#United States Hydrogenated Bisphenol A

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United States Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market 2017 - New Japan Chemical ,Maruzen Petrochemical ,Milliken Chemical

United States Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market 2017 – New Japan Chemical ,Maruzen Petrochemical ,Milliken Chemical

The report entitled “United States Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market 2017″ presents key insights into the United States Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market along with the latest up-to-date industry details and forthcoming Hydrogenated Bisphenol A industry trends, which will assist the readers to focus on product specification and end users driving the overall market revenue and profitability.

Report…

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HCP Courses Winnipeg - Safety tips that all healthcare professionals should be aware about

Did you know that healthcare employees have the highest rate of nonfatal occupational illnesses and injuries in the United States? Most healthcare workers face some kind of danger on a regular basis, whether it's a back injury, a needlestick, a latex allergy, exposure to bloodborne diseases or violence, or stress.

Nonfatal injuries and illnesses are not limited to physicians and nurses; all healthcare staff, including orderlies, nursing aides, attendants, and those working in equipment maintenance, are at risk. This is one of the main reasons on why you should go through an HCP courses. There are multiple options available to consider while you are searching for the best HCP Courses Winnipeg . However, the most appropriate course will help you to learn how to ensure your safety as a healthcare professional. On top of that, you will be able to get a better understanding on how to use a First Aid Kit Winnipeg during an emergency

Though it is hard to remove all dangers involved with working in the healthcare business, the following five safety recommendations will assist your personnel in avoiding extreme circumstances and lowering their chance of injury or disease.

Avoid the dangers of bloodborne pathogens.

Bacterial and viral illnesses transferred by blood and other bodily fluids provide a significant risk of infection. To prevent contamination, all healthcare professionals should take the required measures and use protective gear such as goggles and latex gloves, gowns, and face shields.

Other areas that demand attention include the effective control of infection-causing microorganism exposure inside your institution. Some of the recommended practices for dealing with these contamination concerns are as follows:

Using appropriate hand hygiene

Using antiseptics and disinfectants on the skin before a surgical operation or an intravenous injection

Instrument cleaning and decontamination

Workers who may be exposed to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and other bloodborne or airborne infections must also be inoculated.

Be Wary of sharp objects

Scalpels, needles, and other sharp instruments used in medical institutions are generally contaminated, and your workers will come into touch with them on a regular basis. To prevent being entangled with a sharp, it is essential to follow an effective sharps and infectious waste disposal method. Consider lowering or eliminating the danger of sharp injuries as well.

Syringe disposal in a safety box at the point of use

Needles are not being recapped.

Using suture needles with blunt points and scalpel blades with rounded tips

Reduce the possibility of injury

Medical staff who often carry immobile patients or move them between wheelchairs and beds, toilets, or exam tables face dangers such as musculoskeletal injuries, which damage bones, muscles, ligaments, nerves, and joints. To avoid these accidents, make sure your employees are using assistance gear including slings, slide sheets, and electronic hoists. The best HCP Courses Winnipeg cover this.

Employees should be educated on chemical hazard safety.

Some chemicals utilized in the healthcare business, such as mercury, phthalates, bisphenol A, and triclosan, might be dangerous to your employees. OSHA requires medical institutions to instruct personnel on how to properly handle hazardous drugs. Furthermore, while handling these dangerous compounds, healthcare personnel must use gloves and personal protection equipment. Along with this, it is better to give a better understanding on how to use a First Aid Kit Winnipeg .

Give Fire Safety Instructions

Healthcare facilities that use flammable gases and other materials, such as oxygen, methane, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, plastic masks, antiseptic chemicals, and textile curtains, are more likely to catch fire. Employees must get fire safety training and take the necessary procedures.

While healthcare professionals will always be at a higher risk of on-the-job sickness and injury than employees in other professions, there are techniques to avoid or at least reduce these risks.

One last option is to hire the services of a licensed medical waste management firm, which can supply you with the appropriate containers and dispose of your trash for you, ensuring the safety of your employees and compliance. Please contact us if you are not presently working with a waste management firm or if you are seeking for a new partner. We'd be delighted to assist you in achieving peace of mind.

Prepare First Aid Training Winnipeg is a locally owned company in Winnipeg, Manitoba providing the First Aid Training & CPR Courses Training in Winnipeg. To learn essential of First Aid, CPR and HCP skills please visit our website www.preparefirstaidtraining.ca.

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Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market Research Report 2021 Professional Edition

The global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin market was valued at 26.84 Million USD in 2020 and will grow with a CAGR of 2.93% from 2020 to 2027, based on Our Researcher newly published report.

The prime objective of this report is to provide the insights on the post COVID-19 impact which will help market players in this field evaluate their business approaches. Also, this report covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users and geography(North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America).

Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin is characterized by a very low viscosity of the resin, which is comparable to that of DGEBF, but the gelation time is long and requires more than twice the gelation time of the DGEBA resin to gel. Hydrogenated bisphenol A epoxy resin is characterized by its good weather resistance.On the basis of type, Liquid and Solid, Liquid is the largest segment with around 64.68% production share of the total market in 2017. On the basis of geography, the global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin market is segmented into regions, namely, North America, Europe, Asia and other regions. In 2017, Asia is the largest as well as the steady growing regional market for Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin and held 75.97% share in the global market in 2017, followed by North America with the market share of 13.17%. The demand for Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin has been rapid increasing in Europe countries.

Download FREE Sample of this Report @ https://www.grandresearchstore.com/report-sample/global-hydrogenated-bisphenol-a-epoxy-resin-2021-891

By Market Verdors:

Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical

Nagase ChemteX Corporation

Aditya Birla Chemicals

Emerald Performance Material

SIR INDUSTRIALE

Hexion

Yantai Aolifu Chemical

Anhui Xinyuan Chemical

By Types:

Solid

Liquid

By Applications:

Electronic and Electrical Industry

Industrial Coating

Key Indicators Analysed

Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2016-2027 & Sales with a thorough analysis of the market?s competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors and comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of major market vendors.

Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2016-2027. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its sales, sales volume & revenue forecast. With detailed analysis by types and applications.

Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations.

Opportunities and Drivers: Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology

Porters Five Force Analysis: The report provides with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry.

Key Reasons to Purchase

To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.

Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.

To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.

Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.

To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.

Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.

Get the Complete Report & TOC @ https://www.grandresearchstore.com/chemicals-and-materials/global-hydrogenated-bisphenol-a-epoxy-resin-2021-891

Table of content

1 Report Overview 1.1 Study Scope 1.2 Key Market Segments 1.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Revenue 1.4 Market Analysis by Type 1.4.1 Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2021 VS 2027 1.4.2 Solid 1.4.3 Liquid 1.5 Market by Application 1.5.1 Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market Share by Application: 2022-2027 1.5.2 Electronic and Electrical Industry 1.5.3 Industrial Coating 1.6 Study Objectives 1.7 Years Considered 1.8 Overview of Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market 1.8.1 Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market Status and Outlook (2016-2027) 1.8.2 North America 1.8.3 East Asia 1.8.4 Europe 1.8.5 South Asia 1.8.6 Southeast Asia 1.8.7 Middle East 1.8.8 Africa 1.8.9 Oceania 1.8.10 South America 1.8.11 Rest of the World 2 Market Competition by Manufacturers 2.1 Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) 2.2 Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) 2.3 Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021) 2.4 Manufacturers Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Production Sites, Area Served, Product Type 3 Sales by Region 3.1 Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Sales Volume Market Share by R

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Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market Insights and Forecast to 2021-2027

The research report published by ResearchMoz on the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A provides a detailed overview of the demands and consumptions of various products/services associated with the growth dynamics of the market during the forecast period 2021– 2027. The in-depth market estimation of various opportunities in the segments is expressed in volumes and revenues. The insights and analytics on the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Transformation Consulting Services market span several pages. These are covered in numerous sections, including, drivers and restraints, challenges and opportunities, regional segmentation and opportunity assessment, this report on the global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market guarantees a fortune of data on a plenty of development opportunities in the market. The examination incorporates far reaching research by expert analysts. All the development factors influencing the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market across the evaluation time of 2021-2027 have been systematically provided for the report. The exploration endeavors to introduce a gradual evaluation of the important buyers’ propositions targeted by different players and technologies that characterize the microeconomic conditions of the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market.

The new report on the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A provides estimations of the size of the global market and share and size of key regional markets during the historical period of 2014 – 2018. The study provides projections of the opportunities and shares, both vis-à-vis value (US$Mn/Bn) and volume volume (n units), of various segments in the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market during the forecast period of 2021 – 2027. The business intelligence study offers readers a granular assessment of key growth dynamics, promising avenues, and the competitive landscape of the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market.

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This report covers leading companies associated in Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market: 

New Japan Chemical

Maruzen Petrochemical

Milliken Chemical

Puyang Huicheng Electronic Materials

Scope of Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market:  The Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market is valued at million US$ in 2017 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2018-2025. This Market Report includes drivers and restraints of the Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market and their impact on each region during the forecast period. The report also comprises the study of current issues with consumers and opportunities. It also includes value chain analysis.

Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into

Electronic Packaging

Electrical Equipment Insulation Materials

Coating

Others (Medical Instruments, Compound Materials)

Enquiry for Discount or to Get Customized Report@ https://www.researchmoz.us/enquiry.php?type=D&repid=3275427

Market Segment by Type, covers

Epoxy Resin-used Hydrogenated Bisphenol A

Unsaturated Polyester Resin-used Hydrogenated Bisphenol A

Others

Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers ● North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) ● Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and Benelux) ● Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia and Australia) ● Latin America (Brazil, Argentina and Colombia) ● Middle East and Africa

The Research Aims to Addresses the Following Doubts Pertaining to the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market

Which end-user is likely to play a crucial role in the development of the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market?

Which regional market is expected to dominate the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market in 2021?

How are consumer trends impacting the operations of market players in the current scenario of the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market?

Why are market players eyeing opportunities in region 1?

What are the growth prospects of the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market in region 1 and region 2?

The report on the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market provides a bird’s eye view of the current proceeding within the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market.

Get Assistance on this report @ https://www.researchmoz.us/enquiry.php?type=E&repid=3275427

About ResearchMoz

ResearchMoz is the one stop online destination to find and buy market research reports & Industry Analysis. We fulfil all your research needs spanning across industry verticals with our huge collection of market research reports. We provide our services to all sizes of organisations and across all industry verticals and markets. Our Research Coordinators have in-depth knowledge of reports as well as publishers and will assist you in making an informed decision by giving you unbiased and deep insights on which reports will satisfy your needs at the best price.

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A sudden!Three dead and four injured in explosion at Chemical Factory!Market shock, raw materials surged 1000 yuan/ton!

