#Sodium Metabisulfite Supplier

[olechamical]

Your Go-To Guide for Sodium Metabisulfite, Na2S2O5, CPE Resin, and PVC Impact Modifiers

In the world of industrial chemicals and materials, understanding the intricacies of various products is essential for businesses looking to optimize their operations. Whether you're sourcing Sodium Metabisulfite (Na2S2O5), looking for the best CPE resin, or need an effective PVC impact modifier, this guide will provide you with the necessary insights to make informed decisions. Here’s a comprehensive overview of these essential materials and how to choose the right supplier.

Sodium Metabisulfite: An Essential Industrial Chemical

Sodium Metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) is a versatile chemical used across various industries, including food preservation, water treatment, and chemical manufacturing. As a potent antioxidant and preservative, it helps to prevent oxidation in food and beverages, ensuring long shelf life. In the water treatment industry, it is used to dechlorinate water, making it safe for use.

Key Applications of Sodium Metabisulfite:

Food Industry: Used as a preservative in dried fruits, juices, and wines.

Water Treatment: Helps in the removal of excess chlorine in wastewater.

Chemical Manufacturing: Acts as a reducing agent in various chemical reactions.

When sourcing Sodium Metabisulfite, it's crucial to choose a supplier that guarantees high purity and consistent quality. A reliable supplier ensures that you get the best product tailored to your industry needs, with timely delivery and competitive pricing.

Na2S2O5: The Chemical Composition and Its Uses

Na2S2O5, the chemical formula for Sodium Metabisulfite, is recognized for its wide-ranging applications due to its strong reducing properties. Its chemical structure allows it to release sulfur dioxide (SO2) when dissolved in water, which is essential in various industrial processes.

Industrial Applications of Na2S2O5:

Textile Industry: Used in the bleaching of wool and jute.

Photography: Acts as a developer in photographic solutions.

Pharmaceuticals: Used in the synthesis of certain pharmaceutical compounds.

For industries that rely on Na2S2O5, partnering with a supplier that provides high-quality, industrial-grade Sodium Metabisulfite is critical. This ensures that your production processes are efficient and meet all regulatory standards.

CPE Resin: Enhancing the Durability of Plastics

Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) resin is a type of thermoplastic resin known for its excellent impact resistance, weatherability, and flexibility. It is widely used in the plastics industry to enhance the properties of PVC, making it more durable and suitable for a wide range of applications.

Benefits of CPE Resin:

Impact Resistance: Improves the toughness of PVC, making it suitable for rigid applications.

Weatherability: Offers excellent resistance to UV radiation, ensuring long-lasting performance in outdoor applications.

Chemical Resistance: Resistant to various chemicals, making it ideal for industrial applications.

When selecting a CPE resin, consider the specific needs of your application. Whether it's for cable insulation, roofing membranes, or plastic sheets, choosing the right grade of CPE resin from a reputable supplier can significantly enhance the performance and lifespan of your products.

PVC Impact Modifier: Strengthening Your Products

PVC impact modifiers are additives that are mixed with PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) to improve its impact strength and toughness. These modifiers are crucial in applications where PVC products are exposed to physical stress, ensuring they maintain their integrity and durability over time.

Types of PVC Impact Modifiers:

Acrylic Impact Modifiers: Provide excellent weatherability and impact strength.

CPE Impact Modifiers: Enhance the flexibility and impact resistance of PVC.

MBS Impact Modifiers: Known for their clarity and impact resistance, often used in transparent PVC products.

Choosing the right PVC impact modifier depends on the specific requirements of your product. Factors such as environmental exposure, mechanical stress, and desired transparency should guide your selection process. Working with a supplier that offers a range of high-quality PVC impact modifiers ensures that your products perform optimally under various conditions.

Conclusion: Finding the Right Supplier for Industrial Chemicals and Materials

Whether you're in need of Sodium Metabisulfite (Na2S2O5), CPE resin, or PVC impact modifiers, selecting the right supplier is key to maintaining the quality and efficiency of your operations. A reliable supplier like OleChem offers not only top-grade materials but also the expertise and support you need to make the best choices for your business. By prioritizing quality, consistency, and service, you can ensure your products stand out in the market and meet the highest industry standard.

[oilandgas2024]

Sodium Metabisulfite for Sale: Why Choose TEAM Chemicals

TEAMChem is your trusted source for high-quality Sodium Metabisulfite. Here's why we stand out:

Exceptional Purity: We supply sodium metabisulfite exceeding industry standards for optimal performance.

Competitive Pricing: Enjoy competitive pricing without sacrificing quality.

Reliable Supply: Our extensive logistics network enables consistent sodium metabisulfite availability.

Technical Expertise: Our team is ready to assist with any questions or technical support you may need.

Contact TEAMChem today to find out about sodium metabisulfite price per kg and explore our complete range of chemical solutions.

[tianyachem]

Leading Manufacturer of Sodium Metabisulfite In China - Tianya Chemical

Qingdao Tianya Chemical Co., Ltd is the leading manufacturer and supplier of Sodium Metabisulfite in China, we produce and supply full grades of Sodium Metabisulfite products with over 20 years production experience and wide application fields. Our factory is located in Weifang, China, China’s biggest sea salt, soda ash, bromine, and refinery bases. Tianya Chemical owns an independent technology R&D institution, based on the development of circular economy and new energy economy, ensuring sustainable development of the company.

The company has unique location advantage, cost advantage, and resource advantage, relying on advanced production processes, the environmentally friendly system has been established. The annual production capacity of our sodium metabisulfite products reaches 300,000 metric tons...

For more details, pls visit us: www.sodiummetabisulfite.cn

[crispydragonwombat]

Sodium Metabisulfite: A Key Chemical for Industry and Health in India

Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) is an important inorganic compound that has been extensively used in many industries in India. This versatile preservative, antioxidant, and disinfectant plays a very pivotal role in sectors as distant as food and pharmaceuticals. VRIK PHARMA is the leading manufacturer, trader, supplier, and exporter located in Gujarat, India. It specializes in producing sodium metabisulfite. Being an ISO-certified 18-year-old company, we especially emphasize the best quality possible because our products undergo the toughest testing and quality control measures.

What is Sodium Metabisulfite?

Sodium metabisulfite is highly soluble in water; its crystalline form is white or yellowish in appearance and has a characteristic sulfurous smell. It is in great use due to its effective property of the reduction of compounds. The chemical formula Na2S2O5 gives information about its composition, meaning it contains sodium, sulfur, and oxygen, so it belongs to the class of sulfites. 

Key Applications of Sodium Metabisulfite in India

1. Food Preservation

Sodium metabisulfite serves as a primary food preservative. This chemical is extensively applied to maintain freshness and prevent spoilage in the food industry. Being an antioxidant, it maintains the colors and flavors of food items, including dried fruits, wines, and baked products. The capacity of inhibiting microbial growth is essential for the extension of shelf life.

2. Water Treatment

Sodium metabisulfite is applied to inactivate residual chlorine in water treatment plants spread across India after the disinfection processes are completed. Thus, it conserves the treated water from chlorine removal for safe consumption as well as health safety standards. It is most extensively required for cities where water can become contaminated.

