#Tamil Inscriptions

[whencyclopedia]

Chidambaram

Chidambaram (Cidambaram) is an important Chola temple site in Tamil Nadu, southern India. Most of the temples at Chidambaram were built in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The site is dominated by the huge gateway tower of the Nataraja temple but Chidambaram also boasts the first Devi or Amman shrine, the first Surya shrine with the distinctive stone chariot wheels which would adorn many subsequent temples, and the first large Siva Ganga tank. In this respect Chidambaram is something of a transitional site, linking elements of the old and new styles of Indian temple architecture.

The name Chidambaram, one of several from antiquity, derives from the Tamil Cirrambalam, meaning 'little hall'. The site was chosen because according to mythology it was the precise spot where the Hindu god Shiva had once danced in a grove of tillai trees. The dance was, in fact, a competition between Shiva and Parvati and naturally the great Shiva won. The story became a popular subject in Hindu art over the centuries.

The site is enclosed within four perimeter walls and covers a rectangular area of 55 acres. Within the compound are shrines, halls, temples, ornamental gateways, and a large ritual bathing pool, known as a Siva Ganga tank, which is surrounded by cloisters. Inscriptions claim the site was built by various Pandya kings and local rulers but none are contemporary with the dates the buildings were actually first constructed. The walls and east gopura (gateway) may be ascribed with greater certainty, and were probably built by Kulottunga III, who reigned from 1178 to 1218 CE.

The Nataraja temple was constructed between c. 1175 and c. 1200 CE. The actual temple shrine is relatively modest as by now in Indian architecture the gopuras had become the most important structures, at least in terms of aesthetics. The twin sacred chamber was, however, adorned with copper sheets covered in gold by successive Chola kings. The shrine is preceded by a dance hall and large entrance porch with columns (mandapa).

The massive granite and brick east gopura dominates the site but there are three other gopuras on the north, south and west sides (the earliest). The corbelled roofs diminish as the structures rise and are finally topped with the usual barrel-vaulted roof (sala), the eastern gopura also having a row of 13 decorative finials. The east gopura has a proper interior floor at each of its nine levels and there is an interior staircase which climbs to the very top of the building. All four gopuras have false windows on their facades, typical for this kind of structure, and pairs of pilaster columns set at regular intervals. The second floor of each gopura also has a passageway which worshippers ritually walked around. The entrance archways all have coffered ceilings decorated with relief panels.

Of particular note at Chidambaram are the thousands of sculptures adorning its buildings. In particular there are many statues of women in a wide variety of dance postures. Many statues are accompanied by quotations from Hindu literature which provide an invaluable reference for scholars. There are also figures of the four dvarapalas (guardian demons), the dikpalas (cardinal directions), many figures of Shiva performing heroic deeds, various other deities such as Vishnu, Devi, Sarasvati, and, unusually in southern architecture, river goddesses.

Finally, Chidambaram is also famous for its 17th century CE Nayaka ceiling paintings which decorate the Shivakamasundari shrine of the Nataraja Temple. More than 40 panels depict scenes from the life of the saint Manikkavachakar, a devotee of Shiva.

Continue reading...

[soup-mother]

it's fun reading through the rendering support page on Wikipedia. it's great to know my phone supports basic indic scripts like Devanagari and Tamil, and also inscriptional parthian

[nidhi-writes]

Dasavatharam

I recently found out some sects of Hinduism include Buddha as the 9th Avatar in Vishnu's Dasavatharam.

I am from the southern part specifically Tamilnadu, here even in our temple the inscriptions and statues for Dasavatharam always included Balaramar as one of the Vishnu Avatars, not Buddha. Like in the below order. I have used Tamil pronunciation for all.

Matsyam

Kurmam

Varaham

Narasimham

Vamanam

Parashuramar

Ramar

Balaramar

Krishnar

Kalki

This made me so curious about how different Hinduism practices are around India or the world but still hold a string of similarities among them

Which one you have heard growing up? Put it in the comments.

[southeastasianists]

Quite possibly, one of the most charming—yet frustrating—aspects of history is its unsolved mysteries. The same can be said of linguistics, and only occasionally do they cross over to solve a problem, as in the case of the Rosetta Stone and Egyptian hieroglyphics. Enter the curious so-called Singapore Stone.

Believed to date back to the 13th century or as early as the 10th, the stone was once part of a large slab of inscribed sandstone standing at the mouth of the Singapore River. Then, in 1843, the British blew it up to widen a passageway and build military quarters.

Lieutenant-Colonel James Low, who had previously objected to the explosion, salvaged three fragments of the boulder and sent them to Kolkata for analysis. In 1918, one of the fragments was returned to the Raffles Museum, now known as the National Museum of Singapore. The status of the other two is uncertain, whether lost or still in India.

The stone's inscription has yet to be deciphered. Over the years it has been speculated to be Hindu, Tamil, and Pali, while more recent theories suggest that it is written in Kawi script and contains some Sanskrit words, hinting at the island's past as part of the Majapahit Empire.

Today, the Singapore Stone is designated as one of the eleven national treasures of Singapore. Folklore often associates it with Badang, the legendary Malay strongman whose incredible feats include hurling a massive stone from the nearby Fort Canning to the mouth of the Singapore River.

