#UV-Visible Spectrophotometer

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UV-Visible Spectrophotometer

UV-Visible Spectrophotometer is a double beam instrument with a computer simulation optimized optical base. The continuously adjustable spectral bandwidth ranges from 0.1 to 5nm, making it ideal for samples with sharp absorption peaks. Precision is improved across the UV-Vis spectrum, from 190nm to 900nm, due to the well-aligned PMT detector and high-quality deuterium, tungsten, and mercury lamps. The device includes an optional 8-position cell holder as well as a high throughput 100-position autosampler with an easy-to-use interface.

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Double-beam UV-Visible Spectrophotometer

Double-beam UV-Visible Spectrophotometer is adopted with microcomputer technology and electronic control system, features holographic grating with 1200 lines/mm. Equipped with solid silicone photodiode detector and xenon lamp as light source, have 190 to 1100 nm of wavelength range. Designed with 7-inch TFT screen with sensitive buttons and large sample chamber, it also supports USB storage and different data formats.

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[helen0086]

Extraction and Immunoreactivity of Phycocyanin Subunits from Spirulina

Abstract:To investigate the extraction and immunoreactivity of alginate subunits of Spirulina alginata. Methods: The algal blue protein subunit was extracted by SephadexG-50 gel filtration after low-temperature wall-breaking and centrifugation to obtain the supernatant, which was filtered through a coarse fiber membrane, and the purity and molecular weight of the protein were detected by SDS-PAGE, and the absorbance at 620 nm and 280 nm was measured by infrared spectrometry and UV/visible spectrophotometry, so as to further observe the effect of the extract on the lymphocyte cells of the spleen of mice. The effect of the extract on mouse spleen lymphocytes was further investigated. Results: Extracts No. 1 and No. 2 were extracted by low-temperature aqueous extraction and gel filtration chromatography, and were dark green and blue water-soluble dry powders stable at room temperature, respectively. 1 and 2 extracts showed a protein band with molecular weight of about 17 kDa on SDS-PAGE.

Infrared spectroscopy showed that in the wavelength range of 1600~1800 cm-1 , one absorption peak was seen at 1656 cm-1 for Spirulina powder, three absorption peaks were seen at 1655 cm-1, 1633 cm-1 and 1594 cm-1 for extract No.1, two absorption peaks were seen at 1631 cm-1 and 1602 cm-1 for extract No.2, and one absorption peak was seen at 1658 cm-1 for the residue. Two peaks were seen at 1631 cm-1 and 1602 cm-1 for extract No.2, and one peak was seen at 1658 cm-1 for the residue. The UV/Vis spectrophotometer detected absorption peaks at 232.0 nm and 617.0 nm for extract No. 1, and 263.5 nm and 619.5 nm for extract No. 2. The purity of extract No. 1 was 0.78 with 15% A620/A280, and the purity of extract No. 2 was 0.85 with 20% A620/A280. The extracts were able to promote the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes.

Conclusion:The subunits of algal blue protein were extracted at low temperature and possessed immune-enhancing activity.

Spirulina is a kind of filamentous multi-cellular spiral prokaryotic algae, rich in protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, chlorophyll, B-carotene and polysaccharides, which is an ideal food and medicine resource for human beings. Phycocyanin is an important active substance in Spirulina, in which phycocyanin, as a natural light-trapping pigment protein, only exists in a few algae such as cyanobacteria, and is a rare natural blue pigment, which has the physiological activities of enhancing immunity [1-2], antioxidant [3], anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic [4], anticarcinogenic [5], preventing diabetes [6], and scavenging free radicals, and it can be made into biochemical medicines and used in food and nutrition as natural coloring and nutritional protein. It can be made into biochemical drugs, and can be used in food and cosmetic industry as natural pigment and nutritional protein. Using the strong fluorescence of algal blue protein, it can also be prepared into fluorescent probes and used in clinical testing. Phycocyanin consists of two subunits, α and β, and exists in the form of heterodimers such as (αβ)3 or (αβ)6 in the natural state. It has been found that the subunit has a small molecular size, good cell permeability and good anti-tumor activity[7] .

The extraction methods of algal cyanoproteins include ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ammonium sulfate gradient chromatography, hydroxyapatite, levano precipitation and expanded bed adsorption [8-10], etc. Different extraction methods have an impact on the large-scale production of algal cyanoproteins, the total yield, purity, protein activity, etc. The extraction of algal cyanoproteins is based on SepharoseG 75FF chromatography or SephadexG-75 gel column. Based on the extraction of cyanobacterial proteins, SepharoseG 75FF chromatography or SephadexG-75 gel columns were used to obtain cyanobacterial proteins, and the α-subunits were obtained by natural reduction of the β-subunits[11-12] . In the present study, we proposed to extract the crude extracts of α and β subunits of algal cyanobacteria by low-temperature wall-breaking, centrifugation to obtain the supernatant, and gel filtration and chromatography, and further investigate whether they are active or inactive, with the aim of providing a new way to utilize algal cyanobacteria as a high-value resource.

1 Materials and Methods

1.1 Materials

1.1.1 Reagents    

Spirulina powder was purchased from Fujian Fuqing Xin Da Ze Spirulina Co., Ltd; trypsin, Acrylamide, Tris-Cl, TEMED, Con A, MTT were purchased from Sigma; APS, SDS, bromophenolan, β-mercaptoethanol, glycerol were purchased from Shanghai Sangong; SephadexG-50 was purchased from Amersham.

1.1.2 Instruments   

GZX-9070MBE electric constant temperature blast drying oven was purchased from Shanghai Boxun; LGJ-18 freeze dryer was purchased from Beijing Songyuan Xinghua; DZG-303A ion water purifier was purchased from Moore; YDL5M centrifuge was purchased from Xiangyi Centrifuge Factory; TU-1901 UV/visible spectrophotometer was purchased from Beijing PUYA General Company; electrophoresis apparatus and electrophoresis baths were purchased from Beijing Liutyi Company; enzyme marker was purchased from thermo company. The electrophoresis instrument and the electrophoresis tank were purchased from Beijing Liuyi Company; the enzyme labeling instrument was purchased from Thermo Company, USA.

