#Tenofovir

[mollyleonaa]

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[kaylasandra12]

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[hankstom]

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Production Cost

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) Production Cost refers to the total expenditure incurred in manufacturing this antiviral medication, commonly used to treat HIV and Hepatitis B. The production cost includes raw materials like tenofovir base, excipients, and fumaric acid, along with expenses for synthesis, formulation, quality control, labor, equipment, energy, and regulatory compliance. Factors such as scale of production, geographic location, and efficiency of manufacturing processes significantly influence the cost.

[kermitsex]

Oh you think just cause streptomycin and erythromycin share a suffix they'd belong to the same class of antimicrobials? That's funny bitch. That's real funny. They don't even act on the same ribosome subunit.

[oddwayintt]

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[macgyvermedical]

Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

I've done a post about this before, but I have more info now and I saw a cool post about HIV PEP that got me thinking about making another post.

The following are some of the diseases that you can get medication/vaccination for after getting exposed:

COVID-19: We used to have PEP for this, but it stopped being effective as the virus evolved. Another drug is coming on the market (currently in phase 3 trials) called Ensitrelvir that shows some promise.

Rabies: Rabies immunoglobulin (immunoglobulin is a drug made from antibodies), followed by the rabies vaccine series.

Tetanus: Assuming a standard vaccine series earlier in life, a single vaccine soon after a dirty wound will prevent tetanus. If no standard vaccine series, the patient needs tetanus immunoglobulin too.

HIV: This is probably the most famous PEP. It's essentially a 28-day course of the same antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV. Usually, this is a 28-day course of three antiretrovirals: emtricitabine, tenofovir, and either dolutegravir or raltegravir.

Hepatitis A: Dose of hepatitis A vaccine will work for most people. High risk individuals over the age of 40 might need human immunoglobulin as well as a vaccine dose.

Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B vaccine is weird, and a lot of people don't respond to it. If the person has titers (a blood test) that says they responded to the original series of Hep B, all they need is a booster. If they are in the process of getting vaccinated or are a known non-responder to the vaccine, they need both Hep B immunoglobulin and the vaccine.

Anthrax: A 60-day course of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin.

Lyme Disease: A single 200mg dose of the antibiotic doxycycline given within 3 days of a high risk tick bite (probably stayed attached for more than 36 hours).

Mpox (or any pox virus): Smallpox vaccine (we still have these because omg would smallpox escaping containment be BAD) given within 4 days to prevent, 14 days to lessen the severity.

Measles: EITHER an MMR or MMRV vaccine dose within 72 hours, OR a course of human immunoglobulin within 6 days. Can't do both. They cancel each other out.

Chickenpox: Not, actually, a pox virus. So either the MMRV or a varicella vaccine dose will work.

Leprosy: A single dose of the antibiotic rfampicin.

Bacterial STIs: A single dose of 200mg of the antibiotic doxycycline.

Pertussis: A course of one of a variety of different antibiotics including azithromycin.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Reference saved in our archive

Covid's constant rapid mutation is driving a continuing pandemic. "Let 'er rip" is costing lives, money, and medicine when common-sense and highly-effective nonpharmaceuticals like masks, air filtration, and ventilation are readily available yet rarely implemented.

Highlights •There were trends of mutations in the S protein of the omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant. •The studied ARVds exhibited adequate solubility, distribution and partition coefficient. •ARVds molecularly interacted with target sites of mutations.

Abstract The multiple mutation of the spike (S) protein of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant is a major concern, as it has been implicated in the severity of COVID-19 and its complications. These mutations have been attributed to COVID-19-infected immune-compromised individuals, with HIV patients being suspected to top the list. The present study investigated the mutation of the S protein of the omicron variant in comparison to the Delta and Wuhan variants. It also investigated the molecular interactions of antiretroviral drugs (ARVd) vis-à-vis dolutegravir, lamivudine, tenofovir-disoproxilfumarate and lenacapavir with the initiation and termination codons of the mRNAs of the mutated proteins of the omicron variant using computational tools. The complete genome sequences of the respective S proteins for omicron (OM066778.1), Delta (OK091006.1) and Wuhan (NC 045512.2) SARS-CoV-2 variants were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Evolutionary analysis revealed high trends of mutations in the S protein of the omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant compared to the delta and Wuhan variants coupled with 68 % homology. The sequences of the translation initiation sites (TISs), translation termination sites (TTSs), high mutation region-1 (HMR1) and high region mutation-2 (HMR2) mRNAs were retrieved from the full genome of the omicron variant S protein. Molecular docking analysis revealed strong molecular interactions of ARVd with TISs, TTSs, HMR1 and HMR2 of the S protein mRNA. These results indicate mutations in the S protein of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant compared to the Delta and Wuhan variants. These mutation points may present new therapeutic targets for COVID-19.

[glitter-stained]

For the ask idea Mia Dearden?

