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chemanalystdata · 4 months ago

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Sodium Bromide Prices a versatile chemical compound, has been in the spotlight due to its widespread applications in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and oil drilling. The fluctuations in sodium bromide prices are influenced by a myriad of factors, including raw material costs, supply chain dynamics, regulatory changes, and global demand. As businesses and industries rely heavily on sodium bromide for their operations, understanding the intricacies of its price trends is crucial for effective budgeting and cost management.

One of the primary factors affecting sodium bromide prices is the cost of raw materials. Sodium bromide is typically derived from sodium chloride (common salt) and bromine. The prices of these inputs can vary significantly based on several factors, including the availability of bromine resources, production costs, and geopolitical factors that impact the global supply chain. For instance, bromine is predominantly extracted from brine pools, and the availability of these resources can be affected by environmental regulations, natural disasters, or political instability in key production regions. As the cost of bromine rises or falls, it directly impacts the cost of producing sodium bromide, which in turn influences its market price.

Another significant factor contributing to the price fluctuations of sodium bromide is the demand from end-use industries. The oil and gas sector, for example, is a major consumer of sodium bromide, where it is used in drilling fluids. The demand from this sector can vary based on global oil prices, exploration activities, and technological advancements in drilling techniques. When oil prices are high, drilling activities tend to increase, leading to a surge in demand for sodium bromide. Conversely, during periods of low oil prices or reduced exploration activities, the demand for sodium bromide may decrease, putting downward pressure on prices. This cyclical nature of demand in the oil and gas industry plays a crucial role in shaping sodium bromide price trends.

Get Real Time Prices for Sodium Bromide: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sodium-bromide-1131

In addition to the oil and gas industry, the pharmaceutical and water treatment sectors are also significant consumers of sodium bromide. In the pharmaceutical industry, sodium bromide is used as a sedative and in the manufacture of various medications. The demand from this sector is relatively stable, as it is driven by the consistent need for pharmaceutical products. However, any changes in regulatory policies or shifts in consumer preferences can impact the demand for specific medications, thereby influencing the demand for sodium bromide. In the water treatment industry, sodium bromide is used as a disinfectant and in the treatment of swimming pool water. The demand in this sector is also relatively stable, but it can be affected by seasonal variations, such as increased use of swimming pools during the summer months.

Supply chain dynamics also play a crucial role in determining sodium bromide prices. The global supply chain for sodium bromide is complex, involving multiple stages of production, transportation, and distribution. Any disruptions at any stage of the supply chain can lead to price volatility. For example, transportation delays due to logistical challenges, port congestion, or natural disasters can disrupt the supply of sodium bromide to key markets, leading to shortages and price spikes. Similarly, production issues, such as equipment failures or plant shutdowns, can reduce the supply of sodium bromide, leading to higher prices. The global nature of the sodium bromide market means that prices can be influenced by factors beyond the control of individual companies, making it essential for businesses to monitor supply chain risks closely.

Regulatory changes are another important factor that can impact sodium bromide prices. Governments around the world have implemented various regulations to ensure the safe production, handling, and use of chemicals, including sodium bromide. Compliance with these regulations can increase production costs, which may be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices. For example, stricter environmental regulations may require companies to invest in more advanced technologies or processes to reduce emissions or waste, leading to higher production costs. Similarly, changes in trade policies, such as the imposition of tariffs or import restrictions, can affect the availability and cost of sodium bromide in certain markets. Companies that rely on sodium bromide need to stay informed about regulatory developments and be prepared to adapt their strategies accordingly.

In addition to these factors, global economic conditions also play a role in shaping sodium bromide prices. During periods of economic growth, industrial activity tends to increase, leading to higher demand for chemicals like sodium bromide. Conversely, during economic downturns, industrial activity may decline, leading to reduced demand and lower prices. Exchange rates can also impact sodium bromide prices, particularly for companies that import or export the chemical. A stronger domestic currency can make imports cheaper, leading to lower prices, while a weaker currency can make imports more expensive, leading to higher prices.

In conclusion, sodium bromide prices are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including raw material costs, supply chain dynamics, demand from end-use industries, regulatory changes, and global economic conditions. For businesses that rely on sodium bromide, it is essential to monitor these factors closely and develop strategies to mitigate the risks associated with price volatility. By staying informed about market trends and adopting flexible procurement strategies, companies can better manage their costs and maintain a competitive edge in the market. As the global economy continues to evolve, the ability to navigate the complexities of the sodium bromide market will be a key determinant of success for businesses in this sector.

Get Real Time Prices for Sodium Bromide: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sodium-bromide-1131

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#Sodium Bromide #Sodium Bromide Price #Sodium Bromide Prices #Sodium Bromide Pricing #Sodium Bromide News #Sodium Bromide Database

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chemanalysta · 1 year ago

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In the North American market, the Sodium Bromide Prices observed a mixed pricing trend in the first quarter of 2023. The market sentiments for the product were in positive territory in the first month of Q1 2023 amid increased production rates and a surge in demand from the downstream oil and gas drilling industry. In the next two months of Q1, the market prices of Sodium Bromide plummeted owing to weaker demand in the downstream oil and gas drilling industry and suppressed inquiries from domestic as well as international market participants. Amid looming inflationary pressure, uncertainties regarding the economy and the collapse of two banks in the US resulted in a weaker consumer demand outlook.

#Sodium Bromide Prices

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namansharma0950 · 2 months ago

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臭化ナトリウム(Sodium Bromide)市場概要：現在の価格、トレンド分析、将来の予測

臭化ナトリウム (Sodium Bromide) は、さまざまな業界で使用されている多用途の化合物ですが、時間の経過とともに価格が変動しています。これらの価格変動に影響を与える要因を理解することは、医薬品、水処理、写真などの分野で事業を展開する企業にとって非常に重要です。この記事では、臭化ナトリウムの価格を取り巻く現在の傾向、データの洞察、将来の予測について詳しく説明します。

市場動向

臭化ナトリウムの価格の動向には、いくつかの重要な要因が影響しています。

世界的な需要と供給: 世界的な臭化ナトリウムの生産と消費のバランスは、その価格に大��く影響します。生産能力、原材料の入手可能性、消費者の需要などの要因が、全体的な市場動向に影響を与えます。

原材料コスト: 臭化ナトリウムの生産に使用される主要な原材料である臭素のコストは、その価格に影響を与える可能性があります。臭素価格の変動は、臭化ナトリウムのコストの対応する変化につながる可能性があります。

経済状況: GDP成長、工業生産、消費者支出などの経済要因は、間接的に臭化ナトリウムの需要に影響を与え、その結果として価格に影響を与える可能性があります。経済が好調な場合、一般的には、医薬品や水処理薬品など、臭化ナトリウムを使用する製品の需要が増加します。規制要因: 化学物質に関する政府の規制や政策は、臭化ナトリウムの価格に影響を与える可能性があります。安全基準、環境規制、貿易制限などの要因が市場の動向に影響を与える可能性があります。データの洞察と傾向

過去のデータと現在の傾向を分析すると、臭化ナトリウムの価格変動に関する貴重な洞察が得られます。考慮すべき主な傾向は次のとおりです。

リアルタイムで臭化ナトリウム (Sodium Bromide)価格: https://www.analystjapan.com/Pricing-data/sodium-bromide-2416

価格変動: 臭化ナトリウムの価格は、需給の変化、原材料費、経済変動などの要因により変動する可能性があります。これらの価格変動を理解することは、企業がリスクを管理し、情報に基づいた購入決定を行うために不可欠です。地域的な価格の違い: 臭化ナトリウムの価格は、生産コスト、輸送費、地域の需要動向などの要因により、地域によって異なる場合があります。企業は、調達戦略を最適化するために、これらの地域的な違いに注意する必要があります。季節的な変動: 臭化ナトリウムの需要は、特定の期間に特定の業界で需要が増加するなど、季節的な要因の影響を受ける可能性があります。これらの季節パターンを理解することで、企業は価格変動を予測し、それに応じて在庫を計画することができます。詳細なチャートと市場インサイト

チャートとグラフで臭化ナトリウムの価格動向を視覚化することで、市場の動向をより明確に理解できます。考慮すべき主要なチャートは次のとおりです。

過去の価格動向: 時間の経過とともに臭化ナトリウムの価格が歴史的にどう変化したかを示すチャートは、パターン、周期的な動き、潜在的な転換点を特定するのに役立ちます。臭素価格との相関: 臭化ナトリウムの価格と臭素価格の相関を分析すると、原材料コストの変動が臭化ナトリウム市場にどのような影響を与えるかを把握できます。地域別の価格比較: さまざまな地域の価格を比較するチャートは、地域ごとの違いやコスト削減の潜在的な機会を特定するのに役立ちます。トレンド分析と将来の予測

将来の臭化ナトリウムの価格変動を予測するには、現在のトレンド、経済指標、業界の動向を分析する必要があります。考慮すべき主要な要因は次のとおりです。

成長率、金利、貿易政策などの全体的な経済見通しは、臭化ナトリウムの需要に影響を与える可能性があります。医薬品や水処理など、臭化ナトリウムを使用する産業における技術の進歩は、需要と価格の動向に影響を与える可能性があります。新しい環境規制や貿易政策の変更などの規制の変更は、市場の動向に影響を与える可能性があります。結論

臭化ナトリウムの価格は、世界的な需給、原材料費、経済状況、規制要因など、さまざまな要因の複雑な相互作用によって左右されます。過去のデータを分析し、現在の傾向を理解し、将来の予測を検討することで、企業は臭化ナトリウムの調達、価格戦略、リスク管理に関して情報に基づいた決定を下すことができます。

ANALYST JAPAN

Call +1 (332) 258- 6602 1-2-3 Manpukuji, Asao-ku, Kawasaki 215-0004 Japan

Website: https://www.analystjapan.com

Email: [email protected]

#臭化ナトリウム価格 #臭化ナトリウムの価格 #臭化ナトリウムニュース #臭化ナトリウムモニター #日本に臭化ナトリウム

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intech01 · 6 months ago

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Navigating the Chemistry of Sleep: How Sodium Bromide Plays a Role

Sleep is a fundamental aspect of human health, influencing physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Yet, the intricate chemistry that governs sleep is often overlooked. One such chemical compound that plays a pivotal role in sleep regulation is sodium bromide. In this blog, we will explore how sodium bromide contributes to sleep and its relevance in today's world, with a focus on its production and supply in India by leading manufacturers, suppliers, and exporters.