1.2 Methodology

1.2.1 Extraction and purification of algal blue protein subunits    

Dissolve 1 kg of spirulina powder in distilled water, put it in the refrigerator at -30~-35℃ overnight, thaw naturally and then crush and centrifuge it at 10 000 r/min for 10 min, separate the supernatant, retain the supernatant, remove the slag, and then extract the cyanobacterial protein subunits by SephadexG-50 gel filtration after filtration with a coarse fiber membrane and then obtain the dry powder by freeze-drying.

1.2.2 Spectral characterization    

The composition of the extracts was determined by infrared spectroscopy and scanned by UV/Vis spectrophotometer at the Analytical Center of Tsinghua University.

1.2.3 SDS-PAGE    

SDS-10% PAGE: Prepare 12% separating buffer and 4% concentration buffer, add samples, add equal volume of 2 × Loading buffer to the sample, boil at 100 ℃ for 5 min to denature, centrifuge at 10 000 r/min and centrifuge at 4 ℃ for 1 min, and then add the supernatant into the sample wells by pipetting with a spacer, and then electrophoreze at a constant pressure of 130 V. Bromophenol blue was used as an indicator until the electrophoresis reached the bottom of the gel. Electrophoresis was carried out, and bromophenol blue was used as an indicator until the electrophoresis reached the bottom of the gel. The gel was stained with Caulmers Blue R-250 for 30 min, then decolorized by shaking the bed until the bands were clear, and then photographed.

1.2.4 Purity and yield analysis   

The absorbance of the sample solution was measured at 620 nm and 280 nm by UV/Vis spectrophotometer, and the purity of the phycocyanin subunit was calculated according to the following formula.

Spirulina Extract Purity = A620/A280

Spirulina extract yield = alginin lyophilized powder mass/spiroplasma raw material mass × 100%.

Where:A280 and A620 are the absorbance at wavelengths of 280 nm and 620 nm, respectively.

1.2.5 Effects of extracts on mouse spleen mononuclear cells    

Mice were killed by decapitation, spleens were aseptically extracted, 200 mesh steel mesh grinding was used to make splenocyte suspension, 70% Percoll was used to isolate single nucleated cells, 2000 r/min for 20 min, cells were aspirated from the gray and white layers, IMDM washed for two times, and counted by 0.04% Taipolan staining, the cell viability was > 90%, and the concentration of the cells was adjusted to 5×106/mL for preparation. Negative control group, Con A positive control group, No.1 extract and No.2 extract experimental group were set up respectively. Negative control group did not add any stimulant, positive control group was stimulated by 5 μg/mL Con A, and the extracts were filtered and sterilized after configuration, and experimental groups were stimulated by 0.5 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL extracts respectively. The experimental group was stimulated by 0.5 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL of extracts respectively, and cultured in 96-well plates with three replicate wells, 5×105 splenocytes per well, and 200 μL of total system, and cultured for 44 h. After 4 h, MTT was mixed with the extracts, and 10 μL of MTT was added into each well.

2 Results

2.1 Characteristics and molecular weight of alginate subunit extract The protein was extracted from Spirulina powder by low temperature extraction and gel filtration chromatography, and two parts of extracts were obtained, which were called No.1 and No.2 extracts respectively. The results are shown in Fig. 1, respectively, for the original Spirulina powder (A), extract No. 1 (B), extract No. 2 (C), and the residue after extraction (D), the colors of which were in the order of dark green, dark green, blue and black, and the extracts were stored in the conventional room temperature.The results of SDS-PAGE are shown in Fig. 2, and the molecular weights of the protein of extract No. 1 and extract No. 2 were all about 17 kDa.

2.2 Spectral Scanning of Spirulina Extract    

The extract spectrum was scanned by infrared spectroscopy (Fig. 3), and the results showed that in the wavelength range of 1600~1800 cm-1, one absorption peak was visible at 1656 cm-1 for Spirulina powder, three absorption peaks were visible at 1655 cm-1, 1633 cm-1 and 1594 cm-1 for extract No.1, two absorption peaks were visible at 1631 and 1602 cm-1 for extract No.2, and one absorption peak was visible at 1658 cm-1 for residue. 2 peaks at 1631 and 1602 cm-1 and 1 peak at 1658 cm-1 for the residue. The above two extracts were taken separately, diluted to a suitable number of times, and scanned by UV/Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 200-800 nm. The results are shown in Fig. 4, No. 1 extract had absorption peaks at 232.0 nm and 617.0 nm, and No. 2 extract had absorption peaks at 263.5 nm and 619.5 nm, and the purity of No. 1 extract was 0.78 for A620/ A280, and that of No. 1 extract was 0.78 for A620/ A280, and that of No. 1 extract was 0.78 for A620/ A280. The purity of extract No.1 was 0.78 and the yield was 15%, while the purity of extract No.2 was 0.85 and the yield was 20%.

2.3 Extracts induced proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes    

In order to test whether the extracted proteins were active or not, the effect of the extracts on mouse spleen SINCs was observed. The stimulation results of different concentrations of the extract showed that the SI value of the positive control Con A group was 1.84±0.07, and the proliferation of mouse splenic mononuclear cells was obvious in all groups of the experimental group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). It is suggested that the extract of alginate subunit has the effect of promoting the proliferation of mouse splenic lymphocytes. See Table 1.

