#Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi

[sarimnoor]

A Story of Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi

خاندان اور خون کی پہچان

سلطان محمود غزنوی کا دربار لگا ھوا تھا. دربار میں ہزاروں افراد شریک تھے جن میں اولیاء قطب اور ابدال بھی تھے۔ سلطان محمود نے سب کو مخاطب کر کے کہا کوئی شخص مجھے حضرت خضر علیہ السلام کی زیارت کرا سکتا ہے.. سب خاموش رہے دربار میں بیٹھا اک غریب دیہاتی کھڑا ہوا اور کہا میں زیارت کرا سکتا ہوں .سلطان نے شرائط پوچھی تو عرض کرنے لگا 6 ماہ دریا کے کنارے چلہ کاٹنا ہو گا لیکن میں اک…

[kobithedragon]

Emperor Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi's tomb.

[sporadicstrangerunknown-blog]

Brief Persian History or Persian Literature

General Description

Persian history is one of the most ancient histories of the world. It produced a number of the classical and modern poet, who worked day and night for its survival. Persian formally has spoken in Iran, Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan. Therefore, more than 110 million Persian speaking persons in the world.

The Origin Persian Language

The Persian language is one of the sweetest language in the world. It was an Indo-European tongue with close similarity with the oldest language Sanskrit and Avestan ( the language used in holy books of Zoroastrian's). The language developed in Pars after the fall of Achaemenian's government. This language regularly used there from Pahlavi era to Sassanian era. The books and other literature of this era are very rare, however, Ferdowsi (a renowned Persian poet) explained it in a better way in his book (Shah Namaeh-e-Ferdowsi).

Influence of Arabic Language

Arab conquests have conquered Pars and surroundings. They started rehabilitation in the area for the welfare of the public. Therefore, the Arabic language declared as the official language. They started their religious and academic education in the Arabic language. However, Pahlavi language was spoken in private life. The Arab conquests ruled over Pars for a century and a half. In this way, a large number of Arabic words emerged in Pahlavi and a new language came into being which is called Persian.

After fall of Arab rulers, Arabic continued in Iran at small scale because the other main learning language Latin was used in Europe. In this way, the Arabic gradually decreased. Despite the facts that famous religious scholars and Muslim scientists Abu Ali Sina (Avicenna), Al-Beroni, Rhazes, Al Ghazali and many other were also using Arabic. Persian language developed rapidly and become the vehicle of literature. Moreover, it spread towards the neighboring countries. Persian poets worked a lot for its promotion and the ruling class of sub-continent takes keen interest in Persian poetry. Mughal emperor Akbar adopt Persian as an official language.

Interest of Poets in Promotion of Persian Language

Persian scholars took the keen interest in promoting of Persian language and make it easy for readers. Moreover, Persian poets have also played a vital role in its promotion. Abu Abdullah Jaffar ibn-e-Muhammad Roudaki (born in 858 CE in Panjakent, Tajikistan and died in 941 CE) and Abu Mansoor Muhammad ibn-e -Ahmed Daqiqi Tusi (born in Tus, Iran) are the most prominent Persian poets. Roudaki is generally known as the first Persian poet.

The Ghaznavid and early Seljuq Periods

Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi was a brave Muslim king, who loves with scholars and eminent personalities. At about four hundred poets and eminent persons were attached with his office (DURBAR). The most notable poet of his presidency was Ansari (born in 961 at Balkh) Ferdowsi (born in 940 in a village Paj, near the city of Tus, Khurasan and died in 1020). Ferdowsi wrote Shahnamah in 25 years which contain complete Persian history. However, Farrukhi, Manouchehri and Asadi were also famous poets of Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi. Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi served his nation in the field of education. He established a lot of libraries in each and every corner of his kingdom. Al Biruni was the most popular prose writer of Ghaznavid era, who wrote "Chronology of Ancient Nations" in Arabic.

Saljuqi Era

Saljuq era is the second classical period of Persian literature. It was the golden age of Persian prose and poetry in Persian history. Kemiya-e-Saadat (The Alchemy of Happiness) written by Imam Ghazali is one the most popular prose of this era. Some of the renowned books are as under:-

Siasat Nama. The book has been written by Nizam ul Mulk, who was a minister of Alp Arsalan and Malik Shah. It contain complete art of government and solution of political problems.

• Qabus Nama. Baheeqi has explained the history of Ghaznavid era in this book.

• Chahar Maqala. Nizami wrote Chahar Maqala means four discourses.

• Kalila wa Dimna. Nasar Ullah has written this book. It contain the animal fables of Indian origin.

• Nasir-e-Khosrow.

Classical Persian Poets

Abu Moeen Hamid Uddin ibn Khosrow al-Qubadiani or Nasir-e-Khosrow (born in 1004 in village Qubadiyon, Bactria, Khorasan and died in 1088 at Yamgan, Afghanistan) was another brilliant writer of classical Persian history, who wrote more than fifteen books. However, less than half of these books have survived and available now. One of his famous book is Safar Nama, which contains the history of journey towards Egypt. He was an Ismaili Shia sect scholar, traveler and philosopher. His poetry and prose are famous for purity of language and dazzling of technical skill. The poems of Nasir are lengthy odes. Nasir wrote poems on religious and ethical topics.