The Chemistry of Sleep

To understand how sodium bromide affects sleep, it’s essential to grasp the basics of sleep chemistry. Sleep is regulated by various neurotransmitters and hormones, including melatonin, serotonin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These chemicals interact in complex ways to control the sleep-wake cycle, promoting restful sleep and wakefulness at appropriate times.

The Role of Sodium Bromide

Sodium bromide, a bromide salt, has historical significance in medicine, particularly as a sedative. It works by enhancing the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits neural activity in the brain. This inhibition leads to a calming effect, which can help in the induction and maintenance of sleep. While its use in modern medicine has declined with the advent of more advanced pharmaceuticals, sodium bromide still finds applications in various sectors due to its sedative properties.

Sodium Bromide in the Modern Era

Today, sodium bromide is utilized in diverse industries, including pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and chemical synthesis. Its calming effects make it a compound of interest in sleep research and therapy. In regions like India, the demand for high-quality sodium bromide is met by proficient manufacturers, suppliers, and exporters who ensure its availability for both domestic and international markets.

Leading Sodium Bromide Manufacturers in India

India is home to several reputable sodium bromide manufacturers known for their commitment to quality and innovation. These manufacturers employ advanced techniques to produce pure and effective sodium bromide suitable for various applications. By adhering to stringent quality control measures, they ensure that their products meet international standards.

Trusted Sodium Bromide Suppliers in India

Reliable sodium bromide suppliers in India play a crucial role in distributing this essential compound to different industries. These suppliers maintain robust supply chains to ensure timely delivery and consistent product quality. They cater to diverse needs, from small-scale laboratory requirements to large industrial demands.

Prominent Sodium Bromide Exporters in India

India’s sodium bromide exporters have carved a niche in the global market by offering competitive pricing and exceptional product quality. They export sodium bromide to numerous countries, contributing to the global supply chain. Their expertise in logistics and compliance with international regulations ensures seamless export operations.

Why Choose Indian Sodium Bromide?

Opting for sodium bromide from India brings several advantages. Indian manufacturers, suppliers, and exporters are renowned for their adherence to quality standards, competitive pricing, and customer-centric approaches. Moreover, the country’s strategic location facilitates efficient global distribution.

Conclusion

Understanding the chemistry of sleep and the role of sodium bromide offers valuable insights into how this compound can aid in promoting restful sleep. With India emerging as a key player in the sodium bromide market, businesses and researchers worldwide can benefit from the high-quality products provided by Indian sodium bromide manufacturers, suppliers, and exporters. By choosing Indian sodium bromide, you are assured of quality, reliability, and competitive pricing, contributing to the advancement of sleep research and various industrial applications.

For more information on procuring sodium bromide, reach out to trusted Sodium Bromide manufacturers in India, reliable Sodium Bromide suppliers in India, and leading Sodium Bromide exporters in India to meet your specific needs.

#India #Vadodara

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ideatonki · 2 years ago

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Tetra tech stock

TETRA TECH STOCK DRIVER

TETRA TECH STOCK FREE

Risk Disclosure: Trading in financial instruments and/or cryptocurrencies involves high risks including the risk of losing some, or all, of your investment amount, and may not be suitable for all investors. The Company focused on bromine-based completion fluids, calcium chloride, water management solutions, frac flow back, and production well-testing service. Liquid calcium chloride, calcium bromide, zinc bromide, zinc calcium bromide, sodium bromide products. The Water & Flowback Services Division provides onshore oil and gas operators with water management services and provides frac flowback, production well testing, offshore rig cooling, and other associated services. The Completion Fluids & Products Division manufactures and markets clear brine fluids, additives, and associated products and services to the oil and gas industry. The Company operates through two reporting segments organized into two Divisions - Completion Fluids & Products and Water & Flowback Services. The Company focuses on completion fluids and associated products and services, water management, frac flowback, and production well testing. is an oil and gas products and services company. Simply Wall St has no position in any stocks mentioned.TETRA Technologies, Inc. Note that our analysis may not factor in the latest price-sensitive company announcements or qualitative material. We aim to bring you long-term focused analysis driven by fundamental data. It does not constitute a recommendation to buy or sell any stock, and does not take account of your objectives, or your financial situation. We provide commentary based on historical data and analyst forecasts only using an unbiased methodology and our articles are not intended to be financial advice. This article by Simply Wall St is general in nature. Alternatively, email editorial-team (at). Have feedback on this article? Concerned about the content? Get in touch with us directly.

TETRA TECH STOCK FREE

If you are no longer interested in Tetra Tech, you can use our free platform to see our list of over 50 other stocks with a high growth potential. Case in point: We've spotted 1 warning sign for Tetra Tech you should be aware of. In light of this, if you'd like to do more analysis on the company, it's vital to be informed of the risks involved. However, the positive outlook means it’s worth further examining other factors such as the strength of its balance sheet, in order to take advantage of the next price drop. Have these factors changed since the last time you looked at the stock? Will you have enough conviction to buy should the price fluctuates below the true value?Īre you a potential investor? If you’ve been keeping tabs on TTEK, now may not be the most advantageous time to buy, given it is trading around its fair value. However, there are also other important factors which we haven’t considered today, such as the financial strength of the company. What This Means For YouĪre you a shareholder? It seems like the market has already priced in TTEK’s future outlook, with shares trading around its fair value.

TETRA TECH STOCK DRIVER

However, with a relatively muted profit growth of 1.5% expected over the next couple of years, growth doesn’t seem like a key driver for a buy decision for Tetra Tech, at least in the short term. Buying a great company with a robust outlook at a cheap price is always a good investment, so let’s also take a look at the company's future expectations. Can we expect growth from Tetra Tech? NasdaqGS:TTEK Earnings and Revenue Growth September 5th 2022įuture outlook is an important aspect when you’re looking at buying a stock, especially if you are an investor looking for growth in your portfolio. Furthermore, Tetra Tech’s low beta implies that the stock is less volatile than the wider market. And if you believe that the stock is really worth $117.20, there’s only an insignificant downside when the price falls to its real value. See our latest analysis for Tetra Tech Is Tetra Tech Still Cheap?Īccording to my valuation model, Tetra Tech seems to be fairly priced at around 13.40% above my intrinsic value, which means if you buy Tetra Tech today, you’d be paying a relatively fair price for it. However, what if the stock is still a bargain? Let’s examine Tetra Tech’s valuation and outlook in more detail to determine if there’s still a bargain opportunity. With many analysts covering the mid-cap stock, we may expect any price-sensitive announcements have already been factored into the stock’s share price. ( NASDAQ:TTEK), might not be a large cap stock, but it saw a double-digit share price rise of over 10% in the past couple of months on the NASDAQGS.

#Tetra tech stock

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adityarana1687-blog · 3 years ago

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Clear Brine Fluids Market Is Expected To Grow Swiftly By 2025

The global clear brine fluids market size is expected to reach USD 1.03 billion by 2025, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. It is projected to expand at a CAGR of 3.3% during the forecast period. Increasing number of drilling operations is creating the need for completion and workover chemicals, thereby driving the demand for clear brine fluids.

Increasing deployment of Hydraulic Fracturing and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operations have resulted in an increased demand for clear brine fluids, which are not only more environment-friendly than oil-based completion fluids but also provide excellent penetration rates in unconventional formations. Moreover, rising acceptance of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques in shale gas exploration is likely to spur the product demand.

These brines offer more lubricity compared to the water-based muds and they function as drop-in substitutes for oil-based muds, especially in situations of horizontal lateral and multi-lateral operations. The economic benefits and technical advantages of clear brine fluids over the oil-based drilling muds are anticipated to play a crucial role in driving the market in near future.

Cesium Formate Solution (CsFO) has emerged as one of the most significant brines used by several key service providers and E&P companies for the most efficient completion operations. The segment is expected witness the fastest growth over the forecast period and is project to grow at a CAGR of 3.1% in terms of volume from 2019 to 2025.

