#THE NEW GROLIER MULTIMEDIA ENCYCLOPEDIA

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USA 1993

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Pastor cita origem e significado do carnaval para reprovar cristãos que aderem à festa

Sempre há grupos defendendo que não há mal se o fiel não se submeter a excessos, prostituição e promiscuidade. De outro lado, há quem reprove tal argumento, destacando que a conduta de quem segue a Jesus deve ser um testemunho de mudança de vida.

Na ala que reprova a participação dos cristãos no carnaval está o pastor, escritor e conferencista Renato Vargens, que publicou um artigo contextualizando as origens e simbologia do carnaval, e pontuando argumentos para que os fiéis em Cristo se abstenham da festa secular.

“Alguns crentes em Jesus não veem nenhum problema no carnaval. Para eles, se não tiver azaração, pegação, bebidas e drogas, não existe nenhum mal em desfrutar da festa de Momo. Mesmo porque, o que importa é a diversão. Segundo estes, ‘o desfile na televisão é tão bonito!’; ‘E outra coisa: que mal tem se alegrar ao som dos sambas enredos do Rio de Janeiro?’ Pois é, o que talvez estes crentes ignorem é a história, o significado e a mensagem do carnaval”, introduziu Vargens.

Segundo o pastor, “ao estudarmos a origem do carnaval, vemos que ele foi uma festa instituída para que as pessoas pudessem se regalar com comidas e orgias, antes que chegasse o momento de consagração e jejum que precede à Páscoa – a Quaresma”.

Citando a definição da The Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia (1997) para a festa, Vargens frisa que “o carnaval provavelmente vem da palavra latina ‘carnelevarium’ (eliminação da carne), festa que começa tipicamente cedo, no ano novo, geralmente no Epifânio, 6 de janeiro, e termina em fevereiro com a Mardi Gras, na terça-feira da penitência (Shrove Tuesday)”.

“Provavelmente, originário dos ‘Ritos da Fertilidade da Primavera Pagã’, o primeiro carnaval que se tem conhecimento foi na Festa de Osíris, no Egito, evento que marca o recuo das águas do rio Nilo. Os carnavais alcançaram o pico de distúrbio, desordem, excesso, orgia e desperdício, junto com a Bacchanalia Romana e a Saturnalia”, acrescentou o pastor.

Dessa forma, o carnaval é “uma festa pagã que os católicos tentaram mascarar para parecer com uma festa cristã”, já que os “romanos adoravam comemorar com orgias, bebedices e glutonaria”, destacou Vargens.

“A Bacchanalia era a festa em homenagem a Baco, deus do vinho e da orgia. Na Grécia havia um deus muitíssimo semelhante a Baco, cujo nome era Dionísio, da Mitologia Grega. Dionísio era o deus do vinho e das orgias. Veja o que The Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia – 1997 diz a respeito da Bacchanalia ou Bacanal, Baco, Dionísio e sobre o Festival Dionisiano: ‘O Bacanal ou Bacchanalia era o Festival romano que celebrava os três dias de cada ano em honra a Baco, deus do vinho. Bebedices, orgias sexuais e outros excessos caracterizavam essa comemoração, o que ocasionou sua proibição em 186 dC’”.

Ao sintetizar sua opinião, o pastor observa que “no Brasil o carnaval possui a conotação da transgressão”, e dessa forma, ganha a simpatia de muitos, inclusive os que se declaram cristãos. “Disfarçada de alegria, a festa de Momo promove promiscuidade sexual, prostituição infantil, violência urbana, consumo de drogas, além de contribuir para a desconstrução de valores primordiais ao bem estar da família”, lamentou.

“Tenho plena convicção de que não vale a pena enredar-se nas oferendas do carnaval. Como crentes em Jesus, devemos nos afastar de toda aparência do mal. Participar da festa de Momo significa deixar-se levar por valores anti-cristãos e imorais, permitindo assim que o adversário de nossas almas semeie em nossos corações, conceitos absolutamente antagônicos aos ensinos deixados por Jesus”, aconselhou Renato Vargens, no texto publicado originalmente no portal Pleno News.

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Encarta essay Encarta, Microsoft Wiki, FANDOM powered by Wikia