Famous scholar Mirza Muhammad Qazvini says that name of Nasir Khosrow may also added in the list of top Persian poets i.e. Ferdowsi, Omar Khayyam, Anwari, Romi, Sheikh Saadi and Hafiz Sheerazi. Some of the other most prominent Persian poets are Ansari, Abu Said, Khawaqani, Nizami, Attar and Baba Tahir Uryian.

Poet of Force Theory

Omar Khayyam (Ghayas Uddin Abul Fateh Omer Ibrahim Khayyam Nishapuri) was born in 18 May 1048 at Nishapur, Khorasan and died in 4 December 1131. He was a great scholar, mathematician, astronomer and poet. Khayyam has openly criticized religious matters and personalities in his poetry. He has always referred and hailed himself as a great Sufi. The main theme of his poetry is hedonism tinged with a gentle sadness, the power of destiny and ultimate ignorance / unawareness of human beings. Therefore, his poetry was largely neglected in Iran till the end of nineteenth century on this account. However, Iranian realized the importance of Khayyam's poetry when Fitzgerald translated it in the west.

Attached Classical Poets

Sanai is another great poet of classical Persian history who adopted the style of Nasir-e-Khosrow. Muaizi, Anwari and Khaqani are the other star poets of classical Persian history. They have written numerous books in Persian language. Most of their poetry contain on panegyric. The style of Anwari is comparatively difficult from all other the poets of same era. However, Khaqani is more mannered, who respected by all. He used technical language with great skill in his poetry. All these poets were popular in Iran but less appreciated in the west due to their technical language.

Nizami (Jamal Uddin Abu Muhammad Ilyas ibn Yousaf ibn Zaki) is another bright star and Sunni poet in classical Persian history. He was born in 1140 at Ganja, Caucasus and died in 1209. He was a creative poet and known as specialist of Khamsah or Quintet (series of five romantic poetry). Nizami wrote a mystical epic "Makhzan ul Asrar" or Treasure House of Secrets, romantic poetry "Khosro-o-Shireen" and Laila-o-Majnoon, story of great Alexander "Sikandar Namah" and Haft Paikar which contain the history of Bahram Gur. These books are very popular in Iran because of its romantic, colourful and original writing style.

Abu Hamid bin Abu Bakar Ibrahim alias Farid Uddin Attar (born in 1145 in Nishapur and died in 1220 Khorasan). He was a great Sufi, religious and didactic poet in classical Persian history. Historians are on the opinion that he was born probably in 1136 (not conform). Manteq-ut-Tair is one of his most popular book. Fitzgerald translated this book as "The Bird Parliament". Attar has explained the story of birds symbolically for union of human beings with God in a great fun. He gave an example of Semorgh (bird) in his book, who wish to make their king.

Persian History in Thirteenth Century

Ashraf Uddin Mosleh Uddin Saadi known as Sheikh Saadi and Maulana Jalal Uddin Romi were the most popular Sunni Sufi poets of thirteen century in Persian history. Sheikh Saadi was born in Shiraz town of Iran. His exact date of birth is not known, however, the modern history writers of Iran says that Saadi was born in 1184 AD and died in between 691 to 694 AH. The historian says that Sheikh Saadi has spent his life in four parts. Sheikh Saadi studied for 30 years, then he travelled the world for 30 years, then he spent 30 years in writing of books and poetry and the remaining life was spent in recluse and theosophy.

Jalal uddin Rumi

Jalal Uddin Muhammad Rumi known as Maulan Rumi was born on 30 September 1207 in Balkh (presently a northern province of Afghanistan) and died on 17 December 1273. He belongs to an Arab clan, who were popular for their religious services. "MASNAVI MAANAVI" was his famous book which was completed in ten years. He known Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Greek languages.

Hameed Ullah Mostofi was also a renowned author of Persian history. He wrote history and geography. "Zafar Namah" or Book of Victory is his renowned book which comprises of 75,000 couplets. Nasir Uddin Tusi is also a well-known Persian poet who wrote on philosophy and logic. The other three popular poets of thirteenth century are Iraqi who wrote a mystical and spiritual book "LAMAAT" or Flashes.

Abdul Hassan Yamin Uddin Khosrow alias Ameer Khosrow was born in 1253 at Patiyali Sultanate Dehli, presently Uterpardesh India and died October 1325 in Delhi India. Khosrow wrote in Persian, Arabic and Hindi languages. He was famous for his sweet language and also called as "The parrot of India". At last a satirist poet Zakani is also the most favourite poet of thirteenth century.