[ahamasmiyodhah]

A humble Request.

Please do NOT confused the FICTIONAL characters as REAL if you are reading Ponniyin Selvan novel.

I almost got attacked at Instagram today by a horde of Kuzhali Toxic Fans (they claimed Arulmozhi Varman only deserved her and not a timid and scaredy cat Vanathi *snorts*). They not only demeaned her but said very bad things (half were in Tamil and I had to translate and that gave me shivers).

Please, do know that Vanathi and Kundhavai are Historically known womens. And also, that Vaanathi was called "Arulmozhi Devi" or "Udaiya Pirattiyar" in inscriptions, and that Kundhavai is basically the woman who made Arulmozhi Varman and Madhuranthakan Vikraman Raja Raja Cholan and Rajendhiran Chola. So please stop demeaning the Queens.

Fun Fact: Rajendhiran not only made a Temple for Panchavan Mahadevi but ALSO for His mother "Vanavan Mahadevi" (Vanathi) who is also called as Udaiya Pirattiyar.

Now don't ask me what I mean by Udaiya Pirattiyar.

@harinishivaa @thegleamingmoon @vibishalakshman @ragkee @yehsahihai @rang-lo @whippersnappersbookworm @willkatfanfromasia @thereader-radhika @nspwriteups @dr-scribbler @mizutaama

[thereader-radhika]

Today my Tamil friend told me that her grandmother has this whole 'fanfiction' planned out in her mind about Aditha Karikalan's murder.

In her imagination, Aditha Karikalan was a rowdy prince with multiple affairs and one of his lovers was the sister of the people who were punished for his murder. Granny knows that they were the government officials in that period. So they were working closely with Karikalan who wooed their chellam younger sister. Unfortunately his intentions weren't honourable. Betrayed (euphemism for impregnated and dumped) by the young prince, she committed suicide out of shame and the brothers killed Karikalan like the filmy heroes of 70s Tamil cinema and avenged her death.

Granny is too old to use Tumblr and Wattpad and the granddaughter has no interest in this. So she allowed me to share this. Our mothers and grannies in their heydays would have been more prolific and corny fanfiction writers than us if they had internet 😁

N. B. People punished for Aditha Karikalan's murder:

Soman .........

Ravidasan Panchavan Brahmadhirajan

Parameswaran Irumudichola Brahmadhirajan

Revadasa Kramavittan

and their families (mother, sons, wives uncles, son-in-laws, etc.)

We don't know what was Soman's occupation as the inscription after his name is unclear. Ravidasan and Parameshwaran were high class government officials, as their titles indicate. Kramavittan was the title of Vedic scholars who were experts in chanting Vedas in the Krama method of chanting. He too could have been a government official.

[balladedutempsjadis]

I found this fascinating article about Ananda Coomaraswamy, the great art historian (1877-1947) who made it his life’s mission to put Indian art on the world’s map of artistic traditions. But there’s also a lot of interesting information about metallurgy during the Chola period as well. It pairs well with the Vidya Deheja book I’m reading. (One of the things Dehejia mentions is that there are no copper deposits in Tamil Nadu that could supply the massive amount of bronze used by the Chola statues and inscriptions so historians are trying to figure out where they got the copper from. Bihar? Rajasthan? Southeast Asia? The interconnected trade networks of this period are also fascibating; she quotes 12th century letters from a Jewish trader in Aden with a Jewish bronze factory owner in Mangalore. The world has always been much more interconnected than we’ve imagined. Sri Lanka is also a tantalizing source of copper - a reason the Cholas wanted to conquer it?)

https://www.sahapedia.org/the-nataraja-bronze-and-coomaraswamys-legacy

[rhianna]

Dharmapuri is a pilgrimage and archaeological site in Telangana (not to be confused with many other villages and towns in India that are named as Dharmapuri). 

Dharmapuri of Telangana is a large village (small town) located on the west bank of Godavari river in the Jagtial district at its border with the Mancherial district.

It is home to several historic Hindu temples. These temples were damaged and a few destroyed in the 14th and 15th-centuries conquest of Deccan region, with one temple converted into a mosque by Rustumdikhan in the mid 15th-century during the Islamic rule of this region from Hyderabad. A new main temple was rebuilt by the Hindus after the 15th-century and re-dedicated to Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy. It serves as the primary pilgrimage attraction of Dharmapuri.

The temple finds mention in the 10th-century Puranic tourist guide Dharmapuri Kshetra Mahatmya, as well as in the Padma Purana and Brahmanda Purana. The site's significance and temple fame is mentioned in a Kurikyala inscription by Chalukyas of Vemulavada. Believed to be a major Vedic studies and manuscripts preservation center in antiquity and called one of the Dakshina Kashi, it has been a major Vaishnava pilgrimage site, considered as one of nine Narasimha pilgrimage centers (devasthanam) in the Deccan region. Narasimha is one of the major avatars of Vishnu, one particularly popular in Deccan (Telangana, Andhra, east Maharashtra), in Karnataka and in northern Tamil speaking regions of India.

The Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple has two major gopurams, the Pedda Gopuram being the primary. After the entrance is the damaged four pillared pavilion (kalyanamandapam) , which is from the Kakatiya era. The pillars are intricately carved with Hindu legends about Vishnu, as well those of Shaiva and Shakti traditions of Hinduism. There are bands of cultural scenes, Hindu festivals, kama and artha scenes as well.

The temple architecture is Dravidian, and illustrates the Hindu temple architecture found in vastu sastra texts. It includes a square temple water tank, called the Brahma pushkarini (Brahma koneru).

The temple hosta a major 13-day festival every March-April. It is called the Brahmotsavalu. This attracts numerous regional Hindus to the pilgrimage site.

P. Madhusudan

Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedication

Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy temple, Dharmapuri Telangana - 

[ugc-blog]

Literary Sources of Ancient Indian History

Ancient Indian history is a rich and diverse field of study with a wide range of literary sources that provide insights into the civilization, culture, society, and events of ancient India. Some of the prominent literary sources of ancient Indian history include:

Vedas: The Vedas are the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism and provide valuable information about the social, religious, and cultural aspects of ancient Indian society. They are divided into four main texts: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda, and the Atharvaveda.

Ramayana: Ramayana is one of the two major Hindu epics, attributed to the sage Valmiki. It narrates the story of Lord Rama and provides insights into the political, social, and cultural aspects of ancient India.

Mahabharata: Mahabharata is another major Hindu epic, attributed to the sage Vyasa. It is an extensive epic that includes the famous Bhagavad Gita, which contains philosophical teachings on dharma, karma, and society. The Mahabharata also provides valuable insights into ancient Indian society, culture, and history.

Puranas: The Puranas are a collection of Hindu texts that contain myths, legends, and historical accounts of ancient India. They provide information about the genealogy of kings, dynasties, and historical events.

Arthashastra: Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on politics, economics, and governance, written by the scholar Kautilya, also known as Chanakya. It provides insights into the administrative and economic systems of ancient India.

Jataka Tales: Jataka Tales are a collection of stories about the previous lives of Gautama Buddha, which provide insights into the social, cultural, and moral values of ancient Indian society.

Rock Edicts and Inscriptions: Several rock edicts and inscriptions from ancient Indian rulers such as Ashoka the Great and Samudragupta provide valuable historical information about the administration, religious policies, and social aspects of ancient India.

Sangam Literature: Sangam Literature is a collection of Tamil texts from ancient South India, dating back to the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. These texts provide insights into the social, economic, and cultural aspects of ancient South India.

Buddhist and Jain Texts: Ancient Indian history also includes important literary sources from Buddhism and Jainism, such as the Tripitaka (Buddhist scriptures) and the Jain Agamas, which provide insights into the teachings, practices, and history of these religions in ancient India.

These are just some of the prominent literary sources of ancient Indian history. The study of these texts and their interpretation by historians and scholars continues to provide valuable insights into the ancient Indian civilization and its historical development.

[tamilakam]

There are ancient inscriptions in Cambodia that mention Tamil. For example, there is an inscription at the Banteay Chhmar temple complex in Cambodia that mentions a Tamil official named Rajendravarman. The inscription describes a donation made by Rajendravarman to the temple, and refers to him as "a Tamil chief who has acquired the prestige of the great Rajendra." This suggests that there were Tamil officials and perhaps even settlers in Cambodia during this period.

ChatGPT lol

[meluhha]

Khmer empire & Cholas

-- from chatGPT --

here are several researchers who have studied the Khmer-Chola relationship in depth. Here are 10 scholars who have written about this topic:

George Coedes

K.A. Nilakanta Sastri

Pierre-Yves Manguin

John N. Miksic

Claude Jacques

Michael Vickery

Philippe Stern

Rajan Gurukkal

Himanshu Prabha Ray

Walter Fuchs

other kingdoms are mentioned in the inscriptions at Angkor Wat. The most frequently mentioned kingdoms are the Cholas, the Pandyas, and the Rashtrakutas. These were all Indian kingdoms that had contact with the Khmer Empire. Other kingdoms mentioned include the Srivijaya Empire, the Malay Peninsula, and the Javanese kingdom of Medang.

Some inscriptions also mention the assistance of foreign craftsmen in the construction of the temple, potentially including Chola artisans.

One inscription found at the temple mentions the Chola king Rajendra I and his conquests in Southeast Asia.

Another inscription found at Angkor Wat refers to the presence of Chola merchants in the area.

Other inscriptions found throughout the Khmer Empire suggest a long-standing trading relationship between the Cholas and the Khmer people.

Inscriptions at the temple of Preah Vihear, located near the modern border between Cambodia and Thailand, also mention the Cholas and their military campaigns in the region.

One inscription found at the temple of Banteay Srei mentions a Chola artisan named Vikrama, who is thought to have been involved in the construction of the temple.

Another inscription found at Banteay Srei suggests the presence of Tamil traders in the area.

