#Stem Cuttings

[oaresearchpaper]

Optimizing Rooting of White Potato Cuttings: A Study of Three Growth Conditions

Abstract

The need to produce a cheap alternative and farmer level technology in the production of clean planting materials of White Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) prompted the investigation on the rooting response of clones from stem cuttings of different age and number of nodes under different concentrations of synthetic plant hormone Alpha-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (ANAA). A zero generation (G0) mother plant was used as a source of clones to examine whether it could produce roots in a sterilized medium. In a replicated split-split plot experimental design with three factors such as the age of the mother plant, number of nodes and levels of growth regulator, we found that roots emerged from clones 18 days after planting in a sterilized river sand. Significant effect on rooting was influenced by the age of cuttings (p=0.0058), number of nodes (p=0.0058) and ANAA (p=<0.0001). Moreover, significant interactions were found among age of cuttings, number of nodes and ANAA concentrations on rooting (p=0.0044). Implications for the feasibility of mass producing clean planting materials from cloning G0 mother plant are discussed.

Introduction

White potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a perennial crop belonging to the Solanaceae family grown mainly for its tubers (Spooner et al., 2014). First cultivated 8000 years ago by the Peruvian farmers in Peru’s Central Andes; now it has more than 4000 different cultivars grown globally (Niekerk et al., 2016; Lutaladio et al., 2009). It was initially introduced in Europe in the sixteenth century and was subsequently distributed throughout the world. Potatoes are the world’s primary non-grain staple food in several countries in Europe and some parts of America due to its nutrient content; with China, India, Ukraine and Russia as top producers (Lutaladio et al., 2009; Shahbandeh, 2022).

The biggest obstacle of the white potato industry in Asia, particularly Philippines is the source of clean planting materials, because potatoes are attacked by bacterial wilt disease caused by pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. The conventional method of white potato propagation is through the use of tubers, but the risk is high. Other methods are the use of True Potato Seeds (TPS), and through stem cuttings (Morais et al., 2018; Shiwani et al., 2021). At present, the Department of Agriculture’s Northern Mindanao Agri Crops and Livestock Research Complex (DANMACLRC) uses the tissue culture technology to mass produce seedlings and tubers as the source of potato clean planting materials, but cannot cope up with the current demand; thus there is pressure to explore other methods.

Numerous studies were conducted to explore and enhance the propagation of potato through stem cuttings. The work of Zaki and Moustafa (2018) for example, used Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) at higher concentrations reaching up to 6000 parts per million (ppm) but rooting responses of potato varieties tested differ significantly. Ezzat (2016) dipped the stem cuttings for 1 minute to various rooting hormones such as Indole-3-butyric acid Potassium salt (K-IBA) at 1000 ppm, IAA at 250, and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid NAA at 500 mg/L. The same hormone IAA was tested by Nikmatullah et al. (2018), but other factors such as age of mother plant and number of nodes was included.

In this study we explored the responses and interactions at different ages of Granola white potato stem cuttings, number of nodes, and levels of hormones in terms of its rooting ability and growth. Results and its potential for tuber production are discussed.

Source : Optimizing Rooting of White Potato Cuttings: A Study of Three Growth Conditions | InformativeBD

[philodendronforming]

Cordyline fruticosa

The Cordyline fruticosa plants are most beautiful eye-catching evergreen perennial plants with broad leaves. Plant foliage varies in different colors such as red, pink, yellow, white & other streaks.

Good Luck plant

These cordyline fruticosa plants are commonly called Hawaiian ti plant, good luck plant, ti plant, palm lily, cabbage palm, and miracle plant belonging to Asparagaceae. This plant is often believed to bring good luck to the home.

Hawaiian ti plant

This cordyline plant variety prized & beloved especially for its colorful, long-lasting foliage with attractive stripes. The name Hawaiian ti plant name due to the reason that this croton plant believed to bring positiveness, creation, and blessing during those times in Hawaiian culture.

Benefits

The placement of ti -plant croton plant is believed to bring good luck, peace and positivity to home.

Cordyline Ti plants are pests & diseases resistant plants.

The most beautiful feature of this plant is the colorful foliage & air-purifier.