The Fifteenth Century onwards

Fifteenth century of Persian history is rich in provision of notable historians and poets. Nizam Uddin Shami the author of Zafar Namah (a history of Taimur), Yazdi, Hafiz Abru, Khafi, Dawlat Shah and Mir Khand (author of Rauzat-us-Safa or Garden of Purity) Dawani (author of Akhlaq-e-Jalali), Kashafi (author of Kalila wa Dimna also known as Anwar-e-Subaili or the Lights of Canopus). The prominent poets of fifteenth century are Sufi Maghribi, Qasim-e-Anwar, Katibi, Nemat Ullah Wali and Jami.

Noor Uddin Abdul Rahman Jami is regarded as last eminent figure of classical Persian literature in Persian history. He was born in 1414 at Nishapur, Khorasan and died on 19 November 1492 in Herat, Afghanistan. Jami wrote more than forty five precious books. Some of his famous books are "Baharistan", "Yousaf-wa-Zulaikha", "Suleman-wa-Absal", "Lawaih", the precious pearl, and "Laila-wa-Majnoon". Persian poetry fallen into decline after the sudden death of Jami. Jame was a great loss for Persian poetry.

Hatif was another promising romantic and historical poet in Persian history. He was the promising nephew of Maulana Rumi, who deeply inspired from him. Other followers of Rumi were Asifi, Fighani (known as "the little Hafiz", Ahli and the Sufi poet Hilali. Khairati, Qasmimi, Kashi, Shani, Fasihi and Shafai are the famous Persian poets of sixteenth century.

Prominent Poets

Mirza Muhammad Ali Saeb Tabraizi, the next prominent and educated poet of seventeenth century who considered as best Persian poet after Maulana Jami in Persian history. A bright minded and original Persian poet in Persian history. He was born at Isfahan, Iran in 1602 and died in 1677. Saeb also remain attached with court (DARBAR) of Mughal emperor Shah Jehan in India but soon returned to Iran and joined the court of Shah Abbas II. He worked hard on relate of modern poetry with old forms and created a new school.

Azhar is one of his follower in eighteenth century, who was famous for tremendous prose writing. He wrote Atesh Kadah (the place of fire-worship), which contain biographies of more than eight hundred poets. Azhar also wrote a Divan and a romantic epic. He wrote a lot on history and autobiographies of poets and monarchs / rulers.

Saba was the laureate poet of second Qajar Irani emperor Fateh Ali Shah, who ruled Iran from June 1779 to October 1834. Saba was the eminent poet of nineteenth century in Persian history. He wrote a divan and Shahan Shah Namah. Mirza Habib Ullah Shirazi alias Qaani is another intelligent, outstanding and well-known poet of Qajar era in Persian history. He was born in 1223 AH in Shiraz and died in Tehran in 1270 AH, who wrote renowned book titled PARESHAN. Qaani also knows Arabic, English, French languages along with Persian language.

Modern Persian Poets or Revival of Persian Literature

Revival of Persian literature stated from early twentieth century. Prince Iraj Mirza has participated a lot in its revival. Iraj was a great and talented Persian poet in Persian history. He was born in October 1874 in Tabraiz, the capital Azarbaijan (presently east Azarbaijan) and died in March 1926. Iraj Mirza worked for freedom of women. The other prominent Persian poets of twentieth are Adib, Bahar, Lahuti, Shahryar, Aref and the poetess Parvin E'tesami.

[msufwan]

1000 Saal Baad Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi ki Qabar ko Khola Gya to Kia Dekha

[risingpakistan]

The galaxy of Pakistani scientists

During the last 60 years the Land of the Pure has not turned out the way it was expected by its founders. Evils like poverty, corruption, dishonesty and racism have caused grave harm to the country. Fortunately, we can still boast of having produced great scientists, sportsmen and artists who have spectacularly raised their country’s flag in their respective fields. Let Us go through the galaxy of the great Pakistani scientists who have made Us all proud.

Eminent scientists in the field of Physics

Dr Abd-us-Salam

Theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Science, Dr Abd-us-Salam was born on January 29, 1926 in District Jhang. It was his work in Electro-Weak Theory which brought him the coveted Noble Prize in 1979. The accuracy of his theory was determined through experiments carried out at the Super Proton Synchrotron facility at CERN in Geneva. Dr Salam served as Advisor to Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and was also honoured with Smith Award from Cambridge University. As the acknowledgement of his legendary services, the Government of Pakistan issued a stamp with Dr Salam’s picture in 1998. He passed away at the age of 70.

The Great A.Q. Khan

AQ Khan is undoubtedly one person whom the entire nation is extremely proud of. He was born on April 11, 1936 in Bhopal. After partition Khan’s Family migrated to Pakistan in 1952. Dr Khan secured B.Sc. (with Physical Metallurgy as major), in 1960 from the University of Karachi and obtained engineering degree from Delft University of Technology, Netherlands in 1967. In 1972 he secured PhD in Metallurgical Engineering from Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium.

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) launched its programme on atomic energy in 1974. It was named Project-706. Dr AQ Khan joined the project in 1976. It was the outcome of his devoted work that Pakistan was able to successfully conduct its nuclear tests on May 28, 1998.