Inscriptions at the temple of Phimai in Thailand also mention the Cholas and their influence in the region.

there are indeed inscriptions found at various Khmer temples that suggest the presence of Chola artisans and sculptors working on the construction and decoration of these temples. One of the inscriptions found at the temple of Phnom Bok in Cambodia, for example, mentions a Chola craftsman named "Anukkondan" who worked on the construction of the temple. Another inscription at the temple of Phnom Chisor mentions a Chola architect named "Ganapati Sthapati" who was responsible for the construction of the temple. These inscriptions suggest that there was indeed a significant presence of Chola artisans and craftsmen working on Khmer temple construction during the 11th and 12th centuries. 

+ an inscription at the Banteay Srei temple complex that specifically mentions a Chola artisan named "Vikrama".

Inscription K. 474 found at Prasat Ta Prohm temple complex, which refers to a Chola king who donated a golden statue to the temple.

Inscription K. 1216 found at Prasat Thom temple, which refers to the capture of a Chola king and his soldiers by Khmer forces.

Inscription K. 161 found at Prasat Preah Vihear temple, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.

Inscription K. 866 found at the temple of Preah Khan in Angkor, which mentions a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 682 found at the temple of Banteay Srei, which mentions a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.

Inscription K. 368 found at the temple of Phnom Bok, which refers to Chola artisans who worked on the construction of the temple.

Inscription K. 355 found at the temple of Prasat Kravan, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.

Inscription K. 569 found at the temple of Ta Keo, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 162 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.

Inscription K. 1025 found at the temple of Angkor Wat, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 311 found at the temple of Banteay Samré, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 481 found at Prasat Ta Prohm temple complex, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation of elephants to the temple.

Inscription K. 684 found at the temple of Banteay Srei, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.

Inscription K. 405 found at the temple of Pre Rup, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.

Inscription K. 528 found at the temple of Angkor Wat, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 180 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.

Inscription K. 206 found at the temple of Ta Prohm, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.

Inscription K. 285 found at the temple of Banteay Kdei, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.

Inscription K. 279 found at the temple of Ta Som, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 207 found at the temple of Ta Prohm, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 343 found at the temple of Preah Ko, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.

Inscription K. 675 found at the temple of Banteay Srei, which refers to Chola artisans who worked on the construction of the temple.

Inscription K. 192 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.

Inscription K. 186 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.

Inscription K. 148 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.

Inscription K. 1143 found at the temple of Angkor Wat, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 883 found at the temple of Angkor Thom, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 526 found at the temple of Angkor Wat, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 1860 found at the temple of Bayon, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.

Inscription K. 1459 found at the temple of Ta Prohm, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.

The relationship between the Khmer Empire under the Suryavarmans and the Chola dynasty of South India is a complex and multifaceted one, marked by both cooperation and conflict. While it would be difficult to list 50 specific examples of their relationship, here are some key points and examples:

Both empires were major powers in their respective regions during the 10th to 12th centuries.

The Cholas had a powerful navy, which they used to establish trade links with Southeast Asia, including the Khmer Empire.

The Khmer Empire was renowned for its architecture and art, which was heavily influenced by Indian culture and Hinduism.

Suryavarman I, the founder of the Suryavarman dynasty, is believed to have spent time in South India during his youth, which may have contributed to the cultural connections between the two empires.

The Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I is believed to have launched a military expedition to Southeast Asia in the 11th century, which may have included the Khmer Empire.

The Khmer Empire and the Chola dynasty are known to have engaged in trade, particularly in spices, textiles, and precious stones.

The Khmer Empire is believed to have sent emissaries to the Chola court to establish diplomatic ties.

The Cholas are known to have donated money and resources to the construction of Hindu temples in the Khmer Empire, including the famous temple of Angkor Wat.

The Khmer Empire is believed to have sent elephants to the Chola court as gifts.

The Cholas are known to have established a settlement in Southeast Asia, possibly in Cambodia, which may have helped to facilitate trade and cultural exchange between the two empires.

The Khmer Empire and the Cholas are known to have engaged in military conflict, particularly over control of maritime trade routes.

The Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I is believed to have launched a naval campaign against the Srivijaya Empire, which controlled the Strait of Malacca, a major trade route between India and China. The Khmer Empire may have been involved in this campaign as well.

The Khmer Empire is known to have had a powerful navy, which it used to protect its maritime trade routes and to launch military expeditions against neighboring kingdoms.

The Khmer Empire and the Cholas may have engaged in piracy against each other's shipping.

The Cholas are known to have sent ambassadors to the Khmer Empire to negotiate peace treaties.

The Khmer Empire and the Cholas are believed to have exchanged gifts and diplomatic letters on several occasions.

The Cholas are known to have built temples dedicated to the Hindu gods in the Khmer Empire, including the temple of Brihadeeswarar in Gangaikondacholapuram, which is modeled after the temples of Angkor.

The Khmer Empire and the Cholas are believed to have shared knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, and other sciences.

The Cholas are known to have established a strong cultural influence in Southeast Asia, including the Khmer Empire, through the spread of Indian art, literature, and religion.

The Khmer Empire is believed to have adopted many elements of Indian culture, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and the Sanskrit language.

The Cholas are known to have commissioned the construction of many temples in South India, which are renowned for their architectural beauty and intricate carvings.

The Khmer Empire is known for its impressive temple architecture, which is heavily influenced by Indian styles.