There was a serious explosion in the chemical industry this weekend. A country many times by spot check, but completely did not find out the hidden trouble of the enterprise, exploded! Tanner subsidiary exploded!Three dead and four wounded! According to news reports, three people died and four were injured when an emulsifying reactor exploded at Grey-Workshop, a chemical plant in Andawanbaoshan, Heilongjiang province, on December 19.The cause of the accident is still under investigation... According to the data, Haina Bell Chemical is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Black Dragon River Taina Technology Development Co., LTD., mainly engaged in the manufacture and sale of chemical products (excluding hazardous chemicals, precursor chemicals, highly toxic chemicals, explosive chemicals). In this year's relevant departments carried out a number of spot checks, also did not find relevant safety problems.Make one ponder: why does the enterprise that checks for many times all have no hidden danger suddenly explode? Winter is the season with a high incidence of accidents. The state has introduced a number of measures to carry out safety inspections on hazardous chemicals and transportation, etc. It is hoped that all major chemical enterprises will carry out inspections of hidden dangers in place to ensure safe production Market differentiation, raw materials soared 1000 yuan/ton! With the frequent accidents, the implementation of policies and the overlaying of plant maintenance in Dachang, the market price fluctuates constantly.Chemical market recently appeared ice - fire signs.Chemicals, which had been low, suddenly shot up, and those that had been exploding for months began to pay off! Since December 1, solstice, December 18, a total of 56 chemicals in the upward trend.Among them, the first three were acetic acid (32.08%), octyl alcohol (23.64%) and nitric acid (14.82%). I believe I believe your acetic acid: soar 1000 yuan/ton!Or 32.08% At present, domestic acetic acid manufacturers start to reduce negative, inventory in the market position, spot supply is tight, shandong region acetic acid enterprises quote 4600-4700 yuan/ton or so.But into the off-season of the downstream procurement reduced, it is expected that in the short term acetic acid will maintain stable operation. I believe I believe your hydrogen fluoride acid: shot up 980 yuan/ton! Today, the domestic mainstream price of hydrofluoric acid is 9000-9500 yuan/ton, due to the rise of fluorite, manufacturers slightly increased the price.And now hydrofluoric acid factory operating rate at low, spot shortage.Although the downstream refrigeration industry is in the low season, but according to the current trend, the price is expected to move slightly higher in the later field. I believe I believe your nitric acid: soar 14.82%! The supply of nitric acid is stable, the downstream procurement atmosphere is good, due to environmental pressure increase, power limit and production limit, the downstream operation rate is reduced.But because the price of synthetic ammonia is at a high level, nitric acid is expected to remain at a high level in the short term. I believe your believe butanol: I will break through 10000 yuan/ton! Due to the unexpected shutdown of the 450,000 tons/year N-butanol unit of BASF of Germany, the main manufacturers in Asia such as South Korea and Taiwan have centralized shutdown or maintenance of the units, resulting in the overall spot shortage and sharply rising prices.In addition, export orders will be issued in 2021, and it is expected that n-butanol will continue to rise in the short term. In contrast, since December 1 solstice on December 18, a total of 28 chemicals in the rising trend.Among them, the top three were: phthalic anhydride (-18.46%), styrene (-18.15%), isopropanol (-18.01%). I believe I believe your organic silicon: plunge 3000 yuan/ton! Organic silicon before because accept new order, give profit sharply.December 21, silicone mainstream enterprises generally lower than 30,000 yuan/ton, some manufacturers a single discussion. I believe I believe your aggregation MDI: I believe I believe THE collapse of a building!Aggregate MDI drops 10%! The recent MDI market stalemate, spot supply is tight, but into the off-season demand reduction, is expected in the short term aggregate MDI market is still weak operation. I believe I believe epoxy chloropropane: wait and see a strong state of mind, I believe I believe 8%! Recently, the epichlorohydrin market has A strong wait and see atmosphere, with the upstream bisphenol A falling, and the downstream demand decreasing. It is expected that epichlorohydrin will operate mainly in A weak position in the short term. I believe I believe epoxy resin: upstream slump, epoxy another drop 750 yuan/ton Recent epoxy resin market downturn, factory offers reduced, upstream BISphenol A prices lower, is expected to remain in the short-term epoxy resin decline. Safety needs to pay attention to hidden dangers, prepare goods to catch the right time! The accident will not only cause personal injury, but also cause great loss to the enterprise.Accidents are very common in winter. Check out the hidden safety hazards. Near the end of the year, chemical safety inspection, power restrictions and production limits increase, so that the price continues to rise.But the chemical is in the off-season, and some of the big factories considering next year's order situation, began to give up one after another, it is a good time to prepare goods.Chemical follow-up is still dominated by rising, the current hot goods down, you chemical personnel to prepare goods in a timely manner oh. Finally, I wish you all a happy Winter Solstice!Orders are exploding!Safe and healthy! Read the full article

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Spider Writing Paper Internationally, about half of all recovered paper comes from converting losses (pre-client recycling), similar to shavings and unsold periodicals; approximately one third comes from household or submit-consumer waste. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has discovered that recycling causes 35% much less water pollution and seventy four% much less air pollution than making virgin paper. Pulp mills could be sources of each air and water air pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Industrialized paper making has an impact on the setting both upstream and downstream (waste-disposal impacts). The means of waste paper recycling most frequently entails mixing used/old paper with water and chemical substances to interrupt it down. It is then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down additional into strands of cellulose, a sort of natural plant materials; this resulting mixture known as pulp, or slurry. It is strained via screens, which remove or plastic (particularly from plastic-coated paper) that may still be within the mixture then cleaned, de-inked , bleached, and blended with water. LEGO bricks have sustainability baked-into its humble design, and pieces remodeled 40 years ago will fit bricks made at present, so older units could be passed down, resold, and in the end replayed with by extra kids. After widespread shortages in early 2020, bathroom paper is something we’ll never take as a right again. This video about how they make it will allow you to appreciate TP much more. Most kids most likely know cheese comes from milk, however do they know what it takes to show milk into cheese? Kids today are just as fascinated by how things are made, they usually’ve received much more videos to select from! Watching these videos collectively is a terrific method to encourage the next generation of engineers, designers, construction workers, and more. Along with fibres, paper can comprise a wide range of inorganic and natural constituents, together with up to 10,000 totally different chemical compounds, which can probably contaminate the newly manufactured paper products. As an instance, bisphenol A has been verified as a contaminant in quite a lot of paper products resulting from paper recycling. Furthermore, groups of chemical substances as phthalates, phenols, mineral oils, polychlorinated biphenyls and poisonous metals have all been identified in paper materials. In 2018, South Africa recovered 1.285 million tonnes of recyclable paper products, placing the nation's paper restoration fee at 71.7%. De-inking at Cross Pointe's Miami, Ohio mill ends in sludge weighing 22% of the weight of wastepaper recycled. About 35% of municipal strong waste within the United States by weight is paper and paper merchandise. Paper products utilized by the packaging trade had been answerable for about 77% of packaging supplies recycled, with more than 24 million pounds recovered in 2005. Municipal collections of paper for recycling are in place. However, according to the Yomiuri Shimbun, in 2008, eight paper manufacturers in Japan have admitted to intentionally mislabeling recycled paper products, exaggerating the quantity of recycled paper used. Modern mills produce significantly much less air pollution than those of some a long time in the past. Recycling paper provides an alternate fibre for papermaking. Recycled pulp could be bleached with the same chemical substances used to bleach virgin pulp, however hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most typical bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper created from it, is called PCF if no chlorine-containing compounds were used within the recycling course of. However, recycling mills could have polluting by-products like sludge. The unique Sesame Street traditional continues to be price watching, but for older children who’d like slightly extra particulars concerning the process involved, try this up-to-date model. Remember that traditional Sesame Street movies about how crayons are made ? We watched in awe as crayons rolled off the meeting line, wrapped in paper, after which slipped into these acquainted cardboard packing containers. More than 90% of this recovered paper is used for the local beneficiation of latest paper packaging and tissue. In Mexico, recycled paper, somewhat than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in papermills accounting for about seventy five% of uncooked materials. Today, over half of all paper used in the United States is collected and recycled. Paper products are still the largest part of municipal solid waste, making up more than 40% of the composition of landfills[when? The business self-initiative European Recovered Paper Council was arrange in 2000 to observe progress in direction of assembly the paper recycling targets set out in the 2000 European Declaration on Paper Recycling. Since then, the commitments within the Declaration have been renewed each 5 years. In 2014 the paper recycling fee in Europe was seventy one.7%, as acknowledged within the 2014 Monitoring Report.

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Juniper Publishers - Open Access Journal of Engineering Technology

Production of Bisphenol A (BPA) By Green Technology

Authored by :  Ibrahim Altuwair

Abstract

The literatures and researches show that the reaction between phenol and acetone is too slow in the absence of catalyst, but it proceeds with formation of Bisphenol A (BPA) in the presence of acidic catalyst or any strong acid [1]. Although the BPA formation depends on the molar ratio of reactants (acetone and phenol), using a different solvents or catalysts will not deny the effect of the BPA on human health. It is only enhancing the reaction ratio between phenol and acetone and improves the selectivity. There are different catalysts and solvents have been tested and their effects on the process and BPA yields were evaluated. However, as the reaction proceeded to increase the water concentration, the inhibition effect of water reduces the reaction rate and gives low yield. This will not eliminate the impacts of BPA directly or indirectly on human health, it is only increased the quality of the product.

Keywords:  Bisphenol A; Process; Reaction; Acetone; Catalyst; Concentration

Abbreviations:  DCM: Dichloromethane; DOE: Design Of Experiment; PTSA : P Toluene Sulfonic Acid; DVB: Divinyl Benzene; SCF: Supercritical

    Introduction

Bisphenol A production process

The aim of the chapter is to give an overview of the BPA production methods.

Preparation of Bisphenol A

The BPA synthesis including mechanisms, possible reactions, by-products, and order of reaction.

The acid catalyzed condensation of acetone with two moles of phenol is the first process for forming BPA, (Figure 1).

The heat of reaction, for reagents and products in their natural physical state at 25 °C, is calculated from heats of formation as 19kcal/mol and a molar ration of 1:2 acetone to phenol, is considered in the first stage of the research, in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid at room temperature. There was a claim of the present of small amount of water (10%) or less in the reaction mixture increases the reaction rate of the mixture catalyzed by hydrochloric acid [2]. Others suggest that processing the reaction by ion-exchange resin (sulfonic acid) modified with alkyl-SH groups enhance the reaction and decrease the amount of water 5% by weight in the mixture which decreases the yield of BPA. However, it was suggested by Jerabek et al. that to reduce the effect of water, dehydration by various water-binding agents (such as Calcium Chloride or phenyl acetate) or by azeotropic distillation can be used.