Dr Samar Mubarakmand

Credited with Sitar-e-Imtiaz and Hilal-e-Imitaz, Dr Samar Mubarakmand is one of the legendary scientists who worked day in and day out to make Pakistan one of the nuclear states of the world. Dr Mubarakmand, after receiving MS degree in Physics from Government College University, Lahore, in 1962, attained Ph.D in Experimental Nuclear Physics from the University of Oxford, England, in 1966. He has expertise in nuclear instrumentation, nuclear diagnostics, application of lasers, and fibre optics technology. He is one of the closest companions of Dr AQ Khan whose uphill struggles marked a new chapter in Pakistan’s history on May 28, 1998. Dr Samar vitally contributed in Pakistan’s missile series of Babar, Ghaznavi and Shaeen as well.

Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood

The inventor of SBM probe (instrument to check heavy water leaks in nuclear power plants which is still used world wide) and one of the key engineers of Pakistan nuclear programme, Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood closely worked with Dr AQ Khan. He was the first Project Director of the Pakistan Nuclear Bomb Programme at Kahuta Research Labs.

Mahmood got his Master’s degree in Nuclear Engineering from Manchester. He has written over 15 books. He was awarded Sitara-e-Imtiaz for his work.

Dr Pervez Hoodbhoy

UNESCO Award, Baker Award for Electronics (1968), Dr Abdul Salam Award (1984), Fulbright Award, and Faiz Ahmad Faiz Award is the introduction of Dr Pervez Hoodbhoy. Ph.D in nuclear Physics, Dr Pervez has been a faculty member of the Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, since 1973. He has produced different documentaries on science and on critical educational issues. He has authored four books on science and religion. More than 20 US campuses including MIT, Princeton, University of Maryland, and Johns Hopkins University engaged him as speaker. Being an analyst, Dr Pervez has appeared on several TV and radio networks including BBC, CNN, NBS and Fox.

Azhar Iqbal

Azhar Iqbal is prominent for his work on Quantum Game Theory and for his efforts in evolutionary stability in quantum games. He won an ARC (Australian Research Council) Australian Postdoctoral Fellowship in 2007 to carry out advance research on Quantum Game Theory at the University of Adelaide, Australia.

Ishfaq Ahmad

The recipient of the three highest official awards, Sitaral-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, Ashfaq Ahmad is the former chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. After completing M.Sc. (Physics) from University of the Punjab in 1951, Ahmad secured D.Sc. (Physics) from Canada.

Dr Ahmad remained Director at Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Islamabad during 1971-1976. He also served Atomic Energy Center (AEC), Lahore as director during 1969-1971, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as secretary during 1967-1969, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as senior scientific officer during 1960-66 and GCU Lahore as lecturer during 1952-60.

Dr Raziuddin Siddiqui

Raziuddin Siddiqui is one of those providential students who have studied under the supervision of renowned physicist and Nobel Laureate Werner Karl Heisenberg. Siddiqui, after attaining his BA degree with distinction, was awarded a scholarship by the Government to pursue higher studies in England. In 1930, he did PhD from University of Berlin, Germany, where he was fortunate enough to be taught by Nobel Laureate W. K. Heisenberg. In those days the great scientist of the era, Albert Einstein, was also teaching at the same university.

Dr Raziuddin was the first Vice-Chancellor of Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. He was the first full-time Member of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and was responsible for the preparation of its charter. Dr Raziuddin Sidqui was awarded Sitara-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz.

Eminent scientists in the field of Chemistry

Professor Dr Atta ur Rehman

Ex-chairman of Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and Director of H.E.J. (Hussain Ebrahim Jamal) Research Institute of Chemistry at University of Karachi, Dr Atta ur Rehman is another glittering star in the galaxy of Pakistani Scientists. After doing A’ levels in 1960, Dr Atta did B.Sc. (Hons.) in Chemistry followed by M.Sc in Organic Chemistry from University of Karachi. For Ph.D in Organic Chemistry this gem of Pakistan won the Commonwealth Scholarship in 1965 and also did Ph.D from King’s College, Cambridge in 1968. Afterward, he was awarded Doctorate of Science by University of Cambridge in 1987 and Doctorate of Education by Coventry University, UK in 2007.

Dr Atta was the first Muslim scientist to receive the UNESCO Science Prize (1999). He has also been editor–in–chief of numerous international journals and editor of an encyclopedic series of books on natural product chemistry, being published since 1990. He remained Fellow at Kings College, Cambridge during 1969 to 1973. As an acknowledgment of his prestigious services in Organic Chemistry, Dr Attar ur Rehman was conferred Nishan-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz, Sitara-e-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz in 2002, 1998, 1991 and 1983 respectively. Besides, he also has been bestowed Prime Minister’s Gold Medal and Pakistan Academy of Sciences-INFAQ Foundation Prize in Science in 1995.

Prof Dr Salim-uz-Zaman Siddiqui

The leading Pakistani scientist in natural products chemistry, Dr Salim was born in October 19, 1897. He is credited for pioneering the isolation of unique chemical compounds from the Neem (Azadirachta indica), Rauwolfia, and various other floras. The founder of H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, Dr Salim revolutionised the research on pharmacology of various South Asian domestic plants.