3 Discussion

Algal bile proteins are mainly found in cyanobacteria, red algae, cryptophytes and a few methanobacteria, and their main function is to act as light-trapping pigment complexes for photosynthesis. The known phycobilins can be divided into four main groups, namely phaeocyanin, phycocyanin, phycocyanin and allocyanin. Phycocyanin is one of the major algal bile proteins, and its extraction mainly involves wall-breaking and cell lysis, isolation, purification, drying, and product characterization [7]. Physical methods of wall breaking include ultrasonication, negative pressure cavitation, osmotic pressure impact, freeze-thaw, and chemical methods using acids, bases, detergents, enzymes, and so on. Different methods of destruction of Spirulina cell wall to different degrees, algal blue protein dissolution varies, research reports ultrasonic wall-breaking technology to deal with material wall-breaking rate is high, the purpose of the material extraction effect is good, and the algal blue protein extraction rate is high [10], but the protein extraction process, not only to extract the higher rate of protein, but also to maintain the activity of the protein, the literature reported that ultrasound is the propagation of mechanical vibration energy, in such an intense vibration sound field, in such an intense vibration sound field, in order to maintain the activity of the protein. Ultrasound is the propagation of mechanical vibrational energy, and in such an intense vibrational field, it can lead to changes in the function or structure of biological systems. Strong ultrasound irradiation of organisms can occur in the ultrasonic cavitation effect, so that the local temperature in the organism rises to thousands of degrees, which will cause changes in the structure of proteins and damage.

Considering the protein yield and the maintenance of protein activity, as well as the interference of chemical reagents, the protein was extracted by freeze-thawing method at low temperature in this study. There are several methods for further purification of protein extracts, such as ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, ammonium sulfate gradient chromatography, hydroxyapatite, levano-precipitation, and expanded bed adsorption [8-10]. Ammonium sulfate chromatography coupled with hydrophobic chromatography was used to isolate and purify phycocyanin from Spirulina, and the high salt level may lead to denaturation of the protein. Hydroxyapatite separation is complicated and costly. The alginate obtained by levano-precipitation and expanded bed adsorption had a high overall yield, but the purity was low and further purification was required.Patil et al[13] devised a simple and efficient method consisting of a two-step procedure: dual-phase aqueous extraction and ion-exchange chromatography, but chemical reagents were also added to the procedure.14 The method is based on a combination of ammonium sulfate hydrolysis and hydrophobic chromatography.

In this study, we used the common separation method of centrifugal precipitation to remove the residue, and then used gel filtration chromatography to separate the different molecular weight proteins. Comparison of the infrared spectra of Spirulina powder, extract No.1, extract No.2 and residue showed that there were different degrees of differences in different wavelengths. The absorption peaks near the wavelength range of 1600-1800 cm-1 suggested the presence of proteins, and it was seen that there were differences between the absorption peaks of Spirulina powder and extracts in this range, and the peak areas in the range of the wave number of the extract were obviously larger than those in the range of the wave number of the extract, suggesting that the protein content was high. The peak area in the wave number range of the extract was significantly larger than that of the Spirulina powder, suggesting that the protein content was high. The molecular weights of the α- and β-subunits of phycocyanin were reported to be 18.4 kDa and 21.3 kDa, respectively [14], and the molecular weights were reported to be 15.4 kDa and 17.3 kDa, respectively [10], as well as 16 and 17 kDa, respectively [15], whereas extract No. 1 and extract No. 2 obtained in this study had only one band, and the molecular weights of these bands were both about 17 kDa, which is consistent with the literature [15]. This is consistent with the molecular weights of 16 kDa and 17 kDa for the α-subunit and β-subunit, respectively, as reported in the literature [15]. However, the SDS-PAGE results of Extract No. 1 and Extract No. 2 in this study showed a single band with the same molecular weight, which is inconsistent with the results reported in the literature [15] that there are two subunits of phycocyanin, and there are two bands on the SDS-PAGE results, so the results of the extracts of Phycocyanin No. 1 and Extract No. 2 in this study are not consistent with the results reported in the literature [15]. This is not consistent with the literature report[15] that there are two subunits of phycocyanin and two bands on SDS-PAGE.

The absorption spectra of the major algal bile proteins were reported to be different in the literature. Further scanning of the spectra of the extracts by UV/Vis spectrophotometer revealed that extract No. 1 had a maximum absorption peak at 617.0 nm and extract No. 2 had a maximum absorption peak at 619.5 nm, which was consistent with the literature report that phycocyanin had a maximum absorption peak at 615 nm-620 nm [ 7,16], and the literature reported [17] that the maximum absorption peak of visible phycocyanin was 620 nm and there was a clear shoulder peak at 600 nm. This is consistent with the literature report that algal blue protein has a maximum absorption peak at 615 nm-620 nm [7,16], and the literature report [17] shows that the maximum absorption peak of algal blue protein is 620 nm, and there is also an obvious shoulder peak at 600 nm, the maximum absorption peak of α-subunit is 624 nm, and the maximum absorption peak of β-subunit is 610 nm, and the peaks of the absorption peaks have a relationship with the extraction process of the protein, purity, and the PH value of the solution during the test, which is not an absolute value but is a fluctuation. This value is not absolute, but a fluctuation range, and the results suggest that extract No. 1 and extract No. 2 in this study are two subunits of algal blue protein respectively. The purity of phycocyanin was evaluated by the absorbance of A620/A280, and the purity of food grade was 0.7, the purity of reaction grade was 3.9, and the purity of the analytical grade was above 4.0.

In this study, the purity of extract No. 1 was 0.78 A620/A280 with 15% yield, and the purity of extract No. 2 was 0.85 A620/A280 with 20% yield. In the present study, food-grade algal blue protein subunits were extracted. Further investigation of its immunological activity revealed that the extract induced proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes. In conclusion, the extract was extracted by low-temperature aqueous extraction and gel filtration chromatography without the addition of any chemical reagents, and the extract was active. The group will further purify the extracts of algal cyanine subunits and explore the subunits and their bioactivities of extracts No. 1 and No. 2, so as to provide experimental data for the extraction and application of algal cyanine subunits.

References:

[1] Marín-Prida J, Pavón-Fuentes N, Llópiz-Arzuaga A, et al. Phyco⁃ cyanobilin promotes PC12 cell survival and modulates immune and inflammatory genes and oxidative stress markers in acute cere⁃ bral hypoperfusion in rats [J]. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2013,272(1): 49-60.

[2] Chang CJ, Yang YH, Liang YC, et al. A novel phycobiliprotein al⁃ leviates allergic airway inflammation by modulating immune re⁃ sponses [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2011, 183(1):11-25.

