#Solar Tracker Market

[industrynewsupdates]

Exploring Global Solar Tracker Market: Insights and Growth Opportunities

The global solar tracker market size is expected to reach USD 29.31 billion by 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. It is expected to expand at a CAGR of 26.2% from 2023 to 2030. The market is expected to witness substantial growth over the forecast period owing to the growing need for renewable power generation. Solar tracker is installed on a PV system to get an increased energy output during the day. PV system trackers help to minimize the angle of incidence between incoming light and panel, thereby increasing the amount of energy produced. In Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) technology, a large part of sunlight is focused on a solar cell using an optical device. Concentrating light requires direct sunlight, thereby limiting this technology to clear locations.

The single axis type segment is predicted to witness significant growth from 2022 to 2030. Single axis trackers are more economical than dual axis trackers and easy to maintain. Single axis trackers are less expensive compared to dual axis trackers, therefore, are widely employed in residential and commercial applications. Reduced non-renewable energy consumption, improved efficiency, and lower CO2 emissions are likely to drive the solar power generation market, and thus the market is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Solar Tracker Market

Solar Tracker Market Report Highlights

• Solar tracker helps to increase the efficiency of solar cells. Increasing solar PV demand in various regions is expected to propel market growth over the projected period

• Solar PV technology has been one of the fastest growing renewable sources of energy over the past few years in the U.S. Increasing government focus on renewable energy has resulted in the development of PV cells as a sustainable and continuous source of energy generation

• The dual axis type segment held the largest revenue share of over 50.83% in 2022. Single axis tracker is projected to expand at a considerable CAGR during the forecast period. Single axis trackers are less expensive as compared to dual axis trackers and, therefore, are widely employed in utility and non-utility applications

• The utility application segment accounted for the largest revenue share of more than 85.56% in 2022 and is projected to expand at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Trackers are being used on a large scale in utility applications in light of the increasing government subsidies, coupled with feed-in tariff schemes, particularly in the North American and European region

• North America accounts for the major market share in the global market and this trend is expected to continue till 2030. The Middle East and Africa market is projected to expand at the highest CAGR during the forecast period on account of a rise in the investments in solar energy in the region

Browse through Grand View Research's Renewable Energy Industry Research Reports.

• The global wind power market size was estimated at USD 97.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.9% from 2025 to 2030.

• The global solar panel recycling market size was valued at USD 322.9 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.4% from 2025 to 2030.

Solar Tracker Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the global solar tracker market based on technology, type, application, and region: 

Solar Tracker Technology Outlook (Volume, Megawatt; Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

• Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)

Solar Tracker Type Outlook (Volume, Megawatt; Revenue, USD Million; 2018 - 2030)

• Single Axis

• Dual Axis

Solar Tracker Application Outlook (Volume, Megawatt; Revenue, USD Million; 2018 - 2030)

• Utility

• Non-utility

Solar Tracker Regional Outlook (Volume, Megawatt; Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

• North America

o U.S.

o Canada

o Mexico

• Europe

o Germany

o Spain

o Italy

o France

• Asia Pacific

o China

o India

o Japan

• Central & South America

o Brazil

o Chile

• Middle East & Africa

o UAE

o Saudi Arabia

Order a free sample PDF of the Solar Tracker Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[adityarana1687-blog]

Solar Tracker Market Size Worth $29.31 Billion By 2030

The global solar tracker market size is expected to reach USD 29.31 billion by 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. It is expected to expand at a CAGR of 26.2% from 2023 to 2030. The market is expected to witness substantial growth over the forecast period owing to the growing need for renewable power generation. Solar tracker is installed on a PV system to get an increased energy output during the day. PV system trackers help to minimize the angle of incidence between incoming light and panel, thereby increasing the amount of energy produced. In Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) technology, a large part of sunlight is focused on a solar cell using an optical device. Concentrating light requires direct sunlight, thereby limiting this technology to clear locations.