3. Pharmaceuticals

Sodium metabisulfite is also an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations; it acts as an antioxidant, helping to prevent the oxidation of the active ingredient. Sodium metabisulfite is commonly used in injectable drug preparations and oral drug solutions, where it stabilizes active ingredients and ensures drug product efficacy. In addition, the antimicrobial action of sodium metabisulfite helps in checking the growth of some microorganisms that cause the degradation of drugs.

4. Textile Industry

Sodium metabisulfite is widely used in the textile industry in bleaching and dyeing different kinds of fabrics. This compound acts as a reducing agent in removing excess dyeing matter and imparting greater colorfastness to the cloth. One of the applications is of utmost importance as it helps in providing good finishes on garments.

5. Photography

Sodium metabisulfite is used in photography as a developing agent in the development of black-and-white films. It prevents the beginning of the oxidation reaction during development; hence, images stabilize and photographs remain clear and sharp.

6. Chemical Manufacturing

Sodium metabisulfite acts as one of the primary reductants in the chemical industry, especially during the synthesis of other chemicals and compounds.

Benefits of Sodium Metabisulfite

Cost-effectiveness: Sodium metabisulfite is less expensive than most other preservatives and disinfectants. It is thus used in various sectors.

Versatility: Its application throughout different industries sets it apart as a multifunctional chemical that plays an important role.

Ease of Use: Formulations of Sodium metabisulfite can easily apply this chemical without complicated procedures.

Effective Preservation: It acts to control microbial growth to ensure food safety as well as quality.

Safety Considerations

Despite its numerous benefits, sodium metabisulfite poses a significant danger to health and, therefore, should be handled cautiously.

Respiratory Irritation: Sodium metabisulfite dust or fumes can be irritative to the respiratory system. In handling, skin irritation or sensitization might occur, especially when the person uses masks to prevent inhalation of its particles.

Skin Sensitivity: Contact with sodium metabisulfite can cause irritation or sensitization of the skin in some individuals.

Proper Storage: Sodium metabisulfite must be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and incompatible materials to avoid degradation.

Conclusion

Sodium metabisulfite is one of the chemicals that adds immense contribution to several industries in India—from food preservation to pharmaceuticals to textiles. At VRIK PHARMA, we see to it that we serve the market with the best quality sodium metabisulfite and the same high standards with strenuous testing and quality control measures.

Sodium metabisulfite can best be viewed as a success story in the application of chemistry in ensuring food product quality and protecting public health; it is fully well appreciated that even important challenges in this regard-such as health and safety-would not have a happy ending with the use of sodium metabisulfite.

This commitment to excellence gives VRIK PHARMA Pvt. Ltd. the necessary experience and skills to meet ever-growing demand for sodium metabisulfite, both homegrown and internationally.

[tianyachemical1]

Sodium Metabisulfite China Manufacturer

Qingdao Tianya Chemical Co., Ltd is the leading Sodium Metabisulfite China Manufacturer and supplier, we produce and supply full grades of Sodium Metabisulfite products with over 20 years production experience and wide application fields. Our factory is located in Weifang, China, China's biggest sea salt, soda ash, bromine, and refinery bases. Tianya Chemical owns an independent technology R&D institution, based on the development of circular economy and new energy economy, ensuring sustainable development of the company.

The company has unique location advantage, cost advantage, and resource advantage, relying on advanced production processes, the environmentally friendly system has been established. The annual production capacity of our China Sodium Metabisulfite products reaches 300,000 metric tons. With perfect production management and sound quality assurance system, we supply sodium metabisulfite food grade, sodium metabisulfite industrial grade, sodium metabisulfite photo grade, pharmaceutical grade, and high purity grade products. Excellent raw materials make our products stable quality, the products are supplied to international and domestic markets, and the exported products occupy 70% of the whole production capacity.

Our sodium metabisulfite products can be widely used for various industries with excellent performance: food industry, water treatment, mining, textile and paper industries, photographic and leather industries, etc.. We have complete qualifications, ISO, Halal, Kosher, and food production licensing are available, and the products are exported to over 100 countries and areas.

Tianya has strong technical strength and advanced equipment for sodium metabisulfite products, ensuring the production and quality of products. We pursue the company culture of People, Environment, Innovation & Mission, growing together with customers as the company philosophy, and constantly supply excellent products and satisfactory service to customers.  

[tianyachemical]

Qingdao Tianya Chemical Co., Ltd

Qingdao Tianya Chemical Co., Ltd is the leading Sodium Metabisulfite China manufacturer and supplier, we produce and supply excellent quality China Sodium Metabisulfite products, our Sodium Metabisulfite products includes Sodium Metabisulfite Food Grade and Sodium Metabisulfite Industrial Grade (Technical Grade), and we also produce other a range of water treatment chemicals, including Sodium Bicarbonate, Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) and Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide), etc.. Our factory is located in Weifang of China, China’s biggest sea salt, soda ash, bromine, and refinery bases, and Asia’s biggest chlor-alkali base, which owns comprehensive chemical product production chain. Tianya Chemical owns an independent product R&D team, provides technical support for the company products development, which maintains the latest product production processes, and keep the company at the leading position of the industry. Relying on advanced production equipment and processes, a sound management system, and unique geographical advantages, our products own quality and production capacity advantages. Until now, the annual production capacity of Sodium Metabisulfite reaches 300,000 tons, Sodium Bicarbonate with annual production capacity of 240,000 tons, Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) with annual production capacity of 300,000 tons, and Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide) with annual production capacity of 240,000 tons. The application fileds of our products cover water treatment, food industry, mining, garment, paper making industry, etc.. The products are supplied to domestic and international markets with large quantity. We have complete qualifications, ISO, Halal, Kosher, and food production licensing, etc.. The products are exported to over 100 countries and areas. As the leading manufacturer of Sodium Metabisulfite and other water treatment chemicals in China, Tianya Chemical keeps supplying excellent quality products and satisfactory service to customers, we are willing to witness common success with our clients. -"Sodium Metabisulfite China manufacturer"

[sinolandchem-leo]

焦亚硫酸钠 Sodium metabisulfite Molecular formula: Na2S2O5 CAS number: 7681-57-4 use 1. Food grade: bleach (such as candy, cakes, bamboo shoots, etc.); loosening agent (such as bread, biscuits, etc.); preservatives and fungicides (such as juice, canned food, beer, cereal, etc.) Protective storage of food, etc. ); inhibitors and fresheners (such as lilies, seafood, fruits and vegetables, etc.). 2. Industrial grade: mordant for printing and dyeing; dechlorination after bleaching of textiles; sulfonating agent and reducing agent for chemical and pharmaceutical industries; pulp bleach, bamboo bleach, wood bleach; wastewater treatment agent; rubber coagulant used in the perfume industry Hydrocarbon aldehyde. Peeling dosage, flexibility dosage and wear-resistant dosage used in the leather industry; sewage treatment, etc. 3. Pharmaceutical grade: used in chemical synthesis to produce acrylic fiber, vitamin K, vitamin A, pharmaceutical intermediates, etc. 4. Light level: used in the photosensitive industry as a protective agent for developers, reducing agents and fixing baths. Our website: www.sinolandinfo.com/index.php — Description: We very much hope to cooperate with your company and look forward to hearing from you. We can provide you with the chemical raw materials you need We can provide you with the most competitive market prices We can negotiate to provide you with samples. We also support customized outer packaging. — Best regards!