This reaction proceeds with an electrophilic attack of the proton from the acidic catalyst on the molecule of acetone. During this step, producing by-products or “impurities” might change the mechanism of the reaction by produce undesirable products as a result of acetone - acetone reaction or Dimerization. Thus, Mesityl oxide is formed and increasing the number of impurities that lead to further phenolic reaction and the process becomes more complicated. Therefore more effects on human health are expected due to phenolic impacts.

The most industrially used processes for making BPA in the United States and Western Europe are the acetone-phenol Process, There are different methods of producing Bisphenol A.

    Conventional Methods

This method based on the type of the catalyst and solvent. It is also called Hydrogen Chloride-catalyzed process. The first production of BPA was made by Russian scientist, Dianin, in 1891. He used Hydrochloric acid to accelerate the reaction since it is hard to form BPA without strong acid. However, the process of obtaining BPA is also depending on the phenol to ketone (acetone) reaction ratio. Thus, there will be excessive phenol, approximately a ratio of (3-30):1 to ensure the reaction is processed (WO 2005/030687, 2005). Although the reaction gives high efficiency, the conventional methods of BPA production does not provide approximately high selectivity of the reaction of phenol with acetone and the required purity of the desired product. It also appeared that it is impossible to achieve the equilibrium state for some by-product of the process therefore the process cannot be performed for long time without production loss. In addition, because of the low concentration of BPA, high energy consumption will be resulting from the process.

    Alternative Methods

There are alternative methods to produce BPA by using different catalysts with/without promoters. This method is also known as the resin-catalyzed process. It gives better results in terms of selectivity, and purity of product. One of the catalyst that been used such as exchanger resin also improves the production of BPA. In addition, there are other catalysts have been used and modified to increase the BPA concentration and improve the phenol and acetone reaction, for instance, sulfonated ion exchange resin, DVB divinyl benzene, and polystyrene. Although the formation of BPA is improving continuously, still there is no answer for the variation in ratio of phenol to acetone.

Parameters

The selection of parameters depends on the specific compound. There are several important parameters need to be taking into account during the process:

1) Temperature

2) Time

3) Catalyst

According to Arrhenius equation, the results obtained were temperature dependence, for the water adsorption coefficient KW. For the adsorption coefficient of acetone and phenol increased with the temperature, although, the rate constant of reaction is increased with temperature, the energy of between acetone and phenol is weaker (Figure 2).

K = 1470 Exp (-59900/RT) [m3kg-1s-1]

This showed that higher energy is needed to complete the formation of BPA due to the slow processing mixture.

    Experimental Section

Experimental Procedures

P-Toluene sulfonic acid, acetone, and phenol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company. An appropriate amount of an aqueous solution of chloroform was added to the solution at room temperature. Synthesis of bisphenol A(BPA) was carried out in the liquid phase under atmospheric pressure and 600C in 1000ml two-neck round bottom flask equipped with a condenser and a magnetic stirrer. An 8.6g of PTSA catalyst put into the reactor with 23.5g of phenol. Then, 2.9g of acetone was added by a micro- syringe to start the bisphenol a synthesis. Yield was determined by a column chromatography. Furthermore, vacuuming the sample was applied after separation process to purify the final product from the residual solvents. Weights were measured before and after evaporation.

Characterization: Bisphenol A monomer synthesis from the condensation reaction of phenol with acetone will be analyzed by using Column Chromatography, NMR, GC-MS techniques. Spectroscopic analysis showed that BPA monomer was present in the product although significant amounts of compound formed during the reaction and residual starting material were still present.

After sampling and cooling down the samples at 0 °C, evaporation was applied by using rotary evaporator for 10-20 minutes at 40-60 °C . HNMR spectrum at 400MHZ was measured by a Bruker DMX500 with the following condition; Spinning rate 5KHZ, Constant time 1.75msec, interval 4sec, accumulation 500 times, and glycine as an external standard of chemical shift. Before the measurement, the sample was cooled at -20 °C .

Materials and equipments: Phenol and acetone as the main reactants of reaction brought from Sigma-Aldrich Company P-toluene sulfonic acid-PTSA is available in the chemistry lab with chloroform, Methanol, Dichloromethane DCM, acetonenitrile, (CDCl3, DMSO were used as deuterated solvents for NMR) Silica gel and Sand were also available in the lab.

250 & 1000ml two neck round bottom flask were used, rotary evaporator R-114, water bath B-480&B-490RE Buchi, condenser, thermometer.

Process Selection: Condensation of phenol with acetone in the presence of p-Toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as a catalyst.

Process Description: Acetone and excess phenol are reacted at a temperature of 600C and atmosphere pressure by condensation in p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid catalyzed reactor system to produce p, p-bisphenol A, water and various by-products are also formed in the reaction process. The crude distillation or chromatography column helps to remove water and unreacted acetone from the reactor effluent [3]. Acetone and un reacted materials will be sent to rotary evaporation process at 50-60 °C for more purification then mother liquor from purification system is cooled down at -20.

Equipments Used:

1) Reactor

2) Oil bath

3) Condenser

4) Heater

5) Chromatography Column (CC)

6) Rotary Evaporator

Description

A. Components of a control System

The system is divided into the following components:

1) Process

2) Measuring element

3) Controller

B. Controlling System Used:

1) Temperature Control

2) Stirring control

3) Pressure Control

Temperature Control: It is desired to maintain the temperature in the reactor by using a controller. If the measured temperature differs from the desired temperature, the controller senses the changes and modify at the required temperature.

Stirrer control: Stirring can be control by using magnetic stirrer .In this experiment, IEC Magnetic stirrer was used with CAT No.: CH2090-001 STIR Input: 220/240V.AC.50/60Hz.4AMP.

Pressure control: The pressure maintains at the atmospheric pressure. However, low pressure was used for some processes [4,5].

Preparation Method: The experiment carried out in the chemistry lab based on the reaction of phenol- acetone reaction and also the reaction will be tested in different ways. Firstly, the reaction of acetone and phenol will be carried out. Secondly, the homogeneous catalyst will be added. Thirdly, the reaction will be processed in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide, scCO2. The report will cover the first and second parts.

The main goal of the project is to use supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction medium for the production of BPA and also for separation purposes to remove undesired products easily Minimizing the effect of the undesired products on the BPA formation by using SCF will be another target for the study as an advantage of using green technology for BPA production and reduce the chemicals that emitted into the atmosphere and polluted the environment. This technique will be applied after synthesizing BPA by different methods to investigate and evaluate their results with/without using ScCO2 technology.

Experimental results and discussion: In order to understand the reaction mechanism, several experiments were conducted in the chemistry lab. These experiments were carried out at 60-800C for all over variables, such as concentration of catalyst and reactants fixed at maximum yield level. At the end of the experiment, the reaction mixture was cooled down at room temperature and then stored at 20 after dried and weighed. The yield of the reaction mixture was calculated for each experiment. The plot of yield vs. time is shown in Figure 3.

X = 1 - (1 + 0/03t )-2/0

Where, X: is fraction conversion of limiting component (mol/ mol) (Table 1).

The graph is in a good agreement with literature data, this plot was generated based on experimental data (Figure 4) (Table 2).

Conversion %= R/(1+2R)

R: Ratio

Ratio= F / G

G: (A + B ) / 5

F: (C + D ) / 8

(Figure 5)

    Analysis

The samples were analyzed by HNMR (Gyro and Flip Machines). Gyro system was used to analyze the structure of the product where flip was used for kinetic reaction purpose. All procedures and results of the analysis are described in the following sections. The graph shows the total acetone converted to product and time needed for completion. It is very clear that after 6 hours of reaction, the whole acetone converted to products.

Design of Experiment (DOE)

The following section will be focus on the experimental design to investigate and evaluate the individual and interaction effect. Using different techniques to deal with noise in an experiment, and make a good decision for the chemical process. To design an experiment by using engineering method or program, the following steps need to be investigated:

1) Response Variables

2) Factors

3) Randomization

4) Repetition and Replication

Response Variables: Response Variables are the variables that measured and the object of the characterization or optimization (Y's). However, defining the response will be the hardest part to design an experiment. To solve this problem, several questions have to be answer such as:

a. How will the results be analyzed

b. How good is the measurement system?

c. What are the baseline mean and standard deviation?

Factors: They are variables which controlled or varied in a systematic way during the experiment. These two steps are important to design the experiment and evaluate or investigate the factors effect on the process.

The purpose of using an experimental design is to deal with different factors and make a good decision for an optimal production process. Before starting the design of experiment DOE, pre-experimental plan is recommended.

a. Experimental Design Procedures

Planning: Before starting the computer program, pre- experimental planning needs to be done. t\The preparation require before beginning experimentation depends on your problem. For example, you need to determine what influence factors are, what processing condition influence, thus careful planning can help to avoid problem that can occur during the execution of the experimental plan.

Processing Characterization (Screening): In many process development and manufacturing applications, potentially influential variables are numerous. Screening reduces the number of variables by identifying the key variables that affect product quality. This reduction allows focusing on the really important variables. Screening may also suggest the best or optimal setting for these factors. Then you can use optimization methods to determine the best settings and define the nature of the curvature. Screening test by running a relatively small number of tests to isolate the most important factors.

Optimization: (optimize a process/product): The method of optimization helps to determine the best settings and define the nature of the curvature. The optimal values for experimental factors depend on the process objectives. The objective of this experimental is to reduce by-products and maximize the BPA Yield.

Randomization: It can be done in many ways

a. Run the treatment combination in random order

b. Assign experimental units to the treatment combinations randomly

c. The advantage of randomization is to average out the effect of the extraneous factors (called noise) that may be present but were not controlled or measured during the experiment.

d. Spread the effects of the noise across all runs

e. These extraneous factors (noise) cause unexplained variation in the response variable (Yield).

(Table 3,4) (Figure 6)

    Minitab Program

The below cube chart shows the coded value of all factors from high to low values (1to-1) (Figure 7,8).

The Cube Chart, the effect of different factors can be calculated by applying the following equation:

Effect = [(+Y / n ) - (-Y / n )]

Interaction plot

The following graphs show the interaction effect of the different parameters on the process. The interaction between catalyst and time has the greatest or significant effect on the process followed by the interaction effect of catalyst and temperature then time and temperature interaction effect.

By using the Minitab Programm, it is easy to evaluate the significant factors with significant effects on the reaction process and eliminate all factors without real effect on the process. Also the program minimize the time that will be spent during the reaction and focus only on the significant factors which will save time and money (Figure 9).

Results and Discussion

General linear model: Yield versus temperature, time (Table 5)

Factorial fit: Yield versus temperature, time, catalyst (Table 6) : Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Yield (coded units)

Al these values demonstrate the interaction effects on the process such as Temperature and catalyst interaction that have significant affects by high effect value and lowest P-value.