To request a sample copy or view summary of this report, click the link below: www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/clear-brine-fluids-market

Further key findings from the report suggest:

Global clear brine fluids market size was estimated to be 940 kilotons in 2018 and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 2.4% over the forecast period to reach a net volume exceeding 1,100 kilotons by 2025

Sodium chloride was the most commonly preferred product globally and accounted for over 23% of the total market share on account of demand in 2018

Middle East and Africa held the leading market share of over 30.0% of the total demand in 2018

Saudi Arabia sodium bromide brines market was valued at USD 13.0 million in 2017 and is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 3.2% from 2019 to 2025

Asia Pacific is projected to be the fastest growing regional market in terms of demand with a CAGR of 2.9% over the forecast period

The clear brine fluids market is fragmented in nature, wherein the key participants compete on the basis of quality, price, formulation density, brand image, and distribution network

Major market players include Albemarle Corporation, Tetra Technologies, Zirax Limited, and Solent Chemicals.

Grand View Research has segmented the global clear brine fluids market on the basis of product and region:

Clear Brine Fluids Product Outlook (Volume, Kilo Tons; Revenue, USD Million, 2014 - 2025)

Zinc Calcium Bromide

Cesium Formate Brines

Potassium Chloride

Calcium Chloride

Sodium Chloride

Sodium Bromide

Others

Clear Brine Fluids Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilo Tons; Revenue, USD Million, 2014 - 2025)

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East & Africa

Central & South America

U.S.

Canada

Mexico

U.K.

Russia

Norway

China

Japan

India

Indonesia

Malaysia

Singapore

UAE

Saudi Arabia

Qatar

Iran

Iraq

Brazil

Argentina

About Grand View Research

Grand View Research, Inc. is a U.S. based market research and consulting company, registered in the State of California and headquartered in San Francisco. The company provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. To help clients make informed business decisions, we offer market intelligence studies ensuring relevant and fact-based research across a range of industries, from technology to chemicals, materials and healthcare.

#U.S. Population Health Management Market

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jaydenh24 · 3 years ago

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Agricultural Fumigant Market 2021 Global Trends, Market Share, Industry Size, Growth, Opportunities And Forecast To 2028

This agricultural Fumigant Market report provides details of new recent developments, trade regulations, import export analysis, production analysis, value chain optimization, market share, impact of domestic and localised market players, analyses opportunities in terms of emerging revenue pockets, changes in market regulations, strategic market growth analysis, market size, category market growths, application niches and dominance, product approvals, product launches, geographical expansions, technological innovations in the market. To gain more info on Data Bridge Market Research agricultural Fumigant Market contact us for an Analyst Brief, our team will help you take an informed market decision to achieve market growth.

Agricultural Fumigant Market will reach an estimated valuation of USD 1475.5 million by 2027, while registering this growth at a rate of 5.10% for the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. Emerging requirements for crop protection techniques and post-harvest practices are the factors driving the growth of the market.

Get Sample Copy of Report@ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=global-agricultural-fumigants-market

Agricultural fumigants fall under restricted use category of pesticides and can be used by authorised applicators, number of soil fumigating techniques such as non-trapped bedded, tarped broadcast application, drip tubing and more and based on types of pests, soil and crops.

Phosphine is most important product and dominates the agricultural fumigants market, used in closed warehouses to protect the harvest crops from insects and other pest attack. Advancements in the storage technology and changes in farming practices act as a driver, moreover the increase in the insect population due to the climate change act as a driver for the agricultural fumigants. Developing countries are expected to witness strong demand for fumigants in the forecast year act as an opportunity for the agricultural fumigants market.

However, licence or special permits are required to handle fumigants services and increasing labor costs and other expenses will act as a restraint, and further challenge the growth of the speciality chemicals market in the forecast period mentioned above.

Enquiry about Report@ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/inquire-before-buying/?dbmr=global-agricultural-fumigants-market

Global Agricultural fumigant market is segmented on the basis of product type, application, crop type and pest control method. The growth amongst the different segments helps you in attaining the knowledge related to the different growth factors expected to be prevalent throughout the market and formulate different strategies to help identify core application areas and the difference in your target markets.

On the basis of product type, the agricultural fumigant market is segmented into methyl bromide, phosphine, chloropicrin, metam sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene and others.

On the basis of application, the agricultural fumigant market is segmented into soil and warehouse.

On the basis of crop type, the agricultural fumigant market is segmented into cereals & grains, oilseeds & pulses, fruits & vegetable and others.

On the pest control method, the agricultural fumigant market is segmented into tarpaulin fumigation, non-tarp fumigation by injection, structural fumigation, vacuum chamber fumigation and others.

Agricultural fumigant market is analysed and market size, volume information is provided by country product type, application, crop type and pest control method as referenced above.

The countries covered in the agricultural fumigant market report are U.S., Canada and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe in Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, Israel, Egypt, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa (MEA), Brazil, Argentina and Rest of South America as part of South America.

Browse Complete Report@ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-agricultural-fumigants-market

Asia-Pacific is dominating the market due to the numerous macro-economic factors, such as increasing availability and awareness regarding usage of these products as crop protection techniques.

The agricultural fumigant market country section of the report also provides individual market impacting factors and changes in regulation in the market domestically that impacts the current and future trends of the market. Data points such as consumption volumes, production sites and volumes, import export analysis, price trend analysis, cost of raw materials, down-stream and upstream value chain analysis are some of the major pointers used to forecast the market scenario for individual countries. Also, presence and availability of global brands and their challenges faced due to large or scarce competition from local and domestic brands, impact of domestic tariffs and trade routes are considered while providing forecast analysis of the country data.

Agricultural fumigant market competitive landscape provides details by competitor. Details included are company overview, company financials, revenue generated, market potential, investment in research and development, new market initiatives, global presence, production sites and facilities, production capacities, company strengths and weaknesses, product launch, product width and breadth, application dominance. The above data points provided are only related to the companies’ focus related to specialty agricultural fumigant market.

The major players covered in the agricultural fumigant market report are BASF, Syngenta, DOW, FMC Corporation, UPL Limited, Degesch Corporation, Nufarm, AMVAC Chemical Corporation, Lanxess, Chemtura Corporation, among other domestic and global players. Market share data is available for global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America separately. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

Global Agricultural Fumigant Market, By Product Type (Methyl Bromide, Phosphine, Chloropicrin, Metam Sodium, 1,3-Dichloropropene and Others), Application (Soil and Warehouse), Crop Type (Cereals & Grains, Oilseeds & Pulses, Fruits & Vegetable and Others), Pest Control Method (Tarpaulin Fumigation, Non-Tarp Fumigation by Injection, Structural Fumigation, Vacuum Chamber Fumigation and Others), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Belgium, Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Rest of Europe, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa) Industry Trends and Forecast to 2027

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chemanalystdata · 6 months ago

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Sodium Bromide Prices Trend, Pricing, Database, Index, News, Chart, Forecast

Sodium Bromide prices are subject to various factors influencing supply and demand dynamics in the global market. As a key player in the chemical industry, sodium bromide serves multiple industrial applications, including pharmaceuticals, oil and gas drilling fluids, photography, and water treatment. The pricing of sodium bromide is impacted by factors such as raw material availability, production costs, global economic conditions, and regulatory policies.

Raw material availability plays a crucial role in determining sodium bromide prices. Bromine, the key raw material for sodium bromide production, is primarily sourced from brine wells and seawater. Fluctuations in bromine availability due to natural variations in brine concentrations or geopolitical factors affecting seawater extraction can impact sodium bromide prices significantly.

Production costs, including energy expenses, labor costs, and transportation, also influence sodium bromide pricing. Manufacturers must balance these costs against market demand to maintain competitive pricing strategies. Moreover, technological advancements in production processes can affect costs and subsequently influence pricing trends.

Global economic conditions contribute to the volatility of sodium bromide prices. Economic downturns can lead to reduced industrial activity and lower demand for sodium bromide, exerting downward pressure on prices. Conversely, periods of economic growth typically stimulate demand for various applications of sodium bromide, leading to price increases.

Get Real Time Prices of Sodium Bromide: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sodium-bromide-1131

Regulatory policies and environmental regulations also impact sodium bromide prices. Stringent regulations governing chemical production, handling, and disposal can increase compliance costs for manufacturers, potentially leading to higher prices for sodium bromide products. Additionally, regulatory changes related to environmental protection or safety standards may affect production processes or raw material sourcing, further influencing pricing dynamics.

Market demand for sodium bromide is driven by its diverse applications across industries. In the pharmaceutical sector, sodium bromide is utilized in the manufacture of sedatives and anticonvulsant drugs. In the oil and gas industry, it is an essential component of drilling fluids used for well completion and oil extraction. Sodium bromide also finds application in photography as a component of film developers and in water treatment processes for disinfection and disinfection.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on sodium bromide prices, as it has disrupted global supply chains and industrial activities. Lockdown measures, travel restrictions, and supply chain disruptions have affected the production and distribution of sodium bromide, leading to supply shortages and price fluctuations. Moreover, shifts in consumer behavior and market demand during the pandemic have influenced the utilization of sodium bromide in various industries, further impacting pricing trends.

Looking ahead, several factors will continue to shape sodium bromide prices. Technological advancements in production processes, such as innovative extraction methods or more efficient manufacturing techniques, could potentially reduce production costs and stabilize prices. Additionally, shifts in global economic conditions, regulatory frameworks, and market demand will remain key drivers of pricing dynamics in the sodium bromide market. Industry participants will need to closely monitor these factors and adapt their strategies to navigate price volatility and maintain competitiveness in the market.