Leo-Liu  Sinoland-Foreign Trade Specialist

QINGDAO SINOLAND INTERNATIONAL TRADE CO.,LTD

whatsapp: (+86) 15963011049

Email Address: leoliu.worldtrade@gmail.com 

 leo@sinolandchem.com

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[finarchemical]

What Are The Top Pharmaceutical Excipients

Tablets, oral liquids, capsules, topical creams and gels, transdermal patches, injectable products, implants, eye products, nasal products, inhalers, and suppositories are just a handful of the drug dosage forms available today.

Pharmaceutical excipients are chemicals that are added to a pharmaceutical dosage form for reasons other than their direct therapeutic benefits, such as manufacturing aid, protection, support, or stability enhancement, as well as patient acceptability or bioavailability.

They may also aid in product identification and improve the product's overall performance or safety while being used or stored.

Excipients are required for the production of stable dosage forms, medication administration, and the drug development process. A bad excipient choice can even result in dangerous intoxications, as epileptic patients taking phenytoin capsules in Australia learned in the late 1960s.

So, if you're undecided about which excipient to utilise, pay attention to what comes next!

Di-isopropanolamine- It is used in pharmaceutical formulations as an alkaliser and buffer. The vast majority of its dosage forms are topically applied. Due to high demand, the top di-isopropanolamine manufacturers in India, such as Finar, are expanding rapidly.

Propylene Carbonate- This excipient is generally used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations as a solvent and dispensing solvent for modest doses of active medications.

N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone- It is frequently used as a solubilizer in pharmaceutical formulations of various types when processing different dosage forms, such as solid orals and other NDDS products.

Succinic Acid- This acid is employed in pharmaceutical formulations as a pH modifier. It's utilised in both oral and parenteral forms. 

Tetraethyl orthosilicate- It is a frequent component in pharmaceutical treatments, particularly topical medications (i.e. Transdermal patches). Tetraethyl orthosilicate suppliers have gained significant traction in recent years.

Sodium Metabisulphite- In oral, parenteral, and opiate pharmaceutical formulations, sodium metabisulfite, is utilized in the form of an antioxidant at doses ranging from 0.01 to 1.0% w/v and at roughly 27% w/v in intramuscular injectable preparations.

Tartaric acid- It is a common excipient used as a stabilizer and effervescent agent. Solid oral and parenteral dose formulations are preferred for application.

Tert Butanol- This ingredient is found in formulations used to treat multiple myeloma, cancer, and neoplasms. It is also used as a solvent or co-solvent in lyophilisation.

Meta Cresol- Meta cresol manufacturers in India make these substances to be utilized as an antibacterial and preservative excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.

Ammonium Acetate- Ammonium acetate is used in pharmaceutical formulations as a buffering agent and pH modifier. It is typically found in injectable and parenteral preparations.

Benzyl alcohol- This happens to be an antibacterial preservative used in pharmaceutical formulations such as parenteral and oral drugs. 

The excipients listed above are largely used in the pharmaceutical sector. As a result, the pharmaceutical industry would be incomplete without their manufacturing! So, if you're looking for the best and most appropriate pharmaceutical excipients, go to Finar's website to get your hands on them all!

[olechemical]

WHAT ARE THE USES OF SODIUM METABISULFITE?

Sodium metabisulfite, among the sulfites that can be used as a chemical, antioxidant, and bleaching in food. It is a reducing agent that is normally used for keeping fresh & dried fruits, vegetables, and wines. How is Sodium Metabisulfite made? Sodium metabisulfite can be made from the reaction in between sulfur dioxide with sodium carbonate. The following is the reaction equation: SO2 + Na2SO3 → NA2S2O5. What're the Uses of Sodium Metabisulfite? Sodium metabisulfite is a strong reducing agent that can respond with oxidizing agents as the sulfur atom in it with a positive valence of 4, the optimum valence of which is 6. That is the device why sodium metabisulfite is a multifunctional ingredient that is used as a chemical, antioxidant, and bleaching agent in  food, wine, and other applications. Preservative The sodium metabisulfite preservative is a sulfur-containing chemical that inhibits the oxidase in the food, and also can block the regular oxidation process of microorganisms and therefore prevent the recreation of microorganisms in food preservation. Wine You may have seen sulfur dioxide in the active ingredients list of wine, yet unlike various other active ingredients you notice on the label, sulfur dioxide is not directly contributed in wine, it is formed by the addition of sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite. The complying with are the response formula of Na2S2O5 in  wine:

  Na2S2O5 + H2O <===> 2Na+ + 2( HSO3)-. HSO3- + H+ <===> H2O + SO2. Sulfur dioxide plays a crucial role in almost every manufacturing process of wine making, from grape selection to bottling. It is generally to hinder the growth of yeast and bacteria, and consequently preserve the glass of wine fresh and long the life. Sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite is commonly contributed to wines, ciders, or maybe beers as an antioxidant, preservative, and stabilizer. It can be used to clean and sanitize wine equipment and wine bottles. Antioxidant Because sulfite is a strong reducing agent, it reacts with oxygen from vegetables and fruits and also prevents oxidase task, so it prevents food putridity triggered by oxidation and locks vitamin C in them. Bleaching representative Reduce the colored product to a brilliant and fresh shade or prevent/slow oxidative browning. Processed fruit items Like various other sulfites , sodium metabisulfite can be used as both a chemical and antioxidant in processed fruit products to reduce browning reactions, along with inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria. Is Sodium Metabisulfite Safe to Eat? Yes, it almost has no adverse effects and the safety has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Sodium metabisulfite preservative is safe except in meats, foods recognized as a source of vitamin B1, and fresh fruits or vegetables.

[sodiummetabisulfiteinfo-blog]

Exactly What To Verify Prior To Buying From A New Supplier

Companies who need to handle potential contaminants should have a means to take care of the toxic contamination. It is critical for them to be sure they take some time to be able to take a look at the potassium permanganate or perhaps other goods made available from a supplier meticulously before they will buy something so they can get the best sodium metabisulfite results from the product they'll obtain. When they are ready to find a supplier in order to deal with, they will desire to check the purity of the product as well as make certain it has been extensively analyzed.

The purity can have a massive influence on how well the product works, thus this is definitely something business owners should check out before they will acquire just about any chemicals to make use of. They're going to want to make certain they decide on a manufacturer who has an independent lab test the goods for purity. The independent research laboratory provides accurate as well as non-biased results that show the business proprietor what is in the product so they can make certain it's exactly what they'll have to have. This enables the business proprietor to ensure the product will work nicely for their own needs and assures they're able to trust the quality of the product before they'll plan to obtain it and try it.