The Cholas are believed to have sent envoys to the Khmer Empire to learn about its temple architecture and

[whencyclopedia]

Chidambaram

Chidambaram (Cidambaram) is an important Chola temple site in Tamil Nadu, southern India. Most of the temples at Chidambaram were built in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The site is dominated by the huge gateway tower of the Nataraja temple but Chidambaram also boasts the first Devi or Amman shrine, the first Surya shrine with the distinctive stone chariot wheels which would adorn many subsequent temples, and the first large Siva Ganga tank. In this respect Chidambaram is something of a transitional site, linking elements of the old and new styles of Indian temple architecture.

The name Chidambaram, one of several from antiquity, derives from the Tamil Cirrambalam, meaning 'little hall'. The site was chosen because according to mythology it was the precise spot where the Hindu god Shiva had once danced in a grove of tillai trees. The dance was, in fact, a competition between Shiva and Parvati and naturally the great Shiva won. The story became a popular subject in Hindu art over the centuries.

The site is enclosed within four perimeter walls and covers a rectangular area of 55 acres. Within the compound are shrines, halls, temples, ornamental gateways, and a large ritual bathing pool, known as a Siva Ganga tank, which is surrounded by cloisters. Inscriptions claim the site was built by various Pandya kings and local rulers but none are contemporary with the dates the buildings were actually first constructed. The walls and east gopura (gateway) may be ascribed with greater certainty, and were probably built by Kulottunga III, who reigned from 1178 to 1218 CE.

The Nataraja temple was constructed between c. 1175 and c. 1200 CE. The actual temple shrine is relatively modest as by now in Indian architecture the gopuras had become the most important structures, at least in terms of aesthetics. The twin sacred chamber was, however, adorned with copper sheets covered in gold by successive Chola kings. The shrine is preceded by a dance hall and large entrance porch with columns (mandapa).

The massive granite and brick east gopura dominates the site but there are three other gopuras on the north, south and west sides (the earliest). The corbelled roofs diminish as the structures rise and are finally topped with the usual barrel-vaulted roof (sala), the eastern gopura also having a row of 13 decorative finials. The east gopura has a proper interior floor at each of its nine levels and there is an interior staircase which climbs to the very top of the building. All four gopuras have false windows on their facades, typical for this kind of structure, and pairs of pilaster columns set at regular intervals. The second floor of each gopura also has a passageway which worshippers ritually walked around. The entrance archways all have coffered ceilings decorated with relief panels.

Of particular note at Chidambaram are the thousands of sculptures adorning its buildings. In particular there are many statues of women in a wide variety of dance postures. Many statues are accompanied by quotations from Hindu literature which provide an invaluable reference for scholars. There are also figures of the four dvarapalas (guardian demons), the dikpalas (cardinal directions), many figures of Shiva performing heroic deeds, various other deities such as Vishnu, Devi, Sarasvati, and, unusually in southern architecture, river goddesses.

Finally, Chidambaram is also famous for its 17th century CE Nayaka ceiling paintings which decorate the Shivakamasundari shrine of the Nataraja Temple. More than 40 panels depict scenes from the life of the saint Manikkavachakar, a devotee of Shiva.

Continue reading...

[mystreal]

Brihadeeswara Temple: The Grand Marvel of Chola Architecture

Brihadeeswara Temple, also known as the "Big Temple," stands as a towering testament to the artistic and architectural brilliance of ancient India. Located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, this UNESCO World Heritage Site was built by the great Chola king Raja Raja Chola I in the 11th century. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, and it is one of the finest examples of Dravidian architecture. Its grandeur, intricate sculptures, and engineering marvels continue to inspire awe and wonder to this day.

Historical Significance

The construction of Brihadeeswara Temple was completed in 1010 CE, making it over 1,000 years old. It was commissioned by Raja Raja Chola I, one of the most powerful kings of South India, who ruled the Chola dynasty at its zenith. The temple was not only a spiritual center but also a symbol of the Chola empire’s wealth, military prowess, and cultural dominance. The inscriptions found on the temple walls detail the king's conquests and the temple’s endowments, offering valuable insights into the Chola empire's administration, economy, and devotion.

Architectural Grandeur

Brihadeeswara Temple Thanjavur is a striking example of Dravidian architecture, marked by its massive vimana (tower) that rises to a height of 216 feet, making it one of the tallest temple towers in the world. What is particularly fascinating is that the vimana is constructed entirely out of granite, a material not locally available, which raises questions about the logistics of transporting such massive stones.

The temple’s engineering brilliance is evident in its crowning glory—an 80-ton monolithic granite block that sits atop the vimana. Scholars believe that an inclined ramp was built extending several kilometers to raise the stone to the top, showcasing the ingenuity of Chola engineers.

Iconic Sculptures and Artistry

The temple complex is adorned with intricate sculptures that reflect the richness of Chola art. The sanctum sanctorum houses a massive 13-foot-tall Shiva Lingam, which is one of the largest in India. Surrounding the temple are detailed carvings of deities, mythological scenes, and celestial beings, showcasing the artisans’ exceptional skill. The frescoes on the walls of the temple's inner sanctum, depicting various stories from Hindu mythology, are a unique feature of this architectural wonder.