Get Real Time Prices of Sodium Bromide: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sodium-bromide-1131

ChemAnalyst

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Call: +49-221-6505-8833

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#Sodium Bromide #Sodium Bromide Price #Sodium Bromide Prices #Sodium Bromide Pricing #Sodium Bromide News #Sodium Bromide Database

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chemanalysta · 2 years ago

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#Sodium Bromide Prices

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namansharma0950 · 5 months ago

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臭化ナトリウムの価格: 最新動向、データベースの洞察、予測

臭化ナトリウムの価格は、この化学物質の市場動向に影響を与えるさまざまな要因の影響を受けます。臭化ナトリウム (NaBr) は、医薬品、水処理、石油・ガス掘削、化学合成などの業界で広く使用されています。価格変動を引き起こす主な要因を理解することは、これらの分野の利害関係者にとって貴重な洞察を提供します。

臭化ナトリウムの価格に影響を与える主な要因の 1 つは、原材料と生産のコストです。臭化ナトリウムは通常、臭素と水酸化ナトリウムまたは炭酸ナトリウムを反応させることで生成されます。主な原材料である臭素の入手可能性とコストは、全体的な生産コストを決定する上で重要な役割を果たします。臭素は主に塩水プールまたは海水から抽出され、その価格は抽出技術、地理的位置、環境規制によって影響を受ける可能性があります。さらに、天然資源または工業プロセスから得られる水酸化ナトリウムまたは炭酸ナトリウムのコストも、臭化ナトリウムの生産コストに影響を与えます。エネルギー価格、人件費、製造工程における技術の進歩の変動は、全体的なコスト構造にさらに影響を及ぼし、したがって臭化ナトリウムの価格にも影響を及ぼします。

世界的な需給動向は、臭化ナトリウムの価格を決定する重要な要因です。化学業界は、有機化合物の合成における前駆物質、難燃剤、写真用化学薬品の成分など、さまざまな用途で臭化ナトリウムに大きく依存しています。臭化ナトリウムの需要は、これらの最終用途産業の業績に依存します。たとえば、製薬業界は、鎮静剤や抗けいれん剤の製造に臭化ナトリウムを使用しているため、その需要は医療の動向や規制の変更に依存します。同様に、石油・ガス業界は、掘削流体に臭化ナトリウムを使用して坑井を安定させ、圧力を制御しており、その需要は石油価格や掘削活動の変動に関連しています。これらのセクターからの需要が増加すると臭化ナトリウムの価格が上昇し、需要が減少すると価格が下落する可能性があります。

地政学的要因や貿易政策も臭化ナトリウムの価格に影響を与えます。米国、中国、イスラエル、ヨルダンなどの主要な臭素生産国は、世界のサプライチェーンで重要な役割を果たしています。貿易制限、関税、地政学的緊張により、臭素と臭化ナトリウムの供給が混乱し、価格変動につながる可能性があります。たとえば、主要生産国による輸出禁止または輸出割当により、世界市場での臭素の入手可能性が低下し、臭化ナトリウムの価格が上昇する可能性があります。逆に、有利な貿易協定と安定した地政学的関係により、サプライチェーンの効率が向上し、価格が安定する可能性があります。

環境規制と持続可能性の取り組みは、生産慣行と市場の需要に影響を与えることで、臭化ナトリウムの価格に影響します。化学業界は環境への影響についてますます精査されており、臭素化合物の使用��廃棄に関する規制が厳しくなっています。環境基準に準拠すると、メーカーがよりクリーンな技術と廃棄物管理慣行に投資するため、臭化ナトリウムの生産コストが増加する可能性があります。さらに、持続可能で環境に優しい代替品への重点が高まっているため、臭素ベースの製品から需要がシフトし、臭化ナトリウムの価格に影響を与える可能性があります。グリーンケミストリーのイノベーションや代替化学物質の開発も、市場動向や価格動向に影響を与える可能性があります。

臭化ナトリウムのリアルタイム価格を追跡: https://www.analystjapan.com/Pricing-data/sodium-bromide-2416

生産プロセスと用途における技術の進歩は、臭化ナトリウムの価格形成において重要な役割を果たします。臭素抽出およ��精製技術の改善により、生産効率が向上し、コストが削減され、臭化ナトリウムの価格が下がる可能性があります。さらに、臭素化合物の化学合成と配合の進歩により、新しい用途と市場機会が生まれ、需要が高まり、価格に影響を与える可能性があります。臭化ナトリウムのより効率的で費用対効果の高い用途を見つけることを目的とした研究開発の取り組みは、市場動向にさらに影響を与える可能性があります。

市場競争と代替化学物質の存在も、臭化ナトリウムの価格に影響を与えます。さまざまな用途で同様の機能を果たす代替化学物質の可用性は、臭化ナトリウムの需要に影響を与える可能性があります。たとえば、他のハロゲン化化合物や非ハロゲン化難燃剤は、特定の用途で代替品として使用され、臭化ナトリウムの市場シェアと価格に影響を与える可能性があります。新規メーカーの参入や生産能力の拡大などの競争環境も、需要と供給の動向を変え、臭化ナトリウムの価格に影響を及ぼす可能性があります。

ANALYST JAPAN

Call +1 (332) 258- 6602 1-2-3 Manpukuji, Asao-ku, Kawasaki 215-0004 Japan

Website: https://www.analystjapan.com

Email: [email protected]

#臭化ナトリウム価格 #臭化ナトリウムの価格 #臭化ナトリウムニュース #臭化ナトリウムモニター #日本に臭化ナトリウム

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sambilling · 4 years ago

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Agitated silver Carbonate Formula

Silver is known to be one of the most precious and versatile elements of the world. Many uses of silver are found in medicine, electronics, chemistry, welding, photography, metallurgy, and others. Because silver has many excellent electrical and optical properties, silver is being considered for use as a replacement for platinum (including silver coatings and silver ion batteries) and rhodium (which use silver iodide crystal phases to produce high electrical conductivity and electrical storage). But silver isn't just a silver coating; silver is a combination of several elements including oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, fluorine, selenium, iron, and several others. The silver content is less than 10 percent by mass.

A silver-to-carbon silver carbonate formula is one method of combining silver particles for the purpose of completing a compound. The name silver carbonate refers to the silver ions that combine to make this compound. This particular compound is unique because of its high silver oxide pore size and low molecular weight. The silver oxide pore size is larger and more numerous in the silver carbonate formula than in other compounds due to its unique structure. Because silver has a high pore size, this substance allows more silver ions to interact with one another in order to produce a high volume of silver.

Another silver carbonate formula is made from silver bromide. The compound silver bromide is less expensive than silver carbonate formula. However, the silver bromide compound is insoluble in water. Because silver bromide is insoluble, it cannot be used in industrial applications such as oven cleaners.

A silver carbonate formula that is used to make aqueous inorganic salts is called silver sulfate. This compound is used to react with an acid to produce sodium hydroxide. The silver carbonate formula is used to replace water in various inorganic salts for the purpose of producing sodium hydroxide. This compound can also be used to react with an alkali to produce sodium carbonate. The silver carbonate formula is also useful as a controlling agent during the development of various inorganic salts.

A silver carbonate formula is combined with reagent to form a compound called silver chloride. The combination produces a silver salt that can react with various chemicals and substances for the purpose of completing a chemical reaction. The silver salt is soluble in most solvents, which makes it an ideal component for a variety of chemical reagents. It is used for the synthesis of the antifungal agent Clavulanil, as well as the antifungal agents Ketoconazole, and Fluconazole.

A silver carbonate formula market is useful as a dialysis catalyst. When dialysis is performed, the body needs the nutrients that are present in silver ions for its own cellular repair. Silver ions are combined with hydroxyl radicals, and form dialysis complexes. These compounds can then be used to help in the repair of damaged organs and tissues, as well as in the prevention of tissue damage from injury. Dialysis complex made of silver carbonate will also prevent the growth of bacteria and viruses, making this compound useful for various medical applications.

Agitated silver carbonate (AgNO3), is also formed when silver ions are combined with an alkali. This particular silver carbonate structure has the identical molecular mass as silver ions but has a reduced vibrational energy level. This property gives AgNO3 a proton-selective activity, meaning that it only allows certain proton molecules to bind with it. This property gives AgNO3 an anti-inflammatory effect similar to that of Butoconazole.

The silver carbonate structure is also useful as a deodorant. Unlike the hydroxyapatite, which gives off a foul odor, AgNO3 has a pleasant smell. Because it has a higher molecular mass than silver, AgNO3 does not clog pores as easily. This feature makes it useful as an anti-poreclogging agent, especially when used in cosmetics. However, despite its pleasant smell, it is not toxic and therefore should be used with caution.

Summary

The report forecast global Silver Carbonate market to grow to reach xxx Million USD in 2019 with a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2025 due to coronavirus situation. The report offers detailed coverage of Silver Carbonate industry and main market trends with impact of coronavirus. The market research includes historical and forecast market data, demand, application details, price trends, and company shares of the leading Silver Carbonate by geography. The report splits the market size, by volume and value, on the basis of application type and geography. First, this report covers the present status and the future prospects of the global Silver Carbonate market for 2015-2024. And in this report, we analyze global market from 5 geographies: Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia], Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland], North America[United States, Canada, Mexico], Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa], South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru]. At the same time, we classify Silver Carbonate according to the type, application by geography. More importantly, the report includes major countries market based on the type and application. Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading Silver Carbonate company.