Evaluation

The mechanism of bisphenol reaction from industrial starting material was studied. The obtained yield -time relationship was obtained .It was found that at about 62% can be obtained after 6 hours of reaction.

The experimental design detects the effects of different factors on the process. In addition, the experimental data shows the reaction rate of the starting materials and final products which is in agreement with the HNMR spectra results even though there were some experimental errors due to the equipments and measurement errors. In addition, designing the experiment by DOE presents the experiment by engineering way and save time and money for future research.

    Drawbacks

Bisphenol A-BPA production process is continuously improved by different ways even by manipulating parameters. However, there's no answer to stoichiometric ration acetone to phenol variation from 1-2 to 1-10 or 30, which add extra processing required during purification. Thus, the reaction becomes more complicated (Figure 10).

The reaction is the industrial reaction to produce BPA by using ion exchange resin. The Reaction shows that swollen ion exchange resin with SO3H group attacks the aromatic ring to form BPA. Firstly, SO3H group will react with carbonyl group (acetone) by less than completing proton H+ and then acetone will react with phenol to give the final product of BPA, the two aromatic rings shown on the BPA structure describe the need of excessive phenol to react with one acetone in order to produce BPA and water. However, producing water decreases the catalytic activity of the resin. As water spreads towards the outlet, the acetone conversion decreases [6].

This accumulation of water prevents a long-term operation of the process; therefore, to stabilize the operation process, water must be removed. Producing water during the reaction, slow down the reaction and decrease the concentration of the product.

    Basics of Supercritical Fluids

Supercritical fluid (SCF)

The triple point (T) and critical point (C) are marked. The blue circle represents the variation in density of the substance in the different regions of the phase diagram. Note that the density varies continuously between the liquid state and the gas state, providing the liquid-gas equilibrium (Figure 11).

Three different phases of the compound-solid, liquid and gas are also shown. With an increase in temperature and pressure, there comes a point when the compound shows intermediate properties between those of a pure liquid and a pure gas that is the critical point. The region beyond that critical point is the supercritical fluid.

Definition

What is supercritical fluids?: When the temperature and pressure of a one-component fluid exceed its critical temperature and pressure, it is said to be supercritical fluids. It is neither liquid, nor gas as shown in the diagram and that give no any clue to predict the properties of supercritical fluids (SCF). Therefore, supercritical fluids are influencing the chemical processes in many ways. They can be used as solvents since they have unique properties to become as liquids and as gases together Furthermore, these properties offer distinct advantages such as:

Gas-Expanded liquids (GXLs)

A Gas-expanded liquid (GXL) is mixed solvent composed of a compressible gas such as carbon dioxide or ethane dissolved in an organic solvent. In other words, it is the ability of the gas to expand the liquid (solvent) and improve the physical and chemical properties of the liquid (Figure 3b). It is considered a magical chemical due to their unique properties. As Jessop's group mentioned, (GXLs) are the promising alternative media for performing synthesis, and separation [7] (Figure 12).

Figure 12a Graph showing the variation in density for pure CO2 at 35 °C. At this temperature (i.e., close to Tc for CO2) there is a rapid but continuous increase in density near the critical pressure (Pc). (b) Schematic representation of the change from liquid+gas equilibrium (T

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2)

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2),at (Tc=304.1K, Pc=7.38MPa), is the promising green solvent due to it is unique property and behavior such as non-flammable, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly and safe. It is also available abundantly. Many researchers have shown that carbon dioxide has a high potential as a solvent for many organic compounds and widely used for practical application [8] (Figure 13).

This diagram shows the P-T phase diagram with the region of supercritical Carbon dioxide properties (Tc=304.1K, Pc=7.38MPa).

Applications of supercritical carbon dioxide: The application of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent has been on the rise. This is because of its low toxicity and its usage in compound extraction. Further, it has a higher stability for the different process reactions and need low temperatures for any process to compare with other solvents [9]. Perhaps the most common use of supercritical carbon dioxide scCO2 is in the coffee industry. In addition, the application of supercritical carbon dioxide has found its way into the pharmaceutical industry. It is used in the production of micro-and nano-scale particles [1]. Polymerization is another area that makes use of supercritical carbon dioxide. It has proved to be a good nonpolar solvent for organic compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and alcohols which can easily dissolve in supercritical carbon dioxide. It is seen that polar molecules such as sugars and other inorganic salts are insoluble but by increasing the pressure of supercritical fluid, the dissolving power can be improved [8]. Many studies noted that advantages of supercritical carbon dioxide are attracting industries due to that they are inexpensive, non-toxic, can be recycled, and has easily accessible critical conditions. Also, supercritical carbon dioxide scCO2 processing of polymer uses the liquid-like densities and gas-like mass transfer properties of dense gases (DGs) to provide more controlled and more efficient methods of polymers preparation. Also provides an environmentally benign method for creating polymer compared with conventional processing that increase the environmental threat by emitting Volatile Organic Compounds VOC's and other polluted compounds into the atmosphere.

Supercritical fluids applications:

a. Supercritical Extraction

b. Particle formation

1. Particles from Gas-Saturated Solution (PGSS)

2. Gas Anti solvent (GAS)

3. Precipitation with Compressed Ant solvent (PCA)

4. Solution-Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids (SEDS)

5. Depressurization of an Expanded Liquid Organic Solution (DELOS).

c. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

d. Separations and crystallization

Synthesis and processing: The review focuses on recent advance in polymer synthesis and processing using liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide scCO2. The synthetic techniques discussed include homogeneous solution polymerization and heterogeneous and the variable solvents strength associated with supercritical fluids have been used in areas such as polymer fractionation and polymer extraction. Furthermore, the unique physical properties associated with supercritical fluids give rise to a range of possibilities for the chemical materials. Not only in polymer science but also in organic synthesis, heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts. In the case supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), there are chemical, environmental, and economic benefits that will be captured from its use as a solvent.

In addition, supercritical carbon dioxide technology has several advantages over conventional solvents as a reaction media [3]. The unique property of supercritical fluids observed from different SCF experiments maybe used to manipulate chemical reactions to make them more efficient or specific. In addition, SCF has a great miscibility which might change heterogeneous reactions and become homogenous reactions and the yield can be greatly improved [3]. Furthermore, it is stated that using scCO2 as a reaction media will change the properties of the reaction and enhance the reaction rate as well as the yield.

Separation

Beside the well-known environmental aspects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), it is also advantageous in the separation process as solvent due to its preferable critical properties (Tc=304.1K, Pc=7.38 MPa) [10]. Using supercritical fluid to separate mixture compounds is an interesting technique due to not tend to leave any toxic residuals or cause potential thermal degradation of the product [10]. On the other hand, conventional solvents where used for separation purpose are environmentally dangerous and create chemical waste that supporting the phenomenon of greenhouse gases such as volatile organic solvents (VOC).

Extraction

Extraction by Supercritical Fluids gives clean and efficient technique compared to other techniques .Extraction by supercritical fluids (SFE) technologies will enable solutes to dissolve in the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and precipitated by reducing the pressure of the fluid phase. The supercritical carbon dioxide is then expanded to remove the solutes, and the gas is recycled for repeated use [3]. Decaffeinated coffee and hop extracts are good examples for the application of extraction by using supercritical CO2. However, BPA solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide will play an important role in the BPA extraction process since it is barely soluble in SCCO2 and become easy to be extracted (Figure 14).

Supercritical fluids reaction

There is no attention been given to this topic to classify the physical and chemical states of the supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction media to produce Bisphenol A-BPA. The unique properties of supercritical fluids observed from different SFE experiments used to make the reaction more efficient has been determined to be used as a reaction media for BPA. In addition, a study made by Chen et. al. showed that using scCO2 as a reaction media will enhance the reaction rate and yield even though Liu group mentioned that BPA was insoluble in supercritical CO2. Therefore, the study will focus on the chemical reaction of supercritical carbon dioxide.

Acetone

Acetone is an organic compound. Colourless, flammable liquid, and the simplest example of ketone with formula of (CH3)2CO. As Gates et al mentioned, the reaction of acetone with phenol is too slow in the absence of catalyst, but in the presence of acid resin, it proceeds with the formation of BPA. From the theoretical viewpoint, acetone with SCCO2, solubility of acetone in SCCO2 was increased with pressure and temperature [11]. Many papers showed that the solubility of acetone in supercritical carbon dioxide increased based on the condition of pressure and temperature [12]. However, diffusivity of the acetone affected by temperature, as the temperature increased the diffusion coefficient of acetone in SCCO2 increased at lower pressure [12]. Therefore, both temperature and pressure have significant effects on the diffusivity and solubility equilibrium [9]. Although acetone chemically instable, it is very obvious that acetone is soluble in SCCO2 under certain conditions which will help to get rid of the undesired products forms by AcetoneAcetone Reaction (Figure 15 & 16).

The analysis by NMR instrument shows that there are several products made by the reaction with small percentage but the main by-product is Mesityl Oxide which is detected by the analysis. It is an important by-product in this reaction because of it's high reactivity with other reactants. The study also focuses on the product as one of the research goals.

Phenol

Phenol is a chemical compound consist of hydroxyl group (OH) connected to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Phenol has strong acidity due to the aromatic ring. Its chemical formula is C6H5OH. The chemical properties of phenol are unique due to the presence of hydroxyl group and an aromatic ring which are complementary to each other in facilitating both electrophilic and nucleophilic type of reaction (BPA reaction is electrophilic) In addition, phenol has an extremely high reactivity of its ring toward electrophilic substitution and assists its acid catalyzed reaction with acetone leading to phenolic resin. Phenol can be produced industrially with acetone by the cumene-to-phenol process, there are more than 97% of phenol produced by this process which reported by Hock and Lang. The cumene-to- phenol process was developed on a commercial scale by Distillers Co. in Great Britain and Hercules Powder Company in USA. The first production plant was commenced in 1952 in Shawinigan, Canada. Today several licensors offer their technology such as KBR or UOP. Although all these processes use the principle of Hock synthesis, there are differences in the design and operation of the reaction units and distillation unit (Figure 17 & 18).

The analysis made by NMR Spectrum for Phenol and Acetone in the presence of catalyst which gives BPA. The Spectra showed the development of the product while the reactant disappeared.

Solubility

Solubility is a crude property used for determining the identity of an organic compound. It can be defined as the amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a definite temperature to yield a solution that is saturated in nature. However, solubility is affected by several factors such as pressure, temperature, and nature of solute and solvent [13]. Many studies on solubility in supercritical fluids have grown drastically in recent years. This due to the large range of applications of supercritical fluids in the fields of pharmaceutical, food, environmental, and industrial process. The fact that the properties of supercritical fluid can be varied from gas-like to liquid-like values by changing the pressure makes it very interesting and useful. In addition, solubility is the most important criterion affecting the efficacy of most of the supercritical fluid processes [13]. It has a direct impact on the rate, yield, design, and economy of the process, depending on the process of interest, high solubility or low solubility may be desired, for instance, high solubility is required to manufacture particle. In the case of BPA synthesis, solubility of reagents in supercritical carbon dioxide is important to accelerate the rate of reaction and enhance the reaction between acetone and phenol, thus elimination of undesired products will be achieved [13].