One of the most remarkable features of Brihadeeswara Temple is the statue of Nandi, the sacred bull of Lord Shiva, located at the entrance. Carved from a single stone, this 16-foot-long, 13-foot-tall Nandi is one of the largest monolithic sculptures in India.

Spiritual and Cultural Legacy

Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur continues to be an important center of worship for devotees of Lord Shiva. Every year, thousands of pilgrims visit the temple to offer prayers and witness its magnificent architecture. The temple is not only a place of spiritual significance but also a cultural hub that has withstood the test of time.

In 2010, the temple celebrated its 1,000th anniversary, marking a millennium of continuous worship, architectural marvels, and historical significance. The anniversary festivities included cultural performances, religious ceremonies, and exhibitions, drawing visitors from around the world.

Conclusion

Brihadeeswara Temple is more than just an architectural masterpiece; it is a living testimony to the grandeur of the Chola dynasty and the devotion of the people. Its engineering brilliance, artistic beauty, and spiritual aura make it one of the most revered monuments in India. A visit to this iconic temple is not only a journey through history but also a celebration of India’s rich cultural heritage.

[chikushiva]

Top Places To Visit In Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Madurai, one of the oldest cities in India, is a vibrant cultural hub that offers a unique blend of history, tradition, and spirituality. Known as the "Athens of the East," it is famous for its stunning temples, rich heritage, and bustling markets. If you’re planning a trip to this enchanting city, here are the top places to visit in Madurai that you absolutely cannot miss.

1. Meenakshi Amman Temple

No visit to Madurai is complete without a trip to the iconic Meenakshi Amman Temple. This architectural marvel is dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi and Lord Sundareswarar. The temple complex is adorned with intricate carvings, towering gopurams (gateway towers), and beautifully maintained gardens. The daily rituals and the evening aarti are a sight to behold, attracting devotees and tourists alike.

2. Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal

Built in the 17th century, the Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal is a stunning example of Indo-Saracenic architecture. This grand palace was constructed by King Thirumalai Nayak and features an impressive courtyard, majestic pillars, and intricate stucco work. The sound and light show in the evening narrates the history of the palace, making it a must-see for history enthusiasts.

3. Gandhi Museum

The Gandhi Museum, located in the historic Tamukkam Palace, is dedicated to the life and teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. The museum houses a fascinating collection of photographs, artifacts, and documents that highlight Gandhi’s role in India’s independence movement. It’s an insightful stop for anyone looking to understand the historical context of the city and the nation.

4. Azhagar Kovil

Situated about 21 kilometers from Madurai, Azhagar Kovil is a serene temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Set against the backdrop of picturesque hills, the temple is famous for its annual Chithirai Festival, where the deity is taken to Madurai to meet Goddess Meenakshi. The scenic beauty and tranquil atmosphere make it an excellent spot for a day trip.

5. Pazhamudhir Solai

Pazhamudhir Solai is another significant temple located on a hilltop, dedicated to Lord Murugan. Surrounded by lush greenery and beautiful landscapes, it’s a perfect getaway for nature lovers and spiritual seekers. The temple is known for its stunning views of the valley and is often less crowded, providing a peaceful experience.

6. Samanar Hills

For those interested in history and archaeology, Samanar Hills is a captivating site featuring ancient rock-cut caves and inscriptions that date back to the early centuries of the Christian era. The site was once a center for Jainism and offers a glimpse into the rich spiritual heritage of the region.

7. Madurai Market

No trip to Madurai is complete without a stroll through its bustling markets. The Madurai Market is a vibrant tapestry of colors and sounds, filled with local handicrafts, textiles, and spices. Be sure to try some delicious street food while you’re there, from the famous Jigarthanda to aromatic biryanis.

Conclusion

Madurai is a city that beautifully weaves together its rich history and vibrant culture. The top places to visit in Madurai offer something for every traveler—whether you’re drawn to spirituality, history, or simply the joy of exploration. Each site is a testament to the city’s legacy, making Madurai a must-visit destination in Tamil Nadu. Plan your visit today and immerse yourself in the magic of this timeless city! Don't forget to take a cab or taxi service in Madurai with Chiku cab.

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Major Languages in India 2024 visit here-https://indradigi.com/blog/

Languages in India 

With 22 official Languages in India and more than 1,600 dialects, India is a linguistic and cultural mosaic where each is intricately entwined with the country’s rich artistic and cultural heritage. Ancient Indian language Sanskrit has shaped spiritual traditions and philosophies through its influence on classical Indian music, dance, and literature.

Through literature, film, and folk arts, Hindi, the most widely spoken language in India, reflects the rich diversity of North Indian culture. Two of the oldest Dravidian languages, Tamil and Telugu, are home to vibrant classical literatures and artistic expressions such as Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam.