Also asked by @luvo27 ! Mia is a tricky one, because she's got a long-term daily prescription for hiv and that's somatic medicine which isn't that much my thing (reminder that I failed out of medschool) - so I had to do some research. Thankfully, Winick did me the favour of listing which specific drugs Mia is under: tenofovir + efavirens daily, and lamivudine twice a day.

> lamotrigin: a mood stabilizer (swinging more towards the negative end of the mood spectrum): both because of Mia's emotional dysregulation due to trauma (lamo is sometimes used in BPD and even CPTSD), and because efavirens can have further mood alterations effects (from depression to mania).

> We've seen Mia have trouble sleeping/have particular dreams that echo/reference her trauma, and we know insomnia can be a frequent side effect of lamivudine. For that reason, and because as a nighttime vigilant it can be very dangerous for her to lack sleep, I might suggest Zaleplon, with the caveat that the interaction with efavirens might diminish its effects 1. With Mia's past with drugs and sleeping in the streets, I don't know if she would even feel comfortable using a hypnotic, but that's part of why I think even psychologically it could be interesting for her to have this medicine that she could choose to take if she feels the need to, like having that option and deciding whether or not to take it could be an interesting tool for reaffirming her sense of bodily autonomy!

=> in any case, both of those should be taken at a two hour distance from the lamivudine tenofovir and efavirens in order to avoid reducing eachother's effect due to interactions during absorption.

1. Note that I considered giving her sertraline but efavirens also risks reducing its efficiency, and I figured since she was on lamo anyway I don't necessarily see the need to add another antidepressant since she doesn't appear particularly depressed to me and we really don't wanna overmedicate and risk having issues with forgetting to take one of the pills or confusing them etc. Efavirens really is a nasty bitch in terms of interactions, it really doesn't play nice.

[hasdrubal-gisco]

June 20, 2024 – Gilead Sciences, Inc. today announced topline results from an interim analysis of its pivotal, Phase 3 PURPOSE 1 trial indicating that the company’s twice-yearly injectable HIV-1 capsid inhibitor, lenacapavir, demonstrated 100% efficacy for the investigational use of HIV prevention in cisgender women. [...] PURPOSE 1, a Phase 3, double-blind, randomized study, is evaluating the safety and efficacy of twice-yearly, subcutaneous lenacapavir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and once-daily oral Descovy® (emtricitabine 200mg and tenofovir alafenamide 25mg; F/TAF) in more than 5,300 cisgender women and adolescent girls aged 16-25 across 25 sites in South Africa and three sites in Uganda. The drugs are being tested in parallel, with one group receiving twice-yearly lenacapavir and one group taking once-daily oral Descovy. Additionally, a third group was assigned once-daily oral Truvada. Study participants were randomized in a 2:2:1 ratio to lenacapavir, Descovy and Truvada, respectively. Because effective PrEP options already exist, there is broad consensus in the PrEP field that a placebo group would be unethical; thus, the trial used bHIV as the primary comparator and Truvada as a secondary comparator. There were 0 incident cases of HIV infection among 2,134 women in the lenacapavir group (incidence 0.00 per 100 person-years). There were 16 incident cases among 1,068 women in the Truvada group (incidence 1.69 per 100 person-years). The results demonstrated superiority of twice-yearly lenacapavir over bHIV (primary endpoint, incidence 2.41 per 100 person-years) and superiority of twice-yearly lenacapavir over once-daily Truvada (secondary endpoint), with p<0.0001 for both endpoints. In the trial, lenacapavir was generally well-tolerated and no significant or new safety concerns were identified. HIV incidence in the Descovy group was numerically similar (39 incident cases among 2,136 women, incidence 2.02 per 100 person-years) to that in the Truvada group and was not statistically superior to bHIV. Previous clinical trials among cisgender women have commonly found challenges with adherence to daily oral pills for PrEP, and adherence analyses for Descovy and Truvada from PURPOSE 1 are ongoing. In the trial, both Descovy and Truvada were generally well-tolerated and no new safety concerns were identified. 

[mollyleonaa]

What is Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate used for?

Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate is used in combination with other anti-HIV medications for the treatment of HIV infection. It is also indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. This medicine may also be used to treat other conditions as determined by your doctor.

[kaylasandra12]

Viread (Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate) for HIV Treatment & PrEP: Everything You Need to Know

https://www.thebody.com/health/hiv-viread-tenofovir-tdf

Viread (generic name: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; often abbreviated as TDF) is an anti-HIV medication taken as one pill once a day in combination with other medications. Viread is in a class of drugs called “nucleoside / nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors” (NRTIs), which stop HIV from making copies of itself.