The bot could answer many encyclopedia related questions directly in the IM window. Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft Encarta was a digital multimedia encyclopedia published by Microsoft from 1993 to 2009. As of 2008 [update] , the complete English version, Encarta Premium, consisted of more than 62,000 articles, [1] numerous photos and illustrations, music clips, videos, interactivities, timelines, maps and atlas, and homework tools, and was available on the Internet by yearly subscription or by purchase on DVD-ROM or multiple CD-ROMs. Many articles could also be viewed online free of charge, a service supported by advertisements. Microsoft published similar encyclopedias under the Encarta trademark in various languages, including German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese and Japanese. Localized versions may contain contents licensed from available national sources and may contain more or less content than the full English version. For example, the Dutch version has content from the Dutch Winkler Prins encyclopedia. In March 2009, Microsoft announced it was discontinuing the Encarta disc and online versions. The MSN Encarta site in all countries except Japan was closed on October 31, 2009. Japan's Encarta site was closed on December 31, 2009. The Encarta online dictionary at dictionary.msn.com will continue to be operated by Microsoft. Britannica's 1989 Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia was the first "multimedia" CD-ROM encyclopedia. Grolier's 1985 Academic American Encyclopedia on CD-ROM was text-only. In 1990, when it was called The New Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia (1988-1991), still pictures were added, The Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia CD-ROM first appeared in 1992 as The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . In the late 1990s, Microsoft bought Collier's Encyclopedia and New Merit Scholar's Encyclopedia from Macmillan and incorporated them into Encarta . Thus the current Microsoft Encarta can be considered the successor of the Funk and Wagnalls , Collier , and New Merit Scholar encyclopedias. None of these formerly successful encyclopedias remained in print for long after being merged into Encarta.... View more ...