Key Content of Chapters as follows (Including and can be customized) : Part 1: Market Overview, Development, and Segment by Type, Application & Region Part 2: Company information, Sales, Cost, Margin etc. Part 3: Global Market by company, Type, Application & Geography Part 4: Asia-Pacific Market by Type, Application & Geography Part 5: Europe Market by Type, Application & Geography Part 6: North America Market by Type, Application & Geography Part 7: South America Market by Type, Application & Geography Part 8: Middle East & Africa Market by Type, Application & Geography Part 9: Market Features Part 10: Investment Opportunity Part 11: Conclusion

Market Segment as follows: By Region Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia] Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland] North America[United States, Canada, Mexico] Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa] South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru] Key Companies Colonial Metals Avonchem Strem Chemicals Heraeus GmbH ChemPur GmbH Salt Lake Metals American Elements Alfa Aesar MaTecK LOBA Chemie Market by Type ure Elements Mixture Market by Application Chemical Industry Medical Others

For more details contact as https://www.reportmines.com/contact-us.php

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getthebutters · 4 years ago

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Lavender Melody 🎶 Calming Bath Bomb

A serene lavender colored bath bomb with lavender flowers that creates a bath tea as you soak & lavender essential oil. If you love the calming essence of lavender, this bomb is for you.

You recieve 1 bomb for the new lower price.

Glitter free

Easy clean and non-staining

Shelf Life is 1 Year min.

1-4 uses

Instructions:

Draw a super-hot bath, stay safe and be comfy. Warm is fine, but hot makes more action.

Drop the bomb in.

Enjoy.

Uses my new Bath Bomb Base v4 that's fizzier, more colorful, easier to clean and more durable

Ingredients: Epsom & sea salt, citric acid, corn starch, shea butter, natural fragrance, food coloring, lavender flowers

What're bath Bombs?

Bath bombs are like really, really big Alka-Seltzer tables that bubble and fizz when they hit the water. Usually they're made of baking soda, cream of tartar, and citric acid with some sort of binder like oil. Sometimes they also have scents, colors, salts, herbs, flowers, glitter, or other cool stuff to help your bath set or match your mood.

You'll usually see bath bombs as spheres or hemispheres, but there can be hearts, gems, stones, cars, animals and more. You can also find loose bath bombs called bath fizzies, but the shaped options are most popular.

HOW IT WORKS

Sea Salt - Sea water is packed with all the nutrients necessary for life. Sea salt distils and concentrates them for use in food, cosmetics, and more. The nutritional wealth of sea salt includes vital minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bromide, chloride, iron, copper, and zinc, among other beneficial elements. Sea salt helps in improving the skin barrier function and eliminating the roughness and inflammation on the skin’s surface. Studies have shown that this anti-inflammatory effect is attributed to the presence of a high content of magnesium in these salts. Sea salts are naturally anti-allergenic and are considered beneficial in providing relief from asthma and other allergies. Sea salt baths also alleviate the risk of infections and contribute towards the overall immunity of the body. Sea salts are also effective in treating conditions like hives, skin rashes, dandruff, and hair loss.

Epsom Salt - Epsom salt is a naturally occurring pure mineral compound. It's one of those centuries old remedies and treatment for all types of ailments. It's also commonly used in gardening and around the house. In case you're wondering, yes, this is a scientifically studied mineral and is sold with drug facts in most stores.

The most common use is to dissolve some in the bath and soak in it. Epsom salt is made of magnesium and sulfate - both easily absorbed through the skin and necessary for a healthy body. When used this way, it will help with pain relief, relax the nervous system, soothe skin irritation, healing cuts, treating colds and congestion, and drawing toxins from the body. It will also help your body release toxins through sweat and on the porcelain throne.

If you mix a couple tablespoons with water and drink it, Epsom salt is also a digestive aid and gentle saline laxative. You're essentially giving the magnesium direct access to your digestive tract, which lets it absorb into those muscles. It'll work to relax them and let everything slide much smoother. It's my go to choice since it doesn't leave me feeling gassy or nauseous afterward.

Shea Butter - Grade A Golden Raw, Imported from Ghana, organic, kosher, halal, Non-GMO, sustainably sourced. Shea clinically proven to be one of the single best things you can put on your skin, hair, & nails. {Pronounced *SHAY* Butter} works as moisturizer, anti-inflammatory, heals stretch marks, evens skin tones, has SPF 6, aids skin elasticity & collagen production, reduces the look of cellulite, aids skin healing and repair, supports cuticle health, smells amazing.

“…It turned my water a pretty pale pink colour, and was lovely to soak in. Unlike some bath bombs and salts I’ve tried, it didn’t leave any stains in the tub, either. All I had to do was rinse it down afterwards to get rid of the bits of stray lavender flowers!…”

-The Butters Lavender Melody Bath Bomb Review - Coffee and Kink

#bestsellers

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chemanalystdata · 7 months ago

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Sodium Bromide Prices Trend, Monitor, News, Analytics and Forecast | ChemAnalyst

Sodium Bromide Prices: During the Quarter Ending December 2023

North America:

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Sodium Bromide market in the USA exhibited mixed sentiments influenced by various factors. Initially, prices declined due to a bleak demand outlook and reduced quotations from major exporting nations such as Israel, China, and Jordan. Moreover, consumption rates remained subdued due to surplus inventories in the domestic market.

In November, heightened consumer spending and increased market activities contributed to an overall economic improvement. However, downstream industries faced only modest demand. Despite concerns about a potential economic downturn, inflation, and geopolitical uncertainties, consumer confidence in the United States rose during both November and December, signaling optimism about future business conditions.

Additionally, destocking practices were prevalent in December, driven by consumer reluctance to maintain surplus inventories. Concurrently, year-end holidays traditionally led to reduced industrial activity, prompting manufacturing firms to either slow down or temporarily halt operations, exacerbating the drop in demand.

Get Real Time Prices of Phosphonate: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sodium-bromide-1131

APAC:

In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Sodium Bromide market in the APAC region demonstrated a mixed performance influenced by various factors affecting prices and market dynamics. Initially, the market witnessed a moderate supply chain with steady imports. Despite moderate demand from industries such as water treatment and pharmaceuticals, overall demand was not as robust as anticipated, leading to a slightly bearish market trend. Sufficient regional inventories further dampened Sodium Bromide demand.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates, notably the depreciation of the Indian Rupee against the US Dollar, impacted Sodium Bromide pricing in India, where prices experienced a slight decrease. No plant shutdowns were reported during this period. In India, Sodium Bromide prices in the fourth quarter of 2023 witnessed a slight decrease compared to the previous quarter, with the current price standing at USD 1705/MT CFR JNPT Mumbai, indicating a bearish trend for Sodium Bromide in India.

Europe:

The Sodium Bromide market in Europe faced challenges in the fourth quarter of 2023. Initially, decreased demand from downstream water treatment and oil drilling sectors resulted in sluggish inquiries and lower consumption. Production costs increased due to fluctuating natural gas prices and an uptick in the upstream Hydrobromic acid market, exerting pressure on Sodium Bromide pricing.

Overall market sentiment remained bearish, with limited inventories and low manufacturing rates indicating a lack of confidence. In the Netherlands, a significant player in the European Sodium Bromide market, pricing trends reflected industry challenges. Sodium Bromide prices in the country declined by 6% compared to the previous quarter of 2023, with a further 5% decrease between the first and second halves of the quarter. Weak demand, increased production costs, and low market sentiment contributed to this decline, with the quarter ending at a price of USD 1580/MT of Sodium Bromide FD Rotterdam in the Netherlands.

Get Real Time Prices of Phosphonate: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sodium-bromide-1131

ChemAnalyst

GmbH - S-01, 2.floor, Subbelrather Straße,

15a Cologne, 50823, Germany

Call: +49-221-6505-8833

Email: [email protected]

Website: https://www.chemanalyst.com

#Sodium Bromide Prices

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maxmarket99 · 4 years ago

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Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market: Industry Analysis and Forecast (2020-2026)

Global petroleum refining catalysts market was valued at US$ XX Bn in 2019 and is expected to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026 at a CAGR of 9.8% during the forecast period.

📷

The process of conversion or refining of the crude fossil fuel into the commercially viable and usable petrol is petroleum refining catalysts.

The report covers the detailed analysis of the global petroleum refining catalysts industry with the classifications of the market on the basis of type, application and region. Analysis of past market dynamics from 2016 to 2019 is given in the report, which will help readers to benchmark the past trends with current market scenarios with the key player's contribution in it.

The report includes an analysis of the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the revenue of market leaders, followers, and disruptors. Since the lockdown was implemented differently in various regions and countries; the impact of the same is also seen differently by regions and segments. The report has covered the current short-term and long-term impact on the market, and it would help the decision-makers to prepare the outline and strategies for companies by region.

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market by region

To Know About The Research Methodology :- Request Free Sample Report

The report has profiled sixteen key players in the market from different regions. However, report has considered all market leaders, followers and new entrants with investors while analyzing the market and estimation of market size. Manufacturing environment in each region is different and focus is given to regional impact on the cost of manufacturing, supply chain, availability of raw materials, labor cost, availability of advanced technology, trusted vendors are analyzed.

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market Dynamics

The increasing human need for fuels especially petrol, is a primary growth driver of the global petroleum refining catalysts market. The rise in consumer demand for gasoline and diesel in developing economies is expected growth driver for the global market during the forecast period.