[theoldkyokodied]

Uploading all my Tomgreg art at once from the past few week before season 4 hits, who knows in what kind of mental state i'm gonna be once it does :')

[sixtyt-en]

I think that like, the major reason why benrey got so mischaracterized by the fandom at hlvrai's peak popularity was because they forgot he acts like a dmv employee

[beebones]

support women’s wrongs or else

[alliwanttodoiscollectpoetry]

My life’s stem was cut

Helen Dunmore

[deconstructthesoup]

Craziest thing the Pristine Cut has done for me is that it's made me decide that Fury, in my human AUs, should not be a butcher, but instead be a medical examiner with at least one PHD in biomed

[ruvviks]

nathan encounter with obscura 2.0 goes about as well as the day he killed his parents, more at 11

taglist (opt in/out)

@shellibisshe, @florbelles, @ncytiri, @hibernationsuit, @stars-of-the-heart;

@lestatlioncunt, @katsigian, @radioactiveshitstorm, @estevnys, @adelaidedrubman;

@celticwoman, @rindemption, @carlosoliveiraa, @noirapocalypto, @dickytwister;

@killerspinal, @euryalex, @ri-a-rose, @velocitic, @thedeadthree;

@jacobseed

[bambiraptorx]

ngl looking at STEM au now that I've watched more of 2003 is so funny because I was like "hey what if 2003 Stockman joined up with an utter weirdo of a man who wanted to create an army of genetically manipulated super soldiers"

and that's. quite literally what he does in canon with Bishop

[oaresearchpaper]

Effect of Growth Regulators on Rooting of Andrographis neesiana: A Valuable Endemic Medicinal Plant of India

Abstract

The present study deals with the vegetative propagation prospects of an endemic medicinal plant Andrographis neesiana Wight, which is familiarly used in herbal medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Due to over exploitation this plant is disappearing from original habitat hence its cultivation on commercial scale is suggested. Stem cuttings of Andrographis neesiana are advantageous to root. Treatment with Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and a-Napthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) raised rooting and increased shoot development in greenhouse under intermittent misting. IBA and NAA treated cuttings performed improve in all development parameters compared to control. The highest percentage of rooting was observed in IBA 1500 ppm (68.10%). The maximum root length was noted in IBA 2000 ppm (11.20 cm). The roots were profuse and branched in characteristic. Besides this, the survival rate of IBA treated plantlets was 86.45% and NAA treated plantlets was 72.61% in comparison to control where it was 7.32%. The percentage of rooting and root length upgraded by using plant growth hormones, either separate or together. The present investigation concludes that clonal multiplication of these an endemic medicinal plant is feasible through application of plant growth regulators. The significance of these findings on the propagation and conservation of A. neesiana is discussed.

Introduction

Medicinal plants contain importances that can be used for biotherapeutic applications or which are used as precursors for the synthesis of beneficial (Sofowora 1993). The medicinal characteristics of plants lies in their phytochemicals namely alkaloids, flavonoids in addition to other phenolic compounds that co-opt as to producing particular physiological properties to the body of man and animals (Che Man, 2010). However, analysis of extract of Andrographis neesiana was found to be rich in flavones to the expensive phytoconstituent potentialities of the plant. Andrograhis neesiana is therefore grown as a medicinal species for the curing of many ailments particularly in India. (Alagesaboopathi and Balu 1999; Alagesaboopathi and Sivkumar 2011; Ponvinobala et al., 2012a). Andrographis neesiana Wight belongs to the family Acanthaceae and has been widely used in healthcare traditions. The rooted plants by cottage have various advantages such as faster growth rate (Ooyamma and Toyoshima, 1965), greater stock stand uniformity, improve site matching and true-to-type planting material production (Fielding, 1969). Cuttings can be categorized into 3 groups as comfortable to root, difficult to root and inflexible to root (Nanda, 1970).

Species of Andrographis Wallich ex Nees (Acanthaceae) are used in the Indian systems of medicine namely, Siddha, Ayurveda, Unani, Naturopathy, Homeopathy, Amachi and Modern (Alagesaboopathi and Balu, 1999). The genus Andrographis as a whole is of potentialities significance to India. The genus exhibits antipyretic characteristics (Kirtikar and Basu, 1975). This genus consists 40 species distributed in Tropical Asia (Anonymous, 1948). About 21 species are distributed in India (Gamble, 1982) and all of them available in Tamilnadu. (Henry et al., 1987). Among the 21 species 18 species are reported to be endemic to India (Ahmedullah and Nayar, 1986). Andrographis neesiana Wight (Fig. 1) is an endemic medicinal species (Ahmedullah and Nayar, 1986) found in wild in Shevaroy Hills of Salem district of Tamilnadu (11o45 and 11o55 N and 78o11 to 78o20E) upto 1500 m.