The single axis type segment is predicted to witness significant growth from 2022 to 2030. Single axis trackers are more economical than dual axis trackers and easy to maintain. Single axis trackers are less expensive compared to dual axis trackers, therefore, are widely employed in residential and commercial applications. Reduced non-renewable energy consumption, improved efficiency, and lower CO2 emissions are likely to drive the solar power generation market, and thus the market is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period.

The dual axis type segment accounted for the largest revenue share in 2021 and is projected to exhibit the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Dual-axis trackers comprise two degrees of freedom that act as an axis of rotation. The axis fixed to the ground is considered the primary axis and the one referenced to the primary axis is called the secondary axis. Dual axis trackers have modules that are oriented parallel to the secondary axis of rotation. Dual axis trackers allow maximum absorption of the sun’s rays on account of their ability to follow the sun both horizontally and vertically, thus generating 8% to 10% more energy than single axis trackers.

Solar PV technology held the largest revenue share in 2021. The simple design and cost-effectiveness of these trackers make them ideally suited for most PV applications at the utility level. In addition to cost-effectiveness, trackers installed on PV modules occupy less space as compared to the CPV and CSP technologies. The PV technology trackers do not require any additional lenses, mirrors, or sterling energy to generate electricity, thereby making them suitable for use in non-utility applications.

North America accounted for the largest share in terms of volume and revenue in 2021 and is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period, considering the growing demand from the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. However, high initial investment and low cost of conventional sources of energy are likely to restrain market growth in North America.

Request a free sample copy or view report summary: Solar Tracker Market Report

Solar Tracker Market Report Highlights

Solar tracker helps to increase the efficiency of solar cells. Increasing solar PV demand in various regions is expected to propel market growth over the projected period

Solar PV technology has been one of the fastest growing renewable sources of energy over the past few years in the U.S. Increasing government focus on renewable energy has resulted in the development of PV cells as a sustainable and continuous source of energy generation

The dual axis type segment held the largest revenue share of over 50.83% in 2022. Single axis tracker is projected to expand at a considerable CAGR during the forecast period. Single axis trackers are less expensive as compared to dual axis trackers and, therefore, are widely employed in utility and non-utility applications

The utility application segment accounted for the largest revenue share of more than 85.56% in 2022 and is projected to expand at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Trackers are being used on a large scale in utility applications in light of the increasing government subsidies, coupled with feed-in tariff schemes, particularly in the North American and European region

North America accounts for the major market share in the global market and this trend is expected to continue till 2030. The Middle East and Africa market is projected to expand at the highest CAGR during the forecast period on account of a rise in the investments in solar energy in the region

Solar Tracker Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the global solar tracker market based on technology, type, application, and region: 

Solar Tracker Technology Outlook (Volume, Megawatt; Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)

Solar Tracker Type Outlook (Volume, Megawatt; Revenue, USD Million; 2018 - 2030)

Single Axis

Dual Axis

Solar Tracker Application Outlook (Volume, Megawatt; Revenue, USD Million; 2018 - 2030)

Utility

Non-utility

Solar Tracker Regional Outlook (Volume, Megawatt; Revenue, USD Million, 2018 - 2030)

North America

U.S.

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

Spain

Italy

France

Asia Pacific

China

India

Japan

Central & South America

Brazil

Chile

Middle East & Africa

UAE

Saudi Arabia

List of Key Players of Solar Tracker Market

Abengoa Solar S.A.

AllEarth Renewables

Array Technologies Inc.

DEGERenergie GmbH & Co. KG

Nclave

Powerway Renewable Energy Co. Ltd.

Soltec Tracker

SunPower Corporation

Titan Tracker

Trina Solar Limited

[bommagoni]

Solar Tracker Market Growth Opportunities Forecast 2030

[maryharrisk5]

The global solar tracker market is driven by increasing demand for energy coupled with stringent government regulations and initiatives.

[evonnebaker]

The global solar tracker market is driven by increasing demand for energy coupled with stringent government regulations and initiatives.

[eninrac-consulting]

Which Wind Energy Projects Are the Biggest in Asia for 2030?