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December 10, 2016 Patterns can be observed occurring naturally in nearly every aspect of our world. Weather, foliage, crystals, scales, shells, petals, migratory birds, hibernating mammals, and tides all operate in predictable ways; even microscopic atoms tessellate to make up all of those things. Human behavior is no exception to the rule of repetition. The well known phrase “history repeats itself’’ indicates that we are conscious of these patterns to a certain extent. Sociopolitically, trends in human behavior become most obvious during times of extreme polarization. The current sociopolitical climate in the United States has reached one of those points of extreme polarization. Many of the current movements and ideations are very reminiscent of those throughout the 20th century. Examining the cause and effects of social and political phenomenon throughout the 20th century in America will give us a better understanding of what contributed to our current state, and what might happen next. On November 8, 2016, the Republican presidential candidate, Donald J. Trump, became the president elect, winning with 306 electoral votes. Hillary Clinton, the Democratic party candidate, won only 232 electoral votes. Independent party candidates, principally Jill Stein and Gary Johnson, won 2-10% of the popular vote per state. (CNN) While failing to win the popular vote by roughly 1.3 million, Mr. Trump won by a considerable margin in the electoral college. Many major news sources and polls had predicted a presidential win for Clinton, claiming that the American people saw Trump as “unfit to be commander in chief” due to his behaviour during debates and allegations of sexism and racism in the past. However, they failed to take into account the extreme unpopularity of Clinton as well. After the election, many speculated that Clinton’s team took her predicted win for granted, and therefore did not campaign as hard as they should have, while Donald Trump was out motivating so many republicans to go vote for him that he managed to break “The Blue Wall”. (CNN) The presidential election of 1968 had similar circumstances and outcomes, with an extreme Republican win after prosperous democratic presidential terms, and an atypically large independent vote. Nixon, the Republican candidate, won the presidency by motivating the “silent majority”: Americans who felt unrepresented in the climate of civil unrest. (Holland,73) In the 1960s it was the Civil Rights Movement, the Environmental Movement, and the Anti-War Movement that overpowered moderate America and took the spotlight. Today, it’s the Black Lives Matter movement, LGBT activism, reproductive rights disputes, and dispute over immigration that are motivating moderates who feel unrepresented in America today. Another parallel between Nixon and Trump’s respective presidential victories is that the Democratic party’s candidates in both the 1968 and 2016 elections were not the most popular of the potential Democratic candidates. In 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated, and the presidential nominee became Hubert Humphrey. In 2016, Bernie Sanders, extremely popular among the youth due to his democratic socialist policies, lost at the Democratic National Convention to Hillary Clinton. Had the most popular candidates been able to run in the November election, the outcome may have been different. The “Black Lives Matter” movement has been a huge factor in the politics of the past four years, tracing back to the murder of unarmed african american teen, Trayvon Martin. The phrase “black lives matter” started as a hashtag after the acquittal of George Zimmerman, the police officer who killed Trayvon Martin. “Black Lives Matter” is used in the same spirit as “I Am a Man”, which was a popular slogan during the Civil Rights Movement; both speak to sentiments of African Americans feeling perceived as less important than white Americans. (Davis) The Civil Rights movement took place from 1954-1968, spanning about 15 years. The Black Lives Matter movement has been an organized phenomenon since 2012, and in its 4 years of existence has gotten considerable public attention.(Cullors) Public response to the Black Lives Matter movement has been varied. Much of the criticism received is the same kind of criticism that the Civil Rights movement recived during their early years. According to their website, the objectives of the Black Lives Matter movement are “to (re)build the Black liberation movement.” , to work for “a world where Black lives are no longer systematically and intentionally targeted for demise”, and “to collectively, lovingly and courageously work vigorously for freedom and justice for Black people, and by extension, all people.”(Tometi) All of which are more abstract than the goals of the Civil Rights movement, which were primarily to re-enfranchise black voters in southern states, combat racism, and integrate society.(Scholastic) The strategies implemented by both movements are similar; rallies are held, protesters march, and variations of sit-ins and be-ins are held in most major cities across America and on college campuses. College campuses across the nation have always been hot-spots for progressive and liberal activity. Columbia College is attributed as the birthplace of the late 1940’s “beat generation”, college students and graduates who lived near the college, who became an underground society in New York City. Youth in America today, the generation of Millennials, has been labeled as lazy, having no aspirations, and self-absorbed. In 1952, an article published in the New York Times about the beat generation says “There are those who believe that in generations such as this there is always the constant possibility of a great new moral idea, conceived in desperation, coming to life. Others note the self-indulgence, the waste, the apparent social irresponsibility, and disagree.”(Holmes) This sounds very similar to the rhetoric used about the millennials. The beat generation did not amount to much beyond being known for their conformity and poodle skirts. The most subversive that their generation is remembered as is huddled in cafes reading poetry, wearing all black, probably somewhere in Greenwich Village. In the 1970s, the LGBT rights movement started. Marsha Johnson is credited with sparking the stonewall riots in NYC in 1973. The issue was over police harassment of trans and gay citizens. Much of the issues today in the LGBT community are over the rights of trans people, and the validity of their identities. The same issues that were present in 1973 are still present today. The current generation has characteristics and ideals from every previous generation. Racism, sexism, phobias, and biases of every kind still lurk in American society today. The problems of previous generations have resurfaced and mutated and the solutions are being taken from the previous generations as well. The ideas that have been outside of the mainstream are being conveyed and circulated through social media today and are becoming more widely accepted and adopted by individuals all over the nation. Conservatives are becoming the minority as the same push that was seen in the late 40s, through the 50s, and well into the 60s is seen today. Works Cited Watson, Steven. Strange Bedfellows: The First American Avant-garde. New York: Abbeville, 1991. Print. Marshall, Richard. Great Events of the 20th Century; How They Changed Our Lives. Pleasantville, NY: Reader’s Digest Association, 1977. Print. Hakim, Joy. War, Peace, and All That Jazz: 1918-1945. New York: Oxford UP, 2006. Print. Glennon, Lorraine. Our Times: The Illustrated History of the 20th Century. Atlanta: Turner Pub., 1995. Print. Pichon, Yann Le, and Jean-Louis Ferrier. Art of the 20th Century: A Year-by-year Chronicle of Painting, Architecture, and Sculpture. Paris, France: Editions Du Chene, 1999. Print. Parks, Deborah, Dan Zinkus, and Susan Washburn. Buckley. Teaching Guide for an Age of Extremes: 1870-1914. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. Print. Hill, Laban Carrick. America Dreaming: How Youth Changed America in the Sixties. New York, NY: Little, Brown, 2007. Print. Layman, Richard. American Decades: 1950-1959. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1994. Print. Layman, Richard. American Decades: 1980-1989. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1994. Print. Andrist, Ralph K., Edmund Stillman, and Nancy Kelly. The American Heritage History of the 20’s and 30’s. New York: American Heritage, 1970. Print. Kallen, Stuart A. A Cultural History of the United States: Through the Decades. The 1950s ed. Vol. 5. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1999. Print. Holland, Gini. A Cultural History of the United States: Through the Decades. The 1960s ed. Vol. 6. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1999. Print. FBI. “Latest Hate Crime Statistics Available.” FBI. FBI, 16 Nov. 2015. Web. 10 Dec. 2016. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF 1968. Rep. N.p.: n.p., \ Psephos - Adam Carr’s Election Archive. Web. 10 Dec. 2016. CNN. “Election Results 2016.” www.cnn.com. CNN, 8 Nov. 2016. Web. 10 Dec. 2016. History.com Staff. “Civil Rights Movement.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Dec. 2016. <http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement> Web. Dec 10. 2016. Cullors, Patrisse. Tometi, Opal. Garza, Alicia. “We Affirm That All Black Lives Matter.” Blacklivesmatter.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 10 Dec. 2016. <http://blacklivesmatter.com/guiding-principles/>. “Civil Rights Movement.” West’s Encyclopedia of American Law. Encyclopedia.com, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2016. Davis, Jack E. “Civil Rights Movement.” Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Grolier Online, 2014. Web. 1 July 2014. 10 Dec. 2016. Scholastic. “Civil Rights Movement: An Overview | Scholastic.com.” Scholastic Teachers. Scholastic, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2016 Holmes, John Clellon. “This Is The Beat Generation.” Editorial. New York Times Magazine16 Nov. 1952: 1. LitKicks. 2008. Web. 10 Dec. 2016.

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USA 1993

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USA 1993

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USA 1992