The pharmaceutical industries is widely dependent upon the wild populations for providing these plant species for extraction of their intrinsic phytochemicals. Moreover, herbal medicine practitioners, local medicine men, village dwellers, vaidyas, tribals (Malayalis), forest dwellers, and other traditional healers often use these collection of the plant materials from forests and lacking experiments either to allow the replenishment or propagation, these critical flora are rapidly vanishing. As a importance, A. neesiana declared as an endemic plant in India (Ahmedullah and Nayar, 1986). Therefore, there is an immediate need to enlarge serviceable cultivation techniques for propagation of these noteworthy medicinal floras which will excessively commercial application. Andrographis neesiana has been used in the treatment of aphrodisiac and antifungal property (Alagesaboopathi and Balu, 1999; Alagesaboopathi and Balu, 2000). Several medicinal properties such as cough, edema, laxative, bitter and overcomes trouble in breathing, worms, liver complaints, acidity, burning sensation, syphilitic ulcers, skin disorders and also veterinary medicines have been attributed to this plant in the traditional systems of Indian medicine (Sivarajan and Balachandran, 2001). It is used in the treatment of antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activity (Alagesaboopathi and Sivakumar, 2011; Ponvinobala et al., 2012 a, b).

Two new flavonoids, 2, 4, 6, 2, 3, 4- hexamethoxychalcone and 5-hydroxy -7, 2, 5 - trimethoxyflavone together with a known flavone glycoside, echioidinin 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the whole plant extract of Andrographis neesiana (Muntha Kesava Reddy et al., 2003). There is no previous report on use of growth hormones in vegetative propagation of this useful plant. The work was undertaken to result rooting response of A. neesiana under greenhouse using growth regulators and outcomes reported. Auxin is one of the factors for stimulating root productions in cuttings (Hartman et al., 1990). Thakur and Gupta (1998) reported that cutting of Alnus nitida with various concentration of IBA and obtained the maximum root percentage at IBA 800 ppm.

Rooting of stem cutting through action of growth hormones has been undertaken as a protocol for broad scale propagation of this plant following the approach of Senthilkumar et al., 2009; Akwatulira et al., 2011; Saradha and Paulsamy, 2012). Auxins, a category of plant evolution substances are often called as plant growth hormones and performance an important role in coordination of many growth and behavioral technique in the plant life cycle (Tiwari and Kuntal Das, 2010). Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), -Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Indole -3-Butyric Acid (IBA) are conventionally the leading auxins which are usable commercially and can be applied with liquid (liquid formulation) or in talc (powder formulation) for rooting and sprouting of stem cuttings (Hopkins, 1999). The present study therefore aimed at ascertaining the most suitable propagation A. neeisana using stem cuttings. In the present study, the stem cuttings of A. neesiana were treated by plant growth regulators (PGRs), IBA and NAA. The aim of this investigation was to test the potential outcome of plant growth regulators on the stem cuttings and to prefer an optimal concentration of plant growth regulators for stem cuttings of A. neesiana

Source : Effect of growth regulators on rooting of Andrographis neesiana Wight. – a valuable endemic medicinal plant of India

[mysteriousquantumphysics]

Circuit Cutting for Efficient Quantum Circuit Simulation

In previous blog posts [1, 2] we talked about quantum circuit cutting - a technique to "cut" quantum circuits into pieces to run them on smaller quantum devices. In particular, for NISQ devices this is a nice method to run larger quantum circuits than usually possible with the limited number of qubits as well as diminishing the effects of noise during the computation [3]. However, such techniques come with the cost of having an exponential sampling overhead in the number of cut wires or gates. Thus, such methods are limited in applicability - namely they work best for shallow, easy to partition, circuits.