In the first quarter of 2023, the installed capacity of solar power in the Middle East exceeded 6 GW.The Middle East has about 6.7 GW of solar installed as of May 2023, and by 2030, that amount is expected to increase to approximately 58 GW*. Middle Eastern nations are increasing their solar capacity and will continue to have a significant impact on capacity additions. With a capacity estimated to be above 18 GW, Oman holds about 34% of all future solar installations in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia has seen a notable increase in the number of solar installations.

[mysticalpersonakingdom]

Solar Tracker Market

[qipsir]

Please read all the way through. Important things in bold

Now's a good time to remember that any Chromium or Microsoft-based browser - yes including Brave and Opera - are NOT. SAFE.

Switch your browser to Firefox, set DuckDuckGo, Ecosia, or Oceanhero as your default search engine. Add extensions like Ghostery and Ad Nauseum and Facebook Container to block ads and trackers and mess with the information they're getting from you. > If anyone is curious, I have an image of all my extensions attached at the bottom. Also PLEASE let me know if you find an alternative to YouTube

Switch your google drive account to Proton - you can have it forward the gmails you get from that point forward if you want

Get everything off Google Docs, Google Drive, Google Photos. Use WPS, use LibreOffice, use a thumbdrive I don't care but not Google. Not Microsoft.

YOU CAN OPT OUT OF FACIAL RECOGNITION WHEN TRAVELING. It's not about 'we already have everything on you'. Doesn't matter. It's about normalizing consent in the collection of data.

Delete all period tracking apps you have. I used to think Stardust was safe because of end to end encryption but they've added an option to log in with google so take that with a tablespoon of salt.

Discord and DMs on any social media platform are not safe. I don't know the safety level of dms on here but I can't imagine it's much higher. Discord I know for a fact has handed over chat history to law enforcement before and they will do so again. Use an end to end encypted messaging app AND DO NOT USE SIGNAL. - My personal reccommendation is Cwtch. it runs on Tor Browser and unless you turn the settings off it will not provide notifications of messages and it will delete the message history when the app is closed. it is password protected as well.

On that note, if you need to look something up for things like reproductive care, use Tor/the Onion Browser. It's about as safe as it can get and yes it takes a bit to load but that's because it's got built-in VPNs.

This bit may be on the more extreme side but as soon as I have the energy to I'm seeing if I can't reprogram my laptop to run on Linux.

Anyone with a uterus, switch to something reuseable like a cup, disc, or period underwear. If needed, I have a discount link to SAALT Co that gets you 20% off (WINTER67078). They've got cups, cup cleaners, and a variety of period underwear. If not, you can make reuseable pads yourself. I also just saw someone made 'petals' which is the fabric equivalent of making a sort of toilet paper cup.

I am aware this is not a substitute for medication, however Emerald Coast Alternatives does have a tea blend that went viral for being 'herbal adderal' and I use their PTSD blend daily. there is also a panic attack blend that knocked my nervous system on its ass the first time I tried it. I do not have an affiliate link with them myself, but they did just start an affiliate program. I'm going to reblog this with all the codes/links I find for that.

There's a group called the trans housing project and through Alliance Defending Liberty, there is a list of resources for aid with all sorts of things

Learn what you can make at home. Adapt recipes. Propagate. Grow your own food. Find more sustainable alternatives to things you'll need replacements of - Oak & Willow is a good one for household cleaning supplies, and I've seen Who Gives A Crap pop up several times. They have toilet paper made from recycled paper, and apparently is cheaper per roll than other brands? Companies like Misfits Market sell produce rejected from stores over imperfections for a cheaper price. I highly recommend getting a portable solar panel or something if you can. It's not much but it's something.

And if worst comes to pass, look at me. Look me in the eyes - now that you think about it, you have never met anyone who is neurodivergent or queer. Anyone you think is an immigrant, they were born and raised here. You have no clue if anyone you know is on birth control or has had an abortion. Someone tries talking to you about politics? "Who has time to talk about that" or "Sorry, I'm not political."

[mostlysignssomeportents]

What comes after neoliberalism?