If you might be seeking products and you require a brand new supplier to buy from, be sure you pick the right supplier to be able to get the greatest results. Visit the web site for a supplier of sodium permanganate today in order to discover a lot more with regards to everything they'll have available as well as to see the test results for their products. They are going to make certain you'll get the best product offered for your organization so that you don't have to be worried about exactly how well it's going to work when you need to utilize it.

[sodiummetabisulfiteweb-blog]

Exactly What To Verify Prior To Buying From A New Supplier

Companies who need to handle potential contaminants should have a means to take care of the toxic contamination. It is critical for them to be sure they take some time to be able to take a look at the potassium permanganate or perhaps other goods made available from a supplier meticulously before they will buy something so they can get the best sodium metabisulfite results from the product they'll obtain. When they are ready to find a supplier in order to deal with, they will desire to check the purity of the product as well as make certain it has been extensively analyzed.

The purity can have a massive influence on how well the product works, thus this is definitely something business owners should check out before they will acquire just about any chemicals to make use of. They're going to want to make certain they decide on a manufacturer who has an independent lab test the goods for purity. The independent research laboratory provides accurate as well as non-biased results that show the business proprietor what is in the product so they can make certain it's exactly what they'll have to have. This enables the business proprietor to ensure the product will work nicely for their own needs and assures they're able to trust the quality of the product before they'll plan to obtain it and try it.

If you might be seeking products and you require a brand new supplier to buy from, be sure you pick the right supplier to be able to get the greatest results. Visit the web site for a supplier of sodium permanganate today in order to discover a lot more with regards to everything they'll have available as well as to see the test results for their products. They are going to make certain you'll get the best product offered for your organization so that you don't have to be worried about exactly how well it's going to work when you need to utilize it.

[yourlifefun]

10 Dangerous Foods from China

When we are at a supermarket and it’s often the low prices that catch our attention and fill our carts. Even a conscious consumer may inspect an ingredient list, but not think beyond that. Knowing the geographic origin of what we eat is increasingly important as our food supply chain becomes progressively globalized.

While we debate issues like GMO’s and their dependence on Roundup here within us, we readily import foods from countries where food production is like an unregulated Wild West.

 Here are 10 foods gnarly samples of “Made in China” foods to stay off your plate:

10. Plastic Rice.

Plastic Rice. Yes, I said that twice just in case you're like me and had

Trouble wrapping your head around it the primary time. Chinese authorities are making seizures of faux rice that consists of mixed potatoes, sweet potatoes, and an industrial resin. The giveaway is that it stays slightly hard when cooked and is difficult to digest. Hmm… do ya think!?

9. Garlic.

In 2015 we imported 138 million pounds of garlic- an honest chunk of it labeled as “organic”. Chinese garlic is bleached with a chemical broth that stops sprouting then is usually disinfected with methyl bromide- a known toxin that causes respiratory and central nervous system damage. (The disinfecting is true right down to kill pathogens within the raw sewage wont to grow the garlic) remember, foreign “organic” labels are meaningless.

Garlic grown within the U.S. will have some roots left on rock bottom and are generally larger than Chinese bulbs. The thought factor is usually touted as telltale, but it is often misleading as many U.S. growers also remove the roots to stop molding. Within the absolute best of the day, it's happier to travel by a reputation that clearly labels the merchandise as being grown domestically.

8. Salt.

Imported Chinese salt may contain industrial salt. Industrial salt increases cardiac risk and may be easily mixed with salt. There’s no iodine in industrial salt and it can cause hypothyroid swelling and mental impairment. Edible salt is 10 times costlier than industrial salt, making counterfeiting extremely profitable.

7. Tilapia.

Tilapia has been a highly marketed fish over the last decade. Last year, 80% of our Tilapia, 382 million pounds, was imported from China. Chinese Tilapia is farm-raised and pumped crammed with antibiotics and growth hormones.

Multiple reports by the FDA and thus the center for Food Safety have found that a minimum of fifty of Chinese tilapia is fed animal feces. Would you like some poop thereupon fish? Tasty! Hence the necessity for those massive doses of antibiotics.

6. Fruit juice.

Do I buy cheap apple juice? The likelihood is that that that it's from China which you're drinking a cocktail crammed with arsenic, toxic pesticides, and chemical residues. Nearly 50% of the fruit juice consumed in America is imported from China- 367 million gallons a year. You’d possibly be thinking… “I got the Mott’s, not a budget generic applesauce and apple juice!” Mott’s sources from China and additionally to the above nasties, they also wish to feature syrup - the icing on the cake.

5. Chicken.

Sadly the USDA approved the sale of hormone and antibiotic-induced chicken into the U.S. in 2013. While direct imports are still within the works, now U.S. suppliers are being allowed to export domestically grown chicken all the because of China to be processed and re-shipped to the United State.

 Chinese facilities aren't required to possess USDA inspectors and there's absolute no because of monitor what the chickens are being fed or the medications that they're given. (Let alone the inhumane conditions that are found within the Chinese poultry industry) yet one more reason to easily avoid chicken all directly.

4. Cod.

If you reside within the East as I do, you picture the fishermen in places like Gloucester and New Bedford bringing home our cod as they need for several years. Illusion. Over half the cod within the U.S. is imported from China and is farm-raised in similar conditions as tilapia… enough said.

Considering the shameful lack of transparency within the United States fish supply chain, its best off to avoid cod and tilapia all directly unless you'll catch on from a trustworthy source.

3. Green Peas/Soybeans.

Chinese green peas and soybeans could even be snow peas or other imitations that are dyed with coloring with toxic sodium metabisulfite.

The reports of faux peas received many press attention in 2010, and these peas have appeared in China in previous years also. While out of the media’s eye, there's no reason to presume Chinese peas and soybeans are an important deal or safe to eat.

2. Mushrooms.

Imported Chinese mushrooms are found to possess illegal pesticide residue. While most mushrooms from China are available the canned form, fresh Chinese mushrooms also are finding theirs because of our markets- especially shiitakes.

1. Corn.

Where did your canned corn or frozen come from anyway? Although not allowed in Chinese corn (though small amounts are found in fruit juices and broths), some producers add sodium cyclamate to their corn to feature sweetness and hold its trademark yellow color. Sodium cyclamate could even be toxic which may damage the liver. This toxic additive is banned within us and legal in over 170 countries worldwide.

Scary, but this list could contain nearly 2 hundred foods from China that U.S. inspectors have found to possess serious food safety violations including having residues from illegal pesticides and undeclared and/or illegal hormones. Like food from our own country, it just drives home the particular indisputable fact that the more transparency the better!

 Tips for purchasing food for the soul:

• Buy Organic

• Buy Non-GMO

• Buy Local

• Avoid the Dirty Dozen if you can’t buy organic

• Avoid coloring, syrup, and msg and you’ll avoid many other nasties along the way

• If you can’t pronounce it, research the ingredient. Better yet, don’t buy it!

[freelyprofoundtheorist-blog]

Global Market Insights, Inc. adds new Sodium Metabisulfite Market report which provides in-depth information about Industry overview, top vendors, Key market highlights, product types, drivers, challenges, trends, industry landscape, size and forecast.