Siddiqui was also an elegant painter, poet, and a great connoisseur of music. His paintings were exhibited in Germany, India, and Pakistan. On account of his outstanding works he was honoured with Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1980), President of Pakistan’s Pride of Performance Medal (1966), Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1962), Gold Medal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Tamgha-e-Pakistan (1958), D. Med. Honoris Causa from Frankfurt University (1958) and Foundation Fellow, Pakistan Academy of Sciences (1953).

Eminent scientist in the field of Computer Engineering

Dr Adnan Zaidi

Dual Ph.D from New York, Dr Zaidi was born in 1973. After receiving post-doctorate training and post-doctoral Award from Harvard University he is currently serving as a research scientist at an American University in Washington DC. Being a project director and associate for research and development at IBM, Microsoft, Boeing and Siemens, he has conducted various projects at these organisations. Dr Adnan has done extraordinarily well in cryptology (coding-decoding techniques), nanophotonics, power systems and power electronics research. He is the author of 34 papers and 19 articles. Owing to his tremendous achievements, this great scientist is renowned in the community of learned scholars and scientists in the United States, Europe and South Asia.

Eminent scientist in the field of Zoology

Dr Ahmed Mohiuddin

An eminent scientist, scholar and researcher of Pakistan, Dr Ahmed Mohiuddin was born on January 8, 1923 in Hyderabad Deccan (India). Having done M.Sc. in Biology from Osmania University and Ph.D in Zoology from University of London, Dr Ahmed migrated to Pakistan in November 1948. Few years after his arrival in Pakistan, he was appointed Chairman of the Zoology Department at Sindh University, Jamshoro. He also rendered his services at Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal Open University as Vice Chancellor. From 1986 to 1988 he served at East West University, Chicago as well.

He authored 37 books on science and research, and was the originator of the Pakistan Zoological Society. He was also awarded Fellowship from Pakistan Academy of Sciences and Royal Society of Tropical Medicine. He died on January 4, 1998 in Atlanta, USA.Eminent scientist in the field of Social Sciences

Saleem H. Ali

Pakistani American scholar Saleem H. Ali is an Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Vermont’s Rubenstein School of Natural Resources, where he has also served as Associate Dean for Graduate Education (2006-2008). For the academic year of 2008-09, Dr Ali is on sabbatical working on a sole-authored book pertaining to mineral resources and the environment. Dr Ali also teaches a course on Indigenous Environment and Development Conflicts at the United Nations University for Peace. Besides, he has been conducting peer reviews of research publications for the giant institutes like World Bank, the International Institute for Sustainable Development, and several other scholarly journals.

Eminent scientist in the field of Engineering

Asad Ali Abidi

UCLA (University of California, Los Angles) HSSEAS Lockheed Martin Award, IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award, IEEE Third Millennium Medal, Contest Award at the Design Automation Conference, ISSCC Jack Raper Outstanding Technology Directions Paper Award, IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Award, Best Paper Award of the 21st European Solid State Circuits Conference and TRW Award for Innovative Teaching is the foreword for Asad Ali Abidi. Abidi is a Pakistani electrical engineer and scientist and dean of LUMS’ School of Science and Engineering. He received his B.Sc. degree from the Imperial College, London, U.K., in 1976, and M.S. and Ph.D degrees in electrical engineering from the University of California at Berkeley in 1978 and 1981 respectively. He is an IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, USA) Fellow and a member of the United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE).

All these achievements of our heroes revitalise our energies. In fact, in the present scenario when our country is going through a tumultuous period where we have rarely anything to be proud of, knowing about the accomplishments of these scientists give us hope. Their achievements encourage our young scientists to follow in the footsteps of the legends. As Allama Iqbal rightly says: “Zara num ho tou ya matee bohat zarqez hai saqee”

(Friday, 10 July 2009. Us Magazine, The News)

[shiningpakistan]

The galaxy of Pakistani scientists

During the last 60 years the Land of the Pure has not turned out the way it was expected by its founders. Evils like poverty, corruption, dishonesty and racism have caused grave harm to the country. Fortunately, we can still boast of having produced great scientists, sportsmen and artists who have spectacularly raised their country’s flag in their respective fields. Let Us go through the galaxy of the great Pakistani scientists who have made Us all proud.

Eminent scientists in the field of Physics

Dr Abd-us-Salam

Theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Science, Dr Abd-us-Salam was born on January 29, 1926 in District Jhang. It was his work in Electro-Weak Theory which brought him the coveted Noble Prize in 1979. The accuracy of his theory was determined through experiments carried out at the Super Proton Synchrotron facility at CERN in Geneva. Dr Salam served as Advisor to Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and was also honoured with Smith Award from Cambridge University. As the acknowledgement of his legendary services, the Government of Pakistan issued a stamp with Dr Salam’s picture in 1998. He passed away at the age of 70.