"Cutting" for Classical Simulation

No matter the (dis)advantages, the idea of "cutting" circuits into pieces cannot only be applied as a "compilation" step to run cut algorithms on real quantum devices. In contrast, "cutting" can also make classical simulations of quantum circuits of suitable classes more efficient. Why might it be desirable to simulate smaller circuits on a classical computer? The simple answer is that storing statevectors on classical computers requires an exponential amount of RAM, i.e., 2^n amplitudes for n qubits. As only limited RAM is available - similar to the limited number of qubits in NISQ devices - running smaller simulations/computations is desirable. However, there is no free lunch here as well, since cutting also induces an exponential overhead in the classical simulation case - meaning that an exponential amount of smaller subcircuits has to be run and subsequently reassembled again. Thus, the reason why one wants to cut circuits for classical simulations is a bit more intricate: Reducing the RAM requirements can also decrease the runtime of simulating gates (i.e. by matrix-vector multiplication) but as pointed out before, one has to run an exponential amount of circuits which is increasing the time cost again. Therefore, cutting quantum circuits for classical simulation is not always useful; instead, there is a tradeoff between reducing runtime by reducing RAM and the exponential overhead - thus, such techniques are usually only useful for quantum circuits with limited connectivity such that only a manageable number of cuts must be performed. In the literature this cutting is usually denoted as Hybrid Schrödinger Feynman Technique (HSF) [4, 5, 6] - still, the underlying ideas are quite similar to quantum circuit cutting. Let's look at the core idea of cutting circuits for classical simulation and where this aforementioned exponential overhead comes from.

How to Cut Circuits for Simulation

Conceptually, classical cutting of quantum gates (contrasting quantum circuit cutting, one is usually not considering wire cuts for HSF simulation) merely requires performing a Schmidt-Decomposition on the gate(s) to be cut. Considering the CNOT gate, this can be done quite easily by just factoring out properly as follows

where we just wrote down the CNOT gate in Dirac notation and factored out the projector P_0 and P_1 respectively. This can be represented graphically in a circuit diagram as

With this illustration it becomes more apparent what is meant by cutting. We decomposed the CNOT gate, which originally acts on two qubits jointly, into a representation with two contributions (terms) in which each one is bipartite: The first term is just the projector onto the zero state on the first qubit and nothing on the other. The second term is the projector onto the other computational basis state as well as a separate Pauli X gate on the other qubit. You can see that the qubit wires are not connected anymore in the separate contributions that constitute the cut.

If you have a larger circuit that you want to partition into two smaller parts which should be simulated separately and they are connected by a single CNOT gate, cutting would give you two pairs of bipartite circuits. Each of them is smaller than before, thus, faster to simulate. This toy example has a pretty small overhead in the number of simulations, often also denoted as "paths", namely only two. If more gates are cut, this grows exponentially as the number of paths per gate has to be multiplied. Mathematically speaking, this number of paths is determined by the Schmidt-rank of each cut gate. As mentioned before, the Schmidt Decomposition is the core tool to perform cutting and thus, we briefly look into how this Schmidt Decomposition is done in general.

Classical Cutting in General by Schmidt-Decompositions

In order to spare you tedious notation with a lot of confusing indices, let's consider the general case in graphical notation only. Any quantum circuit can be represented as a tensor network [7]. Each quantum wire can be interpreted as leg of a tensor with physical dimension 2 (since qubits have a basis with 2 vectors). Consider some operator A with n=6 qubits (the logic applies for arbitrarily many qubits) as shown in the figure below. Assume that we want to cut this operator in the middle. Originally, operator A has 2n legs , but we can reshape those legs/wires according to the desired cut location as shown on the right-hand side - resulting in two "big" legs with higher dimensions than before. The dimension of the upper and lower big leg is determined by the number of qubits n_a in the upper partition and n_b in the lower partition respectively, in our example n_a=n_b=3. The upper big leg has dimension 2^(2n_a) and the lower 2^(2n_b).

Doing this not only fixes the cut position but is a way of matricizing the previously higher rank object - allowing to perform a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), which can be applied on matrices (having 2 legs) only. An SVD decomposes a matrix into three parts, two isometries, U and V as well as the diagonal matrix σ containing the singular values (shown diagramatically below). The number of singular values fixes the aforementioned Schmidt-rank [8] of the original operator/gate A which, in turn, determines the aforementioned overhead, the number of paths in the simulation. The isometries can be absorbed into the top and bottom and the remaining sum can be made explicit such that we end up with a bipartite representation, similar to the one shown for the CNOT gate. This allows to decompose the gate into two parts, at the cost of a higher number of paths for the simulation.