[3] Zheng J, Inoguchi T, Sasaki S. Phycocyanin and phycocyanobilinfrom Spirulina platensis protect against diabetic nephropathy by in⁃ hibiting oxidative stress [J].  Am J Physiol Inteqr Comp Physiol, 2013, 304(2): 110-120 .

[4] Pak W, Takayama F, Mine M, et al. Anti-oxidative and anti-in⁃ flammatory effects of Spirulina on rat model of non-alcoholic ste⁃ atohepatitis [J]. J Clin Biochem Nutr,2012,51(3):227 .

[5] Ravi M, Tentu S, Baskar G, et al. Molecular mechanism of an⁃ ti-cancer activity of phycocyanin in triple-negative breast cancer cells [J]. BMC Cancer,2015, 15(23):768-771.

[6] Ou Y, Lin L, Yang X, et al. Antidiabetic potential of phycocyanin: effects on KKAy mice [J]. Pharm Biol,2013,51(5): 539-544 .

[7] Kuddus M, Singh P, Thomas G, et al. Recent Developments in Pro⁃ duction and biotechnological applications of C-Phycocyanin [J]. Biomed Res Int,2013,8(26):1-9.

[8] Niu J F,Wang G C,Lin X, et al. Large-scale recovery of C-phyco⁃ cyanin from Spirulina platensis using expanded bed adsorption chromatography [J].  J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2007,850(1-2):267-276 .

[9] Minkova KM, Tchernov AA, Tchorbadjieva MI, et al. Purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina (Arthospira) fusiformis [J]. J Bio⁃ technol,2003, 102(1): 55-59 .

[10] SHAO Mingfei, ZHAO Nan, LI Yongyong, et al. One-step column chromatographic purification of Spirulina alginata cyanobacterial protein [J]. Journal of Biology,2013, 30(5):59-63.

[11] GUO Rui-Yong, HUANG Bei, ZUO Man-Man, et al. Preparation of liposomes of phycocyanin subunits and their photodynamic antitumor effects [J]. Journal of Pharmacy,2008,43(10):1060-1065.

[12] TAN Yang, HUANG Bei, REN Yan Min, et al. Study on the cell permeability of phycocyanin subunits and their photosensitizing effect on tumor cells [J]. Laser Biology Letters,2007, 16(6):684-688.

[13]Patil G, Chethana S, Sridevi AS, et al. Method to obtain C-phyco⁃ cyanin of high purity [J]. J Chromatogr A,2006, 1127(1-2):76-81.

[14] Chen T, Wong YS, Zheng W. Purification and characterization of selenium-containing phycocyanin from selenium-enriched Spiruli⁃ na platensis [J]. . Phytochemistry,2006,67(22): 2424-2430 .

[15]Kumar D, Dhar DW, Pabbi S, et al. Extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (CCC540) [J].  Ind J Plant Physiol,2014, 19(2):184-188.

[16] Lüder UH1, Knoetzel J, Wiencke C. Two forms of phycobilisomes in the Antarctic red macroalga Palmaria decipiens (Palmariales, Florideophyceae) [J J]. Physiol Plant,2001, 112(4):572-581.

[17] ZHANG Xin, LI Jianyong, GONG Xingguo. Separation of C-phycocyanin subunits and antitumor activity of Spirulina [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Science),2010,37(3):319-323.

#Phycocyanin #Spirulina #algalblueprotein #Phycocyaninextraction #Spirulinapowder

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Microplate Reader LMPR-B10

Labtron Microplate Reader is a UV-visible spectrophotometer with a UV-transmissive 96-well optical system. It features a long-lasting xenon lamp, wavelength range of 190-1000 nm and 0-15.0 OD measurement. With single, dual and full-wavelength detection, it supports quantitative/qualitative analysis and multiple calculation methods. Ideal for protein quantification and G protein detection.

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UV Visible Spectrophotometer 500 W

Labnic UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, which features a double beam optical system with a PMT detector, has a 190–900 nm wavelength range and 0.1–5 nm spectral bandwidth. Its ergonomic touch-screen, ultra-high-speed scanning, and compact design save 30% installation space.

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Mankind Pharma, a renowned name in the pharmaceutical industry, is conducting a walk-in drive for experienced professionals in Quality Assurance and Quality Control. This drive is set to take place on September 1, 2024, from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM at Hotel Silver Cloud, Ahmedabad. If you hold a degree in MSc Chemistry, B Pharmacy, or M Pharmacy and have relevant industry experience, this could be your chance to join one of India’s leading pharma companies. Job Location: RIICO Industrial Area, Kaladwas (Extn.), Udaipur, Rajasthan – API & Formulation Plant Available Positions and Qualifications 1. Quality Assurance (IPQA) Position: Sr Executive / Executive / Sr Officer / Officer Qualification: MSc (Chemistry), B Pharmacy, M Pharmacy Experience: 3 to 5 years Key Skills: Preparation of IPQA SOPs IPQA Checks, AQL, Line Clearance Review of BPR, Audit & Compliance Sampling of API & Drug Products Document & Data Control Control Sample Management 2. Quality Assurance (Qualifications) Position: Sr. Executive / Executive / Sr. Officer / Officer Qualification: MSc (Chemistry), B Pharmacy, BE (Instrumentation) Experience: 4 to 6 years Key Skills: Calibration & Qualification of Instruments/Equipment Utility/Water System/Environment Monitoring Process Validation, Cleaning Validation Technology Transfer for API & Drug Products 3. Quality Control Position: Sr Executive / Executive / Sr Officer / Officer Qualification: BSc, MSc (Chemistry) Experience: 2 to 6 years Key Skills: Analysis of RM, PM, Intermediates, APIs, Drug Products Proficiency in HPLC, GC, FTIR, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Analytical Balance, Sampling [caption id="attachment_59502" align="aligncenter" width="930"] Mankind Walk-In Drive for Quality Assurance & Quality Control[/caption] Walk-In Interview Details Date: September 1, 2024 Time: 09:00 AM to 05:00 PM Venue: Hotel Silver Cloud, Opp. Gandhi Ashram & Dandi Bridge, Ashram Road, Wadaj, Ahmedabad - 380 027 Contact for Queries: Phone: 8955607876 Email: dhruv.jhala@mankindpharma.com Note: Immediate joiners will be given preference.