In his American Prospect editorial, “What Comes After Neoliberalism?”, Robert Kuttner declares “we’ve just about won the battle of ideas. Reality has been a helpful ally…Neoliberalism has been a splendid success for the top 1 percent, and an abject failure for everyone else”:

https://prospect.org/economy/2023-03-28-what-comes-after-neoliberalism/

If you’d like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, here’s a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:

https://pluralistic.net/2023/03/28/imagine-a-horse/#perfectly-spherical-cows-of-uniform-density-on-a-frictionless-plane

Kuttner’s op-ed is a report on the Hewlett Foundation’s recent “New Common Sense” event, where Kuttner was relieved to learn that the idea that “the economy would thrive if government just got out of the way has been demolished by the events of the past three decades.”

We can call this neoliberalism, but another word for it is economism: the belief that politics are a messy, irrational business that should be sidelined in favor of a technocratic management by a certain kind of economist — the kind of economist who uses mathematical models to demonstrate the best way to do anything:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/10/27/economism/#what-would-i-do-if-i-were-a-horse

These are the economists whose process Ely Devons famously described thus: “If economists wished to study the horse, they wouldn’t go and look at horses. They’d sit in their studies and say to themselves, ‘What would I do if I were a horse?’”

Those economists — or, if you prefer, economismists — are still around, of course, pronouncing that the “new common sense” is nonsense, and they have the models to prove it. For example, if you’re cheering on the idea of “reshoring” key industries like semiconductors and solar panels, these economismists want you to know that you’ve been sadly misled:

https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/24/economy-trade-united-states-china-industry-manufacturing-supply-chains-biden/

Indeed, you’re “doomed to fail”:

https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/high-taxpayer-cost-saving-us-jobs-through-made-america

Why? Because onshoring is “inefficient.” Other countries, you see, have cheaper labor, weaker environmental controls, lower taxes, and the other necessities of “innovation,” and so onshored goods will be more expensive and thus worse.

Parts of this position are indeed inarguable. If you define “efficiency” as “lower prices,” then it doesn’t make sense to produce anything in America, or, indeed, any country where there are taxes, environmental regulations or labor protections. Greater efficiencies are to be had in places where children can be maimed in heavy machinery and the water and land poisoned for a millions years.

In economism, this line of reasoning is a cardinal sin — the sin of caring about distributional outcomes. According to economism, the most important factor isn’t how much of the pie you’re getting, but how big the pie is.

That’s the kind of reasoning that allows economismists to declare the entertainment industry of the past 40 years to be a success. We increased the individual property rights of creators by expanding copyright law so it lasts longer, covers more works, has higher statutory damages and requires less evidence to get a payout:

https://chokepointcapitalism.com/

At the same time, we weakened antitrust law and stripped away limits on abusive contractual clauses, which let (for example) three companies acquire 70% of all the sound recording copyrights in existence, whose duration is effectively infinite (the market for sound recordings older than 90 is immeasurably small).

This allowed the Big Three labels to force Spotify to take them on as co-owners, whereupon they demanded lower royalties for the artists in their catalog, to reduce Spotify’s costs and make it more valuable, which meant more billions when it IPOed:

https://pluralistic.net/2022/09/12/streaming-doesnt-pay/#stunt-publishing

Monopoly also means that all those expanded copyrights we gave to creators are immediately bargained away as a condition of passing through Big Content’s chokepoints — giving artists the right to control sampling is just a slightly delayed way of giving labels the right to control sampling, and charge artists for the samples they use:

https://doctorow.medium.com/united-we-stand-61e16ec707e2

(In the same way that giving creators the right to decide who can train a “Generative AI” with their work will simply transfer that right to the oligopolists who have the means, motive and opportunity to stop paying artists by training models on their output:)

https://pluralistic.net/2023/02/09/ai-monkeys-paw/#bullied-schoolkids

After 40 years of deregulation, union busting, and consolidation, the entertainment industry as a whole is larger and more profitable than ever — and the share of those profits accruing to creative workers is smaller, both in real terms and proportionally, and it’s continuing to fall.

Economismists think that you’re stupid if you care about this, though. If you’re keeping score on “free markets” based on who gets how much money, or how much inequality they produce, you’re committing the sin of caring about “distributional effects.”