The adoption of ‘go green’ or environmental policies by economies, and the availability of alternative fuels such as biofuels, are expected major growth drivers for the global petroleum refining catalysts market during the forecast period.

The rising number of vehicles specifically in Asia-Pacific due to the growth in population is expected to create more growth opportunities for new entrants in the global petroleum refining catalysts market.

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Segment Analysis

Zeolites catalysts in petroleum refining catalysts market is expected to account for a significant market shares over the forecast period. The zeolites catalysts segment was valued at US$ XX Bn in 2019 and held XX% of the global market shares. The high porosity and adjustable acidity properties are the major key drivers of zeolites catalysts segment in the global petroleum refining catalysts market. The growth of zeolites catalysts segment is estimated to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026.

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market by Type

The FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) segment is expected to dominate the global petroleum refining catalysts market during the forecast period. The FCC segment was valued at US$ XX Bn in 2019 and expected to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026. The FCC is the widely used catalysts with enlarged boundary of application area, which drives the growth of fluid catalytic cracking segment in the global market of petroleum refining catalysts.

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market by Application

Petroleum Refining Catalysts Regional Insights

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market

The Asia-Pacific is expected to dominate the global petroleum refining catalysts market during the forecast period. The Asia-Pacific held revenue share of 31% in 2019. Among all economies across the world, China and India were reported as the second and fifth largest economies respectively, in the global market for petroleum refining catalysts. The Reliance operated Jamnagar refinery complex in Gujrat (India) had capacity of 1.2 million barrels per day in 2019, which was the largest refinery in the world. The Asia-Pacific is expected to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026.

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market Scope: Inquire before buying

The report provides the detailed study of the key players of the global sodium bromide market with their growth by conserving past data. In addition to that, report helps reader with the Company Profile, Company Overview, Financial Overview, Product Portfolio, Business Strategy, Recent Developments and Development Footprint analysis and growth strategies for each.

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market table

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market, by Region

• North America

• Asia-Pacific

• Europe

• Latin America

• Middle East & Africa

Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market Key Players

• BASF Catalysts

• WR Grace

• Albermarle Corporation

• Exxon Moil Corporation

• Evonik Industries

• Johnson Matthey

• Chevron Corporaton

• Haldor Topsoe

• Honeywell International

• Sinopec

• JGC C&C

• Clariant International Ltd.

• China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation

• Shell Catalysts & Technologies

• Arkema Group

• Jamnagar Refinery Complex

For More Information Visit @:

This Report Is Submitted By : Maximize Market Research Company

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#Global Petroleum Refining Catalysts Market #Petroleum Refining Catalysts

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rdagade · 4 years ago

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Global Sodium Bromide Market

was valued at US$ XX Bn in 2019 and is expected to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026 at a CAGR of 5.1% during the forecast period.

The sodium bromide is a white, crystalline inorganic chemical available in the solid and liquid form. It is chemically and thermally stable. The report covers the detailed analysis of the global sodium bromide industry with the classifications of the market on the basis of grade, form, end-use industry and region. Analysis of past market dynamics from 2016 to 2019 is given in the report, which will help readers to benchmark the past trends with current market scenarios with the key player's contribution in it.

To Know About The Research Methodology :-

Request Free Sample Report

Global Sodium Bromide Market Dynamics

The pharmaceutical industry shows growth due to increasing disposal income and increasing purchase parity, which are the primary growth drivers for the global sodium bromide market. The MMR report on the global sodium bromide market provides a detailed demand growth from the end-use industries, which propel the growth of sodium market such as oil and gas wells, industrial wastewater treatment and pharmaceutical industry.

The presence of chief alternatives such as sodium bisulphite, ammonium thiosulphate, sodium chloride and bisulfate, which have better efficiency than sodium bromide, are restrainting the growth of global market. The use of sodium bromide for generation of calcium sensitivity due to its chemical stability, is expected to create new growth opportunity for the global sodium bromide market during the forecast period. The growing concern related to water purity, government initiatives and policies is expected to create growth opportunities for new entrants in the global sodium bromide market.

Global Sodium Bromide Market Segment Analysis

The industrial grade segment was valued at US$ XX Bn in 2019 and held more than 30% shares in the global sodium bromide market. Demand growth from production of biocides used in industrial cooling towers and pasteurizer is the primary growth driver for industrial grade segment in the global sodium bromide market. The growth of industrial grade segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026.

Powder form segment holds the largest share of more than 35% in the global sodium bromide market. The growth in demand from the formulation of chemicals and bromide as powder sodium bromide is useful as chemical intermediate, is the growth driver for powder segment in the global sodium bromide market. Additionally, the ease of packaging and transportation of powder form sodium bromide and surging uses of powder in commercial and residential sector are also help in growth of powder segment. The growth of powder segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026.

Food & Nutrition segment is expected to grow at a significant CAGR of around 4.2% in the sodium bromide market during the forecast period. Growing health concerns, surging demand for nutritional food along with growing population are the growth drivers for food & nutrition segment in the global sodium bromide market. Asia-Pacific holds the largest shares in the food & nutrition segment.

The growth of food & beverage industry from developing economies like China and India coupled with growing population drives the food and nutrition segment growth. The North America was valued at US$ XX Bn with XX% of food & nutrition segment shares in 2019. According to the Association for Packaging and Processing Technologies (PMMI) 2019 beverage report, the North America food & nutrition segment is expected to grow by 4.5% during the forecast period.

Sodium Bromide Market Regional Analysis

Geographically, Asia-Pacific is the largest producer and consumer of the sodium bromide. The Asia-Pacific held more than 45% of the global market shares in 2019. Growth in demand from China and India is the largest contributor in the growth of sodium bromide market in Asia-Pacific. North America and Europe are as second and third largest market for sodium bromide. The growth of market in Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest due to the rapidly developing infrastructure and government initiatives in developing nations such as China and India. The Asia-Pacific sodium bromide market was valued at US$ XX Bn in 2019 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period to reach US$ XX Bn by 2026.

For more information visit@ https://www.maximizemarketresearch.com/market-report/global-sodium-bromide-market/89081/

Global Sodium Bromide Market Scope: Inquire before buying

The report helps in understanding sodium bromide dynamics, structure, by analyzing the market segments and projects the sodium bromide market size. The clear representation of competitive analysis of key players by product, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence in the global sodium bromide market make the report investor’s guide. The report provides detail study of the key players of the global sodium bromide market with their growth by conserving past data. In addition to that, report helps reader with the company profile, Company Overview, Financial Overview, Product Portfolio, Business Strategy, Recent Developments and Development Footprint analysis and growth strategies for each.

Global Sodium Bromide Market, by Region

• North America • Asia-Pacific • Europe • Latin America • Middle East & Africa

Global Sodium Bromide Market Key Players

• TETRA Technologies • T

hermo Fisher Scientific • Tata Chemicals Ltd. • Jordan Bromine Company Ltd. • Chemtura Corporation • Alfa Aesar • Albemarle Corporation • LANXESS • Schlumberger • ICL Industrial Products • Shanddong Haiwang Chemical Co. Ltd. • Djibouti Salt Industry Co Ltd. • Mody Chemi-Pharma • Hasa • Redox Pty Ltd • Alaska Spa

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Novel Pre Treatment Techniques for Extraction of Fermentable Sugars from Natural Waste Materials for Bio Ethanol Production

Authored by Papita Das

Abstract

The demand of traditional/domestic fuel is increasing day by day. Bio ethanol, a non-conventional source of energy is a solution to this problem. India stands second in sugarcane production worldwide, so a huge amount of agriculture waste residue is produced. This study presents the extraction and analytical estimation of cellulose and hemi cellulose of sugarcane bagasse and extraction of soluble sugars from it for bio ethanol production. At first samples were prepared and analysed for bulk density moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content and calorific value. Cellulose and hemi cellulose estimated after the treatments suggested their efficient extraction from the sugarcane bagasse. Different pre treatment technique are performed to increase the amount of fermentable sugars and to decrease the lignin content present in bagasse. Then the pre-treated bagasse is placed for enzyme hydrolysis followed by fermentation to produce bio ethanol. The result suggested that waste bagasse can be used as a renewable source of energy for bio ethanol/bio fuel production in an environmentally sustainable and economically viable way.

Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose; Hemi Cellulose; Lignin; Bio Ethanol

Abbreviations: SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy; TEM: Transmission Electron Microscopy; FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared; NDF: Neutral Detergent Fibre; ADF: Acid Detergent Fibres

Introduction

Rapid industrialization increases the demand of fossil fuels. This causes fuel crises and it affects our environment. Air pollution is responsible for several major problems like global warming, acid rain, and the deterioration of the ozone layer. The list of the pollutants includes gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide etc. Emission of carbon monoxide is higher due to incomplete combustion of fuels. The increasing concentration of gas makes it hard for our body parts to get oxygen they need to run correctly. Air pollution can result from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, natural gas, and gasoline to produce electricity and power our vehicles. In the similar way nitrogen dioxide which mostly comes from power plants and cars react in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Bio ethanol, a non-conventional source of energy is a solution to this problem. Ethanol when used as a fuel as it offers many advantages such as it has low price, and comparatively less emissions than gasoline.