In Eastern India, Bengali, the Languages in India of famed poet Rabindranath Tagore, is a center for literature, music, and the arts. Prominent South Indian languages Malayalam and Kannada are renowned for their elaborate dance forms, classical poetry, and temple architecture. In India, every language functions as 

Human writing has reflected culture, lifestyle, society and contemporary society throughout history. In the process, each culture developed its own language and created a vast literary base 

This wide base of literature gives us a glimpse of the evolution of each language and culture over the centuries

Human writing has reflected culture, lifestyle, society and contemporary society throughout history. In the process, each culture developed its own Languages in India and created a vast literary base 

This wide base of literature gives us a glimpse of the evolution of each Languages in India and culture over the centuries

Diverse dialects can arise from a particular language. The languages spoken in different regions of the India belong to the family of many languages, most of which belong to the Indo-Aryan group of languages. It is the Indo-Aryan group originated from the Indo-European family. Some language groups are the indigenous groups of the Indian subcontinent.

Classification of Indian Languages

Languages in India are classified into the following major sub-groups:

Indian Aryan group

Dravidian group

Northern Group

Central Group

Southern Group

Sino-Tibetan Group

Austic group

others

Indo-Aryan group of languages

It is the branch of the larger Hindi European family that came into India with the arrival of the Aryans It is the largest language group in the India and about 74% of Indians speak Languages in India belonging to this group.

Ancient Indian Aryan Group

From this, the development of groups took place around 1500 BC and from this the culture was born. Sanskrit can be called the mother of many Indian languages, it is the oldest language of our country, it is one of the 22 languages listed in the constitution.

Ancient Culture as a Carrier of Indian Culture

The development of Sanskrit grammar began from the time of Pani in 700 BC of his book Ashtadhyayi, this book is the oldest book on Sanskrit grammar. Some of the literature related to Mahayana and Hinayana sect is also in Sanskrit language.

The book Mahavastu of the Hinayana sect is a treasure trove of stories The most sacred Mahayana grant Lalita Vistara and the ghost character of Ashvaghosa were also written in Sanskrit language. The only culture is a language that transcends the barriers of region and boundaries.

There is no such part in India from north to south and east to west. For which Sanskrit language has not contributed or which has not been influenced by Sanskrit language. The cultural and Pranjal form developed between 300 BCE and 200 BCE.

It was the processed version of the Vedic culture. The first evidence of the use of culture can be found in the inscription of Rudradaman at Junagadh in present-day southern Gujarat the use of culture in poetry is known to be known from the Gupta period, it is a period of purely Sudha literary composition which is evident in the works of epics and khandakavya,

in the field of Sanskrit literature, this period is known as the unique composition period, due to which various types of literary works were composed during this reign.

Central Indian Aryan group of languages

The development period of this subgroup should be between 600 and 1000 BC This began with the development of natural language, which means nature is understood to be intuitive, indicating that there is no rigid rule for its use.

The common dialect is natural, in a broad cohesive way, all the languages of the Central Indo-Aryan group are included the origin of many languages like Ardha Magadhi, Pali, Apabhramsa etc. is found in nature, nature was related to the livelihood of the common people, while on the other hand Sanskrit was conservative.

The script was developed relatively later in Prakrit language than in culture. Prakrit and semi-Magadi launguage were used in the Jain Agams. The period of transition from one language to another was mantra and could not be divided into strict chronological periods.

Nature includes

Pali It was widely spoken in Magadha. This Isha influence was popular between the 5th to 1st centuries. It is closely related to culture and was written in Brahmari script. The Tripitaka of Buddhism was written in Pali. It served as the common language of Theravada Buddhism.

Magadhi Prakriti or Ardhamagadhi

These are the most important types of nature Sanskrit, and its literary use increased after the decline of Pali Buddha and Mahavira spoke in Ardhamagadhi. Many Jain texts and Ashoka’s edicts were also written in Artha Magadi, Eastern India languages i.e.

Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, Maithili, Bhojpuri etc. Shourseni was widely used to write plays in medieval India. It is the Satavahana dynasty was the official language It was the official language of many plays written in it. Illu is the ancient form of modern Sinhala language of Sri Lanka Paisachi it is also called ghost language The ancient eoic paisachi bhasha called bruhatkatha of Gunadhya.

Apabhramsa

Six seven centuries Apabhramsa had developed into an inclusive one that encompasses all dialects other than culture or even natural.

It refers to the transition of the languages of the modern Indo-Aryan groups of the Middle East Gradually it became a literary language and was used in the writing of many texts, Kathawadi, the seventh century Satak Apabhramsa had developed its identity, this can be highlighted from the fact that in the sixth or seventh century AD, the famous poets of Kashmir.

Bhama, the famous poet of Kashmir, divided poetry into Sanskriti, Prakriti and Apabhramsa, as well as Dandi, the ancient litterateur of culture, also said. Scholar by many Jain Munis wrote extensively in Apabhramsa and preserved its major texts, and the author is Pushpadanta’s Mahapuran of Dhanapala Bhavisayattakha ets.

Modern Indian Aryan Group

The languages belonging to this group are Hindi Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Oriya, Urdu, etc. The languages of this sub-varak developed after 1000 BC. These languages are mainly spoken in the northern, western and eastern parts of India.

Dravidian Group

This group includes Languages in India spoken mainly in the southern parts of India. About 25% of the Indian population is included in this group. The Dravidian Languages in India has 21 Dravidian languages. They can also be broadly grouped into three groups: the Northern Group, the Central Group and the Southern Group.