The Great A.Q. Khan

AQ Khan is undoubtedly one person whom the entire nation is extremely proud of. He was born on April 11, 1936 in Bhopal. After partition Khan’s Family migrated to Pakistan in 1952. Dr Khan secured B.Sc. (with Physical Metallurgy as major), in 1960 from the University of Karachi and obtained engineering degree from Delft University of Technology, Netherlands in 1967. In 1972 he secured PhD in Metallurgical Engineering from Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium.

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) launched its programme on atomic energy in 1974. It was named Project-706. Dr AQ Khan joined the project in 1976. It was the outcome of his devoted work that Pakistan was able to successfully conduct its nuclear tests on May 28, 1998.

Dr Samar Mubarakmand

Credited with Sitar-e-Imtiaz and Hilal-e-Imitaz, Dr Samar Mubarakmand is one of the legendary scientists who worked day in and day out to make Pakistan one of the nuclear states of the world. Dr Mubarakmand, after receiving MS degree in Physics from Government College University, Lahore, in 1962, attained Ph.D in Experimental Nuclear Physics from the University of Oxford, England, in 1966. He has expertise in nuclear instrumentation, nuclear diagnostics, application of lasers, and fibre optics technology. He is one of the closest companions of Dr AQ Khan whose uphill struggles marked a new chapter in Pakistan’s history on May 28, 1998. Dr Samar vitally contributed in Pakistan’s missile series of Babar, Ghaznavi and Shaeen as well.

Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood

The inventor of SBM probe (instrument to check heavy water leaks in nuclear power plants which is still used world wide) and one of the key engineers of Pakistan nuclear programme, Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood closely worked with Dr AQ Khan. He was the first Project Director of the Pakistan Nuclear Bomb Programme at Kahuta Research Labs.

Mahmood got his Master’s degree in Nuclear Engineering from Manchester. He has written over 15 books. He was awarded Sitara-e-Imtiaz for his work.

Dr Pervez Hoodbhoy

UNESCO Award, Baker Award for Electronics (1968), Dr Abdul Salam Award (1984), Fulbright Award, and Faiz Ahmad Faiz Award is the introduction of Dr Pervez Hoodbhoy. Ph.D in nuclear Physics, Dr Pervez has been a faculty member of the Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, since 1973. He has produced different documentaries on science and on critical educational issues. He has authored four books on science and religion. More than 20 US campuses including MIT, Princeton, University of Maryland, and Johns Hopkins University engaged him as speaker. Being an analyst, Dr Pervez has appeared on several TV and radio networks including BBC, CNN, NBS and Fox.

Azhar Iqbal

Azhar Iqbal is prominent for his work on Quantum Game Theory and for his efforts in evolutionary stability in quantum games. He won an ARC (Australian Research Council) Australian Postdoctoral Fellowship in 2007 to carry out advance research on Quantum Game Theory at the University of Adelaide, Australia.

Ishfaq Ahmad

The recipient of the three highest official awards, Sitaral-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, Ashfaq Ahmad is the former chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. After completing M.Sc. (Physics) from University of the Punjab in 1951, Ahmad secured D.Sc. (Physics) from Canada.

Dr Ahmad remained Director at Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Islamabad during 1971-1976. He also served Atomic Energy Center (AEC), Lahore as director during 1969-1971, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as secretary during 1967-1969, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as senior scientific officer during 1960-66 and GCU Lahore as lecturer during 1952-60.

Dr Raziuddin Siddiqui

Raziuddin Siddiqui is one of those providential students who have studied under the supervision of renowned physicist and Nobel Laureate Werner Karl Heisenberg. Siddiqui, after attaining his BA degree with distinction, was awarded a scholarship by the Government to pursue higher studies in England. In 1930, he did PhD from University of Berlin, Germany, where he was fortunate enough to be taught by Nobel Laureate W. K. Heisenberg. In those days the great scientist of the era, Albert Einstein, was also teaching at the same university.

Dr Raziuddin was the first Vice-Chancellor of Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. He was the first full-time Member of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and was responsible for the preparation of its charter. Dr Raziuddin Sidqui was awarded Sitara-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz.

Eminent scientists in the field of Chemistry

Professor Dr Atta ur Rehman

Ex-chairman of Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and Director of H.E.J. (Hussain Ebrahim Jamal) Research Institute of Chemistry at University of Karachi, Dr Atta ur Rehman is another glittering star in the galaxy of Pakistani Scientists. After doing A’ levels in 1960, Dr Atta did B.Sc. (Hons.) in Chemistry followed by M.Sc in Organic Chemistry from University of Karachi. For Ph.D in Organic Chemistry this gem of Pakistan won the Commonwealth Scholarship in 1965 and also did Ph.D from King’s College, Cambridge in 1968. Afterward, he was awarded Doctorate of Science by University of Cambridge in 1987 and Doctorate of Education by Coventry University, UK in 2007.