Several studies were able to observe that an increase in temperature of certain compounds could remove the gas-liquid boundary. In the reaction of phenol with acetone, solubility improves as the difference between solubility parameter of the solute and solvents decrease [14]. The effect of Temperature and pressure will change the solubility mixture. However, the problem of selectivity of the reaction of acetone with phenol to form BPA has not been solved and the consumption of phenol and acetone still differs from the stoichiometric data.

Manufacturing

The most industrially used process for making BPA are acetone-phenol process, in homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts. Considering the costs involved and the net advantages the heterogeneous catalysts offers, the resin-catalyzed process is preferred and it has been improved continuously. A process which considers reacting acetone with very little excess phenol (1:4 or 1: 10) was reported by Azam and his group [15]. The reaction of this process consists of two steps. In the first step, the acetone is reacted with very little excess phenol in the presence of a resin catalyst to convert 20 - 60 % of acetone. In the second step, the reaction mixture from the first step will be reacted in the presence of hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. Although there were different processes using alternative feeds, by-products still come out with the product mixture. Thus Purification is required.

Purification

The current process used to produce BPA influences the composition of the mixture from the reactor. It is still expected to contain phenol, acid catalyst (unless an acid ion- exchange resin is used), water, BPA, by-products, and some acetone. For example, a crude product stream consisted of 40% BPA, 36.2% o, p-isomer, 1.1% o, o-isomer, 14.2% phenol, 3.5% Chroman, 0.05% flavan and 12% of undefined materials. However, the composition of the BPA unusually available on the market is 95% BPA, 3% Triphenol, 1%chromanes, less than 1% o, p-isomer, and very small percentage of others. However, the BPA production is continuously improving by using different purification methods or even by changing small differences in the operating condition which may be have considerable effect on the process. Evaporation and Colum chromatography have been used in the current experiment for more purification [16-18].

Purification processes: Bisphenol A separation can be done in different ways such as evaporation, crystallization, filtration, and centrifugation. Vacuum distillation was used in this experiment to distill out the phenol at certain conditions. More purification was applied on the crude BPA to remove all undesired materials by using Colum chromatography.

Based upon these initial observations, plans were made to use dry column chromatography on the crude reaction product (tar residue) to separate the suspected phenol product from the reaction mixture and unequivocally identify that material as phenol using TLC, NMR, FTIR, and GC/MS techniques.

Colum chromatography: In column chromatography, the stationary phase, a solid adsorbent, is placed in vertical glass usually column. The mobile phase, a liquid, is added to the top and flows down through the column by either gravity or external pressure. Column chromatography is generally used as a purification technique to isolated desired compounds from a mixture [19].

The mixture to be analyzed by column chromatography is placed inside the top of the column. The liquid solvent (the eluent) is passed through the column by gravity or by the application of the air pressure. Because of the different components in the mixture have different interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, they will be carried along with the mobile phase to varying degrees and a separation will be achieved. The elutants or individual components are collected as the solvent drips from the bottom of the column. There are two categories for column chromatography separation:

a. Gravity column chromatography, when the solvent is forced down the column by gravity.

b. Flash chromatography, when the solvent is forced down the column by positive air pressure.

Procedure for dry column chromatography of crude reaction product: A solution of tar residue (crude product) from the reaction, dry silica gel powder (column chromatography grade-250 mesh) until all of the solution was absorbed into the silica powder which was then air-dried to produce a free flowing powder containing crude reaction product. This powder was added to the top of a dry column of silica gel (1” diameter & 20” length) in preparation for preliminary cleanup of the reaction mixture. The column was elute with a total amount of 100 ml dichloro form methane (DCM) and methanol (meOH), producing an initial band of product that eluted from the column and was collected in labelled beaker 1. After the DCM elution completed, the collected amount of product evaporated immediately on a rotary evaporator to make sure that sufficient product was isolated for unequivocal identification of the phenol component. An estimate of the yield from the reaction was made at that time; however, TLC analysis indicated the presence of the phenol component (estimated by darkness intensity of product spot). Two solvents mixture were tested:

1) Aceto nitrile CH3CN and Dichloromethane DCM CH2Cl2

2) MeOH and Dichloroformmethane DCM CH2Cl2

Up to this time, however, the isolation of phenol component was only suspected from TLC evidence, not proven by unequivocal means. Analysis of the reaction products using GC-MS and LC- MS, confirmed the presence of phenol but NMR technique was used in this reaction to detect the structure of bisphenol A and phenol as un reacted compound (Figure 19) [20-23].

The absorbent: The absorbent used in the experiment is silica gel (SiO2) which is solid 130-400.

The solvent: The polarity of the solvent which is passed through the column affects the relative rates at which compounds move through the column. Polar solvents can be more effectively compete with polar molecules of a mixture for the polar sites on the adsorbent surface and will also better solvate the polar constituents. Consequently, a highly polar solvent will move even highly polar molecules rapidly through the column. If the solvent is too polar, movement becomes too rapid, and little or no separation of the components of the mixture will result, but if the solvent is not polar enough, no compounds will elute from the column. Proper choice of an eluting solvent is essential for better separation [24-26].

Sand: It was recommended to use sand in the column to enhance separation and stabilize the stationary phase in the column.

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC): It is a method used by organic chemistry labs and the most common method. It is generally used to analyze and determine the system for a column chromatography separation.

Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis is to determine the components present within the reaction mixture. TLC analysis (multiple elutions using Methanol/Dichloromethane) indicates that the reaction mixture isolated from the product contained a multitude by its Rf value in comparison to the Rf value obtained for authentic phenol. Short-wavelength UV light was used to visualize the otherwise colorless spots on TLC, which appeared as a dark shadows against a green fluorescent background. Authentic phenol was spotted alongside the reaction product showing a spot exhibiting Rf identical with that attribute to the phenol component in the reaction mixture. TLC obtained for crude product isolated from reaction mixture showed a sizeable spot coinciding in Rf with the Rf value exhibited by an authentic phenol spot. Based upon these initial observations, plans were made to use dry column chromatography on the crude reaction product (tar residue) to separate the suspected phenol product from the reaction mixture and unequivocally identify that material as phenol using TL [27].

Physical properties

Bisphenol A is a white crystalline solid, appearing like small white to light brown flakes or powder, with mild phenolic odor, moderately high in water solubility (120mg/l at 25 °C). It is specific gravity is given as 1.195 at 25 °C. It is vapor pressure is (5.32*10'5pa m3mol-1. It is melt at 157 °C . It should be emphasized that the vapor pressure considerably increases at increasing temperature. Table 7: Bisphenol A Properties (Figure 20).

The graph shows the relationship between the vapor pressure of BPA with temperature. The pressure will be increased with the increasing temperature; therefore, the temperature needs to be as low as possible. It is recommended that the preferable temperature for process production ranged between 50-200 °C (Figure 21).

Apparatus

A liquid chromatography system consisting of binary pump (Spectra Physics (SP), P2000 LC) with helium degassing kit was used. The data-jet integrator was connected via Lab net to a personal computer with SP Winner for Windows software. The fluorescence detector was from Perkin Elmer (PE LS 40). The ultraviolet detector was from SP (UV 2000), with scanning function on eluting peaks for the second and third confirmation options [28]. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) will be used to analyze and identify the desired and undesired products.

Chromatography conditions

An injection system with a 50μL loop was used. Fluorescence Detector. Settings: extraction wavelength, 225nm and emission wavelength, 305nm.

Ultraviolet Detector, The wavelength was set at 225nm (only for second confirmation option); scanning between 190 and 340nm (third confirmation option).

Column, Length, 15nm; internal diameter, 4.6mm; packing, 5μ Spherisorb ODS2. Elution Program for Gradient Method. Gradient elution consisted of a 2-min isocratic elution with aceto nitrile-water (30:70); an 18-min linear gradient to 80% aceto nitrile, a 3-min linear Gradient to 100% aceto nitrile, and a 2-min isocratic elution at 100% aceto nitrile [29].

    NMR

What is NMR?

It is Nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR as it is abbreviated by scientists, is phenomenon which occurs when the nuclei of certain atoms are immersed in a static magnetic field. Most of the matter that can be examined with NMR is composed of molecules which are composed of atoms (Figure 22 & 23) (Table 7).

The graph presents the starting material (phenol) disappearance through the reaction time. Phenol protons (phenol A & Phenol B) decreased while the final product will appear slowly during the reaction until BPA completely formed (Figure 24 & 25).

The curve shows the reaction of phenol during the reaction.

HNMR-Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study ofthe interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the use of the NMR phenomenon to study physical, chemical and biological properties of matter. As a consequence, NMR spectroscopy finds applications in several areas of science. NMR spectroscopy is routinely used by chemists to study chemical structure using simple one-dimensional techniques. Twodimensional techniques are used to determine the structure of more complicated molecules. These techniques are replacing X-ray crystallography for the determination of protein structure also. Furthermore, the versatility of NMR makes it pervasive in the sciences. This is just a basic principle necessary to begin using NMR Spectroscopy. NMR Spectroscopy will be a useful technique to be used to measure the amount of BPA produced [30].

The experiment will be carried out in the chemistry lab to apply the reaction and measure all the factors, where other techniques such as HNMR, CC, and TLC will be explained in the following sections.

Reactor loading and set-up

1) Put on protective clothing, lab coat, goggles, and gloves. All the steps were performed in the fume hood.

2) Weigh the desired quantity of catalyst (10%) in a clean measuring dish.

3) Transfer the catalyst into the flask.

4) Weigh the desired quantities of phenol and acetone (4.7g or 23.5g of phenol and 0.58g or 2.90g of acetone).

5) Add the measured quantities of reagents to the reactor

6) Turn on cooling water to condenser

7) Turn on Magnetic stirrer

8) Turn on the heat and adjust the thermostat for the desired temperature.

NMR tube reaction

1) Weigh a clean, empty NMR tube.

2) Weigh 0.05g of catalyst in the NMR tube. To avoid transfer losses, the desired quantity was measured directly in the tube.

3) Prepare a mixture of acetone and phenol with ration of 1:2 acetone to phenol.

4) Take 40|il of the mixture with Pipette and put them into the tube.

5) Add 600|il of deuterated chloroform to the tube

6) Cover The NMR tube and seal carefully with para film.

7) Insert the tube in the appropriate spinner and adjust the depth using the sample depth gauge.

8) Turn on the air and position the tube in the magnet.