Analyzing the sodium metabisulfite market scenario, around 45% of total market share is grabbed by Asia Pacific region in the year 2025 registering itself as the largest market. Such a tremendous share is solely attributed to the presence of large number of manufacturers and suppliers of the product in countries like India, China, Thailand, South Korea thereby making the region an import destination of various other countries.

Request for a sample of this research report @ https://www.gminsights.com/request-sample/detail/3127

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Be Sure You Might Find The Correct Supplier Easily

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Formulation of Hair Tonic of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) Ethanol Extract as Hair Grower in Male White Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar Strain

INTRODUCTION The loss is one of the problems on the hair that can affect the appearance, both physical and psychological disorders through hair loss is not a disorder that can be life threatening1,2. Patient data in RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo stated that during 2009 to 2011 as much as 39.7% alopecia aerata and 34.5% had effluvium telogen3. One cosmetic product developed to treat hair loss is hair tonic. Hair tonic preparation is a cosmetic preparation that is used on the scalp to stimulate hair growth in hair loss or baldness4. The active ingredient of hair tonic when it was developed from natural materials. One of the plants that have potential as a hair grower is meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). P. niruri containing lignans and terpenoids can increase the activity of hair growth through the mechanism of inhibition of 5α-reductase enzyme activity5. P. niruri extract hair tonic made to be easily applied to the scalp. In addition, the hair tonic has a trans-appendageal absorption is good, not greasy and leaves no residue on the scalp compared to others liquid or semi-solid preparation6. The ability of P. niruri ethanol extract hair tonic as hair growth can be enhanced by using penetrant enhancers. The penetrant enhancer is a compound that can help the process of absorption in the skin through a reduction in skin impermeability7. One of the penetrant enhancer used in this study is menthol. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of hair tonic preparations from P. niruri ethanol extract as a hair grower in Wistar male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tools used in this study is a rotary evaporator (Buchi R II), caliper (tricle Brand), pH meter (Hanna), GF254 TLC plate (E Merck), scales digital (Ohaus Type PA 2012) and glassware. / Herbs Herbal Natural Grace, Yogyakarta. Other materials used include quercetin is (Sigma Aldrich), simplicia P. niruri used herbs obtained from Supplier and Distributor of Materials Herbal, cream depilatories (Veet®), minoxidil (Regrou®), ethanol 96%, propylene glycol, sodium metabisulfite, menthol, DMDM ​​hydantoin, TEA, and water. Test animals used were male Wistar rats at the age of 2-3 months and a weight of 150-250 grams. The population of test animals comes from Bantul. Animal tests used have passed the review of conduct, with number 739 / UN22.9 / DL / 2018. Extraction The extraction is done using the maceration method with a solution of ethanol 70%. A total of 1.128 kg of P. niruri powder was added with ethanol 70% while occasionally stirring. 24 hours later filtered and the residue was maceration until the filtrate obtained clear by using total ethanol 70% 16.5 L. The filtrate obtained is collected, then the solvent evaporated using a rotary evaporator at a temperature of ± 40ºC to obtain a thick extract, then calculated extract yield. Standardization Extract of Specific Parameters Phytochemical Screening and Thin Layer Chromatography Standardization extract of specific parameters done of phytochemical screening and TLC. TLC identification was performed using GF254 silica plate with quercetin standard. The extract was dissolved in methanol and spotting appearance used is AlCl3 5%. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content The method used is the Chang method. The standard solution is made by weighing 25 mg of quercetin dissolved in methanol and then diluted to 1000 ug/ml. Then made a series of concentration 24; 21; 18; 15; 12 and 9 ug/ml from standard stock solution. 2 ml of each series of concentration added with 0.1 ml AlCl3 10%, 0.1 ml CH3COONa 1 M, and 2.8 ml of distilled water.

Total flavonoid content (TFC) The mixture is shaken until homogeneous and allowed to react for 30 minutes at room temperature before being a measured absorbance at λ 434 nm. Standard curve equation is then used to measure the levels of total flavonoid extract ethanol P. niruri. Total flavonoid content (TFC) were then calculated using the following equation8.   Where: R: The results obtained from the standard curve D.F: Dilution factor V: The volume of stock solution W: Weight of the sample used Hair Tonic Preparation Formulations Hair tonic preparations in this study were made in two formulations with a concentration of extract that is used by 5% (w / w) in the same base composition, wherein one of the formulas use penetrant enhancer menthol. Positive control used in the form of tonic preparations containing minoxidil 2%. Table 1: The Composition of the Materials Used in the Manufacture of Tonic No. Material Concentration (%) F1 F2 1 P. niruri  ethanol extract 5 5 2 Menthol - 1 3 Ethanol 30 30 4 Propylene glycol 2 2 5 Sodium metabisulfite 0.1 0.1 6 DMDM hydantoin 0.5 0.5 7 TEA 0.5 0.5 8 Water Add 100 Add 100 Making the Tonic Preparations Tonic preparations of P. niruri ethanol extract made by weighing the ingredients needed. The extract is then dissolved with warm water before adding ethanol, while menthol was dissolved with ethanol sufficiently. Sodium metabisulfite, TEA and DMDM ​​hydantoin each dissolved in water. Combine parts of water and ethanol slowly, propylene glycol was added little by little and the remains of the water while stirring until homogeneous. Evaluation of Tonic Preparations Tonic preparations were evaluated organoleptically and pH test. Organoleptic testing was conducted on the color and smell of the preparation. Meanwhile, preparations pH testing is done by using a pH meter. pH meter calibrated beforehand using a buffer solution with a pH of 9. After calibration, the pH meter is dipped into the preparation and left for several minutes to obtain a pH of tonic preparation. Primary Skin Irritation Test 18 male white rats Wistar strain adaptation for 7 days, were divided into 3 groups: group 1 as F1, group 2 as F2 and group 3 as control, then placed each one in a cage. The hair on the backs of the rat was shaved using a razor on 3 different places, then smeared 0.5 g cream depilatory (Veet®) for 5 minutes and rinsed with water. Then made a box as a test area with a size of 2 x 2 cm. 24 hours later skin irritation test was performed9. 0.5 ml test preparation is applied to the three test areas each treatment group. The test area was closed using sterile gauze and plaster. Observations were made at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour after treatment the test preparation.