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Development Trends of Chinese Plant Extract Manufacturers

Chinese Plant Extract Manufacturers can generally be divided into four tiers. The first tier includes A-share listed companies such as Layn Natural Ingredients and Chen Guang Biotechnology Group (CCGB), which are technologically advanced, have large-scale operations, and have high visibility. The second tier consists of some New Third Board-listed companies, such as Day Natural, and Red Star Pharmaceutical, which have a certain level of visibility and are continuously expanding in scale. The third tier includes companies like BGG WORLD and JOYWIN Natural Products, recognized by the industry, while the rest are relatively weaker players in the fourth tier.

Plant Extract Manufacturers typically feature the following main characteristics and equipment:

Extraction equipment: These devices are used to extract useful compounds from plant materials. Extraction processes can utilize various methods such as solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and distillation.

Separation and purification equipment: Extracted mixtures need to be separated and purified to obtain the desired compounds. This may involve techniques such as chromatography, crystallization, and membrane separation.

Testing and analysis equipment: Factories are typically equipped with devices for testing and analyzing to ensure product quality and purity. These devices may include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers (UV-Vis).

Production and packaging equipment: Once compounds are extracted, separated, and purified, they are processed into final product forms and packaged for sale. This may involve processes such as formulation, drying, filling, and packaging.

Quality control and compliance: Plant extraction factories need to comply with relevant quality control standards and regulations to ensure product quality, safety, and compliance. This may include implementing good manufacturing practices (GMP), quality management systems (QMS), etc.

Major publicly listed companies in the Plant Extract Manufacturers:

Layn Natural Ingredients: Layn specializes in the research, production, and sales of plant extracts and natural drugs. Its flagship products may include various plant extracts used in pharmaceuticals, health products, cosmetics, etc. For example, they may provide active ingredients extracted from various plants for the manufacture of health products and medicines. Specific products may include grape seed extract, soy isoflavones, green tea extract, etc.

Chen Guang Biotechnology Group: CCGB is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the extraction, separation, purification, and application of effective plant components. Its main products include six major series with hundreds of products, among which natural pigments have the highest sales volume nationwide, capsanthin ranks first in the world in terms of sales volume, and capsicum oleoresin accounts for over 85% of domestic production. Lutein, lycopene, and other varieties are also important in the international market.

Possible future directions for Chinese Plant Extract Manufacturers:

Technological innovation and process improvement: With the continuous advancement of technology, plant extraction techniques and processes will continue to improve and innovate. Factories may invest more resources in the research and application of new extraction technologies to improve extraction efficiency, reduce costs, and develop more types of plant extracts.

Product diversification and functionality enhancement: With the increasing focus on health and beauty, the demand for plant extract products is expected to continue growing. Factories may increase efforts in the research and development of product diversification and functionality enhancement to develop more types of plant extract products with unique characteristics to meet the needs of different customer groups.

Quality control and compliance: With the intensification of market competition, factories may pay more attention to quality control and compliance. Strengthening quality management during the production process to ensure the safety, efficacy, and stability of products, and strictly comply with relevant laws and standards.

Sustainable development and environmental awareness: Against the backdrop of increasing environmental awareness, factories may pay more attention to sustainable development and environmental protection. Adopting more environmentally friendly production processes and materials to reduce energy consumption and waste emissions, and actively participating in green production and circular economy.

Expansion into international markets: With the advancement of globalization, Chinese plant extraction factories may increase their efforts to expand into international markets. Actively participating in international cooperation and exchanges, opening up overseas markets, and enhancing brand influence and competitiveness.

Chinese Plant Extract Manufacturer

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How to Choose the Right UV VIS Spectrophotometer in India

A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the absorbance and transmittance of light in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is widely used in chemistry, biology, and materials science for analyzing the concentration of solutions, studying reaction kinetics, and characterizing compounds. Microsil India: Leading UV-Vis spectrophotometer manufacturer in India, delivering precision, reliability, and innovation for accurate scientific and industrial applications. The instrument provides vital data for qualitative and quantitative analysis in various research fields.

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UV-Visible Spectrophotometer

Labnics UV-Visible Spectrophotometer is a compact, ergonomically designed instrument for optical measurements of transparent solutions or opaque solids. With a wavelength range of 190-1100nm and spectral bandwidth of 2.0/4.0nm, it performs analyses like Photometric T%, Absorbance, Standard Curve, and Time Scan Kinetics. Features include low noise, low stray light, real-time data storage, durable construction with a reinforced baseboard, and an LCD display with a numeric keypad.

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Double Beam UV-Visible Spectrophotometer

Double Beam UV-Visible Spectrophotometer is a compact, tabletop, double beam and Czerny-Turner monochromator comprised Double Beam UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, comes with 20 mm of focal length and 1600 lines/mm of grating. With 190 to 1100 nm of wavelength range, features adjustable 5-speed bandwidth of 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 4 nm, and 5 nm with fast-medium-slow scanning speed. Designed with Silicon Photocell detector, deuterium and tungsten lamp as light source, and 8-inch color touch-screen, supports spectra printing, storage and data analysis. Incorporated with USB communication port, ARM chip control and data processing, and easy user interface, this spectrophotometer has automatic scanning of measured spectrum, multi-wavelength (1-3 λ) measurement, kinetic measurement, 1-3 curve fitting, and 1-4 derivative spectra.

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What are The Different Types of Equipment Used in Laboratories? Lasany International

Lasany International is the manufacturer of different types of equipment used in laboratories including microscopes, centrifuges, incubators, balances and scales, pipettes and syringes, spectrophotometers, autoclaves, freezers and refrigerators, and glassware and plastics.

Microscopes: Used to observe and magnify small objects, microscopes are essential in many scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and physics.

Balances and Scales: These instruments are used to measure the mass, weight, and density of substances accurately.

Bunsen Burners: A standard tool used in chemistry labs for heating, sterilizing, and combustion reactions.

Glassware: Commonly used glassware in a lab includes beakers, flasks, test tubes, pipettes, and graduated cylinders.