9) Lower the tube into the magnet by turning the air off.

10) Start the spinning air.

11) When the spinning rate reaches its set value, adjust lock power and lock gain.

12) Center and then lock signal.

13) Start heating the magnet by turning on the heater, setting the temperature at 343K, and increase the air flow through the magnet.

14) Once the temperature is reached, shim the field, and start the routine for data acquisition.

Reactor shut-down and clean up procedure

1) Put on protective clothing, lab coat, goggles, and gloves

2) Turn off the heater.

3) Turn off the magnetic stirrer.

4) Turn off the cooling water to the condenser

5) When reactor is at room temperature, remove the reactor from the C-Clamp.

6) Distill it out by Rotary evaporator

7) Take the weight of the sample

8) Put the sample in the fridge at -200C

9) Then take analyze the sample.

10) Wash flask, the stopper, and the thermometer with acetone, then with water and soap, then with distilled water, and allow them to dry.

11) Rinse thoroughly the sampling syringe with acetone to remove any residuals.

NMR tube reaction

1) Remove the tube from the magnet.

2) Turn off the heater, and set the temperature back to the room temperature value.

3) When the magnet cooled down, reduce the air flow through the magnet.

    Summary

The review covers important aspects and present a new way of producing a chemical/organic material, BPA, which is important as the main feedstock for polycarbonate production. However, there are gray areas among catalysts type that might be used during the reaction with high efficiency. The paper presenting a solution of using supercritical fluid as a green technology in order to produce bisphenol A (BPA), which can be used as an essential part of polycarbonate synthesis. To limit the use of conventional methods, new and reliable methods have to be applied and by using supercritical fluid technology to produce BPA as a high chemical scale production, many industrial productions will be changed. Finally, supercritical carbon dioxide has shown its applicability for food, pharmaceutical, medical, and chemical processes. The work presented in this study focused on bisphenol a processing and the purpose of this paper is to:

1) Identify new suitable catalysts for BPA formation

2) Find appropriate reaction conditions

3) Determine the reaction conditions that significantly influence the process and explain their influence.

The analysis of experimental design shows that the interaction effect of temperature with catalyst has significant effects on BPA yields. Furthermore, the interaction effect of temperature with time has also a significant effect on the process but in the present of a strong catalyst with the optimal operating conditions for maximum yield. Whilst individual effects of time and concentration have minor impacts on the process.

Future plan

The main part of the future work will be depend on the mixture identification and impurities detection by using different analysis techniques such as TLS, GC-MS, and NMR to confirm all undesired products which formed by acetone-acetone reaction. Therefore, supercritical carbon dioxide as a new technology to purify undesired products associated with acetone reaction (Dimerization).

    Appendix

A. Appendix: The NMR phenomenon

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a method of great interest and important for the study of chemical substance. The use of pulsed Fourier transform methods with spectrum accumulation made it possible to obtain high resolution spectra (Sander and Hunter, 1993).

B. The chemical shift1

Resonance occurs at slightly different frequencies for each type of proton, depending on its chemical binding and position in a molecule. This variation is caused by the cloud of electrons about each nucleus, which shields the nucleus against the magnetic field, thus requiring a slightly lower value of v0to achieve resonance than for a bare proton (Sanders and Hunter, 1993). Protons attached to or near electronegative groups such as OH, OR, OCOR, COOR and halogens experience a lower density of shielding electrons and resonate at higher v0. Protons farther removed from such groups, as in hydrocarbon chains, resonate at lower vO.These variations are called chemical shifts and are commonly expressed in relation to the resonance of tetra methyl silane (TMS) as zero of reference. The total range of proton chemical shifts in organic compounds on the order of 10ppm.

For any nucleus, the separation of chemically shifted resonances, expressed in Hz, are proportional to BO. When expressed in ppm, as common, the chemical shifts are independent of BO. The electronic screening of nuclei is actually anisotropic so that the chemical shift is a directional quantity and depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the direction of the magnetic field. In solution, the motional averaging produces an isotropic value of the chemical shift.

C. Nuclear coupling

Nuclei sufficiently removed from each other do not feel the effects of the magnetic fields of the other nuclei. In this case, the local magnetic field at each nucleus is essentially equal to B0. If BO can be made very homogeneous over the sample, the width of the resonance may be very small.

D. Direct dipole-dipole coupling

In most substances, protons contribute to local fields and are sufficiently numerous to have a marked effect. The C atoms also contribute to the local fields, but their natural abundance is very small, therefore they do not have a visible effect.

E. Indirect nuclear coupling

Magnetic nuclei may transmit information to each other concerning their spin states not only directly through space, but also through the intervening covalent bonds. This is indirect or scalar nuclear coupling, also known a J coupling. Rapid tumbling of the molecule does not reduce this interaction to zero. If the nucleus has n sufficiently close, equivalently coupled spin - % neighbors, its resonance will be split into n+1 spin states of the neighboring group of spin. Thus one neighboring spin splits the observed resonance to a doublet, two produce a 1:2:1 triple, three a 1:3:3:1 quarter, and so on. The strength of the coupling is denoted by a coupling constant J and is expressed in Hz.

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Engineering Technology please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/etoaj/index.php

To read more...Fulltext please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/etoaj/ETOAJ.MS.ID.555563.php

[getmarketresearch]

Hydrogenated Bisphenol A (HBPA) is a saturated diol produced by catalytic reduction of Bisphenol A. While similar in structure to Bishphenol A, it undergoes most of the reactions typical of secondary alcohols. It is available as a white, flaked material which is soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. Scope of the Report: This report focuses on the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A in United States market, to split the market based on manufacturers, states, type and application. Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers New Japan Chemical Maruzen Petrochemical Milliken Chemical Puyang Huicheng Electronic Materials Market Segment by States, covering California Texas New York Florida Illinois Market Segment by Type, covers Epoxy Resin-used Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Unsaturated Polyester Resin-used Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Others Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into Electronic Packaging Electrical Equipment Insulation Materials Coating Others (medical instruments, compound materials) There are 17 Chapters to deeply display the United States Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market. Chapter 1, to describe Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Introduction, product type and application, market overview, market analysis by States, market opportunities, market risk, market driving force; Chapter 2, to analyze the manufacturers of Hydrogenated Bisphenol A, with profile, main business, news, sales, price, revenue and market share in 2016 and 2017; Chapter 3, to display the competitive situation among the top manufacturers, with sales, revenue and market share in 2016 and 2017; Chapter 4, to show the United States market by States, covering California, New York, Texas, Illinois and Florida, with sales, price, revenue and market share of Hydrogenated Bisphenol A, for each state, from 2012 to 2017; Chapter 5 and 6, to show the market by type and application, with sales, price, revenue, market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2012 to 2017; Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to analyze the key States by Type and Application, covering California, New York, Texas, Illinois and Florida, with sales, revenue and market share by types and applications; Chapter 12, Hydrogenated Bisphenol A market forecast, by States, type and application, with sales, price, revenue and growth rate forecast, from 2017 to 2022; Chapter 13, to analyze the manufacturing cost, key raw materials and manufacturing process etc. Chapter 14, to analyze the industrial chain, sourcing strategy and downstream end users (buyers); Chapter 15, to describe sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers etc. Chapter 16 and 17, to describe Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Research Findings and Conclusion, Appendix, methodology and data source.

[mypranalistuff]

Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market 2020 Outlook, Growth Prospects, Key Opportunities Incremental Revenue, Trends, Outlook And Forecasts To  2026

Global Marketers recently added its expanding repository with a new research study. The research report, entitled ”Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market” mainly includes a complete segmentation of this sector that is expected to generate massive returns by the end of the forecast period, showing a significant growth rate on an annual basis over the coming years. The research study also discusses the need for Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market explicitly.

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A detailed study of the competitive landscape of the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Industry Market has established, providing insights into the corporate profiles, latest developments, mergers, and acquisitions, and therefore the SWOT analysis. This breakdown report will offer a clear program to readers' concerns regarding the overall market situation to further choose on this market project.

Key players profiled in the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market report includes:

Yangzhou Baohua Chemical Puyang Huicheng Electronic Materials New Japan Chemical Milliken Chemical Maruzen Petrochemical

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Geographically, the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A report includes the research on production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, and forecast (2020-2026) of the following regions:

United States

Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Poland)

China

Japan

India

Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam)

Central and South America (Brazil, Mexico, Colombia)

Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria)

Other Regions

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The global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market is expected to witness of massive growth in the next few years. The rising level of competition among the players and the increasing focus on the growth of new products are likely to offer promising growth during the forecast period. The research study on the global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market deals with a complete overview, highlighting the key aspects that are projected to surge the growth of the market in the near future.

Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market Segmentation by Type:

Unsaturated Polyester Resin-used Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin-used Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Others

Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market Segmentation by Application:

Unsaturated Polyester Resin Epoxy Resin

What To Expect From The Report

A complete analysis of the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market

Concrete and tangible alterations in market dynamics

A thorough study of dynamic segmentation of the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market

A complete review of historical, current as well as potentially predictable growth forecasts concerning volume and value

A holistic review of the dynamic market modifications and developments

Remarkable growth-friendly activities of leading players

Some Major TOC Points:

Chapter 1. Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market Report Overview

Chapter 2. Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Growth Trends

Chapter 3. Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market Share by Key Players

Chapter 4. Breakdown Data by Type and Application

Chapter 5. Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market by End Users/Application

Chapter 6. COVID-19 Outbreak: Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Industry Impact

Chapter 7. Opportunity Breakdown in Covid-19 Crisis

Chapter 9. Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market Driving Force

And Many More…

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Conclusively, this report is a one-stop reference point for the industrial stakeholders to get the Free Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market to forecast of till 2026. This report helps to know the predictable market size, market status, future development, growth opportunity, challenges, and growth drivers by analysing the historical overall data of the considered market segments.

[nehasharmamine]

Global Hydrogenated MDI Market 2019 | Manufacturers In-Depth Analysis Report to 2024

The latest trending report Global Hydrogenated MDI Market 2019-2024 added by DecisionDatabases.com

Hydrogenated MDI is transparent liquid in normal temperature and pressure and could also be named HMDI or H12MDI for short. It can serve as a building block for the preparation of chemical products, reactive intermediates and polymers such as polyurethane dispersions (PUDs), elastomers, and thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs).

The worldwide market for Hydrogenated MDI is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly xx% over the next five years, will reach xx million US$ in 2024, from xx million US$ in 2019.

This report focuses on the Hydrogenated MDI in global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application.

Browse the complete report and table of contents @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/ip/20687-hydrogenated-mdi-market-analysis-report

Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers

 Covestro

 Evonik

 Wanhua

Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers

 North America (United States, Canada and     Mexico)

 Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and     Italy)

 Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India     and Southeast Asia)

 South America (Brazil, Argentina,     Colombia etc.)

 Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia,     UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

Market Segment by Type, covers

 flooring

 roofing

 textiles

 elastomers

 optical products

 adhesives

 sealants

Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into

 Polyurethane Elastomers

 Polyurethane Dispersions

 Radiation Curable Urethane Acrylates

 Others

Download Free Sample Report of Global Hydrogenated MDI Market @https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/download-sample-20687

The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters: Chapter 1, to describe Hydrogenated MDI product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks. Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Hydrogenated MDI, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Hydrogenated MDI in 2017 and 2018. Chapter 3, the Hydrogenated MDI competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast. Chapter 4, the Hydrogenated MDI breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 12, Hydrogenated MDI market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2019 to 2024. Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Hydrogenated MDI sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

Purchase the complete Global Hydrogenated MDI Market Research Report @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/buy-now-20687

Other Reports by DecisionDatabases.com:

Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2023 @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/ip/18049-hydrogenated-bisphenol-a-market-analysis-report

Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market 2018 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2023 @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/ip/29841-hydrogenated-bisphenol-a-epoxy-resin-market-analysis-report

About-Us: DecisionDatabases.com is a global business research reports provider, enriching decision makers and strategists with qualitative statistics. DecisionDatabases.com is proficient in providing syndicated research report, customized research reports, company profiles and industry databases across multiple domains.

Our expert research analysts have been trained to map client’s research requirements to the correct research resource leading to a distinctive edge over its competitors. We provide intellectual, precise and meaningful data at a lightning speed.

For more details:              DecisionDatabases.com E-Mail: sales@decisiondatabases.com Phone: +91 9028057900 Web: https://www.decisiondatabases.com/

[lilywhiteflower-blog]

Cyanate Ester Resin Market – Estimated to register a healthy growth rate in the next few years 2018-2028

Global Cyanate Ester Resin Market: Snapshot

Cyanate esters are chemical compounds in which the atom of hydrogen of the phenolic OH group is replaced with a cyanide group CN-. The resultant product is called cyanate ester, with –OCN group. Cyanate esters in light of a novolac or bisphenol derivatives are utilized in the making of resins.

Cyanate ester resins come under essential group of thermosetting polymers with low outgassing, high glass‐transition temperature, and low dielectric loss and constant. These resins are utilized in various types of applications, for example, radomes, printed circuit sheets, resin, and structural composites used in space applications.

The cyanate ester resin provide lower absorption of moisture contrasted with different resins. Cyanate ester resins give excellent results at high temperature as well. Their result is frequently contrasted with that of polyamide and bismaleimide resins. Cyanate ester resins are utilized in wide range of application including spacecraft, aircraft, antennae, microwave products, missiles, and microelectronics. Cyanate esters are made by the reaction of bisphenol esters and cyanic acid. This reaction makes cyclotrimerize to additionally create triazine rings at the time of second sitting.

The cyanate ester resins market is prognosticated to grow due to increase in the adoption of profit-making end-use sectors for example aerospace and defense, or electrical or electronics. Cyanate ester resins are favored also since they are all the more effectively cured amid the reaction contrasted with different epoxies. Durability and quality of cyanate ester resins can be fueled by including thermoplastic or spherical rubber particles. Numerous major properties of the cyanate ester resins framework are acquired by composite materials extracted by it. Different attributes of cyanate ester resins, for example, increased impact resistance, hat resistance, effective dielectric properties, wet hot characteristics are saved in composites produced using cyanate ester resins.

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Global Cyanate Ester Resin Market: Overview

The global cyanate ester resin market is anticipated to increase growth on the back of rising adoption witnessed in money-spinning end-use industries such as electrical and electronics and aerospace and defense. By the end of 2028, the market could be worth several million dollars. Commercial aircrafts and air travel have been highly demanded in countries across the globe: the U.S., Indonesia, India, Russia, and China. This demand is being met through rigorous efforts taken by aircraft OEMs and their suppliers. They have also been revamping their production facilities for scheduled deliveries.

For the next few years, Airbus has planned to up its production rate after the opening of a new facility in Tianjin, China. In the aircraft industry, the adoption of cyanate ester resin is being positively influenced due to the rising demand for aircrafts.

Global Cyanate Ester Resin Market: Trends and Opportunities

Among key industry verticals of the global cyanate ester resin market, aerospace and defense is foreseen to secure a larger share in the coming years. The advent of innovative low-fare business models has helped to revolutionize the airline industry alongside the launch of cost-effective regional airlines and carriers. This has proven quite effective in a time when sluggish economic growth and expensive jet fuel prices have been troubling the airline industry. As emerging markets witness the growing affluence of the middle-income population, the demand for global aviation is expected to see a rise. As a result, the requirement of cyanate ester resin could grow significantly in the near future.

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Global Cyanate Ester Resin Market: Market Potential

Market players are prophesied to extend their footprint in budding markets and focus on customized products to place themselves in a position of strength. This could be evidenced by Solvay’s manufacturing footprint expansion in Greenville, TX as it broke ground in July 2018. This is said to increase the resin mixing capacity of the company so as to meet the rising requirements of military and commercial aerospace composite customers.

Since the airline industry is quite lucrative for the global cyanate ester resin market, Solvay may be signing more contracts with other companies. For instance, it signed an agreement with Safran in July 2018 for supplying forward-thinking structural composites for CFM International’s LEAP engine. In the same month, it extended its contract with Airbus until 2025 for the supply of advanced materials. Again, it signed an extension agreement with Spirit AeroSystems for supplying composites and adhesives for their use across Boeing’s commercial programs for nacelle and fuselage applications.

Global Cyanate Ester Resin Market: Regional Outlook

During the course of the forecast period 2018-2028, North America is predicted to take the driver’s seat of the global cyanate ester resin market, considering its lion’s share. Leading countries such as the U.S. could testify a swelling demand for cyanate ester resin in the foreseeable future. The composites application of cyanate ester resin is foretold to set the tone for valuable growth of the market in the aerospace and defense industry. On the other hand, Asia Pacific could register a telling rise in CAGR due to improving infrastructure and rising disposable income raising the demand for airlines.

Global Cyanate Ester Resin Market: Companies Mentioned

Vendors operating in the global cyanate ester resin market are projected to compete on the basis of product quality while focusing on high strength, easy processing, and excellent dielectric properties. The market marks the presence of top vendors such as Koninklijke Ten Cate, Huntsman International, and Hexcel Corporation. With a view to improve their customer base, vendors are envisaged to adopt merger and acquisition as a go-to strategy.

Global Cyanate Ester Resin Market by End User

Aerospace and Defense

Electrical and Electronics

Global Cyanate Ester Resin Market by Region

North America

Asia Pacific

Europe

Read Comprehensive Overview of Report @

https://www.tmrresearch.com/cyanate-ester-resin-market

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TMR Research is a premier provider of customized market research and consulting services to business entities keen on succeeding in today’s supercharged economic climate. Armed with an experienced, dedicated, and dynamic team of analysts, we are redefining the way our clients’ conduct business by providing them with authoritative and trusted research studies in tune with the latest methodologies and market trends.

Contact:

TMR Research, 3739 Balboa St # 1097, San Francisco, CA 94121 United States Tel: +1-415-520-1050

[zmithpuri]

Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market 2019 | Manufacturers In-Depth Analysis Report to 2024

The latest trending report Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market 2019-2024 added by DecisionDatabases.com

Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin is characterized by a very low viscosity of the resin, which is comparable to that of DGEBF, but the gelation time is long and requires more than twice the gelation time of the DGEBA resin to gel. Hydrogenated bisphenol A epoxy resin is characterized by its good weather resistance.

The worldwide market for Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly 4.2% over the next five years, will reach 34 million US$ in 2024, from 27 million US$ in 2019.

This report focuses on the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin in global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application.

Browse the complete report and table of contents @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/ip/29841-hydrogenated-bisphenol-a-epoxy-resin-market-analysis-report

Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers

Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chemical

Nagase ChemteX Corporation

Aditya Birla Chemicals

Emerald Performance Material

SIR INDUSTRIALE

Hexion

Yantai Aolifu Chemical

Anhui Xinyuan Chemical

Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia etc.)

Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

Market Segment by Type, covers

Solid

Liquid

Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into

Electronic and Electrical Industry

Industrial Coating

Others

Download Free Sample Report of Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/download-sample-29841

The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters: Chapter 1, to describe Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks. Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin in 2017 and 2018. Chapter 3, the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast. Chapter 4, the Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 10 and 11, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2014 to 2019. Chapter 12, Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2019 to 2024. Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

Purchase the complete Global Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin Market Research Report @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/contact/buy-now-29841

Other Reports by DecisionDatabases.com:

Global Bisphenol F Epoxy Resins Market 2019 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2024 @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/ip/29706-bisphenol-f-epoxy-resins-market-analysis-report

Global Fluoropolymer Resins Market 2019 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2024 @ https://www.decisiondatabases.com/ip/38952-fluoropolymer-resins-market-analysis-report

About-Us:             DecisionDatabases.com is a global business research reports provider, enriching decision makers and strategists with qualitative statistics. DecisionDatabases.com is proficient in providing syndicated research report, customized research reports, company profiles and industry databases across multiple domains.

Our expert research analysts have been trained to map client’s research requirements to the correct research resource leading to a distinctive edge over its competitors. We provide intellectual, precise and meaningful data at a lightning speed.

For more details:                             DecisionDatabases.com E-Mail: sales@decisiondatabases.com Phone: +91 9028057900 Web: https://www.decisiondatabases.com/

[mitivy]

A sudden!Three dead and four injured in explosion at Chemical Factory!Market shock, raw materials surged 1000 yuan/ton!