Conclusion

Now you know how circuit cutting can be applied for classical simulations as well - it merely requires performing a Schmidt Decomposition in order to find bipartite representations of gates to be cut. Interestingly, performing cuts for classical simulation induces an exponential overhead - similar to quantum circuit cutting for real quantum devices. Even though conceptual differences are present between both approaches, this parallel neatly shows that one can never avoid the exponential complexity of quantum systems: We can merely shift the complexity (e.g. memory complexity into time complexity as for HSF simulation), to hope for nice tradeoffs and computing advantages - but no method can get rid of the inherent exponential complexity of quantum systems.

References

[1] Blog Post "Cutting Quantum Circuits into Pieces - Why and How?"

[2] Blog Post "Quantum Circuit Cutting - with Randomly Applied Channels"

[3] Bechtold, M., Barzen, J., Leymann, F., Mandl, A., Obst, J., Truger, F., & Weder, B. (2023). Investigating the effect of circuit cutting in QAOA for the MaxCut problem on NISQ devices. In Quantum Science and Technology (Vol. 8, Issue 4, p. 045022). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/acf59c

[4] Aaronson, S., & Chen, L. (2016). Complexity-Theoretic Foundations of Quantum Supremacy Experiments (Version 2). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1612.05903

[5] Markov, I. L., Fatima, A., Isakov, S. V., & Boixo, S. (2018). Quantum Supremacy Is Both Closer and Farther than It Appears. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.1807.10749

[6] Burgholzer, L., Bauer, H., & Wille, R. (2021). Hybrid Schrödinger-Feynman Simulation of Quantum Circuits With Decision Diagrams. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE). 2021 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/qce52317.2021.00037

[7] Blog Entry Pennylane, "Tensor Network Quantum Circuits"

[8] Nielsen, M. A., Dawson, C. M., Dodd, J. L., Gilchrist, A., Mortimer, D., Osborne, T. J., Bremner, M. J., Harrow, A. W., & Hines, A. (2003). Quantum dynamics as a physical resource. In Physical Review A (Vol. 67, Issue 5). American Physical Society (APS). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.67.052301

[dustykneed]

what if i drew myself stress relief musical sapphics.... what then....

can you tell i've been. hmmm. stressed this week LMAO (anyways if you recognise these pairs like that's awesome and you're so cool genuinely! but this is so self indulgent who am i kidding xDD)

[teddy-bear-naps-and-random-snaps]

[yakultii]

if anyone does anything that makes me feel even remotely out of control it changes my brain chemistry about them forever even if I know they mean well and want so badly for things to go back to the way they used to but they can never go back and I hate myself for that

[prince-liest]

I think I'm going to finally bite the bullet and do a moderate rescape of my betta tank... despite multiple various attempts to get the monte carlo carpet re-established, including pinning it down with stainless steel mesh, nothing much seems to have worked. It just keeps uprooting itself, and I can't exactly re-do a dry start...

The crypts in the back are also growing quite large and overshadowing the rock formation. I genuinely really love the rocks, but without the green background and with a shadow over them, they're not nearly as visible as they used to be, and I miss having wood in the tank. I'm going to replace them with a nice piece of wood, and then cover all of the empty ground with crypt parva - I found a nice deal for a BUNCH of it on eBay for a great price. That will probably also give me a nice spot to properly bunch up the hydrocotyle tripartita, and maybe try once more at growing a crypt flamingo on the left side! Will also get some S. repens, I loved it when I had it in the past but it gets a little too tall for the rocks. With a larger wooden centerpiece, it'd be perfect.

In my mind this has always been my "new" tank, but in fact it's over a year old at this point! So maybe it is really time to spruce up Vox Jr's digs, haha.

[solargeist]

grian we will keep u AWAY from flora after that 😭

Right 💥💥💥 she is not able to gauge how weak or strong players are, she’s very much like, I can do it, why can’t you do it ? 🤔🤔🤔

not a good mindset to have..

she comes from a twilight forest server, shes survived on her own for a long time as a player, but grian comes from a community of friends, so there’s an obvious difference in their abilities.

she’s not gonna kill him or cause ~severe physical harm, but they don’t get along, u can see Why 😭