Ethanol contains 35% oxygen that helps complete combustion of fuel and reduces particulate emissions that poses health hazard to living beings. Ethanol has a high octane number (99) than petrol (80-100). When ethanol is added in small quantities to unleaded petrol, it acts as an octane booster replacing the conventional additives for this purpose (Meta tertiary butyl ether, which can create adverse health effects). For this reasons ethanol is used widely as a fuel [1]. There are three types of bio fuels: 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation bio fuels based on their source of biomass and limitations as renewable source of energy. First Generation bio ethanols are produced directly from food crops including corn, sugarcane, barley etc. by fermentation. Second Generation bio ethanols are produced from non-food crops such as agriculture residue, wood, organic waste, food crop waste and specific biomass crops. The Third Generation of bio fuels is produced from microbial biomasses like algal bio mass [2]. Second generation ethanol production from lingo cellulosic materials Ligno cellulosic material shows a promising option in ethanol production due to their output/input energy ratio, availability, low cost and higher ethanol yields. Renewable 'plant biomass' refers particularly to cheap and abundant non-food lingo cellulose-rich materials which comes from the plants.

In countries like India, a huge amount of waste generated from agricultural production of various crops like cotton, mustard, chilli, sugarcane, sorghum, sweet sorghum, pulses, oilseeds, etc. that do not find any alternative use and are either left in the fields or are burned. Hence, these could be used in bio ethanol production which is a good alternative to use it in an environmentally friendly manner. Use of agricultural residues helps in reduction of deforestation as our reliance on forest woody biomass decreases. Short harvest period of crop residues preferred them more consistently available to bio ethanol production [3,4]. Production of bio ethanol from lingo cellulosic biomass is still a challenge because of its very complex structure where cellulose and hemicelluloses are formed a complex matrix with lignin. In grain ethanol processes, the fermentable monomeric sugars are liberated from the grain starch and in cellulosic processes, the fermentable sugars are the cellulose and hemicelluloses [5]. Ligno cellulosic materials consist mainly of three polymers which are cellulose, hemi cellulose, and lignin.

These polymers are associated with each other in a heteromatrix to different degrees and varying relative composition depending on species, type and source of the biomass. The main objectives of the pre-treatment process are to speed up the rates of hydrolysis and increase the yields of fermentable sugars. In all pre- treatment processes, these goals are accomplished by modifying the structure of the polymer matrix in the biomass, thus making the carbohydrate fractions more susceptible to acid attack or more accessible to enzyme action reported that the main processing challenge in the ethanol production from lingo cellulosic biomass is the feedstock pre-treatment. Pre treatment is done to reduce the crystallinity of cellulose and increase the fraction of amorphous cellulose, and to break the matrix of cellulose and lignin bound by hemi cellulose should be broken to reduce the, the most suitable form for enzymatic attack [6].

Suggested that though the combination of grinding with other pre treatment method reduces the crystallinity of the biomass superfine grinding of biomass with steam treatment showed better than ground residue when hydrolyzed [7,8]. Chemical pre treatment involving dilute acid and alkali are also sought after pre treatment technologies Sugar cane bagasse is a waste of the sugar industry and a cheap source of lingo cellulosic material for extraction of fermentable sugars for bio ethanol production. Suggested that sodium hydroxide (NaOH) presents the greatest degradation and subsequent fermentation yields with compared to other alkalis, such as sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide [9] used NaOH solution to treat the pith component of sugarcane bagasse (0.2 g of NaOH per pith gram) and obtaining a maximum digestibility of 71% at 92°C. Described that acids hydrolyze hemicelluloses thus produce a liquid phase rich in xylose, with minor amounts of lignin derivatives so it is an outstanding method for hemi cellulose recovery and it has been successfully applied to sugarcane bagasse [10].

Again, found that different pre treatment methods have singular action mechanisms. They either decrease cellulose crystallinity or the degree of polymerization. They increase accessible surface areas or selectively remove hemi cellulose and lignin from the lingo cellulosic matrix. So an effective pre treatment strategy is needed to minimize carbohydrate degradation and the production of enzyme inhibitors and toxic products for fermenting microorganisms [11]. Thus in this study novel techniques have been applied to extract fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse. Different acid and alkali pre treatments were done to remove the lignin and hemi cellulose fractions and the most effective technique was obtained based on the characterization analysis of fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and estimation of the cellulose, lignin and hemi cellulose fractions of the pre treated samples. Fermentable sugars were then extracted from the pre treated samples by enzymatic degradation by micro organisms. A marine fungus (Aspergillus sp) was used for the first time in this study. The sugars were then fermented further to obtain bio ethanol.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Sugarcane bagasse was obtained from Midnapore, West Bengal. Sodium sulphite (Merck, India), Decarbohydro naphthalene (Merck, India), Tween 80 (Himedia, India), Disodium ethylene-diamine-tetraacetate (Himedia, India), Sodium borate decarbohydrate (Himedia, India), Sodium lauryl sulphate (Merck, India) , ethoxy ethanol (Merck, India), Acetone(Merck, India), Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (Himedia, India), Acetic acid (Merck, India), Nitric acid (Merck, India), Dextrose (Merck, India), Cellulose powder(Merck, India), Sodium hydroxide (Merck, India), Hydrochloric acid (Merck, India), Iodine solution (Merck, India), Potassium iodide (Merck, India), Potassium dichromate (Merck, India), Sodium chlorite (Merck, India), Decaline (Merck, India) , Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, CMC (Merck, India), Peptone (Merck, India), Sodium nitrate (Merck, India), Potassium Chlorite (Merck, India), Magnesium Sulphate (Merck, India) , Ferrous Sulphate (Merck, India), Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (Merck, India), Ammonium Sulphate (Merck, India), Agar, yeast extract (Merck, India), Dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS (Merck, India). Aspergillus sp. Strain was isolated from marine waters of west bengal and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (MTCC 170) was procured from MTCC, pune.

Preparation of Raw Material: The raw bagasse was received at about 30% moisture content. It was sun-dried for 4-5 days and finely ground by hammer milled .The sugarcane bagasse was chopped in small pieces and was placed in sterilized petriplates and dried in a hot air oven at 80 degree celcius temperatures till constant weight. It was immediately grounded in a mixer and stored in polypropylene bags for subsequent uses.

Physicochemical Analysis of Raw Sugarcane Bagasse:Samples of sugarcane bagasse dry were taken for its characterization which was to analyse for moisture, density, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and calorific value in accordance with ASTM D 1037 (1991), ASTM D 2017 (1998) and ISO 562/1974.

Pre treatment Techniques

Milling treatment: Chipped and grinded bagasse was put into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. It was then moistened with distilled water. The flasks were incubated for 2 h at room temperature.

Alkaline Treatment: The bagasse sample was pre treated with different alkaline concentration ranging from 0.5% to 5% NaOH solution. The alkaline pre treatment was done in two different methods. In first method the bagasse was pre treated with NaOH solutions of different concentrations at 121oC and 15 psi pressure for 1 hour at the ratio of 1:10 (1 gram of substrate with 10ml of NaOH solution). The pre treated bagasse was washed with tap water until the pH of the filter reached 7. The washed bagasse was dried at 6000C overnight to constant weight and stored at room temperature in air tight container for further use. In second method, the bagasse was treated in the same process except auto clave; it was kept in room temperature for 15 minutes.

Steam Treatment of Milled Alkaline Sugarcane BagasseTen gram of chipped and grinded bagasse were put into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask then moistened with distilled water. The flasks were steam treated by autoclaving at 121oC and 1.5 bars for 20 min. then extraction, filtration and determination of (TRS) were performed as previously mentioned.

Acid Treatment: The bagasse sample was pre treated with different acid concentration ranging from 0.5% to 4% H2SO4 solution. In this method the bagasse was pre treated with H2SO4 solutions of different concentrations at room temperature for 1 hour at the ratio of 1:10 (1 gram of substrate with 10ml of H2SO4 solution) as per method of the pre treated bagasse was washed with tap water until the pH of the filter reached 7. The washed bagasse was dried at 600C overnight to constant weight and stored at room temperature in air tight container for further use [12].

Alkali and Acid Treatment: Different alkali pre treated bagasse samples were again treated with 1% H2SO4 solutions of different concentrations at room temperature for 1 hour at the ratio of 1:10 (1 gram of substrate with 10ml of H2SO4 solution) as per method of. The pre treated bagasse was washed with tap water until the pH of the filter reached 7. The washed bagasse was dried at 600C overnight to constant weight and stored at room temperature in air tight container for further use.

Characterizations of The Pre treated Samples

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy: The infrared spectra (wave numbers in cm-1) were obtained on a Magma - IR 560 E.S.P -Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer, by means of a KBr disk containing 3% finely ground samples.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Scanning electron microscopy (SEM - FEI / Inspect S50 model) was used to observe modifications on bagasse fibres. Samples were adhered to carbon tape and sputter coated with gold (sputter Emitech / K550 model) and observed in the SEM through the use of an acceleration voltage of 20 KV and working distance of around 38 mm. Hundreds of SEM images were obtained on different areas of the samples to guarantee the reproducibility of the results.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): TEM (JEM 2100 HR, JEOL, Japan) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used with a field emission gun; this provided high resolution operation at 200 kV and 1.05 A.