Dr Atta was the first Muslim scientist to receive the UNESCO Science Prize (1999). He has also been editor–in–chief of numerous international journals and editor of an encyclopedic series of books on natural product chemistry, being published since 1990. He remained Fellow at Kings College, Cambridge during 1969 to 1973. As an acknowledgment of his prestigious services in Organic Chemistry, Dr Attar ur Rehman was conferred Nishan-e-Imtiaz, Hilal-e-Imtiaz, Sitara-e-Imtiaz and Tamgha-e-Imtiaz in 2002, 1998, 1991 and 1983 respectively. Besides, he also has been bestowed Prime Minister’s Gold Medal and Pakistan Academy of Sciences-INFAQ Foundation Prize in Science in 1995.

Prof Dr Salim-uz-Zaman Siddiqui

The leading Pakistani scientist in natural products chemistry, Dr Salim was born in October 19, 1897. He is credited for pioneering the isolation of unique chemical compounds from the Neem (Azadirachta indica), Rauwolfia, and various other floras. The founder of H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, Dr Salim revolutionised the research on pharmacology of various South Asian domestic plants.

Siddiqui was also an elegant painter, poet, and a great connoisseur of music. His paintings were exhibited in Germany, India, and Pakistan. On account of his outstanding works he was honoured with Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1980), President of Pakistan’s Pride of Performance Medal (1966), Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1962), Gold Medal of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Tamgha-e-Pakistan (1958), D. Med. Honoris Causa from Frankfurt University (1958) and Foundation Fellow, Pakistan Academy of Sciences (1953).

Eminent scientist in the field of Computer Engineering

Dr Adnan Zaidi

Dual Ph.D from New York, Dr Zaidi was born in 1973. After receiving post-doctorate training and post-doctoral Award from Harvard University he is currently serving as a research scientist at an American University in Washington DC. Being a project director and associate for research and development at IBM, Microsoft, Boeing and Siemens, he has conducted various projects at these organisations. Dr Adnan has done extraordinarily well in cryptology (coding-decoding techniques), nanophotonics, power systems and power electronics research. He is the author of 34 papers and 19 articles. Owing to his tremendous achievements, this great scientist is renowned in the community of learned scholars and scientists in the United States, Europe and South Asia.

Eminent scientist in the field of Zoology

Dr Ahmed Mohiuddin

An eminent scientist, scholar and researcher of Pakistan, Dr Ahmed Mohiuddin was born on January 8, 1923 in Hyderabad Deccan (India). Having done M.Sc. in Biology from Osmania University and Ph.D in Zoology from University of London, Dr Ahmed migrated to Pakistan in November 1948. Few years after his arrival in Pakistan, he was appointed Chairman of the Zoology Department at Sindh University, Jamshoro. He also rendered his services at Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal Open University as Vice Chancellor. From 1986 to 1988 he served at East West University, Chicago as well.

He authored 37 books on science and research, and was the originator of the Pakistan Zoological Society. He was also awarded Fellowship from Pakistan Academy of Sciences and Royal Society of Tropical Medicine. He died on January 4, 1998 in Atlanta, USA.Eminent scientist in the field of Social Sciences

Saleem H. Ali

Pakistani American scholar Saleem H. Ali is an Associate Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Vermont’s Rubenstein School of Natural Resources, where he has also served as Associate Dean for Graduate Education (2006-2008). For the academic year of 2008-09, Dr Ali is on sabbatical working on a sole-authored book pertaining to mineral resources and the environment. Dr Ali also teaches a course on Indigenous Environment and Development Conflicts at the United Nations University for Peace. Besides, he has been conducting peer reviews of research publications for the giant institutes like World Bank, the International Institute for Sustainable Development, and several other scholarly journals.

Eminent scientist in the field of Engineering

Asad Ali Abidi

UCLA (University of California, Los Angles) HSSEAS Lockheed Martin Award, IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award, IEEE Third Millennium Medal, Contest Award at the Design Automation Conference, ISSCC Jack Raper Outstanding Technology Directions Paper Award, IEEE Donald G. Fink Prize Award, Best Paper Award of the 21st European Solid State Circuits Conference and TRW Award for Innovative Teaching is the foreword for Asad Ali Abidi. Abidi is a Pakistani electrical engineer and scientist and dean of LUMS’ School of Science and Engineering. He received his B.Sc. degree from the Imperial College, London, U.K., in 1976, and M.S. and Ph.D degrees in electrical engineering from the University of California at Berkeley in 1978 and 1981 respectively. He is an IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, USA) Fellow and a member of the United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE).

All these achievements of our heroes revitalise our energies. In fact, in the present scenario when our country is going through a tumultuous period where we have rarely anything to be proud of, knowing about the accomplishments of these scientists give us hope. Their achievements encourage our young scientists to follow in the footsteps of the legends. As Allama Iqbal rightly says: “Zara num ho tou ya matee bohat zarqez hai saqee”

(Friday, 10 July 2009. Us Magazine, The News)

[afghaniya]

Visited a public school and brought smiles on the innocent faces❗️ ____________________ Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi Private High Schools & Colleges System, Kabul, Afghanistan🇦🇫 #afghaniya🌍 #peace

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TRAVERSING PAKISTAN’S SILK ROUTE

Be it the sheer beauty of its mountain passes or its rich history, Pakistan grips you with its charismatic personality.