Primary Irritation Index (PII) After 24 hours, plaster and gauze opened (area 1: located on the upper back), as well as the existing residue, is washed with water prior to observing. Observations made 48 hours in area 2 which is at the center of the back and observations made 72 hours in area 3 located in the lower back. Observations were carried out with the parameters of erythema and edema9. The response of the test preparation is then calculated to obtain the skin primary irritation index by Primary Irritation Index (PII)10.   Where: A: Total score of erythema and edema throughout the observation point samples at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour divided by the number of observations B: Total score of erythema and edema throughout the observation point control at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour divided by the number of observations C: Number of animals Primary irritation index values ​​obtained are then used to determine the level of irritation as the following table10. Table 2: Categories Irritation Response10 Average value Category Response 0,0 – 0,4 Very light (negligible) 0,5 – 1,9 Mild irritant (slight) 2,0 – 4,9 Irritant (moderate) 5,0 – 8,0 Strong irritant (severe) Hair Grower Activity Test 0.5 ml test preparation applied to the backs of mice were shaved once a day. Prior to application of the test preparation, alcohol 70% is applied to the test area that has been shaved as an antiseptic. The first day basting regarded as day 0. Observations hair grower activities carried out for 21 days. A total of 6 strands of longest hair of mice removed using tweezers on day 7, 14 and 21. Hair then straightened out and placed on selotip. Hair length is measured using a caliper. Measurements were also conducted on hair weight mice on day 21 by way of a haircut that grows in the test area and weighed for each group. The results were then analyzed statistically. Data Analysis The results of measuring the length of the hair of mice were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 22 to determine whether there are significant differences in the speed of hair growth of mice on day 7, 14, and 21 as well as the weight of hair of mice on the 21st day of testing, both in the control group and the test group. Data tested normal distribution and homogeneity of its variants (p> 0.05), then the data is tested with One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD with 95% confidence level. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Extraction and Standardization of Extract Extraction using maceration method and obtained viscous extract as much as 284.14 g with a value of yield 25.18%. The viscous extract obtained is then performed the phytochemical screening. Phytochemical screening results showed that P. niruri ethanol extracts contain secondary metabolites alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids/steroids, and saponins. These results are consistent with previous research which stated that P. niruri contains tannins, steroids, alkaloids, and flavonoids11. In addition, thin layer chromatography profiles using spotting appearance AlCl3 produces a yellow color indicating the presence of flavonoids, can be seen in Figure 1. One of the flavonoids contained in P. niruri is quercetin12. Quercetin in the P. niruri ethanol extract was measured using the Chang method. The result of the measurement of total flavonoid content was 2.01% ± 0.15, in accordance with the requirements of Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, not less than 0.90% calculated as quercetin13. Mobile phase = Chloroform: Methanol: Water (80: 12: 2) to flavonoids, quercetin standard. Note: 1 = P. niruri ethanol extract, 2 = standard quercetin. (A): Observations UV 254 nm; (B): Observations UV 366 nm; (C): after being sprayed reagent AlCl3 5%.

Figure: 1 Profile of Thin Layer Chromatography Hair Tonic of P. niruri Ethanol Extract and Evaluation Preparations Tonic preparations were made because it is easier to use, not sticky and does not leave a thin layer on the skin such as the use of another semisolid dosage. Tonic preparations prepared by dissolving the extract with warm water and then added with 96% ethanol. In addition, ethanol is also used as a solvent menthol. Propylene glycol is used as cosolvent of extract so that it is completely dissolved and the ingredients used in the formulation. DMDM hydantoin is used as a preservative because of the content of water in large quantities can be a microbial growth medium. Sodium metabisulfite is used as an antioxidant to prevent oxidation of the P. niruri extract. Menthol is used as penetration enhancers to the skin, giving it the smell of fresh and cool sensation on the scalp. Tonic preparations made were evaluated organoleptically and pH. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3. Observations organoleptic of both the tonic formula shows that the preparations are not transparent. This is because P. niruri extracts used in the form of dark viscous extract thus resulting preparation becomes dark, which is colored black. pH of tonic preparations in the range pH of the skin that is 4-7 and meet the quality requirements of BSN 16-4955-1998 stating that tonic preparations pH in the range 3-714,15. Table 3: The Results of Evaluation of P. niruri Ethanol Extract Hair Tonic No. Evaluation Result F1 F2 1 Appearance Black, typical aroma Black, typical aroma of menthol 2 pH ± SD 6 ± 0.01 5.94 ± 0.01 The Primary Skin Irritation Test The primary irritation test was aimed to observe the effects that arise in the skin irritation test animals. The principle of this irritation test is the provision of the test preparation in a single dose to the skin of test animals with such control untreated skin. Observations were carried out at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour with the parameters of the presence or absence of erythema and edema10. Tonic preparations irritation testing results in table 4 show that the observations at 24 hours, 48 ​​hours and 72 hours after administration dosage scoring erythema and edema zero so that it can be concluded that the preparation tonic formula 1 and formula 2 is not irritating to the skin of test animals. Test Activity Hair Grower niruri contain secondary metabolites that could potentially stimulate hair growth. One of them is quercetin. Based on previous studies, quercetin can prevent hair loss in test animals. One mechanism that is as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting HSP7016. Moreover, the results indicate that P. niruri identification of compounds containing phenols. Phenols compounds in P. niruri can be lignans, which are methylated phenols. Lignans role in inhibiting the activity of the 5α-reductase enzyme in order to reduce the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone potentially cause hair loss5. Parameter tests conducted to test the activity of hair growth is the average length and weight of rat hair. Hair length measurements can be used to express the tonic preparations ability to stimulate the growth of hair length mice while weighing the hair is used to determine the effect of tonic preparations against hair luxuriance mice. Based on the chart above, it is known that a group of the commission of Formula 1, Formula 2 and negative control mice resulted in hair length greater than the normal control. This may be due to additional materials such as ethanol 96%, propylene glycol, and water. Ethanol and propylene glycol can decrease the skin impermeability to water making it easier for water to pass through the stratum corneum. Ethanol and propylene glycol can change the permeability of the skin through interactions with the hydrophilic group on the lipid bilayer which can certainly increase the dosage partition into the stratum corneum17. Formula 2 gives results of hair length measurements that are greater than the formula 1, negative control and normal control on 21st-day observation. This could be due to the use of enhancers menthol concentration of 1%. Based on the structure is, menthol is a terpene class of chemical enhancers. The use of enhancers class of terpenes and simultaneously propylene glycol having work synergistically so that it has a better ability enhancers18. Menthol relative has a shorter interval than the other terpenes enhancer group resulting in a relatively short time has given effect19. The treatment group formula 1 and 2, when compared to the positive control minoxidil, gives the average hair length is smaller. Minoxidil can increase hair follicle size of values into the terminal and maintain terminal hair to prevent hair loss. In addition, minoxidil is also known to increase DNA synthesis in the anagen phase hair root so that it can stimulate the growth of the secondary from telogen follicles to produce rapid growth into the anagen follicles20. Table: 4 Observations Primary Skin Irritation of Tonic P. niruri Ethanol Extract No. Preparations The Observation / Value Score 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours Erythema Edema Erythema Edema Erythema Edema 1 F1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Control 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure: 2 Graph Average Hair Length Mice on Day 7, 14 and 21               Table 5: The Result of the Calculation of the Average Length and Weight Hair of Each Group Treated Group Treatment The average hair length (mm) ± SD The average weight of the hair (mg) ± SD day 7 day 14 day 21 1 Control (+) 6.84 ± 0:58 9.87 ± 1.81 14:18 ± 2.76 33.56 ± 25.09 2 Normal control 4.64 ± 0.66 6:06 ± 0:47 10.74 ± 1:59 2.67 ± 1.99 3 Control (-) 5:15 ± 0.96 # 7:08 ± 0.99 # 10.98 ± 1:12 10:43 ± 0:15 4 F1 6:00 ± 1:47 * 9:15 ± 1.88 * 12.92 ± 3:47 23.97 ± 15:59 5 F2 5:30 ± 0.63 # 7.82 ± 1.61 13:57 ± 2.88 26.47 ± 10.95 Description: (*) Different significant (p Read the full article