Centrifuges: Used to separate substances based on their density, centrifuges are widely used in biological and chemical research.

Spectrophotometers: These instruments are used to measure light intensity in a sample and are commonly used in biochemistry and microbiology research.

Incubators: These instruments are used to create and maintain controlled environments for the growth of microorganisms, cells, or tissues.

Chromatography Equipment: This equipment separates compounds and analyzes their composition. Common chromatography instruments include gas chromatographs, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and thin-layer chromatography.

pH Meters: Used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Safety Equipment: This equipment includes gloves, goggles, lab coats, fire extinguishers, and other tools to ensure a safe laboratory environment.

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UV-Visible Spectrophotometer

A UV-Visible spectrophotometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the absorption of light in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It's widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, environmental science, pharmaceuticals, and materials science.

[helen0086]

Liposomes Coenzyme Q10 Quality Evaluation

Liposomes are ultra-microscopic spherical carriers that encapsulate drugs in a lipid bilayer. They exert their effect by being released through osmosis or phagocytosis by macrophages [1]. Liposomes have a variety of characteristics as drug carriers. They can encapsulate both water-soluble and fat-soluble drugs. In particular, they have attracted much attention for their ability to improve the selectivity of drugs for target organs, reduce toxicity and increase the therapeutic index.

Coenzyme Q1O (coenzyme Q1O) is a coenzyme-type biochemical drug [2, 3] that is a major component of proton transfer and electron transfer in the respiratory chain of cells of living organisms. It is an activator of cellular metabolism and respiration. Coenzyme Q1O can improve mitochondrial respiratory function, promote oxidative phosphorylation, protect the integrity of the structure of biological membranes, and has a significant anti-radiation effect and 5α-reductase inhibitory effect.

It is often used in clinical practice to assist in the treatment of coronary heart disease, hypertension, congestive heart failure and arrhythmia, and also has significant effects on photosensitivity, skin ulcers, dermatitis, bedsores, trauma and other conditions. In recent years, it has also been widely used in the treatment of hair loss, pigmentation and the elimination of wrinkles to improve the quality of life. Coenzyme Q1O liposome is a newly developed pharmaceutical preparation in this laboratory, and this experiment studied the quality evaluation method.

Materials and Methods

1. 1 Instrument and Reagents

Experiments: pHS-3TC precision digital pH meter (Shanghai Tianda Instrument Co., Ltd.); CARY-1OO UV-Visible spectrophotometer (Varian, USA); high performance liquid chromatograph (Waters, USA): 51O high pressure constant current pump, 486 variable square wave length data UV detector; SR2OOO chromatography data workstation (Shanghai Sunrui Technology Co., Ltd.); TSM ultrafine particle size analyzer (Shanghai University of Technology); FA 1OO4 electronic balance (Shanghai Tianping Instrument Factory); 8O-2 centrifugal sedimentation machine (Shanghai Surgical Instrument Factory). Coenzyme Q1O raw material (Nisshin, Japan), the reference substance is refined from the raw material, purity 99.98%; Coenzyme Q1O liposome (homemade); blank liposome (homemade); anhydrous ethanol (China Pharmaceutical Group Shanghai Chemical Reagent Company); water is deionized distilled water; the remaining reagents are analytically pure.

2 pH Value Inspection

According to the 2OOO edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, Appendix VI H, a glass electrode is used as the indicator electrode and an acidimeter is used for measurement.

1. 3 Morphological Observation and Particle Size Distribution Measurement

Coenzyme Q1O liposomes were taken, stained with a negative staining method, and the morphology of the particles was observed under a transmission electron microscope; the particle size distribution was determined using a TMS ultrafine particle size analyzer.

1.4 Determination of Coenzyme Q1O Content by RP-HPLC

1. 4. 1 Chromatographic Conditions

DABC18RPODS column (15Omm× 4. 6 mm , 1Oμm, Shanghai Yiqi Technology Co., Ltd.); mobile phase: anhydrous ethanol; flow rate: 1. Oml/min; ultraviolet detection wavelength: 275nm, sensitivity: 0. O5 AuFS, injection volume 1Oμl, external standard method for quantification.

1.4. 2 Standard Curve and Detection Limit

A series of coenzyme Q1O solutions were prepared with anhydrous ethanol to give mass concentrations of 1. O, 2. O, 4. O, 8. O, and 16. O μg/ml, and detected by RP-HPLC.

1. 4. 3 Precision of the Method

Coenzyme Q1O standard solutions of 1. O, 2. O, 4. O, 8. O, and 16. O μg/ml were prepared, and the measurements were repeated 5 times within the day and between days.

4. 4 Sample Addition Recovery

Take an appropriate amount of empty liposomes, place them in a 1Oml volumetric flask, and measure precisely 25ml of coenzyme Q1O stock solution (O. 1g/ml) each. Shake well and determine the content according to the sample analysis method.

1. 4. 5 Sample Determination

Measure accurately an appropriate amount of coenzyme Q1O liposome, place it in a 1Oml volumetric flask, make up to the mark with absolute ethanol, shake well, and then dilute 1OO times with absolute ethanol. Shake well to obtain the test solution. Measure accurately 1Oμl of the test solution and inject it. Calculate the content of the test solution from the standard curve.

5 Determination of the Encapsulation Rate of Liposomes Coenzyme Q1

Dilute coenzyme Q1O liposomes 20 times with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), measure an appropriate amount and place it in a centrifugal ultrafilter with a molecular weight cut-off of 5OOOO. Centrifuge at 3OOOr/min for 1O min to obtain a clear centrifugal liquid. Centrifuge the solution carefully, take an appropriate amount of the supernatant, dissolve it in anhydrous ethanol and make up to the mark. Shake well to obtain the test solution. Centrifuge a precise amount of 10 μl of the solution and calculate the free coenzyme Q10 content from the standard curve. Calculate the drug encapsulation rate according to the following formula:

where Wtotal and Wfree represent the total drug content and the free drug content in the liposome, respectively.