Tracing back its roots back to 2,500 years BC, Pakistan used to be the home of a highly developed civilization, which flourished in the Indus Valley. Apart from bearing a rich historical significance, the country is renowned for its towering snow-capped peaks, pristine rivers, enchanting forests, and picturesque alpine landscapes.The main highlight of Pakistan is its Karakoram  Highway. Also known as the KKH, it is believed to be the highest paved international road in the world. Officially completing its construction in 1982, the highway connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range. Situated at an elevation of 4,693 metres (15,397 ft) above the sea level, it is one unforgettable journey. Although the road is both challenging and perilous, travellers from all over take the road for its incredible and jaw-dropping views. Its twists and turns cut through three great mountain ranges - the famed Himalaya, Karakoram and Pamir, and greets visitors with vistas of imposing mountains set against the backdrop of the expansive azure blue sky. The highway follows one of the ancient silk routes along the valleys of the Indus, Gilgit and Hunza rivers to the Chinese border at the Khunjerab Pass; it crosses into the high Central Asian plateau before winding down through the Pamirs to Kashgar, at the western edge of the Taklamakan Desert. This route was once prominent for the exchange of goods between the East and the West. These included silk, spices, and ceramics from the East, and wool, linen, and ivory from the West.

Swat Valley

The mesmerising beauty of the Swat Valley is something that one needs to experience first hand. Coupled with a lush valley, captivating mountain scenery, and turquoise waters, this charming town in Pakistan receives a steady stream of travellers from the region and beyond. The district’s natural attractions have even earned this valley the title, Switzerland of the East. It’s important to note that tourism season lasts from March until October. And don’t worry about facing a language barrier, English is commonly spoken by the locals. The town’s timeless testament to being a natural beauty enriched with a long, and rich historical past, is ultimately its biggest draw. With over 2000 years of history under its belt, the valley has seen the likes of great generals in history, including Alexander the Great, Mahmood Ghaznavi, and the great Mughal emperors Babur and Akbar. Swat Valley is also believed to be the birthplace of Vajrayana Buddhism, and was said to have been filled with over a thousand stunning stupas and monasteries, which accommodated as many as 6,000 gold images of the Buddhist pantheon for worship and education.

Karimabad Hunza

Another notable valley that has swayed the hearts of many is the Hunza Valley. Nestled under the ever watchful gaze of five formidable peaks, the mountainous valley is dubbed as the “real Shangri-La.” The region is seemingly out of place in Pakistan, as it flourishes from the assistance and support of international charities. It’s capital, Karimabad - in the Gilgit-Baltistan region - is home to the Baltit Fort, which is strategically located with a commanding view of the Hunza Valley.  It’s sheer size and prominent position is enough for it to be easily seen from any point in the area. Tracing back to 700 years, the fort is the first ever to be restored by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. It is part of a pilot project that seeks to conserve a number of monuments in northern Pakistan. Open all year around, the fort is somewhat self-sustaining - it is supported by the revenue generated from the sale of tickets, souvenirs and generous donations of individuals and organizations. Inside the fort, visitors will be able to see many artifacts, such as Stone Age cooking wares, imported carpets - including one made 300 years ago - and mystic carvings. In the past, the Hunza rulers initially resided in the Altit Fort, however, because of a conflict between the two sons of the Sultan, Shah Abbas (Shάboos) and Ali Khan (Aliqhάn), Shάboos shifted to the Baltit Fort, making it the capital of Hunza. The power struggle led to the unfortunate demise of the younger sibling, which essentially made Baltit Fort the seat of power in the Hunza state.

Hoper Glacier

Located near Nagar Valley, the Hoper Glacier is a tourist spot, and a favourite haunt for outdoor enthusiasts who love trekking, mountaineering and ice climbing. Besides providing the best vantage point (atop the glacier) for sunsets and sunrises, it is the fastest moving glacier on the planet. Travellers can also take their trip up a notch and camp on the glacier for the night. It is the perfect getaway from the hustle and bustle of city life. With zero phone reception, this recluse can either be a boon or a bane - especially if you’re expecting an important call or email. While here, you will also get a peek into the simple lifestyle of the locals. The lack of infrastructure and the minimalistic way of life evokes an introspective ambience - a welcomed change from the hectic urban life.

Khunjerab Pass

Much like the Karakoram Highway, the Khunjerab Pass is as treacherous and as it is tragically beautiful. Situated on the northern border of Pakistan with China, at an elevation of 4.733 meters (15,528 feet) above sea level, the pass is the highest point on the Karakoram Highway. The pass is popular for its spectacular vistas that encompass the natural beauty of the region. It is important to note that the long and winding pass is usually closed in the winter. Timing is key when traversing this pass. Plan your trip well and you’ll be in for a visual treat that will leave you breathless.

Photo credits: © Saadzafar91, © Syed Mehdi Bukhari,  © 2017 The Express Tribune, © ABDULLAH_SHAKOOR/PIXABAY

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