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Formulation of Hair Tonic of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) Ethanol Extract as Hair Grower in Male White Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar Strain

INTRODUCTION The loss is one of the problems on the hair that can affect the appearance, both physical and psychological disorders through hair loss is not a disorder that can be life threatening1,2. Patient data in RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo stated that during 2009 to 2011 as much as 39.7% alopecia aerata and 34.5% had effluvium telogen3. One cosmetic product developed to treat hair loss is hair tonic. Hair tonic preparation is a cosmetic preparation that is used on the scalp to stimulate hair growth in hair loss or baldness4. The active ingredient of hair tonic when it was developed from natural materials. One of the plants that have potential as a hair grower is meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). P. niruri containing lignans and terpenoids can increase the activity of hair growth through the mechanism of inhibition of 5α-reductase enzyme activity5. P. niruri extract hair tonic made to be easily applied to the scalp. In addition, the hair tonic has a trans-appendageal absorption is good, not greasy and leaves no residue on the scalp compared to others liquid or semi-solid preparation6. The ability of P. niruri ethanol extract hair tonic as hair growth can be enhanced by using penetrant enhancers. The penetrant enhancer is a compound that can help the process of absorption in the skin through a reduction in skin impermeability7. One of the penetrant enhancer used in this study is menthol. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of hair tonic preparations from P. niruri ethanol extract as a hair grower in Wistar male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tools used in this study is a rotary evaporator (Buchi R II), caliper (tricle Brand), pH meter (Hanna), GF254 TLC plate (E Merck), scales digital (Ohaus Type PA 2012) and glassware. / Herbs Herbal Natural Grace, Yogyakarta. Other materials used include quercetin is (Sigma Aldrich), simplicia P. niruri used herbs obtained from Supplier and Distributor of Materials Herbal, cream depilatories (Veet®), minoxidil (Regrou®), ethanol 96%, propylene glycol, sodium metabisulfite, menthol, DMDM ​​hydantoin, TEA, and water. Test animals used were male Wistar rats at the age of 2-3 months and a weight of 150-250 grams. The population of test animals comes from Bantul. Animal tests used have passed the review of conduct, with number 739 / UN22.9 / DL / 2018. Extraction The extraction is done using the maceration method with a solution of ethanol 70%. A total of 1.128 kg of P. niruri powder was added with ethanol 70% while occasionally stirring. 24 hours later filtered and the residue was maceration until the filtrate obtained clear by using total ethanol 70% 16.5 L. The filtrate obtained is collected, then the solvent evaporated using a rotary evaporator at a temperature of ± 40ºC to obtain a thick extract, then calculated extract yield. Standardization Extract of Specific Parameters Phytochemical Screening and Thin Layer Chromatography Standardization extract of specific parameters done of phytochemical screening and TLC. TLC identification was performed using GF254 silica plate with quercetin standard. The extract was dissolved in methanol and spotting appearance used is AlCl3 5%. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content The method used is the Chang method. The standard solution is made by weighing 25 mg of quercetin dissolved in methanol and then diluted to 1000 ug/ml. Then made a series of concentration 24; 21; 18; 15; 12 and 9 ug/ml from standard stock solution. 2 ml of each series of concentration added with 0.1 ml AlCl3 10%, 0.1 ml CH3COONa 1 M, and 2.8 ml of distilled water.

Total flavonoid content (TFC) The mixture is shaken until homogeneous and allowed to react for 30 minutes at room temperature before being a measured absorbance at λ 434 nm. Standard curve equation is then used to measure the levels of total flavonoid extract ethanol P. niruri. Total flavonoid content (TFC) were then calculated using the following equation8.   Where: R: The results obtained from the standard curve D.F: Dilution factor V: The volume of stock solution W: Weight of the sample used Hair Tonic Preparation Formulations Hair tonic preparations in this study were made in two formulations with a concentration of extract that is used by 5% (w / w) in the same base composition, wherein one of the formulas use penetrant enhancer menthol. Positive control used in the form of tonic preparations containing minoxidil 2%. Table 1: The Composition of the Materials Used in the Manufacture of Tonic No. Material Concentration (%) F1 F2 1 P. niruri  ethanol extract 5 5 2 Menthol - 1 3 Ethanol 30 30 4 Propylene glycol 2 2 5 Sodium metabisulfite 0.1 0.1 6 DMDM hydantoin 0.5 0.5 7 TEA 0.5 0.5 8 Water Add 100 Add 100 Making the Tonic Preparations Tonic preparations of P. niruri ethanol extract made by weighing the ingredients needed. The extract is then dissolved with warm water before adding ethanol, while menthol was dissolved with ethanol sufficiently. Sodium metabisulfite, TEA and DMDM ​​hydantoin each dissolved in water. Combine parts of water and ethanol slowly, propylene glycol was added little by little and the remains of the water while stirring until homogeneous. Evaluation of Tonic Preparations Tonic preparations were evaluated organoleptically and pH test. Organoleptic testing was conducted on the color and smell of the preparation. Meanwhile, preparations pH testing is done by using a pH meter. pH meter calibrated beforehand using a buffer solution with a pH of 9. After calibration, the pH meter is dipped into the preparation and left for several minutes to obtain a pH of tonic preparation. Primary Skin Irritation Test 18 male white rats Wistar strain adaptation for 7 days, were divided into 3 groups: group 1 as F1, group 2 as F2 and group 3 as control, then placed each one in a cage. The hair on the backs of the rat was shaved using a razor on 3 different places, then smeared 0.5 g cream depilatory (Veet®) for 5 minutes and rinsed with water. Then made a box as a test area with a size of 2 x 2 cm. 24 hours later skin irritation test was performed9. 0.5 ml test preparation is applied to the three test areas each treatment group. The test area was closed using sterile gauze and plaster. Observations were made at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour after treatment the test preparation.