Smart economismists care about the size of the pie, not who gets which slice. Unsurprisingly, the greatest advocates for economism are the people to whom this philosophy allocates the biggest slices. It’s easy not to care about distributional effects when your slice of the pie is growing.

Economism is a philosophy grounded in “efficiency” — and in the philosophical sleight-of-hand that pretends that there is an objective metric called “efficiency” that everyone can agree with. If you disagree with economismists about their definition of “efficiency” then you’re doing “politics” and can be safely ignored.

The “efficiency” of economism is defined by very simple metrics, like whether prices are going down. If Walmart can force wage-cuts on its suppliers to bring you cheaper food, that’s “efficient.” It works well.

But it fails very, very badly. The high cost of low prices includes the political dislocation of downwardly mobile farmers and ag workers, which is a classic precursor to fascist uprisings. More prosaically, if your wages fall faster than prices, then you are experiencing a net price increase.

The failure modes of this efficiency are endless, and we keep smashing into them in ghastly and brutal ways, which goes a long way to explaining the “new commons sense” Kuttner mentions (“Reality has been a helpful ally.”) For example, offshoring high-tech manufacturing to distant lands works well, but fails in the face of covid lockdowns:

https://locusmag.com/2020/07/cory-doctorow-full-employment/

Allowing all the world’s shipping to be gathered into the hands of three cartels is “efficient” right up to the point where they self-regulate their way into “efficient” ships that get stuck in the Suez canal:

https://pluralistic.net/2021/03/29/efficient-markets-hypothesis/#too-big-to-sail

It’s easy to improve efficiency if you don’t care about how a system fails. I can improve the fuel-efficiency of every airplane in the sky right now: just have them drop their landing gear. It’ll work brilliantly, but you don’t want to be around when it starts to fail, brother.

The most glaring failure of “efficiency” is the climate emergency, where the relative ease of extracting and burning hydrocarbons was pursued irrespective of the incredible costs this imposes on the world and our species. For years, economism’s position was that we shouldn’t worry about the fact that we were all trapped in a bus barreling full speed for a cliff, because technology would inevitably figure out how to build wings for the bus before we reached the cliff’s edge:

https://locusmag.com/2022/07/cory-doctorow-the-swerve/

Today, many economismists will grudgingly admit that putting wings on the bus isn’t quite a solved problem, but they still firmly reject the idea of directly regulating the bus, because a swerve might cause it to roll and someone (in the first class seats) might break a leg.

Instead, they insist that the problem is that markets “mispriced” carbon. But as Kuttner points out: “It wasn’t just impersonal markets that priced carbon wrong. It was politically powerful executives who further enriched themselves by blocking a green transition decades ago when climate risks and self-reinforcing negative externalities were already well known.”

If you do economics without doing politics, you’re just imagining a perfectly spherical cow on a frictionless plane — it’s a cute way to model things, but it’s got limited real-world applicability. Yes, politics are squishy and hard to model, but that doesn’t mean you can just incinerate them and do math on the dubious quantitative residue:

https://locusmag.com/2021/05/cory-doctorow-qualia/

As Kuttner writes, the problem of ignoring “distributional” questions in the fossil fuel market is how “financial executives who further enriched themselves by creating toxic securities [used] political allies in both parties to block salutary regulation.”

Deep down, economismists know that “neoliberalism is not about impersonal market forces. It’s about power.” That’s why they’re so invested in the idea that — as Margaret Thatcher endlessly repeated — “there is no alternative”:

https://pluralistic.net/2021/11/08/tina-v-tapas/#its-pronounced-tape-ass

Inevitabilism is a cheap rhetorical trick. “There is no alternative” is a demand disguised as a truth. It really means “Stop trying to think of an alternative.”

But the human race is blessed with a boundless imagination, one that can escape the prison of economism and its insistence that we only care about how things work and ignore how they fail. Today, the world is turning towards electrification, a project of unimaginable ambition and scale that, nevertheless, we are actively imagining.