Northern Group

These include three languages i.e. Brahui, Malto and Krugh, Brahui is spoken in Balochistan, Malto, the tribal areas of Bengal and Odisha, while Krukh, Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh are spoken

Central Group

It consists of 11 languages i.e. Gondi, Khond, Kui Manda, Gadba, Kolami, lack of pago Telugu Only Telugu became a civilized Languages in India and is spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Southern Group

Seven Languages in India belong to this group, these are Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, Tulu, Kodagu, Toda and Kota, Tamil is the oldest of them. Among these 21 languages, the four major languages of the Dravidian group are: Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam. 

Sino-Tibetan Group

The Languages in India of this group belong to the Mongolian family, Mongolian is found in the entire Himalayas, northern Bihar, northern Bengal and the northeastern borders of the country, these languages are considered to be older than the Indo-Aryan languages.

The Chinese Tibetan group is divided into two groups: Tibetan Burman, Saiyami Chinese.

Austrian

The Languages in India of this group belong to the Austro-Asiatic sub-family which includes the Munda and Kol groups of languages and are spoken in Middle Eastern and Northeastern India, some of them also belong to the Maun Khemer group such as Khali and Nicobarese

They were referred to as Nishad in ancient culture literary. The most important Languages in India under this group is Santhali, spoken by the Santhal tribals of Jharkhand, Bihar and Bengal. All medicinal in Indian territory except Khasi and Santhali. 

Other

These groups include many Dravidian tribal languages such as Gondi, Oraon, Praji which are very different and cannot be classified into appropriate mention groups.

Concussion

With more than 1,600 dialects and 22 officially recognized Languages in India, India is home to a rich linguistic diversity. Its art and culture are intricately entwined with this diversity, as each language reflects a distinct regional heritage. Sanskrit and Tamil, two ancient languages, have historically influenced Indian philosophy, literature, and religion. They have also had an impact on dance, music, and temple architecture.

Languages in India Languages like Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, and Kannada enhance India’s cultural mosaic in the modern era by supporting thriving theater, cinema, and literary traditions. Oral traditions, folk art, and regional crafts are all greatly enhanced by the use of local languages in India. For example, the multilingual retellings of ancient epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata continue to inspire paintings, plays, and festivals all over the nation.

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Kapaleeshwarar Temple: The Sacred Heart of Mylapore

Kapaleeshwarar Temple, a renowned Hindu shrine in the heart of Mylapore, Chennai, is dedicated to Lord Shiva. This ancient temple, built around the 7th century CE, is a stunning example of classic South Indian architecture.

According to legend, the goddess Parvati worshipped Shiva here, taking the form of a peahen (mayil in Tamil), which gave rise to the area’s name—Mylai, or modern-day Mylapore. At this sacred site, Shiva is revered as Kapaleeshwarar in the form of a lingam, while Parvati is worshipped as Karpagambal, symbolizing the wish-yielding tree. The temple holds a special place in Tamil Shaiva tradition, as it is celebrated in the Tevaram, the 7th-century hymns of the saint poets, the Nayanars, making it one of the sacred Paadal Petra Sthalams.

The temple complex is home to many shrines, with the deities Kapaleeshwarar and Karpagambal being the most prominent. Devotees can attend six daily rituals from early morning to late evening, with the grand Aṟupatimūvar festival during the Tamil month of Panguni being a key highlight.

A Rich Tapestry of Legends

The name Kapaleeshwarar comes from the words kapala (head) and Ishvara (a name of Shiva). As the story goes, Brahma once failed to show proper respect to Shiva at Mount Kailash, prompting Shiva to pluck one of Brahma’s five heads. In repentance, Brahma journeyed to Mylapore and installed a lingam to honor Shiva. This location is also known as Sukra Puri and Veda Puri, among other sacred names.

Another local legend tells of Parvati, cursed to live as a peahen, performing penance here to return to her true form. Her son Murugan also received the vel (spear) here to defeat a demon. Countless myths and miracles are tied to this temple—such as the resurrection of Poompavai by the saint Sambandar after she died from a snake bite.

A Glimpse into History

While the temple is believed to have been constructed by the Pallavas in the 7th century CE, some references suggest it was originally located closer to the sea, as described in hymns by the Nayanars. Inscriptions inside the temple date back to the 12th century, and the towering 120-foot gopuram (gateway tower), built in 1906, is adorned with intricate stucco figures that add to the temple’s grandeur.

The temple is maintained by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of Tamil Nadu, preserving its rich heritage.

Temple Architecture and Traditions

Kapaleeshwarar Temple is a prime example of Dravidian architecture, with two towering gopurams marking the entrances. The east gopuram stands at 40 meters tall, while the smaller western one faces the sacred tank.

The temple is also known for its vahanas (sacred vehicles), which include the bull, elephant, peacock, and even a golden chariot. During temple festivals, the divine couple, Kapaleeshwarar and Karpagambal, are placed on these vahanas and carried in a grand procession around the temple, with music and hymns filling the air. Visitors consider it an honor to help pull the deities’ chariots, believing it to be an act of devotion.

A unique tradition at the temple includes keeping a peacock and a peahen in a cage to honor the legend of Parvati’s penance in the form of a peahen. This serves as a symbolic reminder of the temple’s deep-rooted myths.