar-um-telemovel-gratis-distrito-de-vila-real/ from Telemovel Espião Portugal https://gabrielespiao.tumblr.com/post/186349839012

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gabrielsouzamarques · 5 years ago

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Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real

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Alijó, Chaves, Mondim de Basto, Montalegre, Peso da Régua, Ribeira de Pena, Santa Marta de Penaguião, Valpaços, Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Vila Real, Boticas, Mesão Frio, Murça, Sabrosa.

Adoufe, Borbela, Godim, Lordelo, Mateus, Mouçós, Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Santa Cruz e Trindade, Santa Maria Maior, São Dinis, São Pedro Vila Real, Vilar de Nantes.

The post Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real appeared first on Gabriel Espião.

source https://www.gabrielespiao.pt/como-espionar-um-telemovel-gratis-distrito-de-vila-real/ from Telemovel Espião Portugal https://gabrielespiao.blogspot.com/2019/07/como-espionar-um-telemovel-gratis_75.html

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gabrielespiao · 5 years ago

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Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real

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Alijó, Chaves, Mondim de Basto, Montalegre, Peso da Régua, Ribeira de Pena, Santa Marta de Penaguião, Valpaços, Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Vila Real, Boticas, Mesão Frio, Murça, Sabrosa.

Adoufe, Borbela, Godim, Lordelo, Mateus, Mouçós, Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Santa Cruz e Trindade, Santa Maria Maior, São Dinis, São Pedro Vila Real, Vilar de Nantes.

The post Como Espionar Um Telemovel Gratis Distrito de Vila Real appeared first on Gabriel Espião.

from Gabriel Espião https://www.gabrielespiao.pt/como-espionar-um-telemovel-gratis-distrito-de-vila-real/

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