As Robin Sloan put it, “Skeptics of solar feasi­bility pantomime a kind of technical realism, but I think the really technical people are like, oh, we’re going to rip out and replace the plumbing of human life on this planet? Right, I remember that from last time. Let’s gooo!”

https://www.robinsloan.com/newsletters/room-for-everybody/

Sloan is citing Deb Chachra, “Every place in the world has sun, wind, waves, flowing water, and warmth or coolness below ground, in some combination. Renewable energy sources are a step up, not a step down; instead of scarce, expensive, and polluting, they have the potential to be abundant, cheap, and globally distributed”:

https://tinyletter.com/metafoundry/letters/metafoundry-75-resilience-abundance-decentralization

The new common sense is, at core, a profound liberation of the imagination. It rejects the dogma that says that building public goods is a mystic art lost along with the secrets of the pyramids. We built national parks, Medicare, Medicaid, the public education system, public libraries — bold and ambitious national infrastructure programs.

We did that through democratically accountable, muscular states that weren’t afraid to act. These states understood that the more national capacity the state produced, the more things it could do, by directing that national capacity in times of great urgency. Self-sufficiency isn’t a mere fearful retreat from the world stage — it’s an insurance policy for an uncertain future.

Kuttner closes his editorial by asking what we call whatever we do next. “Post-neoliberalism” is pretty thin gruel. Personally, I like “pluralism” (but I’m biased).

Have you ever wanted to say thank you for these posts? Here's how you can do that: I'm kickstarting the audiobook for my next novel, a post-cyberpunk anti-finance finance thriller about Silicon Valley scams called Red Team Blues. Amazon's Audible refuses to carry my audiobooks because they're DRM free, but crowdfunding makes them possible.

http://redteamblues.com

[Image ID: Air Force One in flight; dropping away from it are a parachute and its landing gear.]

[aishavass]

By technology, photovoltaic solar trackers are estimated to dominate at ~70% share in capacity by 2025 in global solar tracker market....

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from Inside Climate News:

Right now, examples of hailstorms wrecking solar farms are rare enough that they’re still notable, like the one this year in southeast Texas, and one last year in western Nebraska. But what about in 20 years, when hailstorms are likely going to be more severe and solar will cover much more ground?

There is no perfect method for protecting solar panels from hail, but there are ways to reduce the risk.

“There’s actual mitigation that can be done,” said Renny Vandewege, vice president of weather operations for DTN, the Minnesota-based company whose subscription-based products include weather forecasting for use by energy companies.

“We’ve patented the ability to measure the occurrence in the size of hail within radar technology,” he said. “Scanning the storms, you get feedback that says that a storm is producing hail two inches in diameter, or whatever the scenario.”

This data is most useful if a solar array has equipment that can respond to an approaching storm by adjusting the panel angle to reduce damage.

Nearly all utility-scale projects being built today use trackers, which are systems that turn the panels during the day to follow the sun. Some of those trackers have the capability to go into “stow” mode, which means they quickly turn to avoid a direct hit.

“Will solar continue to get developed and built in hail regions? The answer is yes,” said Greg Beardsworth, senior director of product marketing at Nextracker. “The way that will happen is through a combination of understanding the magnitude of the risk based on location, selecting the appropriate combination of module technology and tracker stowing capabilities.”

The places with the highest risks tend to be in the region sometimes called Tornado Alley, which includes much of the Midwest plus Oklahoma and portions of Texas.

When Beardsworth talks about module technology, he means that some solar panels are being built to be more resistant to damage from large hail. In addition to stronger panels, developers can buy products, like the ones sold by Nextracker, that tilt panels to angles that avoid direct hits.

The use of stowing trackers got a test in 2022 when a hailstorm hit the Prospero 1 and Prospero 2 solar farms in West Texas, which implemented Nextracker equipment.

According to a case study written by Nextracker and the projects’ developer, Longroad Energy, the storm had whiteout conditions and hailstones that ranged from two to three inches in diameter. The panels were stowed at a 60-degree angle, which was the steepest setting at that time.

In the end, the panels had almost no damage in areas of the solar farms that got hit with two-inch hail. About one-third of the panels had damage in areas with three-inch hail.