#Solid Sorbents For Carbon Capture Market

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A machine to scrub CO₂ from the air

By Deanna D’Alessandro, University of Sydney

On Wednesday last week, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was measured at at 415 parts per million (ppm). The level is the highest in human history, and is growing each year.

Amid all the focus on emissions reduction, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says it will not be enough to avoid dangerous levels of global warming. The world must actively remove historical CO₂ already in the atmosphere – a process often described as “negative emissions”.

CO₂ removal can be done in two ways. The first is by enhancing carbon storage in natural ecosystems, such as planting more forests or storing more carbon in soil. The second is by using direct air capture (DAC) technology that strips CO₂ from the ambient air, then either stores it underground or turns it into products.

US research suggested global warming could be slowed with an emergency deployment of a fleet of “CO₂ scrubbers” using DAC technology. However a wartime level of funding from government and business would be needed. So is direct air capture worth the time and money?

Direct air capture of CO2 will be needed to address climate change. Shutterstock

What’s DAC all about?

Direct air capture refers to any mechanical system capturing CO₂ from the atmosphere. Plants operating today use a liquid solvent or solid sorbent to separate CO₂ from other gases.

Swiss company Climeworks operates 15 direct air capture machines across Europe, comprising the world’s first commercial DAC system. The operation is powered by renewable geothermal energy or energy produced by burning waste.

The machines use a fan to draw air into a “collector”, inside which a selective filter captures CO₂. Once the filter is full, the collector is closed and the CO₂ is sequestered underground.

Canadian company Carbon Engineering uses giant fans to pull air into a tower-like structure. The air passes over a potassium hydroxide solution which chemically binds to the CO₂ molecules, and removes them from the air. The CO₂ is then concentrated, purified and compressed.

Captured CO₂ can be injected into the ground to extract oil, in some cases helping to counteract the emissions produced by burning the oil.

The proponents of the Climeworks and Carbon Engineering technology say their projects are set for large-scale investment and deployment in coming years. Globally, the potential market value of DAC technology could reach US$100bn by 2030, on some estimates.

Artist impression of a DAC facility to be built in the US state of Texas. If built, it would be the largest of its kind in the world. Carbon Engineering

Big challenges ahead

Direct air capture faces many hurdles and challenges before it can make a real dent in climate change.

DAC technology is currently expensive, relative to many alternative ways of capturing CO₂, but is expected to become cheaper as the technology scales up. The economic feasibility will be helped by the recent emergence of new carbon markets where negative emissions can be traded.

DAC machines process an enormous volume of air, and as such are very energy-intensive. In fact, research has suggested direct air capture machines could use a quarter of global energy in 2100. However new DAC methods being developed could cut the technology’s energy use.

While the challenges to direct air capture are great, the technology uses less land and water than other negative emissions technologies such as planting forests or storing CO₂ in soils or oceans.

DAC technology is also increasingly gaining the backing of big business. Microsoft, for example, last year included the technology in its carbon negative plan.

Direct air capture is touted as a way to offset emissions from industry and elsewhere. Shutterstock

Opportunities for Australia

Australia is uniquely positioned to be a world leader in direct air capture. It boasts large areas of land not suitable for growing crops. It has ample sunlight, meaning there is great potential to host DAC facilities powered by solar energy. Australia also has some of the world’s best sites in which to “sequester” or store carbon in underground reservoirs.

Direct air capture is a relatively new concept in Australia. Australian company Southern Green Gas, as well as the CSIRO, are developing solar-powered DAC technologies. The SGG project, with which I am involved, involves modular units potentially deployed in large numbers, including close to sites where captured CO₂ can be used in oil recovery or permanently stored.

If DAC technology can overcome its hurdles, the benefits will extend beyond tackling climate change. It would create a new manufacturing sector and potentially re-employ workers displaced by the decline of fossil fuels.

Australia has ample sunlight and plenty of non-arable land where DAC facilities could be built. Shutterstock

Looking ahead

The urgency of removing CO₂ from the atmosphere seems like an enormous challenge. But not acting will bring far greater challenges: more climate and weather extremes, irreversible damage to biodiversity and ecosystems, species extinction and threats to health, food, water and economic growth.

DAC technology undoubtedly faces stiff headwinds. But with the right policy incentives and market drivers, it may be one of a suite of measures that start reversing climate change.