2 Results

1 Main Characteristics of Liposomes Coenzyme Q1O

Coenzyme Q1O liposomes are a pale yellow emulsion with a pH of 5. O~7. 5. They are mainly composed of unilamellar liposomes and a small amount of multilamellar liposomes. The particle sizes are relatively uniform and they are a colloidal colloidal dispersion; the particle size is basically normally distributed, with an average particle size of 0.184 μm and particles > 1 μm accounting for 0.17%.

2. 2 Results of RP-HPLC Analysis

2. 2. 1 Standard Curve Regression of Peak Area (A) Against Concentration (C) Gives the Standard Curve:

C= 6. 974× 1O— 5A—5. 894× 1O— 2, r = O. 9999(n=5)

The results show that the concentration in the range of 1. O~16. Oμg/ml has a good linear relationship with the peak area. The lowest detectable concentration of the method is 0. 1μg/ml, the lowest detection limit is 1ng, the retention time of coenzyme Q1O is about 4. 4min, and the theoretical plate number is more than 3OOO.

2. 2 Method Precision and Recovery

Intraday and interday RSD<2%. The average recovery rate was (1OO. 5±O. 65)%, n = 3.

2.2. 3 Sample Measurement Results

Three batches of samples were measured, and the coenzyme Q1O content in coenzyme Q1O liposomes was 94. 71%, 1O3.46% and 91. O9% of the labeled amount, respectively, all within the range of 9O. O%~11O. O% specified in the quality standard.

2.3 Encapsulation Rate of Liposomes Coenzyme Q10 

The encapsulation rate of three batches of coenzyme Q1O liposome samples was measured, and the encapsulation rate was >95%, which meets the requirements of liposome quality control.

3 Discussion

At present, the main methods used at home and abroad for ultrafine particle size analysis include optical microscopy, light transmission, laser scattering, and specific gravity methods. The TSM ultrafine particle size analyzer used in this experiment is a new type of particle size analyzer based on the principle of total light scattering [4]. It is used to measure the size distribution of ultrafine particles to meet the requirements of particle detection and size analysis.

A solution of coenzyme Q1O in absolute ethanol of a certain concentration was scanned with UV light in the wavelength range of 19O~ 35Onm. It was shown that coenzyme Q1O has a large absorption at 2O4, 275nm. Since there is interference in the measurement at 2O4nm, 275 nm was selected as the measurement wavelength in this experiment.

Literature reports [1] that there are many methods for determining the encapsulation rate, mainly including the dextran gel filtration method, ultracentrifugation method, dialysis method, etc. The dextran gel filtration method is a classic determination method, but it is cumbersome, time-consuming, and the raw materials are also more expensive; the ultracentrifugation method requires high instrument conditions and is expensive; the dialysis method requires continuous replacement of the dialysis solution. In this experiment, a centrifugal ultrafilter was used to determine the encapsulation rate. Coenzyme Q1O phosphate buffer can completely pass through the filter membrane. This method is convenient, fast, easy to operate, and has good reproducibility, making it more suitable for quality control in the production process.

Coenzyme Q10 is easily decomposed by light. Formulating it as a liposome preparation can improve the stability of the drug and prolong its duration of action. In addition, liposomes are hydrophilic carriers composed of phospholipid bilayers, which can also increase the compatibility of coenzyme Q10 with other hydrophilic components and increase its absorption in the body.

References:

[1] Gao Shen, ed. New dosage forms and technologies for modern drugs [M]. Beijing: People's Military Medical Publishing House, 2OO2. 197-228.

[2] Greenberg S, Frishman WH. Coenzyme Q1O: a new drug for cardiovascular disease [J]. J Clin Pharmacol, 199O, 3O(7) : 596- 6O8.

[3] Hoppe U, Bergemann j , Diembeck W , et al. Coenzyme Q1O, a cutaneous antioxidant and energizer[j]. Biofactors, 1999, 9(2- 4): 371-378.

[4] Cai XS. Measurement of particle size distribution with light extinction method [J]. Guangxue xuebao (Acta optica sin), 1991, 11(11): 49-53.

[integrating-sphere]

Color difference control of spectrophotometer

Spectrophotometer is a color measuring instrument with excellent performance, wide use, and easy operation. This instrument is suitable for color detection and color difference control of complex products in industry, such as measuring the reflected and transmitted colors of objects, while also measuring the whiteness, chromaticity, and the most basic color difference between two objects. The spectrophotometer is designed to provide a 45 °/0 ° geometric viewing angle suitable for human eye observation. It displays the reflectance and transmittance of a single object in the visible light band of 300nm-700nm, and is connected to a computer through an interface to expand more functions. At the beginning of the development of spectroscopic colorimeters, researchers generally consider configurations suitable for different industries, products, and measurement environments, including the selection of light sources (A, C, D65, D50, and so on), and a variety of color difference formulas to choose from. In addition, tolerance ranges can be set based on product qualification requirements, which can quickly detect product color differences, and is suitable for controlling color in large-scale industrial production. Currently, in industrial production, spectroscopic colorimeters are mainly used in industries where color requirements are relatively strict and difficult to control, such as textiles, printing and dyeing, coatings, metallic paints, glass coatings, paint films, building materials, printing, and so on. Using spectroscopic colorimeters to quantitatively compare and analyze the color information of products can be readily understood. At the same time, connecting to a PC can clearly restore color information, providing the best guarantee for color transmission and reproduction. The interior of the spectrophotometer contains an optical element that can divide optical dispersion. Spectroscopic colorimeters generally use prisms, gratings, interference filters, adjustable or discontinuous series of monochromatic light sources to achieve light splitting, and then analyze single color information based on the dispersion principle to achieve color digital. The spectrophotometer can ultimately display chromaticity information based on internally set chromaticity spaces and calculation formulas, and output it in digital form. In addition, a spectrophotometer can also analyze potential spectral data information based on colorimetric data. Spectrophotometer is designed for data comparison and simulation of visual chromaticity, as well as an important auxiliary tool for computer color matching, which can help major manufacturers perfectly complete the analysis, processing, and monitoring of spectral and chromaticity information. In the use of spectroscopic colorimeters, a key data equation - the color tolerance equation - is involved. In fact, we usually refer to the tolerance range. In industrial batch production, there are tolerances to control the product and qualification, which is fast and reasonable. To control the color difference of a product with a spectrophotometer, it is necessary to first measure the information of the standard sample product, and then obtain color difference data by comparing the measured sample color information. In fact, color measurement and management are generally the same, except that spectroscopic colorimeters have a higher accuracy and a much faster measurement speed than ordinary colorimeters. They can measure both, with a measurement time of around 0.3 seconds. This application to color detection in batch industrial production can greatly improve the speed of color detection and production efficiency. Benchtop Spectrophotometer (Reflectance and Transmittance) DSCD-920 adopts 7 inches touch screen, full wavelength range, Android operate system. Illumination : reflectance D/8° and transmittance D/0°(UV included / UV excluded), high accuracy for color measurement, large storage memory, PC software, because of above advantages, it is used in laboratory for color analysis and communication. Lisun Instruments Limited was found by LISUN GROUP in 2003. LISUN quality system has been strictly certified by ISO9001:2015. As a CIE Membership, LISUN products are designed based on CIE, IEC and other international or national standards. All products passed CE certificate and authenticated by the third party lab. Our main products are Goniophotometer, Integrating Sphere, Spectroradiometer, Surge Generator, ESD Simulator Guns, EMI Receiver, EMC Test Equipment, Electrical Safety Tester, Environmental Chamber, Temperature Chamber, Climate Chamber, Thermal Chamber, Salt Spray Test, Dust Test Chamber, Waterproof Test, RoHS Test (EDXRF), Glow Wire Test and Needle Flame Test. Please feel free to contact us if you need any support. Tech Dep: Service@Lisungroup.com, Cell/WhatsApp:+8615317907381 Sales Dep: Sales@Lisungroup.com, Cell/WhatsApp:+8618117273997 Read the full article