Primary Irritation Index (PII) After 24 hours, plaster and gauze opened (area 1: located on the upper back), as well as the existing residue, is washed with water prior to observing. Observations made 48 hours in area 2 which is at the center of the back and observations made 72 hours in area 3 located in the lower back. Observations were carried out with the parameters of erythema and edema9. The response of the test preparation is then calculated to obtain the skin primary irritation index by Primary Irritation Index (PII)10.   Where: A: Total score of erythema and edema throughout the observation point samples at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour divided by the number of observations B: Total score of erythema and edema throughout the observation point control at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour divided by the number of observations C: Number of animals Primary irritation index values ​​obtained are then used to determine the level of irritation as the following table10. Table 2: Categories Irritation Response10 Average value Category Response 0,0 – 0,4 Very light (negligible) 0,5 – 1,9 Mild irritant (slight) 2,0 – 4,9 Irritant (moderate) 5,0 – 8,0 Strong irritant (severe) Hair Grower Activity Test 0.5 ml test preparation applied to the backs of mice were shaved once a day. Prior to application of the test preparation, alcohol 70% is applied to the test area that has been shaved as an antiseptic. The first day basting regarded as day 0. Observations hair grower activities carried out for 21 days. A total of 6 strands of longest hair of mice removed using tweezers on day 7, 14 and 21. Hair then straightened out and placed on selotip. Hair length is measured using a caliper. Measurements were also conducted on hair weight mice on day 21 by way of a haircut that grows in the test area and weighed for each group. The results were then analyzed statistically. Data Analysis The results of measuring the length of the hair of mice were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 22 to determine whether there are significant differences in the speed of hair growth of mice on day 7, 14, and 21 as well as the weight of hair of mice on the 21st day of testing, both in the control group and the test group. Data tested normal distribution and homogeneity of its variants (p> 0.05), then the data is tested with One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD with 95% confidence level. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Extraction and Standardization of Extract Extraction using maceration method and obtained viscous extract as much as 284.14 g with a value of yield 25.18%. The viscous extract obtained is then performed the phytochemical screening. Phytochemical screening results showed that P. niruri ethanol extracts contain secondary metabolites alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids/steroids, and saponins. These results are consistent with previous research which stated that P. niruri contains tannins, steroids, alkaloids, and flavonoids11. In addition, thin layer chromatography profiles using spotting appearance AlCl3 produces a yellow color indicating the presence of flavonoids, can be seen in Figure 1. One of the flavonoids contained in P. niruri is quercetin12. Quercetin in the P. niruri ethanol extract was measured using the Chang method. The result of the measurement of total flavonoid content was 2.01% ± 0.15, in accordance with the requirements of Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, not less than 0.90% calculated as quercetin13. Mobile phase = Chloroform: Methanol: Water (80: 12: 2) to flavonoids, quercetin standard. Note: 1 = P. niruri ethanol extract, 2 = standard quercetin. (A): Observations UV 254 nm; (B): Observations UV 366 nm; (C): after being sprayed reagent AlCl3 5%.

Figure: 1 Profile of Thin Layer Chromatography Hair Tonic of P. niruri Ethanol Extract and Evaluation Preparations Tonic preparations were made because it is easier to use, not sticky and does not leave a thin layer on the skin such as the use of another semisolid dosage. Tonic preparations prepared by dissolving the extract with warm water and then added with 96% ethanol. In addition, ethanol is also used as a solvent menthol. Propylene glycol is used as cosolvent of extract so that it is completely dissolved and the ingredients used in the formulation. DMDM hydantoin is used as a preservative because of the content of water in large quantities can be a microbial growth medium. Sodium metabisulfite is used as an antioxidant to prevent oxidation of the P. niruri extract. Menthol is used as penetration enhancers to the skin, giving it the smell of fresh and cool sensation on the scalp. Tonic preparations made were evaluated organoleptically and pH. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3. Observations organoleptic of both the tonic formula shows that the preparations are not transparent. This is because P. niruri extracts used in the form of dark viscous extract thus resulting preparation becomes dark, which is colored black. pH of tonic preparations in the range pH of the skin that is 4-7 and meet the quality requirements of BSN 16-4955-1998 stating that tonic preparations pH in the range 3-714,15. Table 3: The Results of Evaluation of P. niruri Ethanol Extract Hair Tonic No. Evaluation Result F1 F2 1 Appearance Black, typical aroma Black, typical aroma of menthol 2 pH ± SD 6 ± 0.01 5.94 ± 0.01 The Primary Skin Irritation Test The primary irritation test was aimed to observe the effects that arise in the skin irritation test animals. The principle of this irritation test is the provision of the test preparation in a single dose to the skin of test animals with such control untreated skin. Observations were carried out at the 24th, 48th and 72nd hour with the parameters of the presence or absence of erythema and edema10. Tonic preparations irritation testing results in table 4 show that the observations at 24 hours, 48 ​​hours and 72 hours after administration dosage scoring erythema and edema zero so that it can be concluded that the preparation tonic formula 1 and formula 2 is not irritating to the skin of test animals. Test Activity Hair Grower niruri contain secondary metabolites that could potentially stimulate hair growth. One of them is quercetin. Based on previous studies, quercetin can prevent hair loss in test animals. One mechanism that is as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting HSP7016. Moreover, the results indicate that P. niruri identification of compounds containing phenols. Phenols compounds in P. niruri can be lignans, which are methylated phenols. Lignans role in inhibiting the activity of the 5α-reductase enzyme in order to reduce the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone potentially cause hair loss5. Parameter tests conducted to test the activity of hair growth is the average length and weight of rat hair. Hair length measurements can be used to express the tonic preparations ability to stimulate the growth of hair length mice while weighing the hair is used to determine the effect of tonic preparations against hair luxuriance mice. Based on the chart above, it is known that a group of the commission of Formula 1, Formula 2 and negative control mice resulted in hair length greater than the normal control. This may be due to additional materials such as ethanol 96%, propylene glycol, and water. Ethanol and propylene glycol can decrease the skin impermeability to water making it easier for water to pass through the stratum corneum. Ethanol and propylene glycol can change the permeability of the skin through interactions with the hydrophilic group on the lipid bilayer which can certainly increase the dosage partition into the stratum corneum17. Formula 2 gives results of hair length measurements that are greater than the formula 1, negative control and normal control on 21st-day observation. This could be due to the use of enhancers menthol concentration of 1%. Based on the structure is, menthol is a terpene class of chemical enhancers. The use of enhancers class of terpenes and simultaneously propylene glycol having work synergistically so that it has a better ability enhancers18. Menthol relative has a shorter interval than the other terpenes enhancer group resulting in a relatively short time has given effect19. The treatment group formula 1 and 2, when compared to the positive control minoxidil, gives the average hair length is smaller. Minoxidil can increase hair follicle size of values into the terminal and maintain terminal hair to prevent hair loss. In addition, minoxidil is also known to increase DNA synthesis in the anagen phase hair root so that it can stimulate the growth of the secondary from telogen follicles to produce rapid growth into the anagen follicles20. Table: 4 Observations Primary Skin Irritation of Tonic P. niruri Ethanol Extract No. Preparations The Observation / Value Score 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours Erythema Edema Erythema Edema Erythema Edema 1 F1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Control 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure: 2 Graph Average Hair Length Mice on Day 7, 14 and 21               Table 5: The Result of the Calculation of the Average Length and Weight Hair of Each Group Treated Group Treatment The average hair length (mm) ± SD The average weight of the hair (mg) ± SD day 7 day 14 day 21 1 Control (+) 6.84 ± 0:58 9.87 ± 1.81 14:18 ± 2.76 33.56 ± 25.09 2 Normal control 4.64 ± 0.66 6:06 ± 0:47 10.74 ± 1:59 2.67 ± 1.99 3 Control (-) 5:15 ± 0.96 # 7:08 ± 0.99 # 10.98 ± 1:12 10:43 ± 0:15 4 F1 6:00 ± 1:47 * 9:15 ± 1.88 * 12.92 ± 3:47 23.97 ± 15:59 5 F2 5:30 ± 0.63 # 7.82 ± 1.61 13:57 ± 2.88 26.47 ± 10.95 Description: (*) Different significant (p Read the full article