Deanna D’Alessandro, Professor & ARC Future Fellow, University of Sydney

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

A machine to scrub CO₂ from the air published first on https://triviaqaweb.weebly.com/

[aslowlymagicalcollection-blog]

Hydrotalcite Market Global Industry Analysis, Trends and Forecast 2018 - 2026

Hydrotalcite is a naturally occurring clay-like mineral. Hydrotalcite was first discovered in the early 19th century by Professor Theodor Scheerer in Norway. Hydrotalcite has been named so because of its high water content and is physical resemblance to talc. Hydrotalcite is a multi-layered hydroxide of Aluminum and Magnesium, with the chemical formula Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16•4(H2O). It occurs along with minerals, such as hematite and dolomite, in Serpentinite rock formations. Unlike the much more widely found cationic clays, Hydrotalcite is an anionic clay.

The double layered hydroxide structure of Hydrotalcite contains a positive charge in the layers due to the presence of cations and anions are present in the interlayers. Given the weakly bonded nature of anions in the interlayers, Hydrotalcite displays excellent anion exchange properties. Hydrotalcite has higher affinity for anions with higher charge densities. The calcination of Hydrotalcite at around 400°C removes the anions and the crystalline structure of the Hydrotalcite material collapses to form an amorphous oxide of magnesium, containing aluminum ions in the form of solid dispersed solution. The addition of water restores the layered hydroxide structure of the material, through the sorption of anions. This behavior exhibited by Hydrotalcite has led to the usage of the material for anion sorption application. The use of Hydrotalcite as a solid sorbent for CO2 capture has immense potential given the growing threat of climate change due to global warming.

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Hydrotalcite Market: Segmentation

On the basis of Product Type, the market can be segmented as:

Mineral Hydrotalcite

Synthetic Hydrotalcite

On the basis of Application, the market can be segmented as:

Anion Exchange

Polymer Additive

Catalysis

Solid Sorbants

Antacid Production

Nuclear Waste Management

On the basis of End Use Industry, the market can be segmented as:

Pharmaceuticals

Chemicals

Power Generation

Others

Hydrotalcite Market: Dynamics

Hydrotalcite is used in a variety of applications, particularly in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. The anion exchange property of Hydrotalcite is useful the chemical industry. The antacid properties of Hydrotalcite make it significantly useful for healthcare and chemical industry end users. Pharmaceutical grade Hydrotalcite is commonly used for the manufacturing of antacid based suspensions that are used in the treatment of various ailments, such as peptic ulcers, indigestion and gastritis. Also, hydrotalcite finds important applications in the chemical industry as an additive during polymer production. For example, it is used as a heat stabilizer during polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production and is used as a halogen scavenger during polypropylene production. Hydrotalcite significantly reduces the free acidity of polymers, thus making polymer processing techniques, such as molding and extrusion, free from the fear of polymer degradation. In the power generation industry, Hydrotalcite finds application in the treatment of nuclear waste as is used as a regenerative solid sorbant used for capturing CO2 in coal fired power plants. Thus, the market for Hydrotalcite will primarily be driven by growing demand from the chemical and pharmaceutical industries in near future.

Hydrotalcite Market: Regional Outlook

Hydrotalcite market is projected to witness steady growth in the next five to ten years, with demand primarily originating from the chemicals, pharmaceutical and power industries. Asia Pacific is projected to be a key regional market for Hydrotalcite, with a large polymer production industry and strong demand for pharmaceutical products, especially antacids. The large number of coal power plants in the region and the growing demand for carbon capture will also stimulate market growth of Hydrotalcite in the Asia Pacific region. Additionally, North America and Europe are also key regional markets for Hydrotalcite, with steady demand coming from chemical industry. Strict regulations will favor the uptake of Hydrotalcite as environment-friendly alternative liquid bases that are used as catalysts in the chemical industry. The U.S., China, Norway, Russia and Germany are some of the key countries in the Hydrotalcite market.

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Hydrotalcite Market: Market Participants

Examples of some of the market participants operating in the Hydrotalcite market are:

Sigma-Aldrich Corporation

Avanschem Speciality Chemicals

Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

Sinwon Chemical Co., Ltd.

MEL Chemicals Inc.

Nachmann S.r.l.

Shanghai Trustin Chemical Co., Ltd.

Wuhan Kemi-Works Chemical Co., Ltd

Heubach GmbH

Wego Chemical Group