[labequipmentindia]

 Lab Equipment

1. Beakers and Flasks: Foundations of Measurement

Beakers and flasks are iconic symbols of laboratory Equipment work, serving as vessels for holding, mixing, and measuring liquids. Beakers come in various sizes, typically marked with volume gradations for accurate measurement. They are versatile, allowing scientists to perform tasks such as stirring, heating, and pouring. Flasks, on the other hand, often have narrower necks and are used for more precise measurements and reactions where evaporation needs to be minimised. Together, these basic containers form the backbone of liquid handling in labs worldwide.

2. Microscopes: Unlocking the Microcosm

Microscopes are indispensable lab equipment tools for exploring the microscopic world. They enable scientists to magnify objects hundreds or even thousands of times, revealing details that are invisible to the naked eye. From examining cells and microorganisms to analyzing materials at the nanoscale, microscopes play a crucial role in fields such as biology, medicine, materials science, and beyond. With advancements like electron microscopy and confocal microscopy, researchers can delve even deeper into the intricacies of the microcosm.

3. Centrifuges: Separating Powerhouses

Centrifuges harness the principles of centrifugal force to separate substances based on their density. By spinning samples at high speeds, centrifuges cause heavier particles to settle at the bottom while lighter components rise to the top. This process is invaluable for tasks such as isolating DNA, purifying proteins, and separating blood components in medical diagnostics. Modern centrifuges offer a range of capabilities, including variable speed settings, temperature control, and specialized rotors for specific applications.

4. Spectrophotometers: Shedding Light on Chemical Analysis

lab equipment Spectrophotometers are instrumental in quantifying the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance across different wavelengths. This information is used to determine the concentration of analytes in solutions, making spectrophotometry a cornerstone technique in fields like biochemistry, environmental science, and pharmaceuticals. UV-visible spectrophotometers are commonly used for measuring organic compounds, while infrared and atomic absorption spectrophotometers cater to different analytical needs.

5. Incubators and Ovens: Cultivating Conditions

lab equipment and ovens provide controlled environments for cultivating cells, growing cultures, and conducting experiments that require specific temperature and humidity conditions. Incubators are crucial for cell culture work, microbiology research, and molecular biology techniques like PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Ovens, on the other hand, are used for sterilization, drying, and heat treatments in applications ranging from sample preparation to materials testing.

6. Pipettes and Dispensers: Precise Liquid Handling

Pipettes and dispensers are precision instruments used for transferring precise volumes of liquids. Manual pipettes are operated by hand and are available in various formats, including micropipettes for small volumes and multichannel pipettes for high-throughput applications. Automated pipetting systems offer increased efficiency and reproducibility, making them ideal for tasks like serial dilutions, liquid handling in high-throughput screening, and molecular biology workflows.

7. Analytical Balances: Weighing with Precision

Analytical balances provide accurate measurements of mass, essential for tasks like preparing solutions, dosing reagents, and determining the purity of substances. These balances offer high precision, often capable of measuring weights down to the microgram or even nanogram level. They are equipped with features such as draft shields to minimize environmental interference and calibration routines to ensure accuracy.

lab equipment, the workhorses of any laboratory. Beakers, test tubes, and flasks, made from durable glass, are used for mixing, storing, and heating various substances. Pipettes, with their precise markings, ensure accurate measurements of even the smallest volumes. And who can forget the ubiquitous Bunsen burner, providing heat for countless experiments?

Delving deeper:

As we move beyond the basics, we encounter a world of specialized equipment. Microscopes, with their powerful lenses, unveil the unseen world of cells and microorganisms. Centrifuges separate mixtures based on density, while spectrometers analyze the composition of materials. Each piece of equipment is designed for a specific purpose, contributing to the scientific process in its own unique way.

The cutting edge:

Modern science is constantly evolving, and so is the equipment that supports it. Advanced tools like 3D printers and gene sequencers are pushing the boundaries of what’s possible. These sophisticated instruments allow scientists to create complex structures, analyze DNA, and unlock the secrets of life itself.

Beyond the tools:

But lab equipment is more than just tools. They are partners in discovery, silent witnesses to countless experiments and breakthroughs. They represent the dedication and ingenuity of scientists, engineers, and technicians who design, build, and use these instruments to push the frontiers of knowledge.