There was a serious explosion in the chemical industry this weekend. A country many times by spot check, but completely did not find out the hidden trouble of the enterprise, exploded! Tanner subsidiary exploded!Three dead and four wounded! According to news reports, three people died and four were injured when an emulsifying reactor exploded at Grey-Workshop, a chemical plant in Andawanbaoshan, Heilongjiang province, on December 19.The cause of the accident is still under investigation... According to the data, Haina Bell Chemical is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Black Dragon River Taina Technology Development Co., LTD., mainly engaged in the manufacture and sale of chemical products (excluding hazardous chemicals, precursor chemicals, highly toxic chemicals, explosive chemicals). In this year's relevant departments carried out a number of spot checks, also did not find relevant safety problems.Make one ponder: why does the enterprise that checks for many times all have no hidden danger suddenly explode? Winter is the season with a high incidence of accidents. The state has introduced a number of measures to carry out safety inspections on hazardous chemicals and transportation, etc. It is hoped that all major chemical enterprises will carry out inspections of hidden dangers in place to ensure safe production Market differentiation, raw materials soared 1000 yuan/ton! With the frequent accidents, the implementation of policies and the overlaying of plant maintenance in Dachang, the market price fluctuates constantly.Chemical market recently appeared ice - fire signs.Chemicals, which had been low, suddenly shot up, and those that had been exploding for months began to pay off! Since December 1, solstice, December 18, a total of 56 chemicals in the upward trend.Among them, the first three were acetic acid (32.08%), octyl alcohol (23.64%) and nitric acid (14.82%). I believe I believe your acetic acid: soar 1000 yuan/ton!Or 32.08% At present, domestic acetic acid manufacturers start to reduce negative, inventory in the market position, spot supply is tight, shandong region acetic acid enterprises quote 4600-4700 yuan/ton or so.But into the off-season of the downstream procurement reduced, it is expected that in the short term acetic acid will maintain stable operation. I believe I believe your hydrogen fluoride acid: shot up 980 yuan/ton! Today, the domestic mainstream price of hydrofluoric acid is 9000-9500 yuan/ton, due to the rise of fluorite, manufacturers slightly increased the price.And now hydrofluoric acid factory operating rate at low, spot shortage.Although the downstream refrigeration industry is in the low season, but according to the current trend, the price is expected to move slightly higher in the later field. I believe I believe your nitric acid: soar 14.82%! The supply of nitric acid is stable, the downstream procurement atmosphere is good, due to environmental pressure increase, power limit and production limit, the downstream operation rate is reduced.But because the price of synthetic ammonia is at a high level, nitric acid is expected to remain at a high level in the short term. I believe your believe butanol: I will break through 10000 yuan/ton! Due to the unexpected shutdown of the 450,000 tons/year N-butanol unit of BASF of Germany, the main manufacturers in Asia such as South Korea and Taiwan have centralized shutdown or maintenance of the units, resulting in the overall spot shortage and sharply rising prices.In addition, export orders will be issued in 2021, and it is expected that n-butanol will continue to rise in the short term. In contrast, since December 1 solstice on December 18, a total of 28 chemicals in the rising trend.Among them, the top three were: phthalic anhydride (-18.46%), styrene (-18.15%), isopropanol (-18.01%). I believe I believe your organic silicon: plunge 3000 yuan/ton! Organic silicon before because accept new order, give profit sharply.December 21, silicone mainstream enterprises generally lower than 30,000 yuan/ton, some manufacturers a single discussion. I believe I believe your aggregation MDI: I believe I believe THE collapse of a building!Aggregate MDI drops 10%! The recent MDI market stalemate, spot supply is tight, but into the off-season demand reduction, is expected in the short term aggregate MDI market is still weak operation. I believe I believe epoxy chloropropane: wait and see a strong state of mind, I believe I believe 8%! Recently, the epichlorohydrin market has A strong wait and see atmosphere, with the upstream bisphenol A falling, and the downstream demand decreasing. It is expected that epichlorohydrin will operate mainly in A weak position in the short term. I believe I believe epoxy resin: upstream slump, epoxy another drop 750 yuan/ton Recent epoxy resin market downturn, factory offers reduced, upstream BISphenol A prices lower, is expected to remain in the short-term epoxy resin decline. Safety needs to pay attention to hidden dangers, prepare goods to catch the right time! The accident will not only cause personal injury, but also cause great loss to the enterprise.Accidents are very common in winter. Check out the hidden safety hazards. Near the end of the year, chemical safety inspection, power restrictions and production limits increase, so that the price continues to rise.But the chemical is in the off-season, and some of the big factories considering next year's order situation, began to give up one after another, it is a good time to prepare goods.Chemical follow-up is still dominated by rising, the current hot goods down, you chemical personnel to prepare goods in a timely manner oh. Finally, I wish you all a happy Winter Solstice!Orders are exploding!Safe and healthy! Read the full article

[apurvafmi-blog]

Cumene Hydroperoxide Market 2025: Top Key Players Finetech Industry Limited, Suzhou Yacoo Chemical Reagent Corporation

Cumene Hydroperoxide Market: Introduction

Cumene Hydroperoxide is a peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group. Cumene Hydroperoxide is a comparatively stable organic peroxide. Cumene Hydroperoxide upon decomposition gives acetophenone, cumyl alcohol and methylstyrene. Pure Cumene Hydroperoxide can be stored at room temperature. However, the risk of an explosion and uncontrolled reaction is high.

Cumene Hydroperoxide is a slightly pale yellow liquid with an irritating odor. It is denser than water. It is also soluble in acetone, alcohol, hydrocarbons, esters and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Cumene Hydroperoxide is toxic if inhaled or absorbed on skin and is explosive in nature. It has high thermal sensitivity and is widely used in the production of Phenol and Acetone from benzene — propane is used as an intermediate in the Cumene process.

Cumene Hydroperoxide is manufactured through the oxidation of Cumene at an elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of an aqueous Sodium Carbonate catalyst.

Cumene Hydroperoxide is used as a reagent for manufacturing organic peroxides, as a polymerization inhibitor and as a strong free radical source because Cumene Hydroperoxide contains more than 8.5% active oxygen. Cumene Hydroperoxide is a strong oxidizing agent which makes it a valuable specialty intermediate in epoxy resin and plastic industries.

Cumene Hydroperoxide finds its application in the preparation of polystyrene nanocapsules. It also acts as a radical polymerization initiator, particularly for acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene. Cumene Hydroperoxide is also used as an epoxidation reagent for fatty acid esters and allylic alcohols.

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Cumene Hydroperoxide Market: Market Dynamics

The demand for phenol is increasing across the globe due to an increase in the use of products which are manufactured from the derivates of phenol, such as Bisphenol-A. It is slated that an increase in the consumption of phenol, which are mainly produced by the decomposition of Cumene Hydroperoxide, in turn, will gear up the consumption of Cumene Hydroperoxide during the forecasted period.

Due to an increase in demand for alternative energy sources, an increase in demand for epoxy resins (produced from derivatives of Bisphenol-A, which in turn, is produced by the decomposition of Cumene Hydroperoxide products, i.e phenol and acetone) from power generators and wind turbines (where epoxy resins are used widely in rotor blade composites) is anticipated. This, in turn, will affect the Cumene Hydroperoxide market positively.

It is expected that with an increase in demand for adhesives, sealant chemicals and coatings for various applications, the consumption of Cumene Hydroperoxide will also increase, thereby leading to the growth of the Cumene Hydroperoxide market.

However, the toxic and explosive nature of Cumene Hydroperoxide might hamper its usage in various applications, thereby hindering the growth of the Cumene Hydroperoxide market.

Cumene Hydroperoxide Market: Market Segmentation

The Cumene Hydroperoxide Market can be segmented on the basis of application into:

Epoxy resin curing

Organic Synthesis

Epoxy Coatings

Lmainates

Resins

Polymerization Inhibitor

Peroxide Production

Oxidizing Agent

Cumene Hydroperoxide Market: Regional Outlook

It is anticipated that in North America, especially in the United States, most of the Phenol produced comes from Cumene Hydroperoxide. This will fuel the Cumene Hydroperoxide market in the region over the forecast period.

Asia Pacific Region is anticipated to grow at an exponential rate as China has emerged as the largest producer and consumer of phenol, thereby driving the Cumene Hydroperoxide market during the forecast period.

Developing countries such as India and China are anticipated to witness significant growth in the Cumene Hydroperoxide market as the demand for plastic-based products is increasing, which in turn, is leading to accelerated consumption of Cumene Hydroperoxide as it is used an oxidizing agent in the plastic industry. Also, phenol is used to make plastics, thereby fueling the growth of Cumene Hydroperoxide market in the region.

In Europe, the Cumene Hydroperoxide Market will grow at a stable rate due to environmental regulations and strict government policies.

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Cumene Hydroperoxide Market: Market Participants

Some of the market participants identified across the value chain of the Cumene Hydroperoxide market incude:

Monomer-Polymer & Dajac Labs

Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher Scientific

Merck KGaA

Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

Weifang Richem International Ltd,

Finetech Industry Limited

Suzhou Yacoo Chemical Reagent Corporation

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Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Market – Key Players and Production Information analysis with Forecast 2024

Hydrogenated bisphenol A (HBPA) is a saturated dialchol with a cycloaliphatic structure produced by dehydrogenating bisphenol. With a configuration similar to bisphenol A, it is available as a white, flaked material soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. Hydrogenated bisphenol is used as a raw material for various engineering plastics and paints such as epoxy, unsaturated polyester, polycarbonate, polyurethane, polyacrylate, and polysulphone. It is also employed in the preparation of alkyd, polyester, and epoxy resins, in which color stability and improved weatherability are important to ensure lasting quality. The aromatic groups of bisphenol A are highly rigid, leading to polymers with mechanical strength and high glass transition temperatures. As a result, bisphenol-based resins and polymers find application in consumer products and medical devices. For instance, bisphenol-derived resins are employed in coil and can coatings in food & beverages containers. Bisphenol-based polycarbonates and their copolymers also produce baby bottles, tableware, and water bottles, apart from applications in casting, laminating, coatings, and fiber production.

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In recent years, bisphenol-based resins have been under scrutiny due to health concerns. These polymers are susceptible to degradation and yellowing upon exposure to light, heat, and certain chemicals. With their degradation, BPA and its derivatives can make their way into the content of the food and beverage containers or medical storage devices and subsequently into the body. This is where hydrogenated bisphenol A polymers come into the picture. HBPA polymers exhibit hydrolytic stability, heat & chemical resistance, and low toxicity. Additionally, with upgrading technology, HBPA-based polymers can be formulated for their high flexibility and excellent adhesion.

The market for HBPA can be segmented by type into the epoxy resin-used, unsaturated polyester resin-used, and other varieties. Based on application, the market can be bifurcated into the epoxy resin and unsaturated polyester resin categories. Epoxy resins containing HBPA are employed for making paints, adhesives, a variety of protective coatings, as well as electrical laminates for printed circuit boards (PCBs). Cured epoxy resin offers protective liners on the inside of cans used for packing foods and beverages to maintain their quality. Because of a combination of desirable properties such as toughness, chemical resistance, and adhesion, HBPA is also used in protective coatings.

In terms of regional outlook, Asia Pacific dominated the global HBPA market, accounting for a share of over 50% in the total consumption in 2015. It represents a majorly important market for the HBPA industry, mainly driven by emerging economies such as China and India. The overall HBPA market is propelled by increasing demand from key end-user industries such as automobiles, construction, can manufacturing, and electrical & electronics. However, volatile crude oil prices have remained a major concern for manufacturers of HBPA and they may act as a restraint.

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bKey players operating in the global Hydrogenated bisphenol A market include Maruzen Petrochemical, New Japan Chemical, Way Pharm, Milliken Chemical, Avera Chemicals Inc. Yangzhou Baohua Chemical Technology Development Co.,Ltd., and Puyang Huicheng Electronic Materials.

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