Viread is available as a stand-alone drug, but it is usually used in combination with other drugs. Viread is included in a fixed-dose combination (FDC) pill called Truvada, which also includes an HIV drug called Emtriva (emtricitabine, FTC). Viread is also part of several other FDCs, including these single-dose treatment regimens (STRs) for HIV:

Atripla (TDF + FTC + Sustiva [efavirenz])

Complera (TDF + FTC + Edurant [rilpivirine])

Stribild (TDF + FTC + elvitegravir + cobicistat)

Viread was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for HIV in 2001. Generic versions of Viread are available in the U.S., and are included in a number of FDCs and STRs.

Viread is generally taken by adults as a single 300 mg pill orally once a day. Although the drug will work just as well whether it’s taken with or without food, taking Viread on an empty stomach can lead to abdominal pain or discomfort.

Some adults who have issues with their kidneys may be instructed to take Viread less frequently. Always follow your medical provider’s instructions for how and when to take Viread. For children who weigh at least 22 lbs (10 kg) and cannot swallow a tablet, Viread is also available in a powder form.

[daicelpharmastandard]

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[orphandrug0]

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[nursingwriter]

Biomedical issues of HIV / AIDS Efforts and initiatives directed toward the prevention of HIV / AIDS are of the utmost importance and a top priority for researchers and practitioners within the healthcare field. Although education initiatives directed specifically toward segments of the population who are particularly high risk of contracting the disease have been the most widely used prevention strategies, research has more recently demonstrated the potential effectiveness of pharmacological agents administered as preventative measures against HIV / AIDS. The following discussion outlines a project aimed at the development of an effective implementation program for preexposure prophylaxis that would encourage and support adherence and effective prevention of HIV / AIDS. Goals and Objectives Previous research has provided evidence for the effectiveness of certain medications in the prevention of HIV / AIDS. In particular, recent attention has been paid by researchers toward the effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of infection by HIV / AIDS. Pre-exposure prophylaxis entails the use of anti-retroviral drugs among individuals without HIV / AIDS in order to prevent infection by HIV (Heneine & Kashuba, 2012). This research has stemmed from the demonstrated successes of anti-retroviral medications in the prevention of transmission of HIV / AIDS from mother to child, as well as demonstrated prevention in animal modeled research (Heneine & Kashuba, 2012). Human clinical research trials have investigated the effectiveness of daily intake of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or Truvada in high risk populations, and findings have shown that these preventative interventions may be effective in providing protection from infection by HIV / AIDS (Heneine & Kashuba, 2012; Myers & Mayer, 2011). A topical vaginal gel has also been examined for the prevention of HIV / AIDS among women, which was demonstrated as significantly significant as a preventative agent (Abdool et al., 2010). Further research is required to confirm the safety and effectiveness of these preventative strategies (Krakower & Mayer, 2011). The factor that has been shown to most significantly attenuate benefits provided by pre-exposure prophylaxis is non-adherence (Myers & Mayer, 2011). Therefore, the objective of this project is to develop an implementation program for pre-exposure prophylaxis that could effectively promote adherence to the program through various efforts. Factors that could be used to promote adherence will be explored in relation to how well they encourage participants in the pre-exposure prophylaxis program to remain with the prescribed medication schedule. Project Organization The project will consist of two phases: research and planning of the program. The research phase will entail a thorough review of research literature regarding the use of pharmacological agents for the prevention of HIV / AIDS as well as strategies for the promotion of adherence to prescribed medication programs. The planning phase will involve the synthesis of the information obtained in the research into a program that could be conducted within the community to ensure that at-risk individuals understand the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of the preexposure prophylaxis as well as factors that affect its efficacy, including adherence. Implications The development of an effective program for the support of individuals undergoing preexposure prophylaxis has important implications for the community. These implications include the potential for a highly effective strategy for the prevention of HIV / AIDS that is easily administered and enables at-risk individuals to be supported as they receive pre-exposure prophylaxis. References Abdool, K.Q., Abdool, K.S., Frohlich, J.A., Grobler, A.C., Baxter, C., Mansoor, L.,E., Kharsany, A.B., Sibeko, S., Mlisana, K.P., Omar, Z., Gengiah, T.N., Maarschalk, S., Arulappan, N., Morris, L., Taylor, D. (2010). Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science, 329(5996), 1168-74. Heneine, W., Kashuba, A. (2012). HIV prevention by oral preexposure prophylaxis. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2(3) Krakower, D., Mayer, K.H. (2011). Promising prevention approaches: tenofovir gel and prophylactic use of antiretroviral medications. Current HIV / AIDS Reports, 8(4), 241-8. https://www.paperdue.com/customer/paper/biomedical-issues-of-hiv-aids-efforts-78686#:~:text=Logout-,BiomedicalissuesofHIVAIDSEfforts,-Length2pages Myers, G.M., Mayer, K.H. (2011). Oral perexposure anti-HIV prophylaxis for high-risk U.S. populations: current considerations in light of new findings. AIDS: Patient Car and STDs, 25(2), 63-71. Read the full article