Estimation of Pre treated Sugarcane Bagasse

Cellulose, Hemi cellulose and Lignin content determination: In a refluxing flask, powdered sample was mixed with cold neutral detergent solution. The neutal detergent solution is prepared as follows. Disodium-ethylene di amine-tetra acetate and sodium borate de carbohydrate were dissolved in distilled water by heating and to this added sodium lauryl sulphate and ethoxy ethanol. A solution 4.5% Na2HPO4 was then added to the mixture. De carbo hydro napthalene and sodium sulphite was then added to mixture of sugarcane bagasse sample and cold neutral detergent solution, which was then heated to boiling and refluxed for 1 hour. The contents were filtered through sintered glass crucible (G-2) and washed with hot water. The contents were finally washed with acetone twice and the residue transferred to a crucible. The sample was dried at 100oC for 8 hour, cooled in a decicator and weighed. The residue was designated as neutral detergent fibre (NDF). To calculate hemi cellulose content, the amount of acid detergent fibres (ADF) was subtracted from the amount of NDF.

Cellulose Estimation By Anthrone Method: Cellulose of the sugarcane bagasse samples undergoes acetolysis with acetic acid/nitric reagent forming acetylated cello dextrine which gets dissolved and hydrolysed to form glucose molecules on treatment with 67% H2SO4. This glucose molecule is dehydrated to form hydroxyl methyl furfural which forms green coloured product with anthrone and the colour intensity is measured at 630 nm in spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Germany).

Extraction Of Fermentable Sugars Using Aspergillus sp.

Inoculum preparation: The isolated and identified fungi culture was sub cultured on Czapek modified medium (CMM) with agar containing 2% CMC, 0.2% peptone, 0.2% NaNO3, 0.05% KCl, 0.05% MgSO4, 0.001% FeSO4, 0.1% K2HPO4 and 1.7% agar and incubated at 30oC. Fully sporulated plates were obtained after 6 days. The sporulated plated were flooded with 20ml of distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 80. Spores were dislodged by gentle pipetting. The resulting spore suspension was used as inoculum.

Extraction of fermentable sugars: Five grams of sugarcane bagasse (pre treated samples) was weight into 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks and moistened with basal medium containing 0.2% NaNO3, 0.05% KCl, 0.05% MgSO4, 0.001% FeSO4, 0.1% K2HPO4. Pepton3e was added to the above media as nitrogen source. The flasks were inoculated with 5ml spore suspension per gram dry weight of substrate. The inoculated substrate was mixed thoroughly and incubated statically at 300C.

Estimation of fermentable sugars: The solid material was then mixed vigorously with 100 ml distilled water for extraction of soluble reducing sugar, then filtered with cloth sheets to separate the content into solid and liquid parts. The liquid filtrate was centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 min, and then, the content of total reducing sugars (TRS) was determined in clear supernatant by DNS (dinitro salicylic acid) method.

Bio ethanol Production

The production medium was formulated according to where fermentation media was added to the hydrolysate obtained from fungal isolate through solid state fermentation process and then sterilized by autoclaving at 121oC for 20 min [13]. the medium was inoculated with pre-selected yeast isolates. The inoculated cultures were incubated at 30oC for 48 h at 150 rpm. The fermentation media was prepared by adding 0.1% MgSO4, 0.2% KH2PO4, 0.3% (NH4)2SO4, 0.3% peptone and 0.4% yeast extract to the enzymatic hydrolysate and filter sterilized. Initial pH was adjusted to 5. A 12 h old seed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MTCC 170) was inoculated into the fermentation medium at 5% (v/v) ratio. Fermentation was carried out at 30o C in static condition. Samples were collected at regular intervals and centrifuge for 10min at 4oC and 12000 rpm and supernatant were taken for estimation of ethanol. Ethanol was extracted from the fermentation medium by a rotator evaporator (Buchi, India). The ethanol-water extract was used for further estimation of ethanol content according to a method by [14].

Estimation of Ethanol Content

Spectro photometric method: Alcoholic sample was added directly to the distillation flask, diluted then distilled. Distillation was carried out at 70+ 2 0C and the distillate was collected in volumetric flask containing potassium dichromate solution. The contents in the volumetric flask were heated at 600C in a water bath for 20 minutes. After mixing and cooling the contents of the flask, the absorbance was recorded at 600 nm. The amount of ethanol in each sample was determined by using the standard curve of ethanol.

Results and Discussions

Characterization of Sugarcane Bagasse: The characterization of the raw bagasse was carried out to determine its physical and chemical properties. The physical properties are given in (Table 1).

Estimation of Raw Bagasse and Pre treated Samples

Cellulose estimation of Pre-treated sample: percentages of alkali and acid treatment and acid alkali treatment which showed the best optimized results by spectroscopic analysis using anthrone estimation were presented in (Figure 1). The better extraction of cellulose was observed using both the treatment of acid followed by alkali treatment.

Estimation of Cellulose, Hemi cellulose and lignin Estimation of Raw Bagasse and Pretreaed Samples by ADF and NDF Method: The ADF and NDF method was applied on the pre treated and after treatment sugarcane bagasse to estimate the cellulose, hemi cellulose and lignin content (Figure 2). The results revealed that efficient hemi cellulose and lignin removal along with increased in cellulose content was observed in case where both acid and alkali treatment was done. Cellulose extracted about 35-43 % through pre treatment method and in case of acid- alkali treatment, 43% cellulose can be extracted from sugarcane bagasse. Thus from the cellulose estimation study, it could be inferred acid and alkali treated samples showed effective lignin fraction removal and increased in cellulose content which can be the best source for extraction of fermentable sugars from waste materials.

Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy

The FTIR analysis of the raw bagasse and acid alkali treated bagasse is given in (Figure 3). The best treatment method observed from the previous analyses was chosen for FTIR analysis. The FTIR figure revealed characteristic feature of a lingo cellulosic material [15]. On treatment with acid alkali, a characteristic peak of (P)- glycosidic bond corresponding to that of cellulose at about 900 cm'1 was found. This bond is attributed to b-glycosidic linkages between the sugar units. When the raw bagasse is examined, the band of 895 cm-1 is not notable, mainly due to the coverage of cellulose by hemi cellulose and lignin matrix. Thus the treatment resulted in disruption of hemicelluloses and lignin and revealed this characteristic peak of cellulose.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the raw bagasse and the pre treated bagasse are demonstrated in (Figure 4). In the SEM micrograph of raw bagasse, a complete and compact lingo cellulosic structure is clearly observed in (Figure 4A). After undergoing pre treatment by acid and alkali (The treatment which gave best result), the structure of bagasse has been damaged to a certain extent. It is mainly observed in the case of acid with alkali treatment where major cracks are seen on the bagasse surface (Figure 4B). The disruption of the lingo cellulosic structure becomes more pronounced and some tiny holes are exhibited on the surface of pre treated sample. So with this pre treatment method, the lingo cellulosic structure of bagasse has been destroyed in a significant way and smaller cellulosic structures were revealed.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis

In Figure 5, the TEM micrograph ofacid alkali treated sugarcane bagasse revealed reduction of size in the treated samples and also showed characteristic cellulose fibre like structures. Thus, from all the above analysis and observations it could be inferred that effective pre-treatment is required for extraction of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse. Milling of raw bagasse followed by acid plus alkali treatment gave the best results. This treatment reduced the lignin and hemi cellulose content considerably and increased the extraction of the cellulosic fractions along with reduction in cellulose size. This pre treated sugarcane bagasse samples with steam treated alkali, acid and acid plus alkali were further evaluated for production of fermentable sugars.

Enzyme Hydrolysis

Enzyme Hydrolysiss

The efficiency of pre treated samples to produce fermentable sugars was evaluated by measuring the total amount of glucose (TRS) released from the samples after 48 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis using Aspergullus sp. strain. The applied pre treatment showed different effects on the total reducing sugar yield for the bagasse. Data of different pre treated samples were calculated from standard curve of glucose concentration (mg/ml) showed the maximum yield of TRS in the case of acid plus alkali treated bagasse sample (figure not shown). The hydrolysis yield (or percentage of cellulose conversion) was calculated for the total process (total hydrolysis yield).Considering the concentration of glucose, total hydrolysis yields reach maximum values between 8 to 9 mg/ml for acid alkali treated samples ,due to the large increase in cellulose accessibility in this sample. In the case of 2% acid treatment the glucose yield reached up to 7-7.5 mg/ml which also can be used for fermentation process for bio ethanol production.

Bio-Ethanol Production

Bio-ethanol production was carried out with the fermentable sugars extracted from pre-treated sugarcane bagasse. The extracted fermentable sugars was fermented in anaerobic condition using S. Cerevisae stain (MTCC 170) (Figure 6) represented the concentration of ethanol obtained from different pre-treated bagasse reducing sugars. Different pre treatment procedure such as milling, alkali and acid treatment was performed to produce ethanol from reducing sugars extracted from sugarcane bagasse best results was obtained from a combination of pre treatment method where milling, acid and alkali treatment had been applied on the raw sugarcane bagasse. The maximum bio ethanol production using the technology was obtained as 25.33% after fermentation of the reducing sugars whereas from dextrose, the bio ethanol production was 33%.

Conclusion

This experiment leads us to the conclusion that bio ethanol can be produced from waste materials like sugarcane bagasse and using the pre treatment method, hemi cellulose and lignin fraction can be removed from the raw materials. It can also be concluded that Raw bagasse with milling and acid alkali pre treatment leads to better extraction of cellulose from which higher amount of reducing sugars could be extracted. The reducing sugars extracted from these pre treated samples results production of ethanol. The highest ethanol percentage in ethanol water mix was obtained about 26 % in this study.

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